STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY OF MOLDOVA
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Puţuntean Nina
Pancenco Larisa
ENGLISH
Faculty of Cadastre and Law,
Specialty - 584.3 Real Estate Valuation
Chişinău – 2011
CZU 811.111(075.8)
P98
Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naţionale a Cărţii
Puţuntea, Nina
Emglish: Faculty of Cadastreand Law, Speciality – 584.3 Real Estate
valuation/ Puţuntean Nina, Pancenco Larisa; State Agrarian Univ. of Moldova,
Department of Foreign Languages. – Ch.: Centrul Ed. al UASM, 2011. 233 p.
Bibliogr.: p. 223 (8 tit.). – 100 ex.
ISBN 978-9975-64-202-6
811.111(075.8)
P98
ISBN 978-9975-64-202-6
2
CONTENTS
I. The first semester ......................................................................................5
Lesson 1. The main benefits of an urban cadastre .........................................5
Grammar.1. The Article ....................................................................10
Grammar exercises.1. The Article ....................................................11
Lesson 2. What is an urban cadastre? ...........................................................13
Grammar.2 The Noun. Countable and Uncountable Nouns ..............18
Grammar exercises.2. The Noun. Countable and
Uncountable Nouns ......................................................................................21
Lesson 3. Property – Specific Approaches ...................................................25
Grammar.3. The Pronoun .................................................................30
Grammar exercises.3. The Pronoun ..................................................31
Lesson 4. Objectives and Methods of Land Market .....................................35
Grammar.4. The Adjective and the Adverb ......................................40
Grammar exercises.4. The Adjective and the Adverb .......................44
Lesson 5. Comprehensive Planning and Major Steps ...................................48
Grammar.5. The Numeral .................................................................53
Grammar exercises.5. The Numeral .................................................55
Lesson 6. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Planning ...........................................56
Grammar.6. Questions ......................................................................61
Grammar exercises.6. Questions ......................................................62
Lesson 7. Planning process description in the laws ......................................66
Grammar.7. Present Tenses ..............................................................71
Grammar exercises.7. Present Tenses ...............................................72
Lesson 8. Rural and Agricultural Land Use Planning ...................................76
Grammar.8. Past Tenses. The difference between
Present Perfect and Past Simple ...................................................................81
Grammar exercises.8. Past Tenses. The difference between
Present Perfect and Past Simple ...................................................................82
Lesson 9. Town Planning .............................................................................86
Grammar.9. Future tenses .................................................................91
Grammar exercises.9. Future tenses .................................................92
Lesson 10. Urban development in the USA and “western” countries ..........95
Grammar.10. Modal verbs .............................................................. 101
Grammar exercises.10. Modal verbs .............................................. 102
II. The second semester ............................................................................ 107
Lesson 1. Real estate etymology ................................................................ 107
Grammar.1. Conditionals ................................................................ 112
Grammar exercises.1. Conditionals ................................................ 112
Lesson 2. Real Property ............................................................................. 115
Grammar.2. Passive Voice ............................................................. 120
Grammar exercises.2. Passive Voice .............................................. 121
Lesson 3. Real Estate Broker/Agent ........................................................... 125
3
Grammar.3. Reported Speech ........................................................ 129
Grammar exercises.3. Reported Speech ........................................ 131
Lesson 4. Types of Value ........................................................................... 132
Grammar.4. Relative Clauses ........................................................ 137
Grammar exercises.4. Relative Clauses ......................................... 138
Lesson 5. Three Approaches to Value (Part 1) ........................................... 140
Grammar.5. Infinitive/ -ing form/ Participles ................................. 145
Grammar exercises.5. Infinitive/ -ing form/ Participles ................. 147
Lesson 6. Three Approaches to Value (Part 2) ........................................... 151
Grammar.6. Determiners and quantifiers ....................................... 157
Grammar exercises.6. Determiners and quantifiers ....................... 159
Lesson 7. The Concept “Plant of the Real Estate” ...................................... 163
Grammar.7. The future: Will and going to; shall;
Present Simple for the future; Be to + Infinitive ......................................... 168
Grammar exercises.7. The future: Will and going to; shall;
Present Simple for the future; Be to + Infinitive ........................................ 170
Lesson 8. Residential Real Estate ............................................................... 174
Grammar.8. Be, appear, seem, become, get, have, do, make, etc. ... 179
Grammar exercises.8. Be, appear, seem, become,
get, have, do, make, etc. ............................................................................. 181
Lesson 9. Short sale (Real Estate) .............................................................. 184
Grammar.9. Adverbs and conjunctions. Giving reasons ................. 190
Grammar exercises.9. Adverbs and conjunctions. Giving reasons .. 192
Lesson 10. Vacant Property ....................................................................... 195
Grammar.10.1. Prepositions ........................................................... 200
Grammar exercises.10.1. Prepositions ............................................ 202
Grammar.10.2. Word formation ..................................................... 204
Grammar exercises.10.2. Word formation ...................................... 206
III. Supplementary Texts ......................................................................... 212
Text 1. Basic Compound of any Real Estate ............................................... 212
Text 2. Types of Services that a Broker can Provide .................................. 213
Text 3. Estate Agent ................................................................................... 214
Text 4. Mortgage Fraud Examples ............................................................. 215
Text 5. Mortgage Fraud Examples (Part 2) ................................................. 216
Text 6. Real Estate Education ..................................................................... 217
Text 7. Main Steps in the Sale of a House .................................................. 218
Text 8. International Real Estate ................................................................ 219
Text 9. UK valuation methods .................................................................... 220
Text 10. Appraisal practice in the United States ......................................... 221
References ................................................................................................. 223
4
REAL ESTATE VALUATION
1st SEMESTER
Lesson 1: The main benefits of an urban cadastre (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Land tenure (n.)
posesiune a pămîntului
Real estate (n.)
proprietate
imobil
echitate; drept natural
Equity (n.)
Registry (n.)
Proof (n.) of ownership
Occupancy (n.)
Incentive (n.)
Parcel (n.)
Title (n.)
Reluctant (adj.)
Borrow (v.)
Acquisition (n.)
Census (n.) of owners
Emphasize (v.)
Layer (n.)
землепользование,
землевладение
imobiliară; недвижимость
справедливость,
беспристрастность
registru,
catalog
de регистрационная
înregistrare
запись,
регистр;
внесение в регистр
titlu de proprietate
титул
собственности,
доказательство
владения
posedare, deţinere, luare (временное) владение,
în posesie
аренда
încurajare,
stimul, стимул, поощрение
stimulare
parcelă, sector mic de участок
земли,
pământ
местности
titlu de proprietate
правооснование
nedoritor, fără dorinţă, сопротивляющийся,
care ezită
неохотный
a da cu (titlu de) занимать, одалживать
împrumut
procurare,
cumpărare; овладение,
culegere de date
приобретение,
вступление во владение
recesămîntul
учет,
перепись
proprietarilor
владельцев
a accentua, a sublinia, a выделять,
придавать
scoate în relief
особое значение
strat, nivel, treaptă
слой, пласт
5
2.
Read and translate the text:
An accurate and up-to-date cadastre will serve as the basis for urban
development. Combined with various socio-economic and additional
information, the cadastre will provide the basic knowledge for any analysis and
related decision making. We can identify four main benefits provided by an
efficient urban cadastre: land tenure and real estate security; access to credit;
equity and efficiency of tax collection, and urban management and planning.
Integrated with the registry, the cadastre is one of the factors that
guarantees land and real estate security as it represents an objective, public proof
of ownership and occupancy. Considering that land tenure and real estate
security are essential for social peace, a comprehensive and accurate cadastre is
a key condition for the sustainable and peaceful development of the city.
Increasing security of tenure gives owners an incentive to invest on land
and real estate or capital equipment for working or using the land and real estate.
A parcel based title can be used as an access of the poor to medium- and
long-term credits. Therefore, it can remove constraints and reduce the cost of the
capital. Nevertheless titling in itself is not sufficient for the development of
credit. It must be accompanied by the improvement and strengthening credit
related financial markets and by incentive mechanisms towards owners or
occupants who are still remaining reluctant to borrow against their land or their
real estate from fear of losing it.
Acquisition maintenance and exchange of information are the main
determinants for successful urban cadastre.
A cadastre represents a comprehensive census of owners and occupants and
an objective assessment of land and real estate distribution and values. It is
important to emphasize that tax collection is not the only objective of a cadastre
and that everyone will benefit from the other advantages.
Last but not the least, the cadastre is the basic geo-informational layer for
urban planning and management as it gives the information about: who is living
where and what there is where. The cadastral information is very accurate with
enough details for any further urban planning and urban operations. According
to the type of analysis, it will be necessary to supply the cadastre with additional
socio-economic data. In many cases cadastral information is so important for
utility and facility private companies that the latter agree to co-finance the
establishment of the urban cadastres.
3.
Match the words with their definitions:
No.
1.
2.
Words
Cadastre
Tenure
Definitions
The action or period of occupying a house, land etc.
The official counting of something, especially a
country’s population.
6
A thing that encourages somebody to do something.
Property consisting of land or buildings.
The action or process of acquiring, gaining something.
The action or an instance of taking possession of
somebody’s property, usually because they have not
paid back an agreed part of the loan.
The legal right to occupy property or land.
The money value of a property after all charges on it,
for example those relating to a mortgage, have been
paid.
A comprehensive register of the metes-and-bounds of
real property of a country.
A right or claim, especially to the ownership of
property.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Real estate
Equity
Occupancy
Incentive
7.
8.
Title
Acquisition
9.
Census
10.
Foreclosure
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Guarantees, census, access to credit, credits, exchange,
management, not sufficient, to co-finance, tax collection.
knowledge,
1. Combined with various socio-economic and additional information, the
cadastre will provide the basic … for any analysis and related decision making.
2. We can identify four main benefits provided by an efficient urban cadastre:
land tenure and real estate security; …; equity and efficiency of tax collection,
and urban management and planning.
3. Integrated with the registry, the cadastre is one of the factors that … land and
real estate security.
4. A parcel based title can be used as an access of the poor to medium- and
long-term … .
5. Nevertheless titling in itself is … for the development of credit.
6. Acquisition maintenance and … of information are the main determinants for
successful urban cadastre.
7. A cadastre represents a comprehensive … of owners and occupants.
8. It is important to emphasize that … is not the only objective of a cadastre.
9. Cadastre is the basic geo-informational layer for urban planning and … .
10. In many cases cadastral information is so important for utility and facility
private companies that the latter agree … the establishment of the urban
cadastres.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Socio-economic information, decision making, real estate security, tax
collection, urban management, social peace, financial markets, exchange of
information, utility and facility, private companies, the cost of the capital.
7
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
An accurate and up-to-date cadastre will serve as the basis for
urban development.
The cadastre will provide the basic knowledge for any analysis.
Real estate security is essential for social peace.
A parcel based title can remove constraints and reduce the cost of
the capital.
Nevertheless titling in itself is not sufficient for the development
of credit.
Owners are still remaining reluctant to borrow against their real
estate from fear of losing it.
A cadastre represents an objective assessment of land and real
estate distribution and values.
Tax collection is not the only objective of a cadastre and that
everyone will benefit from the other advantages.
The cadastral information is very accurate with enough details for
any further urban planning and urban operations.
data,
evaluation,
correct,
protection,
get rid of,
hesitating,
in spite of,
aim,
supply,
growth.
7. Find antonyms among the following words.
Private, rural, out-of-date, disincentive, inefficient, poor, improvement,
comprehensive, peace, advantage, efficient, incentive, up-to-date, urban, public,
rich, deterioration, superficial, war, disadvantage.
8. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Uneori informaţia cadastrală este atît de necesară gospodăriei comunale şi
persoanelor cu proprietate privată, încît cei din urmă finanţează formarea
cadastrului urban. 2.Cadastrul deplin şi exact constituie condiţia cheie pentru o
dezvoltare stabilă şi pacifică a oraşului. 3. Creşterea nivelului de securitate în
acest domeniu favorizează sporirea investiţiilor în terenuri şi imobil. 4. Cu toate
acestea, doar dreptul la proprietate nu este suficient pentru dezvoltarea creditării.
5. Şi în cele din urmă, cadastrul reprezintă sursa geo-informaţională de bază
pentru planificarea şi gestiunea oraşului, deoarece el furnizează informaţia
despre cine, unde şi cum trăieşte.
1. Иногда кадастровая информация настолько нужна коммунальному
хозяйству и объектам частной собственности, что последние финансируют
создание городского кадастра. 2. Полный и точный кадастр является
ключевым условием для устойчивого и мирного развития города. 3.
Повышение уровня безопасности в этой сфере способствует увеличению
инвестиций в земли и недвижимость. 4. Тем не менее, право собственности
8
само по себе не достаточно для развития кредитования. 5. И последнее,
кадастр является основным гео-информационным источником для
городского планирования и управления, поскольку он предоставляет
информацию о том, кто, где и как живет.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What kind of cadastre will serve as the basis for urban development?
2. Name four main benefits provided by an efficient urban cadastre?
3. Why the cadastre is considered to be one of the factors that guarantees
land and real estate security?
4. What is the main reason that gives owners an incentive to invest on land
and real estate?
5. What a parcel based title can be used for?
6. Is the titling in itself sufficient for the development of credit? Why?
7. What are the main determinants for successful urban cadastre?
8. Is tax collection the only objective of a cadastre?
9. Explain why the cadastre is also considered to be the basic geoinformational layer for urban planning and management?
10. Why do private companies agree to co-finance the establishment of the
urban cadastres?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs:
To build, to cut, to involve, to maintain, to sleep, to dream, to overcome, to
misunderstand, to have, to play, to deliver, may, to bear, to promise, to lend.
12. The –er/-or, -ee and –ist suffixes. Use the suffixes to give the names of
the following.
Example: A person who plays jazz on the piano.- A jazz pianist.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen.
A person who plays classical violin.
A person who takes professional photographs. (N.B. pronunciation)
A person who acts in amateur theatre.
The person to whom a cheque is made out.
A machine for washing dishes.
A person who donates his kidneys upon his death.
The person to whom a letter is addressed.
9
13.
Project work
Find different types of parcel based titles that were used as an access of the poor
to medium- and long-term credits offered in your country. Then prepare a chart
with three columns: type of parcel, type of credit, features. Compare the results.
Grammar.1. The Article
A/An is used with singular countable nouns when we talk about things in
general.
e.g. An airplane is faster than a train. A greengrocer sells vegetables.
We often use a/an after the verbs to be and to have.
e.g. He is a photographer. He has got a camera.
We don’t use a/an with uncountable or plural nouns. We can use some instead.
e.g. Would you like some tea?
The is used before singular and plural nouns, both countable and uncountable
when we are talking about something specific or when the noun is mentioned for
a second time.
e.g. The boy who has just left is my cousin.
We use the with the words cinema, theatre, radio, country(side), seaside, beach,
etc.
e.g. We go to the beach every Sunday.
We use both a/an and the before a singular countable noun to represent a class
of people, animals or things.
e.g. A/The dolphin is more intelligent than a/the shark. (We mean
dolphins and sharks in general)
Study the following table.
The is used before:
1. nouns which are unique (Haven’t
you been to the Acropolis yet?)
2. names of cinemas, hotels, theatres,
mu seums, newspapers, ships (The
Times)
3. names of rivers, seas, groups of
islands/states, mountain ranges, deserts,
oceans and names with … of (The
Thames, the USA, The Tower of London)
4. musical instruments
(Can you play the guitar?)
5. names of people, families,
nationalities in plural (the Smiths, the
English, the Dutch)
10
The is omitted before:
1. proper names
(Paula comes from Canada.)
2. names of sports, activities, colours,
substances and meals (Lunch is ready.)
3. names of countries, cities, streets,
parks, mountains, islands, lakes,
continents (Everest, Lake Michigan,
Europe)
4. the possessive case or possessive adjectives (This isn’t your car, it’s Kate’s.)
5. the words home and Father/Mother
when we talk about our own
home/parents
6. titles without proper names
(the Queen, the President)
7. adjectives used as plural nouns (the
rich) and the superlative degree of
adjectives/adverbs
(He’s the most intelligent student of
all.)
6. titles with proper names
(Queen Elizabeth, President Kennedy)
7. bed, school, church, hospital,
prison, when they are used for the
reason they exist. (John was sent to
prison. BUT His mother went to the
prison to visit him last week.)
Grammar exercises.1. The Article
1.
Fill in: a, an or the.
Last night I went to ___ Indonesian restaurant. I had ___ very nice meal with
___ good friend, Helen. ___ waiter was Chinese. ___ food was great. We drank
___ bottle of Coke. When we asked for ___ bill we didn’t have enough money,
so we had to do ___ washing-up. It was not ___ good way to end ___ evening.
2.
Fill in: a, an or the.
I arrived at ___ airport just in time to see ___ airplane take off. There is nothing
unusual about this, except I was supposed to be on that plane! When I went to
___ desk to ask when ___ next available flight was, I heard ___ awful noise. I
turned to see ___ car crashing through ___ front windows with ___ police car
just behind it. As I ran towards ___ departure gate ___ policeman stopped me to
see if I was ___ armed robber they were chasing. I told him I was not ___ armed
robber but ___ businessman who had missed his plane. He let me go and I was
able to catch ___ last flight to my destination.
3.
Fill in the where necessary.
1. Is Lisbon ___ capital of Portugal?
2. Is ___ Malta in ___ Mediterranean?
3. Is ___ Paris in ___ United Kingdom or in ___ France?
4. Where is ___ Sahara Desert?
5. What is ___ biggest island in ___ Greece?
6. What is ___ capital of ___ Italy?
7. Is ___ Indian Ocean bigger than ___ Arctic Ocean?
8. Is ___ Everest the highest mountain in the world?
9. Where are ___ Malta and ___ Corsica?
10. Where are ___ Mississippi River and ___ Thames?
4.
Fill in a or the where necessary.
Last year ___ Smiths went on holiday to ___ London with their friends ___
Browns. They visited ___ Hyde Park and went on ___ boat trip on ___ Thames.
___ Mrs Brown visited ___ Buckingham Palace hoping to see ___ Queen.
Unfortunately, ___ Queen Elizabeth II wasn’t at ___ home at the time.
11
5.
“The Freshman Who Went Through the Coffin Door”. Fill in the
blanks with the necessary article.
One afternoon, ___ new freshman at ___ Gallaudet University named Giles
heard about ___ Coffin Door. He heard about how it was cursed. If Giles went
through ___ door during ___ his first semester at Gallaudet, he would fail out of
school. Giles did not believe this rumor and he wanted to disprove it. He
summoned ___ three of his friends to come with him so they could witness him
going through ___ Coffin Door. His friends' names were Sarah, Eliza, and
Matthew ___ three friends and Giles all headed to ___ College Hall. Sarah got
nervous about being ___ witness to Giles going through ___ Coffin Door, so she
left. Sarah left Giles with only two friends as witnesses, but they kept going to
___ College Hall. ___ freshmen could see the outline of ___ Coffin Door at ___
building and how it truly looked like ___ box for ___ dead body.
Eliza and Giles stopped right before ___ steps leading to ___ door. Giles
was on ___ steps, but he stopped and looked behind him at his friends. Matthew
waved at him to tell him to keep going. Giles put his hand on ___ doorknob and
turned it. ___ door opened and, with ___ deep breath, Giles went through it and
back out. Eliza said she was surprised that he had actually done it. Now they had
to wait and see what would happen to Giles.
Three years passed by. Giles graduated! But ___ another friend of Giles,
Sarah, Eliza, and Matthew went through the door as ___ freshman and failed.
Many students at Gallaudet still believe in ___ Coffin Door myth. Do you?
6.
Fill in: a, an or the.
… tiger is … large carnivorous animal which belongs to … cat family. … males
are about three feet high and can be as long as twelve feet, including … tail. There
are about eight varieties of tiger found around … world. … tiger is … wild animal,
which lives in … jungle where water and prey are plentiful. … will only attack …
person it is starving or it is threatened. … tiger is … easily recognized animal as it
has … thick yellow or white coat with distinctive black stripes.
7.
Fill in the where necessary.
… last summer we went to stay in … village where my grandmother was born. I
had never been there before, so when we arrived at … station I was surprised to
see how small it was. As in … many villages in … north of … England, all …
houses are built of … same stone. Running through the village is … River Tyne.
The village has a church that was built in … Middle Ages. Although …
population is only about 500 people, this village has … best sport, though, so
little happens there that many of … people still remember … time … Queen
visited their village in … 1955.
8.
Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.
Last summer we went to … seaside for two weeks. Unfortunately, we hadn’t
booked … accommodation before we went, and we had … awful time finding
12
… room to stay in. … only room we could find was very small, but it had …
lovely view of … sea and was only two minutes from … beach. … weather was
very hot, and on … first day I stayed out so long, I got … terrible sunburn and
had to stay in bed … next day. After that, however, everything went well and we
had … wonderful holyday.
9.
Fill in the where necessary.
… Larkins are a very interesting family. … Mr Larkin is a travel-writer who has
been all over … world and written books about … China and … Chinese. He
has also published articles in newspapers such as … Times and … Observer. …
his wife, Sylvia, is a journalist who has interviewed people like … Prince of
Wales and … President Reagan. At the moment, she is writing an article about
… homeless. Their son, … Jack, is a professional footballer who plays in …
USA. He has been playing … football since he was a child. Jack met his wife,
Sally, at … Chicago Airport … morning after he had left … home to live in …
States. She is a musician who plays … drums in a rock band. In … summer the
whole family meet at … Maxim’s in … Paris, then travel by … car around …
Europe for a month. … last year they spent … whole month of … July in
Portugal before going back to … work.
10. Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.
Last week I had … accident in … Italy. I was skiing in … Alps. One day I was
going too fast down a mountain, when I crashed into … tree. I broke both my
legs and cut my arm. There was so much … blood, I had to be rushed to …
hospital in … ambulance. when I got there, … doctor told me that I would have
to stay there for at least two weeks. I was very depressed. All I wanted to do was
go … home.
Lesson 2: What is an urban cadastre? (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Feature (n.)
Contour line (n.)
Cartographic
(adj.)
grid
Geodetic
benchmark
(n.)
Occupant (n.)
Owner (n.)
Stockholder (n.)
trăsătură
linie de contur
reţea/grilă cartografică
indicator geodezic
характеристика, черта
контурная линия
картографическая сетка
геодезическая
(опорная) отметка
locuitor,
posesor житель,
временный
temporar
владелец, арендатор
proprietar, stăpîn
собственник, владелец
acţionar, rentier
акционер
13
обслуживание,
поддержание
поставщик,
источник
Information provider furnizor de informaţie
информации
(n.)
utilizator de informaţie
пользователь
Information user (n.)
информации
evaluator,
estimator; землемер,
топограф,
Surveyor (n.)
geodez,
inginer геодезист,
инженерcadastral; topograf;
землеустроитель
notar
нотариус
Notary (n.)
companie cu capacităţi компания,
Facility company (n.)
de producţie
производящая что-либо
a surveni, a interveni
вмешиваться, являться
Intervene (v.)
помехой
agent de ipotecă
ипотечный брокер
Mortgage broker (n.)
Maintenance (n.)
2.
păstrare, menţinere
Read and translate the text:
An urban cadastre is a physical description of the land and real estate tenure
in a city. It contains graphic and textual information. Graphic information
includes the description of each individual parcel and building, topographic
features such as roads, rivers, contour lines, additional information such as
cartographic grids, geodetic benchmarks, etc. Textual information includes
names of owners or occupants, names of streets or areas of specific interest,
main characteristics of each parcel or building such as the area, the fiscal value,
the associated urban certificate, etc. Both types of information are linked
together and managed in a system known as a cadastral information system.
Most of the time, the cadastre is integrated with the property registry, the
legal registration of land and real estate property. Integration of the cadastre
with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a legal cadastre. This
guarantees the exact correspondence between physical and legal ownership. In
other words, wherever there is a parcel or building, there are the corresponding
titles or “legal tenure documents” registered in the property registry, and
respectively, wherever there are registered titles, there is a unique parcel
corresponding to it. This is technically permitted by a unique identification
number that links unilaterally the parcel or the building to the title.
We can identify two categories of stockholders involved in the maintenance
and use of cadastral information: information providers and information users.
Information providers include cadastral and registry services as well as private
surveyors and notaries. The former are responsible for the systematic production
and maintenance of the information, the latter generally intervene for day to day
individual demands, such as private utility and facility companies that would
produce and need data for their own purposes like water tax collection.
14
Information users include the private individual users, municipalities and local
communities, public and private investors, banks, real estate and mortgage
brokers, etc.
The successful urban cadastre depends upon legal frameworks, the social
assessment and participation as well as use of new technologies.
3. Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
2.
Words
Parcel
Topography
Definitions
A person whose job is to survey buildings, land, etc.
A branch of earth sciences, it is the scientific
discipline that deals with the measurement and
representation of the Earth, including its gravitational
field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.
To engage as a participant, to oblige to take part.
A public official who notarizes legal documents and
who can also administer and take oaths and
affirmations, among other tasks.
A piece of land, especially on an estate.
Being the first of two things or people mentioned.
The transfer of an interest in property (or the
equivalent in law - a charge) to a lender as a security
for a debt - usually a loan of money.
The features of a place or district, especially the
position of its rivers, mountains, roads, buildings, etc.
An individual or company (including a corporation)
that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a joint
stock company.
A network of squares on a map, numbered for
reference.
3.
4.
Grid
Geodesy
(geodetics)
5.
6.
7.
Stockholder
Involve
Surveyor
8.
Notary
9.
Former
10.
Mortgage
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Textual information, the title, new technologies, urban cadastre, information
providers, graphic information, the property registry, stockholders, information
users, integration.
1. An … is a physical description of the land and real estate tenure in a city.
2. … includes the description of each individual parcel and building,
topographic features such as roads, rivers, etc.
3. … includes names of owners or occupants, names of streets or areas of
specific interest, the fiscal value, the associated urban certificate, etc.
15
4. … of the cadastre with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a legal
cadastre.
5. Wherever there is a parcel or building, there are the corresponding titles or
“legal tenure documents” registered in … .
6. A unique identification number links unilaterally the parcel or the building to … .
7. We can identify two categories of … involved in the maintenance and use of
cadastral information: information providers and information users.
8. … include cadastral and registry services as well as private surveyors and
notaries.
9. … include the private individual users, municipalities and local communities,
public and private investors, banks, real estate and mortgage brokers, etc.
10. The successful urban cadastre depends upon legal frameworks, the social
assessment and participation as well as use of … .
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Urban cadastre, graphic and textual information, topographic features, names
of owners or occupants, the fiscal value, legal registration, physical and legal
ownership, individual demands, water tax collection, mortgage brokers.
6.
Find synonyms among the following words:
Unsafe, local indigenous, framework, ancillary, justice, additional, dangerous,
fairness, stockholders, limiting, shareholders.
7.
Write the antonyms to the following words using negative prefixes:
Ir -: respective, repairable, responsibility, rational, regular, reclaimable,
recoverable, recognizable.
Im -: patible, mobile, movability, perfection, movable, possibility, penetrability,
police.
8.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into
English:
1. Городской кадастр должен содержать физическое описание земли и
недвижимости в городе. 2. Городской кадастр включает графическую и
текстовую информацию. 3. Информационные провайдеры и пользователи
– 2 категории акционеров. 4. Городской кадастр должен иметь список
акционеров. 5. Новые технологии уже решили старые проблемы.
1. Cadastrul urban trebuie să conţină o descriere fizică a pămîntului şi imobilului în
oraş. 2. Cadastrul urban include informaţie grafică şi textuală. 3 Furnizorii de
16
informaţie şi utilizatorii sunt două categorii de acţionari. 4. Cadastrul urban trebuie
să aibă lista acţionarilor. 5. Noile tehnologii au soluţionat deja vechile probleme.
9.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is an urban cadastre?
2. What does textual information include?
3. What categories of stockholders do you know?
4. Is integration of the cadastre with the registry so important?
5. Will the use of new technologies solve old problems?
6. What do you have to do when preparing a cadastre?
7. Should the legal framework provide a clear distribution of responsibilities
between land and real estate agencies?
8. Will the field data acquisition process be governed by population
participation?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs:
To identify, to feel, to make, to impact, to accompany, to give, to vary, to
understand, to equip, to computerize, can, to train, to teach, to see, to send, to
improve.
12. Translate the following sentences into Romanian/Russian paying
attention to different meanings of the verb to have:
1. The staff of this firm has been trained to maintain the computerized
technology system. 2. You have to know everything about textual and graphic
information. 3. Each city has urban cadastral maps. 4. Most of the countries
have almost finished capturing cadastral textual information. 5. European
countries have understood the importance of linking the property registers or
mortgage books with the cadastre. 6. Every day I have dinner at 12 o’clock. 7.
Recently the European Union has conducted a comparison of the European
cadastres.
13.
Project work
Draw a map of your region (street, town, village, etc.) using the topographic
features and be prepared to present your project.
17
Grammar.2. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
There are four kinds of nouns: abstract (love, beauty), common (chair,
table), collective (audience, family) and proper (Ann, Spain).
Gender.
Masculine = men, boys, animals when we know their sex (he).
Feminine = women, girls, ships, animals when we know their sex (she).
Neuter = things, babies/animals when we don’t know their sex (it).
Most personal nouns have the same form whether male of female (doctor,
teacher, etc.). Some nouns have different forms, though. Some of these are:
actor - actress emperor - empress
king - queen
husband - wife
monk - nun
steward - stewardess
prince – princess
son - daughter
boy - girl
gentleman – lady
landlord - landlady uncle – aunt
hero - heroine grandfather - grandmother barman - barmaid nephew - niece
waiter – waitress
father – mother
brother – sister (bride)groom – bride
duke - duchess policeman - policewoman widower - widow lord - lady
English nouns are often described as "countable" or "uncountable".
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For
example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.
Here are some more countable nouns:
e.g. dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, litre
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
e.g. My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry.
We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
e.g. A dog is an animal.
When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
e.g. I want an orange. (not I want orange.) Where is my bottle? (not
Where is bottle?)
When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
e.g. I like oranges. Bottles can break.
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts, etc. that we cannot divide into
separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count
"milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count
"milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
music, advice, information, news, furniture, sugar, butter, electricity,
money, currency
We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For
example:
This news is very important. Your luggage looks heavy.
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We
cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
a piece of news, a bottle of water, a grain of rice
18
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a
change of meaning.
Countable
There are two hairs in my coffee!
Uncountable
hair
I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our
light
bedroom.
Close the curtain. There's too much
light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. noise
It's difficult to work when there is
too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (=
I want to draw a picture. Have you
paper
newspaper)
got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms.
room Is there room for me to sit here?
Last week I missed my classes for
time
three times.
Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's
work I have no more work.
greatest works.
A couple of, several, a few, many, a (large, great, good) number of, both are
followed by a countable noun. (Too) much, a little, a great/good deal of, a
small/large amount/quantity of are followed by an uncountable noun. A lot of,
lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of are followed by a countable or
uncountable noun.
Possessive form.
To make the possessive form of nouns in writing, we add 's ('apostrophe s') to
singular nouns and to irregular plurals that don't end in -s:
e.g. Philip's car; the college's administrators; the women's liberation
movement
and add ' (an apostrophe) to regular plurals:
e.g. the boys' football boots; the companies' difficulties.
The noun following a possessive form can be left out when we talk about
someone's home or some shops and services (e.g. the newsagent's, the chemist's,
the hairdresser's):
e.g. We're going to Linda's for the evening. (= Linda's home)
We also usually leave out the noun when the meaning is clear in cases like:
e.g. 'Whose hat is this?' 'Richard's.' (rather than Richard's hat.)
In general, we are more likely to use the possessive 's form of a noun:
• when the noun refers to a particular person or group of people:
e.g. Carolyn's illness (rather than the illness of Carolyn)
19
• when we are talking about time, as in:
e.g. next year's holiday prices (rather than the holiday prices of next year)
In general, we are more likely to use the of + noun form:
• with an inanimate noun, i.e. referring to something that is not living:
e.g. the cover of the book (or the book cover) (rather than the book's cover)
• when we are talking about a process, or a change over time:
e.g. the establishment of the committee (rather than the committee's
establishment)
• when the noun is a long noun phrase:
e.g. She is the sister of someone I used to go to school with. (rather than
She is someone I used to go to school with's sister.)
Compound nouns.
When we want to give more specific information about someone or something,
we sometimes use a noun in front of another noun:
e.g. rice pudding, a glasshouse, the kitchen cupboard, a window-cleaner, a
hill fog
When a particular combination is regularly used to make a new noun, it is called
a COMPOUND NOUN. We sometimes make compound nouns which consist of
more than two nouns:
e.g. a milk chocolate bar, an air-traffic controller, a dinner-party
conversation
Some compound nouns are usually written as one word (e.g. a tablecloth), some
as separate words (e.g. waste paper), and others with a hyphen (e.g. a wordprocessor). Some compound nouns can be written in more than one of these
ways (e.g. a golf course or a golf-course).
To make a compound noun plural we usually make the second noun plural:
e.g. coalmine(s), office-worker(s), tea leaf / tea leaves
However, in compound nouns that consist of two nouns joined by of or in, we
make a plural form by making the first noun plural:
e.g. bird(s) of prey, rule(s) of thumb, commander(s)-in-chief
Notice that we say:
a ten-minute speech, a 60-piece orchestra, a five-year-old child
Noun + ‘s + noun.
Sometimes a noun + noun is not appropriate and instead we use noun + 's +
noun (possessive form) or noun + preposition + noun. In general, we prefer
noun + 's + noun:
• when the first noun is the user (a person or animal) or users of the item in the
second noun:
e.g. a baby's bedroom, a lion's den, a women's clinic
• when the item in the second noun is produced by the thing (often an animal) in
20
the first:
e.g. goat's cheese, duck's eggs, cow's milk
• when we talk about parts of people or animals; but we usually use noun + noun
to talk about parts of things.
e.g. a woman's face, a boy's arm, a whale's tail, a giraffe's neck
We prefer noun + preposition + noun:
• when we talk about some kind of container together with its contents.
e.g. a cup of tea (= a cup with tea in it) and a tea cup (= a cup for drinking
tea from)
• when the combination of nouns does not necessarily refer to a well-known
class of items.
e.g. a grammar book (a well-known class of books) but a book about cats
(rather than 'a cat book').
Grammar exercises.2. The Noun. Countable and Uncountable
Nouns
1. Put (M) for male, (F) for female or (M/F) for both in the spaces.
doctor – (M/F)
nurse
teacher
typist
student
bride
pilot
waiter
wife
driver
barman
king
child
lord
queen
lady
scientist
prince
landlord
stewardess
grandfather
policeman
engineer
musician
2. Write the masculine or feminine of the following if there is a difference.
husband politician brother uncle student -
nephew policeman lawyer waiter actor -
doctor monk duke clerk shop assistant -
3. Fill in: is or are.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Where ___ your trousers?
Could you tell me where the scissors ___?
Tonight, there ___ athletics on TV.
Money ___ easy to spend and difficult to save.
Gloves ___ worn in cold weather.
This student’s knowledge ___ amazing.
Love ___ the reason for much happiness in the world.
This bread ___ stale.
21
9. Your pajamas ___ on the bed.
10. My luggage ___ too heavy to carry.
11. My advice to you ___ to stay in bed.
12. Physics ___ my favourite subject.
13. Measles ___ a common illness.
14. The glasses ___ in the cupboard.
15. My mum’s hair ___ really long.
16. Our bathroom scales ___ quite accurate.
17. Darts ___ a popular game in England.
18. This work ___ too hard for me.
19. People ___ unhappy with the new tax system.
4. Underline the correct item.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
All of his belongings was/were in one small suitcase.
Soccer is/are a popular game in England.
Aerobics do/does you a lot of good.
Chocolate makes/make you put on weight.
Most people enjoy/enjoys Christmas.
The money he makes is/are enough to live on.
The police is/are looking for the murderer.
Her good looks always gets/get her what she wants.
The young couple is/are getting married next year.
My advice is/are to stop smoking immediately.
Measles, which is/are a children’s disease, is/are dangerous for adults.
The audience was/were given free tickets to the next show.
The economics I learnt at school is/are out of date now.
Her grandparents’ death in a car accident was/were a great shock.
Fish is/are easy to look after as pets.
Television news gives/give you more information than radio news.
The stairs to the first floor is/are over there.
The information I got was/were very helpful.
5. Underline the expressions which can be used with the nouns as in the
example:
e.g. She has bought a couple of, several, too much, a few, a little, lots of dresses.
1. She’s got a little, a lot of, hardly any, several, a few experience in teaching.
2. He drank two, both, some, several, too much glasses of water.
3. She is wearing several, too many, hardly any, too much, no jewellery.
4. The fire is going out – you’ll have to fetch a little, several, a couple of,
some, plenty of wood.
22
5. I’ve been shopping and I’ve got no, a few, a little, hardly any, too many
money left.
6. Everyone needs too much, a little, a few, a couple of, a number of friends.
7. Flowers need plenty of, a number of, too many, a great deal of, a lot of
water.
8. Could you move along to give me a few, some, several, a little, plenty of
space?
9. I’m afraid I can’t come for a great deal of, several, a number of, too
much, a little reasons.
10. I can finish it only if you give me plenty of, a number of, too many, some,
a little time.
11. Too much, Plenty of, A few, Hardly any, A little people were standing at
the bus-stop.
12. I like both, a little, plenty of, a couple of, too much your ideas.
13. There are a little, a great deal of, too much, hardly any, not many things
I’d like to say.
6. If necessary, correct these sentences.
1. Tony computers have been stolen.
2. When the teacher had called out the girl’s names, they all stepped forward.
3. We had to study Charles Dicken’s early novels at school.
4. I went to the newsagent’s to buy a paper.
5. There were hundreds of bird’s nests in the trees.
6. They are my mother-in-law’s favourite sweets.
7. I took the books to Lewis’ house yesterday.
8. If they had been anyone else’s paintings I wouldn’t have gone to the
exhibition.
9. She was a friend of my mothers.
10. The worlds airline’s are moving towards a total ban on smoking.
11. The readers letters page in the newspaper is full of complaints about the
article.
12. I met a cousin of the Duke of Edinburgh last week.
7. Which of these can also be expressed naturally as a noun + noun
pattern or a noun + 's + noun pattern?
noun+preposition+noun
wool from a lamb
a headline in a newspaper
a nest lived in by a bird
insurance for a car
a hole in a wall
noun + 's + noun
lamb’s wool
23
the uniform worn by a nurse
a request for help
the wheel of a bicycle
the voice of a man
a cloth for drying dishes
8. What do you call...?
a shelf for books
a train which carries goods
a test to detect drugs
a case for putting pencils in
a film lasting two hours
the pages of a book that lists the contents
an expert in robotics
a shop which sells toys
an essay which is four pages long
an issue of human rights
9. Michael Warren is at an interview for a job in a film production
company. He has been asked why he wants the job, and this is part of his
answer. Suggest compound nouns to fill in the spaces in this text. One of the
parts of the compound is given in brackets. Choose the other part from the
-ing forms below.
advertising
answering
breathing
mailing
making
recording selling
cutting
turning
losing
waiting
Just after I left the university, I met an old friend who offered me the
opportunity to join his company, Phono, selling a new type of mobile phone. I
organized a(n) … (campaign) and set up a(n) … (list) with names and addresses
of people who might be interested in it. The main … (point) of the phone was
that it included a(n) … (machine), and was the only one of its kind on the
market at the time. At first the demand was so great that there was a(n) … (list)
of people wanting to buy one. Unfortunately, a year later Sonex brought out its
new video phone, and this was the … (point) for Phono. Demand for our phone
plummeted. We did a lot of … (cost) to try to save money, but it wasn’t long
before we knew we were fighting a(n) … (battle) and decided to close the
company. I’ve been out of work for a few months now, but this has given me the
… (space) to decide what I want to do next. When I worked for Phono, I helped
produce a(n) … (video) to advertise the product. I enjoyed this a lot, and that’s
why I’d now like to get into … (film).
10. Try to guess the meaning of the underlined parts of these sentences
from the context.
1. He made a lot of pie-in-the-sky promises that I knew he wouldn’t keep.
2. The actors gave a very run-of-the-mill performance, and the critics expressed
their disapproval in their reports the following day.
24
3. We went to a number of out-of-the-way places that few tourists had visited before.
4. My good-for-nothing brother just sat in front of the TV while I did all the ironing.
5. He lived a hand-to-mouth existence, surviving on just a few pounds a week.
6. Behind-the-scenes negotiations were going on between the diplomats, away
from the public eye.
7. She stayed quite calm and spoke in a matter-of-fact way about the attack.
Lesson 3: Property – Specific Approaches (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
înalt; eminent, ales,
remarcabil
aşezare,
dispunere;
Disposal (n.)
transfer, vînzare, cedare
(de bunuri, proprietăţi)
Blighted (adj.) property proprietate distrusă
Eminent (adj.)
Community trust (n.)
trust obştesc
Tax delinquent (n.)
impozit neplătit
выдающийся,
знаменитый, видный
размещение,
расположение;
устранение, удаление
запущенная
собственность
общественный
доверительный фонд
налог, неоплаченный в
срок
неуплата в срок
подавленный,
угнетенный, унылый
ставка налога
мешать,
препятствовать, затруднять
лишение права пользования имуществом
neefectuarea plăţii
în depresiune, în criză, în
stagnare
rată a impozitului
Tax rate (n.)
a împiedica, a deranja; a
Hinder (v.)
sta în cale
lipsire / pierdere a drepForeclosure (n.)
tului de a răscumpăra
proprietatea gajată
de период выкупа, период
Redemption period (n.) perioadă
răscumpărare / stingere возвращения долга
(a unei ipoteci)
удержание имущества
Enforcement of a lien reţinere a averii
за долги
(n.)
vandabilă, востребованная,
Marketable
(adj.) proprietate
care se poate vinde / de подлежащая продаже
property
vîndut
собственность
страховая компания
Insurance company (n.) companie de asigurări
a căuta să..., a se strădui стремиться к чему-либо
Seek to (v.)
să...
Failure (n.) to pay
Depressed (adj.)
25
2.
Read and translate the text:
Three strategies, to start with, contribute directly to the development of
vacant or abandoned properties. These tools focus on the acquisition and
disposal of property. These include: (1) tax lien foreclosure; (2) eminent domain
powers and condemnation or acquisition of blighted properties; and (3) land
banks and community land trusts.
A key first area of state support of redevelopment involves a state’s
framework for the enforcement of property tax collection. Properties that
become tax delinquent reduce public revenues and contribute to neighbourhood
deterioration. The failure to pay property taxes typically results from one of
three causes: (1) property owner’s inability to pay their annual tax during
depressed economic conditions; (2) public protest over property tax rates that
are perceived to be too high; (3) owner’s efforts to maximize the income they
receive from their property by neglecting tax payments. The third cause is more
typical for property owners who are investors and plan to eventually abandon
their property, and more common in major urban areas. Tax delinquency can be
viewed as an “early warning system to municipalities that there are market
problems with particular properties”.
The tax lien foreclosure process allows cities to return tax delinquent vacant
land and abandoned structures to productive use. Their ability to do so is greatly
influenced at the state level by the particular property tax collection enforcement
system that has been legally authorized. These systems vary from state to state
because, historically, states retain great autonomy to determine their individual
methods of property tax collection and enforcement.
State laws set the parameters for how local governments deal with their tax
delinquent properties, either helping or hindering the process. Massachusetts, for
example, has no specific deadlines for notifying owners or responding to
foreclosure, and the foreclosure process can take years. Florida, Georgia,
Maryland, Michigan, and Texas, by contrast, have all adopted legislative
reforms in recent years that improve cities’ ability to expedite foreclosure on
properties and convert them back into productive use. Michigan’s legislation
shortens the foreclosure process from what could take five years to one-half
years, and create insurable property titles through juridical action.
States can also be divided into three categories according to whether they: (1)
allow lien enforcement and property sale without a judicial process; (2) require
judicial involvement at the sale or termination of the redemption period; or (3)
permit enforcement of property tax liens through a judicial or non-judicial process.
A judicial tax enforcement proceeding – a proceeding that relies on the
court system – is superior for several reasons. Such a proceeding provides a
permanent public record and provides an opportunity for as hearing, an
opportunity currently unavailable under most tax lien enforcement system. In
other words, the process produces a marketable property title that a title
26
insurance company would be willing to insure. In this way, the proceeding
resolves one of the major problems to transferring and financing properties that
cities seek to redevelop.
3.
Match the words with their definitions:
No.
1.
Words
Vacant
2.
Disposal
3.
4.
5.
Condemnation
Blighted
Trust
6.
7.
Delinquency
Abandon
8.
Lien
9.
Enforcement
10.
Hinder
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Definitions
An arrangement by which a group of people or an
organization holds money or property given to
somebody and uses it for that person’s benefit.
Failure to do what law or duty requires; an offense or
a misdemeanor; a misdeed.
The sale of part of one’s business, a property, etc.
Not filled or occupied.
To be or get in the way of; to obstruct or delay the
progress of.
To compel observance of or obedience to; to impose.
Harmed or destroyed; an ugly or neglected state of
something.
The right to take and hold or sell the property of a
debtor as security or payment for a debt or duty.
To withdraw one's support or help from, especially in
spite of duty, allegiance, or responsibility; to give up
by leaving or ceasing to operate or inhabit, especially
as a result of danger or other impending threat.
The action of saying that something is dangerous or
not fit for use.
The failure, enforcement, a title insurance company, investors, helping or
hindering, abandoned, warning system, tax delinquent, foreclosure process,
juridical action.
1. Three strategies contribute directly to the development of vacant or …
properties.
2. Properties that become … reduce public revenues and contribute to
neighbourhood deterioration.
3. … to pay property taxes can result from public protest over property tax rates
that are perceived to be too high.
4. Owner’s efforts to maximize the income they receive from their property by
neglecting tax payments is more typical for property owners who are … and
plan to eventually abandon their property.
27
5. Tax delinquency can be viewed as an “early … to municipalities that there
are market problems with particular properties”.
6. The tax lien … allows cities to return tax delinquent vacant land and
abandoned structures to productive use.
7. Historically, states retain great autonomy to determine their individual
methods of property tax collection and … .
8. State laws set the parameters for how local governments deal with their tax
delinquent properties, either … the process.
9. Michigan’s legislation shortens the foreclosure process from what could take
five years to one-half years, and create insurable property titles through … .
10. A judicial tax enforcement proceeding produces a marketable property title
that … would be willing to insure.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Vacant properties, acquisition of property, land banks, property tax collection,
public revenues, depressed economic conditions, major urban areas, market
problems, judicial process, a marketable property title.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Three strategies contribute directly to the development of vacant or
abandoned properties.
These tools focus on the acquisition and disposal of property.
A key first area of state support of redevelopment involves a state’s
framework for the enforcement of property tax collection.
Properties that become tax delinquent reduce public revenues.
The failure to pay property taxes typically results from one of three
causes.
The third cause is more typical of property owners who plan to
eventually abandon their property.
The tax lien foreclosure process allows cities to return tax
delinquent vacant land.
These systems vary from state to state.
Michigan’s legislation shortens the foreclosure process from what
could take five years to one-half years, and create insurable property
titles through juridical action.
A judicial tax enforcement proceeding is superior for several reasons.
make,
some,
differ,
give back,
leave,
reason,
decrease,
entails,
concentrate,
available.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Непосредственный вклад в развитие свободной и брошенной
недвижимости вносят три стратегии. 2. Данные средства ориентированы на
приобретение и распоряжение имуществом. 3. Одной из причин неуплаты
28
налогов на недвижимость является стремление владельца максимально
увеличить собственную прибыль, в то же время, игнорируя налоговые
обложения. 4. Законы устанавливают правила, по которым местные органы
управления обращаются с собственностью, на которую не был своевременно уплачен налог. 5. Арест имущества позволяет государству вернуть в
пользование пустующие и брошенные земли.
1. Trei strategii contribuie nemijlocit la dezvoltarea imobilului liber şi celui
părăsit. 2. Resursele date sunt orientate spre procurarea şi administrarea
proprietăţii. 3. Unul din motivele de neachitare a impozitelor pe imobil
constituie tendinţa proprietarului de a-şi mări maximal propriul profit, ignorînd,
în acelaşi timp, impunerea impozitelor. 4. Legile stabilesc reguli conform cărora
organele de conducere locale iau decizii referitor la proprietatea al cărei impozit
nu a fost achitat la timp. 5. Sechestrarea averii permite statului de a reda în
folosinţă terenurile pustiite şi abandonate.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Ability, depressed, low, forbid, by contrast, state, unavailable, enlarge,
autonomy, typical, inability, beneficial, high, allow, in the same way, country,
available, shorten, dependence, non-typical.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What are the three strategies one should start with in order to contribute
directly to the development of vacant or abandoned properties?
2. What are the consequences involved by the properties that become tax
delinquent?
3. Name the main three causes that lead to the failure to pay property taxes.
4. Which one of the named three causes is more typical for property owners
who are investors and plan to eventually abandon their property, and more
common in major urban areas?
5. What is the purpose of the tax lien foreclosure process?
6. Why do property tax collection enforcement systems vary from state to state?
7. How do local governments deal with their tax delinquent properties?
8. What does a judicial tax enforcement proceeding provide?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Form the three forms of the following verbs:
To allow, to decide, to hope, to be, to do, to answer, to describe, to know, to
hurt, to arrive, to become, to drink, to destroy, to improve, to ask.
29
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
13.
Which word is the odd one in each group and why?
brotherhood, neighbourhood, manhood, priesthood.
hair-restorer, plant-holder, step-ladder, oven-cleaner.
appointment, involvement, compliment, arrangement.
tearful, spiteful, dreadful, handful.
worship, kinship, friendship, partnership.
Project work
Give a concrete example of the owners’ efforts to maximize the income they
receive from their property by neglecting tax payments. Present your project
clearly, giving reasons for your choice.
Grammar.3. The Pronoun
a) Personal pronouns
pronouns
number person
1st
2nd
singular
plural
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
possessive
short
subject object (a
form)
I
me
my
you
you
your
he
him
his
she
her
her
it
it
its
we
us
our
you
you
your
they
them their
possessive
reflexive
(a full form)
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
b) Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, Nobody
That's Not My Job!
This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and
Nobody.
There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody
would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got
angry about that, because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody
could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn't do it.
It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody
could have done.
c) All – Both – Whole – Either – Neither – None – Every – Each – One – Ones
All refers to more than 2 people or things. It has a positive meaning and takes a
verb in the plural. It is the opposite of none. e.g. All the students passed the test.
30
Both refers to 2 people or things. It is a positive meaning and takes a verb in the
plural. It is the opposite of neither/not either. e.g. Both Ann and Kate are eighteen.
Whole is used with singular countables. e.g. the whole week = all the
week/all week
Either (anyone of two)/Neither (not one and not the other) are used before
singular countables. They refer to 2 people or things. Neither of/Either of take
a verb either in the singular or plural. e.g. Paul and David promised to help me.
I’d like either of them to help me.
None refers to more than 2 people or things. It has a negative meaning and
isn’t followed by a noun. None of can be used with nouns and possessive
pronouns followed by a verb either in the singular or plural. It is the opposite of
all. e.g. None of the girls has/have been to Rome.
No can be followed by a noun. e.g. There’s no news about the accident.
Every is used with singular countables. It refers to a group of people or
things and means “all”, “everyone”, “everything” etc. e.g. Students get a report
card every term.
Each is used with singular countables. It means one by one, considered
individually. e.g. Each trainee should attend a three-month course.
One – ones are used to avoid repetition of a countable noun or a pronoun.
e.g. Which shirt do you want? This one.
Grammar exercises.3. The Pronoun
1.
Complete the dialogue with the following pronouns.
anybody nobody somebody anything nothing something anywhere nowhere
somewhere
A So where were you yesterday at 3.00 p.m.?
B Well, I wasn't ________ near the bank. I was shopping.
A Which shop were you in?
B I can't remember the name of the shop. It was ________ in the High Street.
A Did ________ see you?
B No, ________. The shop was empty.
A What about the shop assistant?
B Well, I didn't buy ________ so she probably didn't see me. She was talking to
________.
A What did you do after that?
B I went home.
A And where did you go in the evening?
B ________. I stayed at home and watched TV. It was a documentary ________ about animals in Australia.
A What did you do after that?
B ________. I just had dinner and went to bed.
31
2.
Fill in the correct personal pronouns.
Ben: Have you seen Martin today?
Sue: Yes. ___ saw him this morning. ___ was coming out of the travel agent’s.
Ben: Did ___ ask ___ where ___ was going?
Sue: Yes. He said ___ was going to Italy with Mary for two weeks. ___ was at
travel agent’s as well. ___ both looked very excited and happy.
Ben: Shall ___ go on holiday together somewhere this year?
Sue: Mary told ___ that ___ had a great time in Italy last year. Shall ___ ask ___
how much ___ cost?
3.
Fill in “each other” or an appropriate reflexive or emphatic pronoun.
1. Billy and his penfriend wrote to ___ for five years before they actually met.
2. The children were playing by ___ in the garden when it started snowing.
3. Paul and Ted haven’t spoken to ___ for days. What’s wrong with them?
4. We blame ___ for leaving the house unlocked.
5. They bumped into ___ last weekend.
6. We can manage by ___, thank you very much.
7. They looked at ___ in the mirror and laughed.
8. We saw ___ on television last week.
9. Tom made these chairs ___.
10. We gave ___ presents for Christmas.
11. Don’t worry about us. We are old enough to look after ___.
12. The kettle will switch ___ off when it has boiled.
4.
Fill in the blanks with a short of full form of possessive pronouns.
a. This is ___ (I) bag but that one over there is ___ (you).
b. ___ (she) score was better than ___ (I).
c. ___ (they) holyday starts the week after ___ (we).
d. Can we have ___ (you) suggestion first and than we’ll hear ___ (he)?
e. I didn’t bother going to ___ (he) party and he won’t be coming to ___ (I).
f. ___ (we) flight was delayed but ___ (they) took off on time.
g. I wish ___ (I) voice was as good as ___ (she).
h. Unfortunately, ___ (they) team played better than ___ (we) so we lost the
match.
i. If you are a friend of ___ (he), than you are a friend of ___ (I) too.
j. We’ll leave ___ (she) house after dinner, so we should be at ___ (you) before
10.00.
5.
Correct these sentences if necessary.
1. I had a swim, quickly dried me, and put on my clothes. myself
32
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
6.
Now that he was famous, he heard a lot about himself on TV and radio.
Why don’t you bring the children with you?
You ought to be ashamed of you.
They pulled the sledge behind themselves through the snow.
She put out her hand and introduced herself as Antonia Darwin.
“Have you ever been to California?” “No … oh, yes, once,” he corrected him.
I could feel the ground start to move under me.
They applied them to the task with tremendous enthusiasm.
It was another rainy Sunday afternoon and we didn’t know what to do with us.
She should look after herself better. She’s lost a lot of weight.
Underline the correct item.
As soon as we arrived we knew that something/anything was wrong. We soon
discovered that someone/anyone had broken into our home. Many things had been
stolen, everyone/each had lost something/anything. Every/Some money had also
been taken. Before we phoned the police, we went to ask our neighbour if she had
seen anyone/no one or anything/nothing suspicious, but she hadn’t. We went back
home to phone the police. As we sat waiting for them to arrive, we surveyed the
damage that was everywhere/anywhere around us. No/Some of our most personal
possessions lay smashed and broken before us, no one/someone spoke. Eventually
the police arrived and asked us to make a list of everything/something that had been
stolen, as they started to check for fingerprints. They warned us that it was unusual
to find any/some, because most burglars wore gloves. When the police had finished
checking for prints, they took our list of everything/something that was missing,
and they told us that someone/anyone would visit us over the next few days to
advise us on new security measures.
7.
Fill in the correct pronoun.
Dear Mum,
Well, I’ve arrived in Taipei without any problems. … flatmates both seem very
nice. … spent all day yesterday cleaning the flat and tidying up. Later some of
the other teachers came to visit … and … brought cakes and sweets with ….
One of the teachers, Sue, went to Newcastle University, like … . … looks
familiar. … think Bob might know … because … was in the same department as
… . … timetables are quite good. Well … is anyway! Some people are not very
happy with … timetables because … finish late. Anyway … doesn’t matter here
because everything is open until late. I hope that … are all okay.
Write soon, Jo.
8.
1.
Fill in: there or it.
“Is … mother’s birthday tomorrow?” “No, her birthday is next week.”
33
2. …’s Christmas Day and everyone is happy.
3. I’ll never make it to work on time. … takes half an hour to get there and
I’m already late.
4. …’s no need to worry. I’m sure … won’t matter if you are a little late.
5. …’s no light on in the house – something must be wrong.
6. Shall we take a taxi? …’s much too far to walk.
7. … was a party at Sally’s last night. … were lots of people and … went on
until the early hours.
8. “Will … matter if I’m a bit late for the meeting?” “Well, … might be a
good idea to warn the manager.”
9.
Match a line in A with a line in B.
A
1. He told the police he knew
2. He didn’t tell the police
3. I think they live
4. I don’t mind. I’ll live
5. Anybody
6. Nobody
7. I’ve searched
8. I can’t find it
9. I thought I’d know
10. I didn’t know
11. My parents never took me
12. My parents took me
13. Jane always got
14. Jane didn’t have
15. I’ve already had
16. I’ve had
B
anything.
nothing.
somewhere in London.
anywhere in London.
phoned you. Sorry.
can cook. It’s easy.
anywhere.
everywhere.
somebody at the party.
anyone at the party.
everywhere when I was young.
anywhere when I was a kid.
everything she wanted.
anything to wear.
something to eat.
nothing to eat.
10. Add an appropriate reflexive pronoun to each sentence to add
emphasis. If it is not possible, write X.
1. All you have to do is hide yourself behind the door and shout “Surprise!”
when she walks in.
2. They’re always complaining … about my cooking.
3. George’s mother didn’t want him to take the job on the oil rig. In fact,
George didn’t feel very happy about it … .
4. There’s no need for you to come. I can carry the shopping … .
5. Young people … need to get more involved in politics.
6. I don’t have any trouble getting to sleep, but I always wake … up very early.
7. That’s a beautiful sweater, Susan, did you knit it …?
8. For an explanation we need to look back to the beginning of the Universe ….
34
9. I find that I get … tired very easily these days.
10. You and Bridget ought to relax … more – you’re working too hard.
11. Amy was only three when she started to wash and dress … .
12. I haven’t tried it ..., but I’m told that karate is very good exercise.
Lesson 4: Objectives and Methods of Land Market (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Influx (n.)
Increase (n.)
Surround (v.)
Resident (n.)
afluenţă, val, aflux
creştere, sporire
a înconjura, a încercui
locuitor, rezident
влияние; поток; поступление
увеличение, рост, повышение
окружать, охватить
постоянный житель, резидент
повышенный,
усиленный,
улучшенный
margine, hotar, lizieră
граница, полоса, граничная
Fringe (n.)
зона
Contiguous (adj.) contiguu, învecinat, apropiat прилегающий, смежный
vînzare
продажа, распродажа
Sale (n.)
raion, sector
участок
(лесной),
Tract (n.)
пространство
mostră, model, şablon, tipar образец, проба
Sample (n.)
suprafaţă măsurată în acri площадь земли в акрах
Acreage (n.)
a cumpăra, a achiziţiona
покупать, приобретать
Purchase (v.)
argumentare,
explicare разумное
объяснение,
Rationale (n.)
raţională
обоснование
realizabil, posibil
возможный,
подходящий,
Feasible (adj.)
целесообразный
принуждение, насилие
Compulsion (n.) constrîngere, silire
Enhanced (adj.)
2.
sporit, mărit, intensificat
Read and translate the text:
Dothan, Alabama, has experienced urbanization pressures during the past
20 years, developing from a primarily agricultural economy to one of the fastest
industrializing cities of its size in the South-east. This developing economic
center for the Wiregrass area has attracted an influx of individuals and industry
which has resulted in substantial population growth, from 36 733 in 1980 to
53 589 in 2003. Migration of commercial and industrial organizations into this
area has also created a stronger economy and has promoted higher incomes for
residents. Increases in population and incomes have influenced the value of
agricultural land surrounding the city.
35
An analysis of agricultural land markets and values in a transitional area
can contribute to an enhanced understanding of the development process for
small to mid-sized municipalities. Shifting patterns of land use and the relative
importance of factors affecting land values can be evaluated and compared in
the transitional area.
The primary objective of this study was to analyze the transitional nature of
the agricultural land market in a rural-urban fringe and estimate the impact of
selected factors affecting the price for agricultural land contiguous to a
moderately sized city such as Dothan. Various demand-related factors were
expected to be the primary determinants of agricultural land value in the ruralurban fringe, with development/urbanization factors being a component of this
set. Contributing factors were grouped into locational, physical, and sales
characteristics associated with specific properties in the study area.
Attempts were made to include only “bona fide” sales (market transactions
in which the price is derived in free and open negotiations between a wellinformed seller who is able, willing, and under no compulsion to dispose of the
property and a well-informed buyer who is also able, willing, and under no
compulsion to buy the property in question) of agricultural land. Other
transactions, such as foreclosure sales, tax sales, and sales between relatives,
were excluded from the data base.
The size of the tract and its location and primary uses were other key
considerations for determining eligibility for the data base. The primary focus of
this study centered on the conversion of agricultural land in transitional areas.
Thus, the land already used for non-agricultural purposes at the time of the sale
was considered ineligible and, therefore, was not included in the sample. Tracts
which were less than 4 acres in size were omitted because there is relatively no
agricultural demand for such a small acreage in this area. The 4-acre size limit
was based on the smallest tract purchased for agricultural uses, as verified from
responses provided in returned questionnaires.
Undeveloped property located in a residential subdivision or industrial park
at the time of sale was also considered ineligible for inclusion because there
would be little rational demand from the agricultural sector for such property.
The rationale for this specific criterion is based on the fact that once these
undeveloped tracts are classified as predominantly residential or commercial,
they are technically no longer considered feasible for agricultural production due
to high values initiated by the urban demand.
Analyses were conducted for the Dothan fringe land market and the rural
and urban components of this area. The rural market, which included 101
observations located more than 8 miles from the central business district, was
highly agriculturally oriented. This area is not included in the Dothan city limits
and has undergone the same degree of urbanization.
36
3. Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Urbanization
Explanations
Strong force or pressure making somebody do
something they do not want to do.
The outer of an area, a group or an activity.
Suitability or fitting to be chosen; having the right or
proper qualifications.
The removal of the rural characteristics of a town or
area, a process associated with the development of
civilization.
An act of making an effort to succeed at something.
A political unit, such as a city, town, or village,
incorporated for local self-government.
That can be done; which is achievable, possible.
2.
3.
Influx
Enhance
4.
Municipality
5.
6.
Pattern
Fringe
7.
Attempt
8.
Compulsion
9.
Eligibility
10.
Feasible
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
A form, template, or model (or, more abstractly, a set
of) which can be used to make or to generate things or
parts of a thing, especially if the things that are created
have enough in common.
The arrival or entry of many people or things; the act
of flowing in.
To make greater, as in value, beauty, or effectiveness;
augment; to provide with improved, advanced, or
sophisticated features.
Ineligible, an enhanced understanding, location, industrializing cities, demandrelated factors, agricultural production, higher incomes, “Bona fide” sales, a
small acreage, the value.
1. Dothan, Alabama developed from a primarily agricultural economy to one of
the fastest … of its size in the South-east.
2. Migration of commercial and industrial organizations into Wiregrass area has
also created a stronger economy and has promoted … for residents.
3. Increases in population and incomes have influenced … of agricultural land
surrounding the city.
4. An analysis of agricultural land markets and values in a transitional area can
contribute to … of the development process for small to mid-sized
municipalities.
5. Various … were expected to be the primary determinants of agricultural land
value in the rural-urban fringe, with development/urbanization factors being a
component of this set.
37
6. … means market transactions in which the price is derived in free and open
negotiations between a well-informed seller who is able, willing, and under no
compulsion to dispose of the property and a well-informed buyer who is also
able, willing, and under no compulsion to buy the property in question.
7. The land already used for non-agricultural purposes at the time of the sale
was considered ….
8. Tracts which were less than 4 acres in size were omitted because there is
relatively no agricultural demand for such … in this area.
9. Once the undeveloped tracts are classified as predominantly residential or
commercial, they are technically no longer considered feasible for … due to
high values initiated by the urban demand.
10. The size of the tract and … and primary uses were other key considerations
for determining eligibility for the data base.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Urbanization pressures, agricultural economy, influx of individuals, population
growth, industrial organizations, transitional area, open negotiations,
agricultural demand, undeveloped tracts, feasible for agricultural production.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Dothan has experienced urbanization pressures during the past 20
years, developing from a primarily agricultural economy to one of
the fastest industrializing cities of its size in the South-east.
This developing economic center has attracted industry which
has resulted in substantial population growth.
An analysis of agricultural land markets can contribute to an
enhanced understanding of the development process for small to
mid-sized municipalities.
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact of
selected factors affecting the price for agricultural land
contiguous to a moderately sized city.
Various demand-related factors were expected to be the primary
determinants of agricultural land value in the rural-urban fringe,
with development factors being a component of this set.
Contributing factors were grouped into locational, physical, and
sales characteristics.
The size of the tract and its location were other key
considerations for determining eligibility for the data base.
Tracts which were less than 4 acres in size were omitted.
The rural market, which included 101 observations located more
than 8 miles from the central business district, was highly
agriculturally oriented.
38
Considerable,
mostly, part,
influencing,
value,
improved,
gathered,
regain, left
out,
establishing.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Миграция коммерческих и промышленных организаций в эту область
усилили экономику региона и способствовали росту доходов местных
жителей. 2. Увеличение доходов и численности населения повлияли на
стоимость сельскохозяйственных земель, окружающих город. 3. Продажа
заложенного имущества, продажа за неуплату налогов и сделки между
родственниками были исключены из базы данных. 4. Основное внимание в
этом исследовании уделялось преобразованию сельскохозяйственных
земель в переходные районы. 5. Спрос на неразвитую собственность,
расположенную в микрорайонах и на промышленных территориях, со
стороны сельскохозяйственного сектора невелик.
1. Migrarea organizaţiilor comerciale şi de producere în acest domeniu a sporit
economia regiunii şi a contribuit la creşterea venitului băştinaşilor. 2. Sporirea
veniturilor şi numărului populaţiei a influenţat preţul terenurilor agricole din
suburbii. 3. Vânzarea averii care a fost pusă în gaj, vânzarea pentru neachitarea
impozitelor şi acordurile între rude au fost excluse din baza de date. 4. O atenţie
deosebită în această cercetare s-a acordat reorganizării terenurilor agricole în
regiuni de tranziţie. 5. Cererea la proprietatea nedezvoltată, situată în
microraioane şi pe teritorii industriale, din partea sectorului agrar nu este mare.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Feasible, much, developed, big, ineligible, non-agricultural, willing, buyer,
strong, suburb, eligible, small, centre, weak, seller, undeveloped, little,
agricultural, unfeasible, unwilling.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. Why has Dothan, Alabama, experienced urbanization pressures during the
past 20 years?
2. What were the consequences of this developing economic center for the
Wiregrass area?
3. What were the factors that have influenced the value of agricultural land
surrounding the city?
4. What kind of analysis can contribute to an enhanced understanding of the
development process for small to mid-sized municipalities?
5. The factors that were the primary determinants of agricultural land value in
the rural-urban fringe were grouped into three types of characteristics. What
are these characteristics?
6. What does the term “bona fide” sales of agricultural land mean?
7. Why were the tracts which were less than 4 acres in size omitted?
39
8. What is the reason that the undeveloped tracts, which are classified as
predominantly residential or commercial, are technically no longer
considered feasible for agricultural production?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs:
To die, to jump, to drink, to know, to laugh, to know, to begin, to believe, to eat,
to learn, to end, to bring, to leave, to explain, to burn.
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
13.
Which negative adjective fits each of the following definitions?
… means not having a husband or wife.
… means impossible to eat.
… means unable to read or write.
… means not having a job.
… means fair in giving judgment, not favouring one side.
… means unable to be replaced.
Project work
Study the migration rate of commercial and industrial organizations into your
area, and its impact on economy. Give concrete examples.
Grammar.4. The Adjective and The Adverb
Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in both the singular and the
plural. They normally go before nouns. They also go alone (without nouns) after the
verbs: appear, be, become, feel, seem, smell, taste, etc. e.g. She had a bad dream.
Adverbs normally describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. e.g. She drives
carefully.
There are 2 basic positions for adjectives:
1. before the noun
2. after certain verbs (be, become, get, seem, look, feel, sound, smell,
taste)
adj. noun
verb adj.
1 I like big
cars.
2
My car is
big.
We sometimes use more than one adjective before the noun:
e.g. I like big black dogs. She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.
40
What is the correct order for two or more adjectives?
1. The general order is: opinion, fact:
a nice French car (not a French nice car)
("Opinion" is what you think about something. "Fact" is what is definitely true
about something.)
2. The normal order for fact adjectives is size, age, shape, colour, material, origin:
a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table
An adjective can come after some verbs, such as: be, become, feel, get, look,
seem, smell, sound
Even when an adjective comes after the verb and not before a noun, it always
refers to and qualifies the subject of the sentence, not the verb.
Ram is English. Dinner smells good tonight.
Because she had to wait, she became impatient. This milk tastes sour.
That new film doesn't sound very interesting. It smells bad.
Degrees of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative)
Short adjectives
1-syllable adjectives
old, fast
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y
happy, easy
Normal rule: add "-er" (comparative) and “- old > older > the oldest
est” (superlative)
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r late > later > the latest
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, big > bigger > the biggest
vowel, consonant, double the last consonant
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change happy > happier > the happiest
the y to i
Long adjectives
2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y
modern, pleasant
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables
expensive, intellectual
Normal rule: use "more" (comparative) and modern > more modern > the
“the most” (superlative)
most
modern
expensive > more expensive >
the most expensive
Exception
The following adjectives have irregular forms:
41
good > better > the best
well (healthy) > better > the best
the furthest
bad > worse > the worst
far > farther/further > the farthest /
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify
verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. In contrast adjectives tell us something about
a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns.
e.g. Mandy drives carefully. Mandy is a careful driver.
Formation of adverbs from adjectives.
Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective, e.g. quick – quickly.
Adjectives ending in –ic add –ally to form their adverbs, e.g. dramatic –
dramatically.
Adjectives ending in –le drop –le and add –ly to form their adverbs, e.g. terrible
– terribly.
Adjectives ending in consonant + y dop y and add –lly to form their adverbs,
e.g. happy – happily.
Adjectives ending in –ly (friendly, lonely, etc.) form their adverbs with in a …
way, e.g in a friendly way.
Adjectives ending in –e form their adverbs adding –ly without dropping –e, e.g.
rare – rarely.
Exceptions: whole – wholly, true – truly.
The adverb of ‘good’ is ‘well’.
Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.
Types of adverbs
1) Adverbs of manner
quickly
kindly
2) Adverbs of degree
very
rather
3) Adverbs of frequency 5) Adverbs
often
here
sometimes
nowhere
4) Adverbs of time
now
today
of
place
Word Order of Adverbs
Adverbs can be used in front, mid or end position in a sentence.
e.g. Obviously they will never see her again.
When there is more than one adverb in the sentence, their usual order is manner
– place – time.
e.g. He watched TV quietly in his room until 6.00.
42
When there is a verb of movement in the sentence the order is place – manner – time.
e.g. Ann was rushed to hospital suddenly an hour ago.
Adverbs of frequency come after the auxiliary verb but before the main verb.
e.g. She never comes to work on time. She’s often late.
Adverbs of degree go before the adjective or the adverb they describe. When
these adverbs describe verbs, they go before a main verb or after an auxiliary
verb.
e.g. He is absolutely hopeless at Maths. We quite enjoyed the film.
Degrees of comparison
A - Comparison with -er/-est
We use -er/-est with the following
adverbs:
1) all adverbs with one syllable
fast
faster fastest
high higher highest
2) The adverb: early
B - Comparison with more most
carefully - more carefully - (the) most
carefully
adverbs ending on -ly (not early)
C - Irregular adverbs
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
little less least
late later last
farther farthest
far
further furthest
ATTENTION! In informal English some adverbs are used without -ly (e.g.
cheap, loud, quick). There are two forms of comparison possible, depending on
the form of the adverb:
cheaply - more cheaply - most cheaply
cheap - cheaper - cheapest
Some pairs of adverbs have different meanings.
deep = a long way down (He dug deep in the ground.) deeply = greatly (The
scientist was deeply respected.)
free = without payment (Children travel free on buses.) freely = willingly (He
spoke freely about his past.)
hard = with a lot of effort (He works hard.) hardly = scarcely (I hardly see
him.)
high = to/at a high level (The pilot flew high above the clouds.) highly = very
much (She is highly regarded by her employers.)
last = after all others (He got here last.) lastly = finally (Lastly, read the
instructions then do the test.)
late = after the arranged or proper time (They arrived late.) lately = recently (I
haven’t seen him lately.)
near = close (I live near the school.) nearly = almost (I have nearly finished.)
43
pretty = fairy (I thought the film was pretty awful.) prettily = in an attractive
way (She smiled prettily.)
short = suddenly (The driver stopped short.) shortly = soon, not long (He will
be arriving shortly.)
wide = far away from the right point (He threw the ball wide.) widely = to a
large extent (It’s widely believed that the Prime Minister will resign soon.)
Like – as.
Like is used:
- to say what smb or smth looks like.
She looks like Madonna. (She isn’t
Madonna.)
- after feel, look, smell, sound + noun.
It smells like fish.
As is used:
- to say what smb or smth is really or
to talk about one’s job or role. He
works as a clerk. (He’s a clerk.)
- in certain expressions: as usual, as
… as, as much, such as, the same as.
He plays the piano as well as I do.
- with nouns/pronouns/-ing.
- after the verbs: accept, be known,
She works like a robot. (She isn’t a class, describe, refer to, regard, use.
robot.)
He is regarded as the best student in
It was like flying in the air.
his class.
Grammar exercises.4. The Adjective and The Adverb
1.
Adjective order.
1. Andrea had a (nice yellow) bow in her hair yesterday.
2. She lost a (small white) cat.
3. I bought (great some big) oranges.
4. We met (very smart two) people at the conference.
5. The clown was wearing a (green big yellow) hat.
6. The cookies that you (smell delicious baked).
7. Is it (cold getting outside)?
8. My uncle wore a (silk blue) tie to the wedding.
9. Have you met that (cute boy new) next door?
10. The course you are (taking sounds interesting).
2.
Fill in an appropriate adjective derived from the words in brackets.
Kingsley Manor is a luxurious residence, situated in the ___ (picture) Kent
countryside. It is also of ___ (consider) ___ (history) interest, as it was built in
the 17th century. The ___ (beauty) gardens and ___ (style) interior make it a
highly ___ (desire) home for a ___ (wealth) businessperson. The ___ (finance)
burden of running a place like this is ___ (astronomy), so only those with an
enormous bank balance should ask for further information.
44
3.
Put the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets.
The sinking of the Titanic is one of the most famous shipwreck stories of all
time. The Titanic was said to be ___ (safe) ocean liner ___ the world. When it
set sail, all the cabins were full, from ___ (expensive) to ___ (cheap) ones on the
lower deck. Some of ___ (rich) people ___ the world set sail for America on one
of ___ (long) and ___ (dangerous) crossings attempted by such a liner. The
captain was one of ___ (good), but he made a big mistake which caused
hundreds of deaths. As they sailed on, the going became ___ (difficult).
Suddenly the captain saw an iceberg ahead but, by then, it was too late to do
anything. They sailed ___ (close) until finally they hit it. Everyone rushed to the
lifeboats. Some survived but many died. The survivors said it was ___
(frightening) experience ___ their lives and they felt like ___ (lucky) people on
earth to have survived.
4. Underline the correct item, and then explain the difference in meaning.
e.g. The soldier near/nearly died as a result of being hit full/fully in the chest by
a bullet, which penetrated deep/deeply inside him.
1. Simon told everyone he would pass the exam easy/easily, so he was
deep/deeply embarrassed when he came last/lastly in the class, with 20%.
2. “I sure/surely am happy to meet you,” said the reporter to the high/highly
respected singer. “You’re pretty/prettily famous around here, you know”.
3. When he was almost full/fully recovered from his illness the doctor told him
to take it easy/easily and said that he would be able to return to work
short/shortly.
4. As he was found near/nearly the scene of the murder with a knife in his
hand, it is hard/hardly surprising that he was wrong/wrongly accused.
5. Sure/Surely you couldn’t have answered every question wrong/wrongly.
6. Rob was a very poor archer. His first arrow fell short/shortly of the target, his
second flew about 10 meters wide/widely and the third flew high/highly into the
air and landed behind him.
7. Although he arrived an hour late/lately, he started work direct/directly and
tried hard/hardly to make up for lost time.
8. Lately/Late she has been getting all her clothes freely/free from the fashion
company, so I can’t understand why she doesn’t dress more prettily/pretty.
9. It is wide/widely believed that there is a bus that goes direct/directly from
here to the airport, but it’s not true.
10. Last/Lastly, I would like to say that I would free/freely give my life for the
cause of world peace.
5. Rewrite the letter and put the adverbs below in the correct position.
for a long time, extremely, frequently, nowadays, too long, often, soon, very
hard, at the office, probably, for three months, terribly, quickly, quite.
45
Dear Kate,
I know I haven’t written to you. I was sorry to hear about your accident.
Accidents like that happen. I hope you won’t have to stay in hospital and that
your friends are able to visit you. I’m going to send you a present. I’ve been
working lately. Paul will be working in France. I know I’ll miss him. I hope you
get better as I’d like to come and stay with you.
6.
Put the adverbs from the list below into the correct column.
why
here
badly
hardly
once
clearly
soon
where
well
off
near
at once
quite
almost
away today
hard only
up
never
now then
wholly twice
still when
often certainly
How
manner
Where
place
When
time
fast
…
here
…
soon
…
7.
far
fast
there
slowly
upstairs
lately
honestly
How
much
degree
almost
…
usually possibly
drastically
perhaps always
in the park
probably suspiciously tomorrow
foolishly immediately
definitely absolutely
carefully frequently
obviously occasionally
How often Sentence
frequency adverbs
Relative
adverbs
often
…
when
…
certainly
…
Fill in like or as.
1. Charles Nichols is known as “Chunk” to his friends.
2. Her perfume smelt … roses.
3. People say she looks … Kim Basinger.
4. His father worked … an accountant in the city.
5. … usual, Terry was late for work.
6. Diving into the sea was … diving into an icy pool.
7. This is nice material – it feels … silk.
8. She doesn’t sing … well … her mother.
9. I don’t think you could describe Andy … an intelligent person.
10. Some politicians, such … John Major, are always in the news.
11. Ann looks … an angel.
8.
Fill in: hard, hardly, hardly ever / anyone / anything.
All that day, I’d been thinking … to myself about whether or not to go to Jane’s
party. I … go to parties, but this time I thought I’d make an effort. I worked …
all day so that I could leave early and get ready. When I got home, I looked for
46
something nice to wear, and eventually decided on a red dress that I had … worn
and … had seen me in before. Unfortunately, I got caught in the rain and when I
eventually arrived there was … left, just a couple of Jane’s friends. I had …
talked to them before so making conversation was very … . As I had eaten … all
day, I spent the rest of the party in the kitchen alone!
9.
Each adverb in A collocates with one group of adjectives in B. Match
them correctly.
A
deeply perfectly virtually deliberately sorely wildly infinitely
supremely
B
optimistic
1.
embarrassed 4.
impossible 7.
------------------ inaccurate
----------------- distressed --------------- identical
ambitious
ashamed
indestructive
safe
8.
missed
2.
confident 5.
------------------ happy ------------------ right
------------------ needed
clear
tempted
indifferent
3.
misleading 6.
better
---------------- obstructive ------------------ superior
rude
preferable
10. Match the verbs and adverbs. Make sentences using the adverb
collocations.
A
B
passionately
scream
profusely
gaze
longingly
love
break something hysterically
conscientiously
work
apologize
deliberately
47
Lesson 5: Comprehensive Planning and Major Steps (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Chance (n.)
Comprehensive (adj.)
Design (v.)
Trade creditor (n.)
Request (n.)
Creditworthiness (n.)
Sequence (n.)
Merchandising (n.)
Inventory (n.)
Approach (n.)
Conviction (n.)
Commitment (n.)
Unexpectedness (n.)
Abundantly (adv.)
Suitability (n.)
2.
şansă, noroc, posibilitate, случай, возможность,
ocazie
шанс, удача
cuprinzător, detaliat
исчерпывающий,
полный, тщательный
schiţă, plan, proiect, замышлять, планироmachetă
вать, проектировать
creditor comercial
торговый кредитор
cerere, rugăminte
просьба, требование
solvabilitate
кредитоспособность
succesiune, secvenţă
последовательность
promovare a vînzărilor
увеличение
объема
сбыта
inventar
инвентарная опись
concepţie,
mod
de подход,
концепция,
abordare, cale de acces
метод
convingere, condamnare убеждение,
утверждение
angajament, obligaţie
обязательство
surprindere, neaşteptat
неожиданность,
внезапность
abundent, din plin
обильно, с избытком
potrivire, corespundere
пригодность,
соответсвие
Read and translate the text:
Chances of success for any business are greatly increased when attention is
first directed to a comprehensive plan. When a land use plan is made for any
new farm the land use planners should design a comprehensive planning. If
financial assistance is necessary from bankers, trade creditors, or investors, their
first request will be to see the total plan. With it they can visualize the
creditworthiness of the farm.
There is no one sequence of steps in planning that is agreed upon by all the
authorities in any field. The most important thing in planning even a small farm
is that all phases of its operations must be considered. The land surveyor
planning a new farm should have very definite ideas about profits, financing,
accounting, records, merchandising plans, location, market and customers,
general method of operation, policies, advertising and promotion, amount and
48
type of expenses, break-even-point, legal form of management, and inventory
valuation methods, among other factors.
The desired income approach to the entire planning process suggests that
the land use planner’s first question should be, “How much profit do I expect to
receive from this farm in return from investing my time, and money in it?” This
approach is based on the conviction that this question has been neglected much
too often by new farm planners. No commitments, contracts, or obligations
relative to a new farm should be undertaken without a clear idea of what profits
are possible over at least the first year of operations.
The more we know about the circumstances around us, the better we can
prepare the firm to protect itself against different unexpectedness.
Using the desired income approach one should take into consideration
important steps in planning. To complete a projected income statement the land
use planner should determine what profit he wants from this firm, recognizing
the time he will give and the investment he will have.
With the profit figure clearly in mind, it is possible, using statistics that are
abundantly available, to calculate the production volume that is necessary to
produce that particular profit.
It is also necessary to survey and test the market. The land use planner
should involve close study of the production needs of the farm and make proper
decisions on how they are to be met. Here he decides whether to rent or buy the
farm, whether to buy delivery trucks or and on what terms. He should also
decide whether to hire a delivery service or eliminate such service at all.
The land use planner has to study the location and the particular site chosen
for specific characteristics. Too many small farms are located in space without
any analysis of the suitability of that space as a location for the specific type of
farm planned. Planners should not only study the characteristics of the legal
forms of organization, they should also seek out the true management
advantages. Merchandising plan should be also taken into account.
Merchandising is a broad term. It is popularly known today as “the total
marketing concept”. It covers many things – plans for presenting products to
customers, lines of product, sales promotion plans, and other associated
activities. An adequate system of land uses should be established. Proper land
uses are, essential to decision making by the land use planners.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Business
2.
Planning
Explanations
A collection of information shown in numbers; the
science of collecting, classifying and analyzing such
information.
The positive gain from an investment or business
operation after subtracting for all expenses. opposite
49
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
of loss.
Spatial location of a building, facility, or structure;
Investor
Domicile, controlling jurisdiction, or location of a
firm or trust for legal purposes. Also called situs.
Creditworthiness The activity of making, buying, selling or supplying
things for money; commerce; trade.
A creditor's measure of an individual's or company's
Profit
ability to meet debt obligations.
The process of setting goals, developing strategies,
Break-evenand outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the
point
goals.
Contract involving transfer of the possession and
Statistics
ownership (title) of a good or property, or the entitlement to a service, in exchange for money or value.
The point at which cost or expenses and revenue are
To rent
equal: there is no net loss or gain.
An individual who commits money to investment
Site
products with the expectation of financial return.
Compensation paid by a tenant (or lessee) to the
Sales
property owner (or lessor) for use or occupancy of a
property.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Profits, the legal forms of organization, a comprehensive plan,
unexpectedness, merchandising, the total plan, the production needs, the
creditworthiness, the particular site, all phases.
1. Chances of success for any business are greatly increased when attention
is first directed to … .
2. If financial assistance is necessary from bankers, trade creditors, or
investors, their first request will be to see … .
3. With the help of the total plan the bankers, trade creditors, or investors
can visualize … of the farm.
4. The most important thing in planning even a small farm is that … of its
operations must be considered.
5. No commitments, contracts, or obligations relative to a new farm should
be undertaken without a clear idea of what … are possible over at least the first
year of operations.
6. The more we know about the circumstances around us, the better we can
prepare the farm to protect itself against different … .
7. The land use planner should involve close study of … of the farm and
make proper decisions on how they are to be met.
50
8. The land use planner has to study the location and … chosen for specific
characteristics.
9. Planners should not only study the characteristics of …, they should also
seek out the true management advantages.
10. … or “the total marketing concept” covers many things – plans for
presenting products to customers, lines of product, sales promotion plans, and
other associated activities.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
A comprehensive plan, financial assistance, bankers, a small farm, the land
surveyor, market and customers, legal form of management, advertising and
promotion, a particular profit, sales promotion plans.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Chances of success for any business are greatly increased when
attention is first directed to a comprehensive plan.
If financial assistance is necessary from bankers, trade creditors,
or investors, their first request will be to see the total plan.
The most important thing in planning even a small farm is that all
phases of its operations must be considered.
How much profit do I expect to receive from this farm in return
from investing my time, and money in it?
The more we know about the circumstances around us, the better
we can prepare the farm to protect itself against different
unexpectedness.
It is also necessary to survey and test the market.
Merchandising is a broad term.
support,
gain,
stages,
extensive,
happenings,
examine,
taken into
account,
notion, get,
suddenness.
7.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into
English:
1.Cu ajutorul planului general ei îşi pot face o impresie clară despre bonitatea
(solvabilitatea) gospodăriei. 2. În timpul planificării unei gospodării, ispectorul
de teren trebuie să aibă idei foarte clare despre profituri şi finanţare. 3. Nici un
fel de angajamente, contracte sau obligaţii legate de instalarea gospodăriei noi
nu ar trebui efectuate fără o idee clară despre profiturile posibile pe cel puţin
primul an de operaţiuni. 4. Avînd cifra de profit reală în faţă şi folosind
statistica este posibil de a calcula volumul necesar de producţie. 5. Planificatorul
de utilizare a terenurilor ar trebui să facă un studiu profund al nevoilor de
producţie a gospodăriei şi să ia decizii corecte privind modul în care acestea
urmează să fie îndeplinite.
51
1. Генеральный план помогает создать представление о кредитоспособности фермерского хозяйства. 2. Планируя новую ферму, землеустроитель
должен четко себе представлять объем будущего дохода и
финансирования. 3. Никакие соглашения, контракты или обязательства не
должны заключаться без внятного представления о возможной прибыли,
по крайней мере, на первый год работы. 4. Располагая точной цифре о
доходах, возможно, используя статистические данные, подсчитать необходимый объем продаж. 5. Землеустроитель должен тщательно изучить
производственные необходимости фермы и принять соответствующие
решения по их удовлетворению.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Success, first, definite, profit, advertising, question, receive, relative, better,
abundantly, promotion, indefinite, worse, give, misfortune, loss, last, answer,
foreign, scarcely.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. Due to what the chances of success for any business are greatly increased?
2. What will be the first request when financial assistance is necessary from
bankers, trade creditors, or investors? Why?
3. Is there any sequence of steps in planning?
4. What definite ideas should the land surveyor have when planning a new farm?
5. What does the income approach mean to the entire planning process?
6. What should a land use planner take into consideration in order to calculate
the production volume that is necessary to produce a particular profit?
7. The land use planner should involve close study of the production needs of
the farm and make proper decisions on how they are to be met. What kind of
decisions does the author speak about?
8. Why does the land use planner have to study the location and the particular
site chosen for specific characteristics?
9. What should planners study along with the characteristics of the legal forms
of organization?
10. What does merchandising or the term of “the total marketing concept” relate to?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs:
To lie, to listen, to buy, to fall, to call, to feel, to live, to fight, to lose, to look, to
change, to choose, to fill, to find, to love.
52
12. Use the word at the end of each gap to form a new word (adjective,
noun, verb, adverb) with which to fill the gap.
We earn our _____ (LIVE) in America today in peaceful ______ (COMPETE)
with people all across the Earth. Profound and _____ (POWER) forces are
shaking and _____ (MAKE) our world, and the urgent question of our time is
whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy. This new world has
already _____ (RICH) the lives of millions of Americans who are able to _____
(COMPETITION) and win in it. But when most people are working harder for
less, when others cannot work at all, when the cost of health care devastates
families and threatens to _____ (BANK) our enterprises, great and small, when
the fear of crime robs law abiding citizens of their _____ (FREE), and when
millions of poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to
lead, we have not made change our friend.
13.
Project work
Make up a comprehensive survey of an agricultural farm you were asked to
plan. Don’t forget about main steps of planning.
Grammar.5. The Numeral
Table of Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,000
21 twenty-one 31
thirty-one
1 one 11 eleven
2 two 12 twelve
22 twenty-two 40
forty
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50
fifty
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60
sixty
5 five 15 fifteen
25 twenty-five 70
seventy
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80
eighty
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90
ninety
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100
a/one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1,000
a/one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty
1,000,000 a/one million
Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is
not necessary).
e.g. 110 - one hundred and ten
Use 100, 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'.
e.g. 100 - a hundred / one hundred
1,000 - a thousand / one thousand
201,000 - two hundred and one thousand
53
Numbers are usually written in singular. e.g. two hundred Euros
The plural is only used with dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, if they
are not modified by another number or expression (a few / several). e.g.
hundreds of Euros, thousands of light years
Table of Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal Numbers from 1 through 1,000,000
11 th eleventh
21 st twenty-first
31
st thirty-first
1 st first
2 nd second 12 th twelfth
22 nd twenty-second 40
th fortieth
50
th fiftieth
3 rd third 13 th thirteenth 23 rd twenty-third
th sixtieth
4 th fourth 14 th fourteenth 24 th twenty-fourth 60
5 th fifth
15 th fifteenth
25 th twenty-fifth
70
th seventieth
6 th sixth 16 th sixteenth 26 th twenty-sixth 80
th eightieth
7 th seventh 17 th seventeenth 27 th twenty-seventh 90
th ninetieth
th one hundredth
8 th eighth 18 th eighteenth 28 th twenty-eighth 100
9 th ninth 19 th nineteenth 29 th twenty-ninth 1,000
th one thousandth
10 th tenth 20 th twentieth 30 th thirtieth
1,000,000 th one millionth
Form
Just add th to the cardinal number: four – fourth, eleven - eleventh
Exceptions:
twelve - twelfth
five - fifth
one - first
eight - eighth
two - second
nine - ninth
three - third
In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an
ordinal number:
e.g. 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers.
In spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number: e.g.
Charles II - Charles the Second
Fractions
1
/8 One eighth
1
/5 One fifth
Sums
Symbols
+
*
/
1
/4 One quarter
3
/4 Three quarters
2
/3 Two thirds
/2 One half
1
Word (common term in brackets)
Plus (And)
Minus (Take away)
Multiplied by (Times)
Divided by
54
=
Equals (Is)
.
Point
%
Percent
(((1 + 6) - 2) * 2) / One plus six minus two multiplied by two divided by
2.5=4
two
point
five
equals
four
or
One and six take away two times two divided by two
point five is four
10% 100=10
Ten percent of one hundred equals ten.
Years
We say: 1841
1916
But
2000
2008
2015
eighteen forty-one
nineteen sixteen
two thousand
two thousand and eight
two thousand and fifteen
Grammar exercises.5. The Numeral
1.
Read the following numerals:
273, 1882, 19 176, 30 016, 55 744, 81 614, 389 107, 6 271 398.
2.
a)
b)
3.
Write in words the following cardinal numerals:
3, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 33, 44, 60, 99, 100, 85, 71, 68, 55, 43, 39, 24, 13.
395, 745, 1950, 13 408, 282 867, 345 296, 5 712 133.
Write in words the following ordinal numerals:
1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 19th, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 20th, 21st, 30th.
4.
Write in words.
13 + 45 = 58
50 – 31 = 19
46 + 18 = 64
15 – 8 = 7
5.
9 + 11 = 20
4 + 40 = 44
10 + 8 = 18
79 – 50 = 29
15 * 2 = 30
30 : 2 = 15
30 : 5 = 6
5 * 5 = 25
10 : 2 = 5
10 : 5 = 2
6 * 8 = 48
6 * 6 = 36
Fill in an appropriate ordinal or cardinal numeral.
1. There are ________ months in a year.
2. January is ________ month of the year.
3. May is ________ month of the year.
55
80 – 30 = 50
99 + 1 = 100
9 * 9 = 81
27 : 3 = 9
4. There are ________ months in winter.
5. December is ________ month of the year and ________ month of winter.
6. There are ________ days in a week: ________ one is Monday, ________
one is Tuesday, ________one is Wednesday, ________ one is Thursday,
________ one is Friday, ________ one is Saturday and ________ one is
Sunday.
7. Sunday is ________ day of the week in England and ________ one in
Russia.
8. Monday is ________ day in Russia and ________ in Great Britain.
9. There are ________ hours in a day, ________ minutes in an hour and
________ seconds in a minute.
10. September, April, June and November have ________ days. All the rest have
________ except February.
11. There are ________ days in February except the leap year. It's the time when
February has ________ days.
6.
How do you say these numbers aloud? Underline the correct answer.
13
thirteen/thirty
2.
597 five hundred and ninety-seven/five hundred ninety-seven
3.
£29.99
twenty-nine pounds and ninety-nine/twenty-nine pounds
ninety-nine
4.
80p eighty pence/eighty ps
5.
$600 six hundred dollars/six hundred dollar
6.
¾
three fours/three quarters
7.
1996 (year) nineteen hundred and ninety-six/nineteen ninety-six
8.
15% fifteen per cent/fifteen percentage
9.
0181 (phone code) zero one eight one/oh one eight one
1.
Lesson 6: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Planning (6 hours)
1. Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Bottom-up (adv.)
Assume (v.)
Self-responsibility (n.)
Implementation (n.)
Sustainable (adj.)
Matter (n.)
de jos în sus
a-şi asuma, a lua, a
adopta, a presupune
autoresponsabilitate
implementare, aplicare
Sprijunit(ă), susţinut(ă),
aprobat(ă), confirmat(ă)
materie, subiect, afacere,
problemă
56
вверх дном, снизу вверх
принимать, допустить,
предполагать
самоответственность
внедрение, применение
продолжительный,
постоянный
вещество,
материал,
состав, задача, предмет
Involve (v.)
Prioritize (v.)
Focus (v.)
Top-down (adv.)
Appropriate (adj.)
Follow (v.)
Target (n.)
Awareness (n.)
Scattered places (n.)
2.
a implica în, a atrage, a
cuprinde
a da prioritate
a concentra, a se
concentra, a potrivi
de sus în jos
potrivit
a urma, a urmări, a
înţelege, a se supune
ţintă, ţel, sarcină, normă
grad de conştientizare
locuri împrăştiate
включать,
вовлекать,
привлечь
отдавать предпочтение
сосредотачивать,
собирать, фокусировать
нисходяще, сверху вниз
подходящий
следовать,
сопровождать, следить
цель, мишень, задание
осведомленность
рассредоточенные места
Read and translate the text:
There are two different planning strategies. Bottom-up land use planning
assumes a concept which understands rural development to be a process based
on self-help and self-responsibility.
The population should actively participate in the process of land use
planning. The result of planning and the implementation of measures can be
sustainable if plans are made with and by the people, not behind them or even
against them. Planning is therefore not just a matter for experts, but should be
carried out together with those affected by it. To ensure a feeling of ownership
concerning self-help activities, people who are affected have to be involved in
the planning process from the early beginning.
Starting at the local level, bottom-up planning means active participation of
the land users who will eventually implement the land use plan already at the
identification of the land use problem. The other stages of the planning cycle
help to identify and prioritize between different options.
In some cases, especially in situations involving large areas or large
investments it might be more efficient to focus land use planning at higher
administrative level. It is called top-down land use planning. It allows getting
results of planning which will be integrated with existing planning
administration and legislation.
The two planning strategies each have their own advantages and
disadvantages and care should be taken not to rely upon only one strategy.
Sometimes there are such actual planning situations when one should choose the
most appropriate strategy to follow and often mix both of them to get the most
satisfying result.
There are some of the advantages of bottom-up land use planning. They
include local targets, management and benefits: people will be more enthusiastic
about a plan seen as their own. More popular awareness of land use problems
and opportunities are available. Plans can pay close attention to local
57
constraints: natural resources or socio-economic problems. Better information is
fed upwards for higher levels of planning.
But there are also different disadvantages. Local interests sometimes can
conflict with regional or national interests. Difficulties occur in integrating local
plans within a wider framework. There is limited technical knowledge at the local
level. Technical agencies need to make a big investment in widely scattered places.
Local efforts may collapse because of a lack of higher-level support.
3. Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Strategy (n.)
2.
Expert (n.)
3.
4.
Implement (v.)
Option (n.)
5.
Integrate (v.)
6.
Legislation (n.)
7.
Advantage (n.)
8.
9.
Target (n.)
Constraint (n.)
10.
Collapse (v.)
Explanations
A plan of action resulting from it or intended to
accomplish a specific goal.
A person with a high degree of skill in or knowledge
of a certain subject.
To put into practical effect; carry out.
The act of choosing; choice. The power or freedom to
choose.
To make into a whole by bringing all parts together;
unify. To join with something else; unite.
The act or process of lawmaking. A proposed or
enacted law or group of laws.
A beneficial factor or combination of factors. Benefit
or profit; gain.
A desired goal or aim.
The state of being restricted or confined within
prescribed bounds.
To fall down or inward suddenly; cave in. To break
down suddenly in strength or health and thereby cease
to function.
4. Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Seen as their own, top-down, the population, a lack, mix both of them, experts,
bottom-up, regional or national, the land use problem, local constraints.
1. … land use planning assumes a concept which understands rural
development to be a process based on self-help and self-responsibility.
2. … should actively participate in the process of land use planning.
3. Planning is therefore not just a matter for …, but should be carried out
together with those affected by it.
58
4. Starting at the local level, bottom-up planning means active participation of
the land users who will eventually implement the land use plan already at the
identification of … .
5. … land use planning allows getting results of planning which will be
integrated with existing planning administration and legislation.
6. Sometimes there are such actual planning situations when one should choose the
most appropriate strategy to follow and often … to get the most satisfying result.
7. The advantages of bottom-up land use planning include local targets,
management and benefits: people will be more enthusiastic about a plan … .
8. Plans can pay close attention to …: natural resources or socio-economic
problems.
9. A disadvantage of bottom-up land use planning consists in the fact that local
interests sometimes can conflict with … interests.
10. Local efforts may collapse because of … of higher-level support.
5. Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Rural development, self-responsibility, the implementation of measures, a matter
for experts, a feeling of ownership, self-help activities, the planning cycle, the
most appropriate strategy, popular awareness, limited technical knowledge.
6. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
The population should actively participate in the process of
land use planning.
To ensure a feeling of ownership concerning self-help
activities, people who are affected have to be involved in the
planning process from the early beginning.
The other stages of the planning cycle help to identify and
prioritize between different options.
In some cases, especially in situations involving large areas or
large investments it might be more efficient to focus land use
planning at higher administrative level.
Sometimes there are such actual planning situations when one
should choose the most appropriate strategy to follow and
often mix both of them to get the most satisfying result.
Local efforts may collapse because of a lack of higher-level
support.
proprietorship,
deficiency,
take part, find
out, territories,
suitable,
associated
with,
possibilities,
state,
frequently.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Există două strategii diferite de planificare. 2. Populaţia ar trebui să participe
activ la procesul de planificare a utilizării terenului. 3. Planificarea „de sus în
59
jos” a exploatării terenurilor permite de a obţine rezultate de planificare, care
vor fi integrate cu administrarea de planificare şi legislaţia în vigoare. 4. Cele
două strategii de planificare au fiecare avantajele şi dezavantajele lor. 5.
Interesele locale uneori pot intra în conflict cu interesele regionale sau naţionale.
1. Существует две различные стратегии планирования. 2. Население
должно принимать активное участие в процессе планирования земли. 3.
Планирование «сверху вниз» позволяет получить результаты, которые
смогут быть интегрированы в существующее управление планированием и
законодательство. 4. Две стратегии планирования, каждой из которых
присущи свои преимущества и недостатки. 5. Местные интересы иногда
могут конфликтовать с региональными или национальными интересами.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Different, rural, local, expert, disadvantage, misunderstand, efficient, bottom-up,
alike, advantage, appropriate, own, national, understand, urban, ignorant,
foreign, inefficient, top-down, inappropriate.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What are the two different kinds of planning strategies?
2. What kind of concept does the bottom-up land use planning assume?
3. What is the main requirement that makes the result of planning and the
implementation of measures be sustainable?
4. Why should people who are affected be involved in the planning process
from the early beginning?
5. When should land users implement the land use plan?
6. In which cases it might be more efficient to focus land use planning at
higher administrative level?
7. What does the top-down land use planning allow?
8. Why should a land use planner take care not to rely upon only one
strategy in land use planning?
9. What are the advantages of bottom-up land use planning?
10. What are the disadvantages of bottom-up land use planning?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs:
To clean, to finish, to make, to close, to forget, to meet, to come, to forgive, to
move, to press, to promise, to put, to pull, to push.
60
12. Use the word at the end of each gap to form a new word (adjective,
noun, verb, adverb) with which to fill the gap.
It is simply this. That Space, as our _____ (MATH) have it, is spoken of as
having three dimensions, which one may call _____ (LONG), Breadth, and
_____ (THICK), and is always definable by _____ (REFER) to three planes,
each at right angles to the others. But some philosophical people have been
asking why THREE dimensions _____ (PARTICULAR) - why not another
direction at right angles to the other three?--and have even tried to construct a
Four-Dimension geometry. Professor Simon Newcomb was expounding this to
the New York Mathematical Society only a month or so ago. You know how on
a flat surface, which has only two dimensions, we can represent a figure of a
three _____ (DIMENSION) solid, and _____ (SIMILAR) they think that by
models of three dimensions they could represent one of four--if they could
master the _____ (PERCEIVE) of the thing. See?
13.
Project work
Which of these types of land use planning is better? Make up a short report
about the differences between top-down and bottom-up methods of land use
planning.
Grammar.6. Questions
There are four kinds of questions in English:
(a) General questions requiring the answer yes or no and spoken with a rising
intonation. They are formed by placing part of the predicate, i.e. the auxiliary or
modal verb before the subject of the sentence.
e.g. Do you like art? Can you speak English? Haven’t you many English books?
(b) Special questions beginning with an interrogative word and spoken with a
falling intonation. The order of words is the same as in general questions, but the
interrogative word precedes the auxiliary verb.
e.g. Where do you live? Who lives in this room? Whose pen is on the table?
(c) Alternative questions, indicating choice and spoken with a rising
intonation in the first part and a falling intonation in the second part.
e.g. Do you live in town or in the country?
(d) Disjunctive questions requiring the answer yes or no and consisting of an
affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement
followed by an affirmative question. The first part is spoken with a falling
intonation and the second part with a rising intonation.
e.g. You speak English, don’t you? You are not tired, are you?
61
Grammar exercises.6. Questions
1. First form questions, then write the speech situation for each question:
asking for information/permission or making suggestions/requests/
offers/invitations.
(we invite/David to dinner tonight?) Shall we invite David to dinner tonight?
(suggestion)
1. (you want a biscuit?)
2. (How far/it be from your house to the station?)
3. (you like/come sailing at the weekend?)
4. (you have/a good time last night?)
5. (you like/come to the cinema?)
6. (you help/me with my bags please?)
7. (we have/a party for your birthday?)
8. (Who/you see at the coffee shop yesterday?)
9. (you like/some coffee?)
10. (What time/your plane leave?)
2.
Fill in: what, when, which, who, whose, why, how, how many, how
much, how often, what time, where or how long.
a) - ___ has been wearing my coat? – Sue has.
b) - ___ pencil case is this? – It’s John’s.
c) - ___ one of you is the tallest? – I am.
d) - ___ are you doing tomorrow? – I am going to the beach.
e) - ___ size are your shoes? – Size 5.
f) - ___ star sign are you? – I’m Libra.
g) - ___ did you go on holiday? – I went to the Caribbean.
h) - ___ did you start French lessons? – Two years ago.
i) - ___ have you lived in America? – Three years.
j) - ___ do you go to the cinema? – About once a month.
k) - ___ shall we meet for dinner? – About 8 o’clock.
l) - ___ cheese would you like? – 400 grams please.
m) - ___ cars has your family got? – We’ve got two.
n) - ___ do you get to school? – By bus.
o) - ___ did you call him? – To confirm his travel arrangements.
p) - ___ motorbike is parked outside? – It’s Julie’s.
3.
Fill in the blanks with the correct question tags.
Mark: Excuse me. You are Jack Trap the famous singer, aren’t you?
Jack: Why do you ask? You’re not an autograph hunter, ___?
62
Mark: Yeas, I am actually. There’s nothing wrong with that, ___?
Jack: I don’t suppose you can understand just how tired we stars get of signing
autographs, ___?
Mark: No, I suppose not. But I bet you didn’t complain about it when you
weren’t famous, ___?
Jack: Look. Let’s get this straight, ___? I don’t feel like signing autographs
today, OK?
Mark: Oh, come on. One little signature isn’t much to ask for, ___?
Jack: You don’t give up easily, ___?
Mark: No.
Jack: OK. Here you are. Now leave me in peace, ___?
Mark: You’re a pretty rude person, ___?
4.
Form alternative question from the given statements.
1. It costs ten pounds.
2. Janet lives in the centre of London.
3. I wash my hair three times a week.
4. Her friend rented a new apartment.
5. Ann is friendly.
6. The weather is hot today.
7. Tourists were traveling by boat.
8. I didn’t buy it because it cost too much.
9. The maths test was difficult.
10. The sad music made her cry.
5.
Complete the dialogue using short answers.
A: Have you decided what you want to do when you leave school?
B: Yes, ___. I saw the careers adviser yesterday.
A: Did he give you any ideas?
B: Yes, ___. He was very helpful.
A: Are you going to look for a job?
B: No, ___. I want to go to college.
A: Did you pass all your exams?
B: Yes, ___.
A: Are your grades good enough?
B: Yes, ___. I worked really hard and got very good grades.
A: Were your parents pleased?
B: Yes, ___. They said they’d buy me a present.
A: Can you choose it yourself?
B: Yes, ___.
A: Will you have a party?
63
B: Yes, ___.
A: Do you know when?
B: Yes, ___. Next Saturday. I’d like you to come.
A: Can I bring a friend?
B: Yes, ___. See you on Saturday.
6.
Complete the questions with the prepositions in the box.
in of by with to from at
1. What is your home town famous for?
2. Who was that book written __?
3. Who does this dictionary belong __?
4. What are you looking __?
5. What did you spend all your money __?
6. What sort of books are you interested __?
7. What are you talking __?
8. What are you afraid __?
9. – You’ve got a postcard. – Oh. Who is it __?
10. Who are you angry __? James or me?
7.
for
on
Match a sentence in A with a question in B.
A
1. You are going to work harder from now on,
2. I’ll see you next week,
3. Kate’s leaving soon,
4. You’ll ring when you get there,
5. Our plane takes off at 4 p.m.,
6. The decorators will have finished by next week,
7. You aren’t getting married next week,
8. We won’t need tickets to get in,
9. We’ll be millionaires one day,
10. Max won’t be coming,
8.
about
B
will we?
doesn’t it?
won’t we?
are you?
won’t I?
isn’t she?
won’t you?
won’t they?
will he?
aren’t you?
Write a short question with a preposition in reply to these sentences.
1. – I went to the cinema last night? – Who with?
2. – I’m very cross with you. - _______?
3. – We’re going away for the weekend? - _______?
4. – I’m going to Australia. - ________?
5. – I’m very worried. - ________?
6. – I bought a present today. - _______?
7. – Have you heard? Jane has got engaged. - _______?
8. – Can you cut this article out for me? - _______?
64
9.
Match a question in A with a line in B.
A
B
1. Are you ready yet?
What have you been doing all this time?
2. Aren’t you ready yet?
It’s time to go.
3. Don’t you want me to help you?
I thought you did.
4. Do you want me to help you?
I will if you want.
5. Aren’t you a member of a tennis club? I’m sure I’ve seen you there.
6. Are you a member of a tennis club? If you are, we could have a game.
7. Don’t you know the answer?
Yes or no?
8. Do you know the answer?
I’m surprised at you!
9. Don’t you think it’s beautiful?
Surely you agree with me!
10. Do you think it’s beautiful?
I’m asking because I’m not sure.
11. Didn’t I tell you I’m going out I can’t remember now.
tonight?
I thought I had. Sorry.
12. Did I tell you I’m going out
tonight?
10.
Complete the sentences.
1. Where’s the cinema? – I’m afraid I don’t know where the cinema is.
2. Could you tell me _______? – I’m sorry, I haven’t got a watch.
3. Where have I put my keys? – You’re always forgetting _________?
4. What are you giving your father for his birthday? – I haven’t decided
__________ yet.
5. Did you post my letter? – I can’t remember ____________ or not.
6. Whose coat is this? – I’ve no idea ____________.
7. Are you going on the rollercoaster? – I’m not sure ____________?
8. Do you know _____ our new teacher ______? – Yes, her name’s Jenny
Carter. She’s over there.
9. How much did Frankie’s trainers cost? – I haven’t a clue _________.
10. Where does Andrew get all his money from? – No idea. I’d love to know
_____ his job _____?
65
Lesson 7: Planning process description in the laws (6 hours)
1. Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Detail (n.)
Mandatory (adj.)
Interrelation (n.)
Compile (v.)
Engage (v.)
Infrastructure (n.)
Standpoint (n.)
Settlement (n.)
Despite (prep.)
Law-drafting (n.)
Entity (n.)
Obsolete (adj.)
Work out (v.)
Mayor (n.)
2.
detaliu, amănunt, reper
деталь,
подробность,
элемент
imputernicit, obligatoriu доверенный,
обязательный
interdependenţă,
взаимоотношения,
legătură,
corelaţie, взаимодействие
înrudire
a alcătui, a face, a составлять, собирать
redacta
a angaja, a obliga
нанимать, обязывать
infrastructură
инфраструктура
punct de vedere
точка зрения, позиция
aşezare,
localitate, заселение; квартал
aşezămînt
în ciuda, în pofida
несмотря на
întocmirea unui proiect составление
de lege
законопроекта
entitate
объект;
целостность;
правосубъект
scos
din
circulaţie, устаревший, вышедший
învechit, demodat
из употребления
a prelucra, a revizui, a прорабатывать,
îmbunătăţi, a redacta, a разрабатывать,
studia temeinic
улучшать
primar
мэр (города)
Read and translate the text:
The Russian Code spends most of its details on the technical processes of
creating plans and urban development documentation. Detail is included which
is intended to guide the bureaucratic organizations and the planning institutes
and professionals in the ways in which they should go about creating plans. This
includes descriptions of the content of the mandatory section plans, interrelation
of the urban development plans with other actions of governmental authorities
as well as the processes of mandatory “expertization”. Similarly, there are great
details in describing the tasks and powers of bureaucratic units.
In contrast, the “western” laws contain very little detail about the technical
methods by which plans are to be compiled and the specific authority of
66
bureaucratic units to engage in tasks related to the planning work. It is assumed
that these are technical and managerial issues to be treated in sub-legislation and
worked out by the senior managers of the governmental administration.
A strong example of these differences can be seen in the way the laws
describe the municipal general plan. This is a common feature of all the laws
and, in general terms the plans all have the same purpose. They link a special
plan with a plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs.
The special plan describes the best pattern of land uses from the standpoint
of land capacity, density of settlement and good urban design. But the plan of
infrastructure, transport and public facility needs is based on an estimation of
economic calculations and efficient system design and functioning.
Despite the differences, however, the planning and urban development laws
of the “western” countries reflect similar concepts of law-drafting and the
structure of legislation. These can be characterized in the following ways:
·
The laws (as opposed to the sub-legislation and local regulation)
accomplish two primary purposes: (1) they authorize or mandate the pertinent
government administrations to engage in planning and land use regulation; (2)
they define the status of these government actions in relation to the legal rights
and responsibilities of landowners and land users, individuals and juridical
entities and citizens generally;
·
The laws assume that the predominant form of landholding in urban area
is private ownership and that most actions, which result in new development or
redevelopment, are civil law/market transactions. The plans and regulations are
intended to guide these private actions and the state and municipal investments
in infrastructure and public facilities are to support them. Except in the special
case of redeveloping obsolete areas, government actions are not intended to
replace private actions to determine how and when to invest in the use and
development of specific parcels of land;
·
The laws do not define the specific methodologies for planning or fix the
content of plans, except with respect to broad categories of subject matter. These
are technical issues, which the experts, local officials and citizens will work out.
The laws anticipate that there will be disagreements; therefore, they provide
procedures for coordination, mediation and public participation. The laws are
not used to give one group of experts control over the planning process,
excluding others;
·
The laws are not intended to fix the power relationship among subunits of
the government administrations. These are management issues. The
responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are given to the chief
executor (governor, mayor) or to one or more ministers. They have the
responsibility to organize (or reorganize) the subordinate units to accomplish the
tasks most efficiently.
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3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Bureaucracy
2.
3.
To guide
To compile
4.
Issue
5.
Facilities
6.
Standpoint
7.
Entity
8.
Obsolete
9.
To accomplish
10.
Mediation
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Explanations
No longer satisfactory for the purpose for which
obtained, due to improvements or revised
requirements.
An important topic for discussion or argument.
To succeed in doing something; to complete
something successfully.
Something having real or distinct existence; a thing,
especially when considered as independent of other
things.
The official rules and procedures of an organization,
especially when these are seen as too complicated and
not efficient.
To collect information and arrange it in a book, list,
report, etc.
In law, type of intervention in which the disputing
parties accept the offer of a third party to recommend
a solution for their controversy.
To show somebody the way to a place, often going
with them; to influence somebody.
A piece of equipment, a building, a service, etc, that is
provided for a particular purpose.
A way of looking at things; a position from which
things are seen and opinions are formed.
Municipal general plan, public participation, details, authorize or mandate, the
chief executor, bureaucratic units, an estimation, private ownership, the
“western’” laws, obsolete areas.
1. The Russian Code spends most of its … on the technical processes of
creating plans and urban development documentation.
2. The Russian Code includes great details in describing the tasks and powers of … .
3. In contrast, … contain very little detail about the technical methods by which
plans are to be compiled and the specific authority of bureaucratic units to
engage in tasks related to the planning work.
4. … links a special plan with a plan of infrastructure, transport and public
facility needs.
5. The plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs is based on …
of economic calculations and efficient system design and functioning.
68
6. The laws … the pertinent government administrations to engage in planning
and land use regulation and define the status of these government actions in
relation to the legal rights and responsibilities of landowners and land users,
individuals and juridical entities and citizens generally.
7. The laws assume that the predominant form of landholding in urban area is
… and that most actions, which result in new development or redevelopment,
are civil law/market transactions.
8. Except in the special case of redeveloping …, government actions are not
intended to replace private actions to determine how and when to invest in the
use and development of specific parcels of land.
9. The laws anticipate that there will be disagreements; therefore, they provide
procedures for coordination, mediation and … .
10. The responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are given to …
(governor, mayor) or to one or more ministers.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Urban development documentation, bureaucratic organizations, governmental
authorities, the technical methods, managerial issues, a common feature, public
facility needs, concepts of law-drafting, legal rights and responsibilities of
landowners, investments in infrastructure.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
There are great details in describing the tasks and powers of
bureaucratic units.
It is assumed that these are technical and managerial issues to be
treated in sub-legislation.
A strong example of these differences can be seen in the way the
laws describe the municipal general plan.
They link a special plan with a plan of infrastructure and transport.
The plan is based on an estimation of economic calculations and
efficient system design and functioning.
The planning and urban development laws of the “western”
countries reflect similar concepts of law-drafting and the structure
of legislation.
Government actions are not intended to replace private actions to
determine how and when to invest in the use and development of
specific parcels of land.
These are technical issues, which the experts, local officials and
citizens will work out.
The responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are
given to the chief executor.
69
information,
implement,
topics,
meant,
almost the
same,
immense,
supposed,
observed,
evaluation,
traffic.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Pentru a regla dezvoltarea urbană, Statele Unite ale Americii au adoptat legi
corespunzătoare. 2. Se spune că pământul este o parte a mediului înconjurător. 3.
Trebuie de asigurat imobilul. 4. Codul francez a fost editat în trei părţi. 5.
Planurile spaţiale arată cele mai bune modele de utilizare a pământului.
1. Чтобы регулировать городское развитие, Соединенные Штаты Америки
приняли соответствующие законы. 2. Говорят, земля является частью
окружающей среды. 3. Необходимо страховать недвижимость. 4. Французский кодекс опубликован в трех частях. 5. Пространственные планы
показывают лучшие модели землепользования.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Professional, western, strong, difference, efficient, broad, agreement, changeable, expensive, inefficient, similarity, inexpensive, eastern, narrow, weak,
disagreement, unchangeable, non-professional.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What are the subjects on which the Russian Code spends most of its
details?
2. What is the included detail intended for?
3. What is the difference between the Russian Code and “western” laws
regarding the details?
4. Give a strong example of the differences between the Russian Code and
“western” laws.
5. What does the special plan describe?
6. What is the plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs
based on?
7. Which two primary purposes do the laws (as opposed to the sublegislation and local regulation) accomplish?
8. What is the predominant form of landholding in urban area assumed by
the laws?
9. What is the purpose of government actions in the special case of
redeveloping obsolete areas?
10. What is the responsibility of the chief executor (governor, mayor)?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To read, to receive, to recognize, to run, to rest, to repeat, to see, to remember, to
return, to sell, to say, to send, to shout, to show.
70
12.
Complete the following table.
abstract
noun
contentment
argument
emptiness
intensity
satisfaction
sentiment
strength
13.
adjective
verb
adverb
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Project work
Find and translate the Moldova’s Code on land and property. Present both
variants: Romanian/Russian and English.
Grammar.7. Present Tenses
Present Simple
permanent situations or states She works as a nurse.
repeated/habitual actions I usually get up at 7.30.
permanent truths or laws of nature Money doesn’t buy happiness. Water
freezes at 0° C.
timetables/programmes The match finishes at 7.45. The plane leaves at
6.05.
reviews/sports/commentaries/dramatic narrative Meryl Streep acts
brilliantly in this film.
Present Continuous
temporary situations They are staying at the Park Hotel at present.
actions happening at or around the moment of speaking She is looking for
a better job.
repeated actions with “always” expressing annoyance or criticism She is
always interrupting me!
fixed arrangements in the near future The Browns are visiting us tonight.
(It’s all arranged.)
changing or developing situations His English is getting better.
Present Perfect
recently completed actions She has tidied her room. It is tidy now.
actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with
the present He has lost his keys. (He is still looking for them.)
71
-
personal experiences/changes which have happened I’ve lost 10 kilos.
emphasis on number She’s written three letters since this morning.
Present Perfect Continuous
actions started in the past and continuing up to the present He has been
writing the letter for two hours. (He started two hours ago and he is still writing
it.)
past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the
present She’s been crying. (Her eyes are red.)
actions expressing anger, irritation, annoyance, explanation or criticism
Who has been using my toothbrush?
Emphasis on duration She has been calling on clients since this morning.
Grammar exercises.7. Present Tenses
1.
Is the verb form in the sentences correct or incorrect? Correct the
wrong sentences.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
2.
I’m thinking you should go to the dentist.
What are you thinking of doing on Saturday?
Why do you leave so early? Don’t you enjoy the party?
Nobody is ever laughing at my husband’s jokes. It’s so embarrassing.
I don’t believe a word he says. He always tells lies.
We’re seeing our bank manager at half past two.
I’m not seeing how I can help you.
Does this train stop at Oxford?
He’s never knowing the answer.
Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous.
1 A: I ___ (think) about visiting Jane this afternoon.
B: I wouldn’t bother. I ___ (think) she’s away on holyday.
2 A: Mr Johns ___ (have) a telephone message from his wife.
B: Can it wait? He ___ (have) a business meeting and I don’t want to disturb
him.
3 A: The police ___ (still/look) for fingerprints left in the room.
B: It ___ (look) as if they won’t find the criminal.
4 A: I ___ (love) breathing in clean, country air!
B: So do I. I ___ (love) every minute of this walking trip.
5 A: Why ___ (you/taste) the soup? Is there anything wrong with it?
B: Yes – it ___ (taste) too sweat. I think I‘ve used sugar instead of salt.
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3. Fill in: yet, already, since, for, usually, tonight, how long, ever, at the
moment or still.
1. I don’t think Frank has ___ been to a live concert. Why don’t we take him to
one for his birthday?
2. I haven’t seen Louise ___ Jeff’s wedding. I wonder what’s happened to her.
3. I don’t know ___ Jack’s been working on that project, but it seems like weeks.
4. Mr Louis hasn’t rung me back about the contract ___.
5. We are meeting some friends for a meal ___. Would you like to come along?
6. Pam has ___ finished her test and I’ve only done half of mine.
7. Patrick ___ gets to school at eight o’clock sharp, but it’s half past and he
hasn’t arrived yet.
8. Is Jill ___ going out with Mark, or have they split up?
9. I’m trying to finish clearing up ___. Can you ring back later?
10. My neighbour has lived in that house ___ nearly 60 years.
4.
Fill in with Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
Dear Sir,
I am writing to you to apply for the position of Sports Editor at your
newspaper. I ___ (work) as a reporter on “The Morning Globe” for eight years,
and ___ (write) about every major sporting event in England in that time. I ___
(also/make) several important contacts within the sporting world such as football
mangers and race-horse trainers, who ___ (be) of great help to me in my career.
The editor of “The World” ___ (recently/offer) me the post of Senior Sports
Reporter, but as I ___ (never/really/like) this newspaper I think I will turn it
down. However, I ___ (read) your newspaper since I was a young boy and I ___
(always/admire) it. I ___ (wait) for an opportunity like this to turn up all my
working life. My editor ___ (agree) to give me time off to attend an interview
should you wish to meet me.
Yours faithfully,
Gordon Bennett
5.
Are these sentences correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What do you want to drink?
I’m not understanding this word.
I’m loving you a lot.
Do you think Michiko plays golf well?
I’m sorry. I’m not knowing the answer.
We’re enjoying the lesson very much. We’re working hard.
I’m thinking you speak English very well.
The lions are fed once a day. They’re being fed at the moment.
73
6.
Are the adverbs of frequency in the correct or incorrect places?
Correct the wrong sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
7.
Do usually you sit here?
I have always liked Peter.
Never I have anything to eat in the morning.
I usually take my daughter to school.
I go sometimes abroad on business.
I have never enough money.
We often have tests in class.
Our teacher gives us always too much homework.
Sonja always is late for class.
Match the lines to make sentences.
A
I’ve written
I’ve been writing
I’ve lost
I’ve been losing
They’ve missed
They’ve been missing
She’s been talking
She’s talked
Paula’s been leaving
Paula’s left
The car’s been going
The car’s gone
He’s had
He’s been having
I’ve been saving up
I’ve saved up
I’ve been swimming,
I’ve swum
I’ve been finding
I’ve found
B
to Autie Fay to wish her happy
birthday.
my essay all morning.
weight recently.
my car keys.
you lots, so come home soon.
the train.
on the phone for ages.
about this subject before.
work early today to meet her uncle.
work late all this week.
to our neighbour’s to have its dinner.
upstairs.
a heart attack.
second thoughts about accepting the
job.
to buy a new television.
about $200.
twenty lengths today.
which is why my hair is wet.
my cheque book at last.
it difficult to concentrate recently.
8.
Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or Present Perfect
Continuous.
1. I … (play) tennis all morning and I’m really tired.
74
2. Please drive carefully to work. It … (snow) and the roads are very dangerous.
3. How far … you … (travel) this morning?
4. Kay and Bruno … (live) in London for the past five years. Recently they …
(try) to buy a house in the country, but they … (not manage) to sell their flat yet.
5. I … (eat) so much ice-cream, I feel sick!
6. The trains … (run) late all morning.
7. Jill and Andy … (argue) a lot recently, because Jill’s always going out with
her friends.
8. Cecilia … (cry) all day because she … (fail) all her exams.
9. I … (sunbathe) all morning, and now I’ve got a sunburnt.
9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present Simple or
the Present Continuous.
1. How do you make this soup? It … wonderful. (taste)
2. Anna can’t come to the phone because she … her hair. (wash)
3. We usually … abroad in summer. (go)
4. … you … for your exams at the moment? (study)
5. Can you be quiet, please? I … to the radio. (listen)
6. He … next month. (get married)
7. I’m very tired. I … very well at the moment. (not sleep)
8. They … for lunch once a month. (meet)
9. John! Answer the door, please! I … dinner. (prepare)
10. It … a lot in this area in winter. (rain)
10.
Underline the correct form of the verb in each sentence.
1. I’m not liking/I don’t like tennis very much.
2. We have/We’re having a house near the beach.
3. Do you know/Are you knowing what’s happening?
4. I used to love basketball but I think I’m preferring/I prefer volleyball now.
5. I don’t enjoy/I’m not enjoying cooking very much.
6. They paid for the car so it is belonging/it belongs to them now.
7. He’s thinking/He thinks that school is boring.
8. Do you see/Are you seeing my problem?
9. She thinks/She’s thinking of going to university.
10. I’m feeling tired so I think I’m deserving/I deserve a holiday.
11. Those clothes are looking/look great on you!
75
Lesson 8: Rural and Agricultural Land Use Planning (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
evaluare, apreciere
одобрение, оценка
a degrada, a strica
ухудшать, деградировать
a încuraja, a sprijini, одобрять,
поощрять,
asusţine, a ajuta
поддерживать
самый широкий смысл
The broadest meaning sensul cel mai larg
(n.)
a se ocupa de, a trata
иметь дело, заниматься
Deal (v.)
recreativ, distractiv
развлекательный,
Recreational (adj.)
оздоровительный
posibilitate de executare, возможность
Feasibility (n.)
de realizare, fezabilitate осуществления
a preocupa, a fecta, a fi интересоваться,
Concern (v.)
implicat în, a atinge
заниматься, затрагивать
подбор соответствий
Suitability matching (n.) potrivire de adecvare
opţiune de ponderare
взвешенная возможность
Weighting option (n.)
scheme de credit
схемы кредитования
Credit schemes (n.)
sursă, origine, publicare, источник,
результат,
Issue (n.)
problemă,
chestiune, проблема, вопрос
rezultat, urmare
păşunatul excesiv
выбивание пастбища
Overgrazing (n.)
defrişare, despădurire
вырубка леса
Deforestation (n.)
echitate, capitaluri proprii справедливость,
Equity (n.)
собственный капитал
Assessment (v.)
Degrade (v.)
Encourage (v.)
2.
Read and translate the text:
Land use planning can be defined as the systematic assessment of land and
water potential, alternative systems of land use and other physical, social and
economic conditions. The purpose is to select and adopt land use options which are
the most beneficial to land users without degrading the resources of the environment,
together with the selection of measures most likely to encourage such land uses.
In the broadest meaning of the term, land use planning deals with planning
for all types of land use (rural, urban, industrial, recreational, etc.). Land use
planning involves many aspects of planning such as designing planning options,
evaluation of feasibility (economic, environmental, social impact assessment),
providing assistance to decision maker, implementation and monitoring of plans.
Rural land use planning is concerned with all (economic) activities in rural
areas, such as agriculture, pastoralism, forestry, wildlife conservation and
76
tourism. Besides evaluation of the potential of different activities, rural land use
planning assists in resolving conflicts of interests between groups of land users.
Some of the key aspects of agricultural land use planning are physical and
socio-economic ones. Physical aspects involve land evaluation (mapping,
analysis, suitability matching), identification of opportunities for change
(improve existing land use systems, suggest new land use systems), natural
resources management (sustainable land use systems).
The objectives of socio-economic aspects include identification of target
groups, weighting options and connection with other administration planning.
Such land legislation as access to land, ownership of resources, land reforms are
also included in socio-economic aspects as well as training technical staff,
farmers and financial framework like credit schemes and products marketing.
Land is a limited resource and the issue of land can lead to such problem as
non-sustainable land use: processes of overexploitation (overgrazing,
deforestation, erosion hazard).
We need to conserve land resources for future use through sustainable land
uses. For successful land use planning it is important to determine the best use
of land. It is necessary to take into consideration efficiency, equity, acceptability
and sustainability of the land. At the same time conflicts of interests between
land users should be resolved.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No. Words
1.
Assessment (n.)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Explanations
To reduce in worth or value; To impair in physical
structure or function; Geology. To lower or wear by
erosion or weathering; To fall below a normal state.
Alternative (adj.) The act or process of making a map.
One that admonishes, cautions, or reminds, especially
Degrade (v.)
with respect to matters of conduct.
The act of appraisal. An amount evaluated, as for
Meaning (n.)
taxation.
That can be used instead of something else. Not
Feasible (adj.)
traditional; not following or accepting the usual
opinions, methods, styles.
Monitoring (n.) The act or process of removing trees from or clearing a
forest.
Pastoralism (n.) Capable of being accomplished or brought about;
possible.
Something that is conveyed or signified; sense or
Forestry (n.)
significance.
A social and economic system based on the raising
Mapping (n. )
and herding of livestock.
77
10.
Deforestation (n.) The science and art of cultivating, maintaining, and
developing forests. The management of a forestland.
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Processes of overexploitation, resolving conflicts of interests, evaluation of
feasibility, the systematic assessment, to conserve land resources, socioeconomic aspects, to land users, pastoralism, the broadest meaning, physical.
1. Land use planning can be defined as … of land and water potential,
alternative systems of land use and other physical, social and economic
conditions.
2. The purpose of land use planning is to select and adopt land use options
which are the most beneficial … without degrading the resources of the
environment.
3. In … of the term, land use planning deals with planning for all types of
land use.
4. Land use planning involves many aspects of planning such as designing
planning options, …, providing assistance to decision maker, implementation
and monitoring of plans.
5. Rural land use planning is concerned with all (economic) activities in
rural areas, such as agriculture, …, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism.
6. Besides evaluation of the potential of different activities, rural land use
planning assists in … between groups of land users.
7. … aspects of land use planning involve land evaluation, identification of
opportunities for change and natural resources management.
8. The objectives of … include identification of target groups, weighting
options and connection with other administration planning.
9. Land is a limited resource and the issue of land can lead to such problem
as non-sustainable land use: … (overgrazing, deforestation, erosion hazard).
10. We need … for future use through sustainable land uses taking into
consideration efficiency, equity, acceptability and sustainability of the land.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Land and water potential, land use options, the resources of the environment,
social impact, decision maker, wildlife conservation, resolving conflicts, target
groups, training technical staff, erosion hazard.
78
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Land use planning can be defined as the systematic assessment of
land and water potential, alternative systems of land use and other
physical, social and economic conditions.
Land use planning involves many aspects of planning. Rural land use
planning is concerned with all activities in rural areas. Besides
evaluation of the potential of different activities, rural land use
planning assists in resolving conflicts of interests between groups of
land users.
Some of the key aspects of agricultural land use planning are
physical and socio-economic ones.
Land is a limited resource and the issue of land can lead to such
problem as non-sustainable land use: processes of overexploitation.
We need to conserve land resources for future use through
sustainable land uses.
helps,
different,
valuation,
incapable,
main,
regular,
deals,
cause,
include,
preserve.
7.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into
English:
1. În cel mai larg sens al termenului, planificarea de utilizare a terenului se
ocupă cu planificarea pentru toate tipurile de utilizare a terenului (rurale, urbane,
industriale, de agrement, etc.). 2. Planificarea exploatării terenurilor rurale se
ocupă cu toate activităţile (economice) în zonele rurale, cum ar fi agricultura,
pastoralismul, silvicultura, conservarea faunei sălbatice şi turismul. 3.
Obiectivele aspectelor socio-economice includ identificarea grupurilor ţintă,
evaluarea ponderii opţiunilor şi legătura cu alte tipuri de planificare
administrativă. 4. Pământul este o resursă limitată şi problema terenurilor poate
duce la probleme cum ar fi utilizarea terenurilor non-durabile. 5. Pentru
planificarea utilizării cu succes a terenurilor este important de a determina cea
mai bună utilizare a terenurilor.
1. В широком смысле слова, планирование землепользования занимается
планированием всех видов землепользования (сельскохозяйственного,
городского, промышленного, развлекательного). 2. Сельскохозяйственное
землепользование касается всех (экономических) работ в сельской
местности (сельского хозяйства, животноводства, лесоводства, сохранения
дикой природы и туризма). 3. Задачи общественно-экономических
аспектов включают в себя определение искомых групп, взвешивание
возможностей и связи с другого рода административным планированием.
4. Земля – это ограниченный ресурс и вопрос земли может породить
проблему чрезмерного ее использования. 5. Для успешного
землепользования важно определить наилучший способ ее использования.
79
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Systematic, rural, non-sustainable, beneficial, unfavorable, broad, limited,
urban, chaotic, activity, loose, limited, sustainable, inactivity.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Define the notion of land use planning.
What is the purpose of land use planning?
What does it deal with?
Which aspects of planning do you know?
What do you know about rural land use planning?
Which are the physical aspects of agricultural land use planning?
What are the objectives of socio-economic aspects?
Why do we need to conserve land resources?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To compare, to give, to need, to show, to sing, to occur, to go, to continue, to sit,
to cook, to hate, to offer, to cost, to have, to open.
12.
Fill in the spaces with an appropriate form of speech.
1. Chestnut honey provides quick and … relief. (EFFECT)
2. Come rain, wind or shine these snapdragons give a superb display over an …
long period. (EXCEPTION)
3. Dreaming of a beautiful home for your … . (RETIRE)? Enjoy lifetime
ownership of a luxury home for an … price. (AFFORD)
4. The post-war decline in beer … was practically halted last year. (CONSUME)
5. Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and ... therewith.
(HATE)
6. In the first quarter of the 18th century people began to realize the … of
hygiene to public health. (IMPORTANT)
7. The … collapse of the Roman Empire lasted for nearly three hundred years
before its final dissolution in AD 476. (GRADE)
8. Jamie’s … of the night’s events is hazy but the tabloids will refresh his
memory. (RECOLLECT)
9. We are great … in fate and we believe we’re meant to be together.
(BELIEVE)
10. I think your stylist has taken her … from the rubbish dump. (INSPIRE)
80
13.
Project work
Present a report about the state of land in your country. Describe every problem
people meet using the land.
Grammar.8. Past Tenses. The Difference between Present Perfect
and Past Simple
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
- past actions
which happened
one after the other
e.g. She sealed the
letter, put a stamp
on it and posted it.
- action in the
middle of happening at a stated
past time e.g. He
was playing tennis
at 4.30 yesterday.
- past action
which occurred
before
another
action or before a
stated past time
e.g. He had left
by the time I got
there. (or by 8.15)
- past habit or
state;
complete
action or event
which happened at
a stated past time
e.g. She went to
school on foot. He
called an hour
ago.
- action which
happened at a
definite past time
although the time
is not mentioned.
This action is not
connected with the
present
e.g.
Shakespeare wrote
a lot of plays.
- past action in
progress
interrupted
by
another past action
e.g. While I was
getting dressed the
bell rang.
- complete past
action which had
visible results in
the past e.g. She
was sad because
she had failed the
test.
- two or more
simultaneous past
actions or background description
to events in a story
e.g. While I was
sunbathing, Tim
was swimming.
- the Past Perfect
is
the
past
equivalent of the
Present
Perfect
e.g. (He can’t
find his watch. He
has lost it.) He
couldn’t find his
watch. He had
lost it.
81
Past
Perfect
Continuous
- action continuing
over
a
period up to a
specific time in
the past e.g. She
had been working
as a clerk for 10
years before she
resigned.
- past action of
certain duration
which had visible
results in the past
e.g. They were wet
because they had
been walking in
the rain.
- the Past Perfect
Cont. is the past
equivalent of the
Present
Perfect
Cont. e.g. (She is
going to the doctor. Her leg has
been aching for
two days.) She
went to the doctor.
Her leg had been
aching for two
days.
The difference between Present Perfect and Past Simple:
- The present perfect is used when the time period has NOT finished:
e.g. I have seen three movies this week. (This week has not finished yet.)
The simple past is used when the time period HAS finished:
e.g. I saw three movies last week. (Last week is finished.)
- The present perfect is often used when giving recent news:
e.g. Martin has crashed his car again. (This is new information.)
The simple past is used when giving older information:
e.g. Martin crashed his car last year. (This is old information.)
- The present perfect is used when the time is not specific:
e.g. I have seen that movie already. (We don't know when.)
The simple past is used when the time is clear:
e.g. I saw that movie on Thursday. (We know exactly when.)
- The present perfect is used with for and since, when the actions have not
finished yet:
e.g. I have lived in Victoria for five years. (I still live in Victoria.)
The simple past is used with for and since, when the actions have already
finished:
e.g. I lived in Victoria for five years. (I don't live in Victoria now.)
Grammar exercises.8. Past Tenses. The Difference between
Present Perfect and Past Simple
1.
Identify the past forms then underline the correct time expression.
e.g. I still/yet/just hadn’t done my homework when Mum came home. (Past
Perfect – Past Simple)
1. Meg was lying in the sun before/while/as soon as the children were playing
in the pool.
2. How long ago/How long/While did you pass your driving test?
3. He continued his journey before/after/ago he had changed the tyre.
4. I was walking down the street when/as soon as/while a car stopped next to
me.
5. She had been singing for years since/for/before she finally became a star.
6. I went on an excursion to the Lake District last week/just/since.
7. He hadn’t eaten turkey since/ever/for the previous Christmas.
8. Our team had scored three goals by the time/until/while we got to the match.
9. The professor didn’t start speaking how long/until/yet everyone was quiet.
10. Do you know how long/when/while he had lived in Portugal before he moved
to Turkey?
82
2.
Fill in with Past Simple or Continuous.
Simon … (walk) home from work the other day when he … (notice) something
shining on the pavement on the other side of the road. A car … (come) down the
street, so he waited until it had driven past, then he … (cross) over. When he …
(get) to the other side he saw that it was a shiny gold coin! He … (look) around to
make sure no one … (look), then he … (bend) down to pick it up. Imagine his
surprise when he … (not/can) move it! He … (be) just about to give up when he …
(hear) a strange sound behind him. Someone … (laugh) at him, but he couldn’t see
who it … (be). Two little boys … (hide) behind a hedge, laughing at anyone who
tried to pick up the coin they had stuck to the pavement with glue!
3.
Complete the text with one of the following verbs in the Past Simple.
fall, laugh, lose, celebrate, can’t, find, spend, need, save, break, leave, take
Gary Smith yesterday ___ his twentieth birthday, but he is lucky to be alive.
In March this year, he was climbing Ben Nevis, Britain’s highest mountain,
when he ___ his way and ___ sixteen hours in sub-zero temperatures.
“My friends ___ at me for having so much survival equipment, but it ___ my
life”.
On the first night, the weather was so bad that it tore his new mountain tent
to pieces, so he moved into a Youth Hostel. He ___ the hostel at 10.00 the next
morning, but that afternoon he was in trouble. “I ___ off a rock and ___ my left
leg. I ___ move”.
Mountain rescue teams went out to look for Gary, and ___ him at 9.00 the
next morning. A helicopter ___ him to hospital, where he ___ several
operations. “Next time I’ll go with my friends, not on my own!” he joked.
4.
Fill in with an appropriate past form.
In 1894 a steamship … (sail) across the Atlantic Ocean from England to
America. The sun … (shine) and a gentle breeze … (blow). The ship … (sail)
for three weeks and was half way to its destination – New York. The passengers
… (relax) on deck when suddenly they … (hear) a loud bang. They all … (jump)
up, … (run) to the edge of the boat and … (look) over the side. To their horror
they saw that they … (hit) some hard object which … (tear) a hole in the side of
the ship. Water … (pour) into the steamship at an alarming speed. Fortunately
another ship arrived half and hour later, just in time to save everyone on board.
5.
Complete the sentences with an appropriate time expressions.
Careful! Sometimes no word is necessary.
ago at
last when in on
1. I was born in Africa ___ 1970.
for
83
2. My parents moved back to England ___ I was five.
3. We lived in Bristol ___ three years.
4. I left college three years ___.
5. I found a flat on my own ___ last year.
6. I usually go home ___ the weekend.
7. I didn’t go home ___ weekend because some friends came to stay.
8. They arrived ___ three o’clock ___ the afternoon.
9. ___ Saturday evening we went out to a concert.
10. ___ we got home we listened to some music.
11. We got up late ___ Sunday morning.
12. ___ the afternoon we went for a walk.
13. I bought a car a few weeks ___.
14. I had an accident ___ last night.
15. It happened ___ seven o’clock ___ the evening.
16. I took my car to the garage ___ this morning.
17. It will be ready ___ two weeks.
6.
Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect.
Dear Tom,
Thank you for your letter. It ___ (arrive) yesterday and I ___ (decide) to write
back immediately. You see, my agent ___ (find) me a part in a new film and I’m
going to Hollywood next week! I ___ (speak) to Robert Redford on the phone
about the part and I’m meeting him as soon as I arrive. The film is a re-make of
a 1956 thriller which I ___ (see) hundreds of times. It starred Marilyn Monroe
who, as you know, I ___ (meet) when I was a little girl. Yesterday I ___ (buy)
lots of new clothes and I ___ (already/start) packing. Well, I must rush now.
There’s so much to do!
Love, Sharon
7.
Put the time expressions in the box under the appropriate heading.
Add three more time expressions of your own under each heading.
when I was a student over the years recently a few years ago
today never yesterday in 1999 this week
“Finished” time
Time “up to now”
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
last week
For or since?
I haven’t seen Keith ___ a while.
He’s been in China ___ January.
He works for a company called KMP. He has worked for them ___ several years.
He and his wife lived next to me ___ their son, Tom, was born.
84
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9.
I have known them ___ many years.
We have been friends ___ we were at university together.
His wife, Carrie, is a designer. She has had her own studio ___ six months.
I’m looking after Tom today. He’s been at my house ___ 8.00 this morning.
John and Norma have been married ___ 20 years. They have been living in
New York.
Fill in with Past Simple or Present Perfect.
1. A: ___ (you/be) on holiday this year?
B: No, I ___ (can/not) go, because I ___ (break) my leg in August and ___
(have) to stay in hospital.
2. A: ___ (you/visit) the National Museum yet?
B: Yes, I ___ (be) there three times, but I ___ (not/see) everything yet.
3. A: I’m ever so sorry, Jim, but I ___ (burn) your dinner. Maria ___ (phone)
and I ___ (forget) about the food.
B: That’s okay. I ___ (already/eat).
4. A: I ___ (buy) a new dress yesterday, but when I ___ (arrive) home, I ___
(find) a hole in the seam.
B: What ___ (you/do)? ___ (you/take) it back to the shop?
A: No, I ___ (no/be) into town yet. I’ll do it this afternoon.
5. A: Your hair ___ (grow) a lot since I last ___ (see) you.
B: Yes. I ___ (want) to get it cut yesterday but I ___ (be) too busy.
6. A: I ___ (never/fly) before and I’m very nervous about it.
B: I ___ (feel) like that the first time I ___ (fly), but I thoroughly ___ (enjoy) it.
7. A: I ___ (lose) my glasses. ___ (you/see) them anywhere?
B: No. Where ___ (you/put) them?
A: I ___ (put) them on the table a minute ago, but they are not there now.
8. A: ___ (you/ever/meet) anyone famous?
B: Yes, I ___ (speak) to Paul McCartney and I ___ (see) John Lennon before
he was killed.
9. A: Where ___ (you/go) on holiday?
B: To Rhodes. ___ (you/be) there?
A: Yes, I ___ (go) there last year. We ___ (swim) every day. It was great!
10. A: How is your job, Mike?
B: I ___ (just/start) a new one. I ___ (leave) the old one because they ___
(not/pay) me enough money.
11. A: When ___ (you/leave) school?
B: I ___ (leave) in 1980, I ___ (finish) university in 1984 and I ___ (have)
three jobs since then.
12. A: ___ (you/see) “Barabas” on TV last night?
B: No, I ___ (see) it so many times already that I ___ (not/want) to watch it again.
85
10. Match a line in A and B and a sentence in C. There is more than one
answer.
A
1. I’ve known my best
friend
2. I last went to the
cinema
3. I’ve had this watch
4. We’ve used this book
5. We lived in our old flat
6. We haven’t had a
break
7. I last had a holiday
8. This building has been
a school
B
from 1988 to 1996
C
It’s not bad. I quite like it.
for an hour
I went camping with some
friends.
We met when we were 10.
I really need a cup of coffee.
My Dad gave it to me for my
birthday.
We moved because we
needed somewhere bigger.
The film was rubbish.
Before that it was an office.
two weeks ago
since 1985
since the beginning
of term
for years
for three years
in 1999
Lesson 9: Town Planning (6 hours)
1. Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Imply (v.)
Aim (n.)
Unconscious (adj.)
Haphazard (adj.)
Spot (n.)
Ugly (adj.)
Brick (n.)
Mortar (n.)
Amenities (n.)
Handiwork (n.)
Radial (adj.)
Undulation (n.)
a presupune, a implica
подразумевать, предполагать
ţintă,
obiectiv,
scop, цель, намерение, стремление
intenţie
inconştient, involuntar
невольный, бессознательный
întîmplător, ocazional
случайный, необдуманный,
бесцельный
loc, localitate, colţ, punct местоположение;
точка,
отдельная высота; пятно
urît
безобразный, уродливый
cărămidă
кирпич, брусок
motar
цементный раствор
confort,
comodităţi, (бытовые) удобства, блага
înlesniri
lucru manual
ручная работа
în formă de stea; radial; лучеобразный, радиальный,
cu raze
кольцевой
unduire, ondulare
волнообразные неровности,
холмистость
86
Height (n.)
Overall (adj.)
Layout (n.)
2.
înălţime
высота
total, global; pretutindeni; полный, общий, суммарный
complet, cu desăvîrşire
plan general, proiect, ma- генеральный план, схема,
chetă; traseu; organizare маркировка
Read and translate the text:
Aristotle is said to have defined a City as a “place where men live a
common life for a noble end” which implies an end of the life or an
implementation of the aim.
Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an unconscious one
with the result that cities have grown in a haphazard manner, and many beautiful
spots turned into an ugly accumulation of bricks and mortar.
A careful study of what wise town planning, the liberal provision of attractive
amenities can do, and has already done for some of the cities of Europe will
convince the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead. It
invariably happens that town planning is not thought of or put into operation until a
certain amount of development has taken place. A city attractive by its beauty, by
its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences which it
offers will gain a reputation and an individuality which not only its Council and its
landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud.
What then should be the aim of every City? And to answer that question we
are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by
which the City should be marked and known. Bacon says in his Essay of
Gardens, that “God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest
of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without
which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork”. Surely then the aim
should be the one implied by the term “Garden City”, beautiful, well planted and
finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it
can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the turmoil,
stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district.
The various systems of planning which have been adopted in the past are
rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning
are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfillment of
town planning ideals.
The problem then for the town planner is to consider his scheme in respect to
the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and
circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues and
boulevards; open spaces, parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic center.
The limitation of the number of houses per acre and height and identical
character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the
special areas.
87
The subject matter of these planning and urban development laws is
similar, but there are different ways by which these laws are written and in
which they fit into the overall system of legislation governing land relations.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Imply
2.
3.
Unconscious
Haphazard
4.
Mortar
5.
6.
7.
Amenity
Symmetry
Design
8.
Dwelling
9.
Turmoil
10.
Fulfillment
4.
Explanations
A state of extreme confusion or agitation; commotion
or tumult.
A place of residence; housing that someone is living in.
The act of consummating something (a desire or
promise, etc).
To suggest something indirectly rather than stating it
directly; to suggest something as a logical
consequence.
Without plan or order; by chance; casually.
Not aware of something; not realizing something.
A mixture of lime with cement, sand and water, used
in building to hold bricks, stones, etc. together.
A feature that increases attractiveness or value,
especially of a piece of real estate or a geographic
location.
A relationship of characteristic correspondence,
equivalence, or identity among constituents of an
entity or between different entities.
A graphic representation, especially a detailed plan for
construction or manufacture.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
A reputation and an individuality, town planner, the number of houses, bricks
and mortar, gross handiwork, the special areas, a common life, rectangular,
town planning, a combination.
1. Aristotle defined a City as a “place where men live … for a noble end” which
implies an end of the life or an implementation of the aim.
2. Cities have grown in a haphazard manner, and many beautiful spots turned
into an ugly accumulation of … .
3. … is not thought of or put into operation until a certain amount of
development has taken place.
4. A city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the
amenities and conveniences which it offers will gain … which not only its
Council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud.
88
5. Bacon says in his Essay of Gardens, that “God Almighty first planted a garden.
And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the
spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but …”.
6. The various systems of planning which have been adopted in the past are …,
radial and circumferential.
7. The latest schemes for town planning are generally … of rectangular, radial and
circumferential, which allows for the best fulfillment of town planning ideals.
8. The … should consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and
undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and
boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues and boulevards; open spaces,
parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic center.
9. Factories and works must be placed in … .
10. The limitation of … per acre and height and identical character should be
provided.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Implementation of the aim, in a haphazard manner, a careful study, looking well
ahead, town planning, artistic symmetry and design, the amenities and
conveniences, the purest of human pleasures, undulations of the site, the layout
and construction of avenues.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
City is a place where men live a common life for a noble end.
Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an
unconscious one.
A careful study of what wise town planning can do will convince
the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead.
What should be the individuality by which the City should be
marked and known.
Garden City can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling
removed from the turmoil.
The surface of the pavement soon became very uneven.
Cross over at the traffic lights, where the road is safe.
Look, somebody is appearing on the horizon.
At his funeral there were crowds of people.
purpose,
persuade,
skyline,
multitude,
look for,
characterized,
sidewalk,
people,
intersect,
noise.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Trebuie de luat în consideraţie direcţia bulevardelor circulare de bază. 2. Oraşul
este atrăgător prin frumuseţea sa. 3. Oraşul trebuie să fie bine planificat. 4. În
oraşele mari există sisteme de planificare dreptunghiulară, radială şi circulară. 5. La
planificarea oraşului trebuie de ţinut cont de locuri de odihnă şi parcuri.
89
1. Необходимо учитывать направление основных кольцевых бульваров. 2.
Город привлекателен своей красотой. 3. Город должен быть хорошо
спланирован. 4. В крупных городах существуют прямоугольная, радиальная и кольцевая системы планирования. 5. Место для отдыха и парков
должно учитываться при планировании города.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Noble, unfortunately, conscious, helpful, fortunately, invariably, unconscious,
ugly, helpless, variably, beautiful, wanton, responsible, ignoble.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. How has Aristotle defined a City?
2. How really have cities grown?
3. What kind of city will gain a reputation and an individuality which not
only its Council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud?
4. What did Bacon say in his Essay of Gardens about gardens and buildings?
5. What does the author mean by the term “Garden City”?
6. What kinds of systems of planning have been adopted in the past?
7. What do the latest schemes for town planning look like?
8. What should the town planner take into consideration when planning his
scheme?
9. Should the number of houses per acre and height be provided? What
about factories and works?
10. What are the similarities and differences in planning and urban
development laws?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To count, to hear, to pay, to smile, to speak, to help, to cry, to cut, to prefer, to
hide, to start, to dance, to hold, to stay, to prepare.
12. Complete as much as possible. Use a dictionary to help you if
necessary.
verb
convert
produce
conduct
impress
support
impose
person noun
…
…
…
…
…
…
adjective
…
…
…
…
…
…
90
abstract noun
…
…
…
…
…
…
13.
Project work
Draw a town plan using the rectangular, radial or circumferential systems of
planning.
Grammar.9. Future Tenses
Future Simple.
Meaning: The action will happen in the future.
Adverbs of time: tomorrow, in a few days, next week, in 2015, soon.
e.g. Maria will go to Chicago next year. We will be home after seven.
No future tense is used in the subordinate clauses of time and condition. Use the
Simple Present instead of the Future.
e.g. She’ll call him when he arrives.
The verb “will” does not express a preplanned action. The Present Continuous is
used instead of the Simple Future when it is necessary to show that the future
action is preplanned. The phrase “be going to” is widely used in speech and
writing to show a preplanned future action.
e.g. I’m visiting Anna tomorrow.
The Simple Present is used instead of the Simple Future for the actions
according to schedule / timetable (for example, about public transportation,
stores, movies).
e.g. The concert starts in 2 hours.
Future Continuous
Meaning: 1. The action (the Future Continuous) will be going on when another
future action happens (the Simple Present, because the Future is not allowed in
the subordinate clause of time). 2. The action will be going on at a specified
point of time in the future.
Adverbs of time: at 3 tomorrow, this time next year, 2 days from now, when.
e.g. When you come to the library, I’ll be sitting by the central window.
Future Perfect
Meaning: 1. The action (the Future Perfect) will take place before another
action in the future happens (the Simple Present, because the Future is not
allowed in the subordinate clause of time). 2. The action will take place before a
specified point of time in the future.
Adverbs of time: by the time; by 2015, by tomorrow, before, when (in the
meaning “by the time”).
e.g. By the time she returns, I will have finished my work on the report.
The Future Perfect is not very common in speech. It is used mostly in writing,
for example, in formal correspondence and scientific literature.
91
Future Perfect Continuous
Meaning: 1. The action (the Future Perfect Continuous) will last for some time
before another action in the future happens (the Simple Present, because the
Future is not allowed in the subordinate clause of time). 2. The action will last
for some time before a specified point of time in the future.
Adverbs of time: by the time; by 2015, by tomorrow, before, when (in the
meaning “by the time”); for two hours, for a long time.
e.g. By the time you return, I will have been waiting here for 3 days.
The Future Perfect Continuous is rarely used in speech. It is used mostly in
writing, for example, in formal correspondence and scientific literature.
Grammar exercises.9. Future Tenses
1.
Identify the tenses, then match them with the correct description.
1. I think I’ll go home now.
a. action which may (not) happen in the
future
2. The bus for Brighton departs in an b. action in progress at a stated future
hour.
time
3. We’ll be sailing around the islands c. duration of an action up to a certain
this time next month.
time in the future
4. By May he will have been living d. action which will be finished before a
abroad for six years.
stated future time
5. The men are delivering the
e. fixed arrangement in the near future
furniture tomorrow.
6. Look at the baby! He’s going to eat f. timetable/programme
that worm!
7. Perhaps we’ll see Nicky at the club g. decision which is taken at the
tonight.
moment of speaking
8. He’s going to take a few days off h. action which is the result of a routine
next week.
9. I’m sure you’ll have a wonderful i. prediction about the future
holiday.
10. Will Jo be staying with you this j. action intended to be performed in the
Easter?
near future
11. I’ll be having lunch with Sam k. asking politely about people’s
tomorrow as usual.
arrangements
12. They will have made a decision l. evidence that something will evidently
by Friday.
happen
2. Complete the following dialogue using Future Simple or Future
Continuous.
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Graham: Can I phone you tomorrow, Suzy?
Suzy: What time?
Graham: Well, I’m not working tomorrow so I ___ (phone) you at 9 o’clock in
the morning.
Suzy: Oh no! I ___ (sleep) then.
Graham: OK. I ___ (call) you at noon.
Suzy: Well, I ___ (wash) my hair.
Graham: Perhaps I ___ (come) and visit you in the afternoon, then. What ___
(you/do) around 3 o’clock?
Suzy: I ___ (get) ready for my aerobic class.
Graham: Well, if I phone you at 5, ___ (you/be) at home?
Suzy: No, I’m afraid not. I ___ (visit) my aunt in hospital.
Graham: When can I see you, Suzy?
Suzy: Phone me tomorrow evening. I ___ (not/do) anything then.
3.
Fill in the correct present or future forms.
If you ___ (want) to travel long distances on your bicycle, you must learn how
to mend a puncture. As soon as your tyre ___ (become) flat, get off the bike or
you ___ (damage) the wheel. Then turn the bicycle upside down. Once it ___
(be) in position, remove the tyre using tyre-levers or, if you ___ (have) nothing
else, use spoons. When the tyre ___ (be) off, pump up the inner tube. Put it in
some water and turn it until you ___ (see) bubbles coming from it. This is your
puncture. Before you ___ (apply) the patch, you must clean and dry the area
around the hole. After this you ___ (put) glue around the hole and wait until it
___ (dry) a little. Then select a suitably sized patch. Stick the patch over the hole
and don’t forget to put some chalk over it. Unless you do this, the inner tube ___
(stick) to the inside of the tube. Replace the tube, pump up the tyre and ride
away. I don’t know if you ___ (be able to) remember all this, but it’s worth
trying because you never know when it ___ (be) useful to you.
4.
Underline the correct verb form.
1. Why are you putting on your coat? – Because I’ll take/I’m going to take the
dog for a walk.
2. Would you like to go out for a meal tonight? – How about tomorrow night?
I’ll call/I’m calling you.
3. What’s the score? – 6:0. They are going to lose/they’ll lose.
4. It’s Tony’s birthday next week. – Is it? I didn’t know. I’ll send/I’m going to
send him a card.
5. Are you and Alan still going out together? – Oh, yes, we’ll get/we’re getting
married in June.
6. Where are you going on holiday this year? – We haven’t decided. We might
go/We’re going to Italy.
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5. Put the verbs in brackets into Future Prefect or Future Perfect Continuous.
1. By 7.00 pm they ___ (play) cricket for eight hours.
2. I ___ (finish) painting your room by the time you get home.
3. By the end of the next month I ___ (live) in London for exactly three years.
4. Tom ___ (write) his third novel by the end of this year.
5. By the time he arrives in London, John ___ (drive) for five hours.
6. This film ___ (probably/not/finish) until midnight.
7. How long ___ (you/study) English by the end of this term?
8. Don’t worry! You ___ (forget) all about it by this time next year.
9. By Friday I ___ (work) on this project for two weeks.
10. Hopefully, he ___ (cook) dinner for us by the time we get home.
11. I ___ (read) this book by tomorrow night.
12. He hopes he ___ (make) a million pounds by the time he is thirty.
13. By 5 o’clock I ___ (do) this crossword puzzle for three hours.
6.
Fill in: by or until.
1. What time will you have finished painting your room? I will have finished
___ 7 o’clock, I hope.
2. Are you seeing Julie tonight? No, I will have left ___ the time she gets here.
3. Have they built their house yet? No, they won’t have built it ___ the end of May.
4. Will you have done your homework ___ tomorrow? No, I won’t have done it
___ Friday.
5. She’ll have saved enough money to buy a car ___ Christmas.
6. I’ll have worked here for ten years ___ the end of this month.
7. We won’t have built the shed ___ Friday.
8. She’ll have finished dressing ___ the time the guests arrive.
7.
Complete the sentences. Use will or won’t.
1. Tomoko’s been studying very hard for her exams. I’m sure she’ll pass the
exams easily.
2. If you don’t feel well, go to bed and rest. I’m sure you … soon.
3. Ask John if you have problems with your homework. I’m sure … you.
4. I’ll ask my sister for some money, but I know she … . She’s very mean.
5. You don’t need an umbrella today. I don’t think … .
6. Don’t sit in the sun for too long. You … .
7. Don’t go to that new restaurant. I’m sure you … .
8.
Match the sentences and fill in the correct tense.
She’ll call us
until it … (stop) raining.
I don’t know
as soon as I … (can).
What … (you/do)
if you … (come) home late.
Turn the lights off
as soon as she … (reach) London.
Don’t go out
if you have an accident?
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I … (write) to you
He will be angry
If I give you $5,
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10.
what … (you/buy)?
when he … (leave).
before you … (go) to bed.
Make offers with I’ll for these situations.
It’s so hot in this room! – I’ll open the window.
I’m so thirsty! –
There’s someone at the door. –
I don’t have any money. –
I need to be at the station in ten minutes. –
My suitcases are so heavy! –
Choose the correct form of the verb.
1. Have you got toothache again? - Oooh! It’s agony! But I see/’m seeing the
dentist this afternoon.
2. Have you booked your holiday? – Yes, we have. We’re going/’ll go to Italy.
3. What a beautiful day! Not a cloud in the sky! – Ah, but the weather forecast
says it ‘s raining/’s going to rain.
4. Please, don’t tell anyone. It’s a secret. – Don’t worry. We won’t tell/’re not
telling anybody.
5. I haven’t got enough money to pay for my ticket. – It’s Ok. I’m going to
lend/’ll lend you some.
6. You two look really shocked. What’s the matter? – We’ve just learnt that
we‘ll have/’re going to have twins!
7. I thought you had just bought a new dishwasher. – Yes, that’s right. It’s
being/will be delivered tomorrow.
8. Can you meet me after work? – I’d love to, but John’s taking/’ll take me out
for dinner tonight.
Lesson 10: Urban development in the USA and “western”
countries (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Accommodate (v.)
Damage (n.)
Reconsolidate (v.)
a potrivi, a adapta; a ajuta приспосабливать;
помогать
pagubă, compensaţie
вред, порча; денежная
компенсация
a
reconsolida,
a восстанавливать
consoloda din nou
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Ministry (n.)
Carry out (v.)
Envisage (v.)
Large-scale (adj.)
Provide (v.)
Guidance (n.)
Decree (n.)
Lawful right
Immovable (adj.)
Violation (n.)
Regardless (adj.)
Regulatory (adj.)
2.
minister, ministeriat
министерство, кабинет
министров
a duce la bun sfîrşit, a осуществлять,
îndeplini, a realiza, a face завершить, выполнять
a considera, a vedea; a предвидеть;
намечать;
prevedea, a considera
исследовать
de mare amploare
крупный, масштабный,
большого размера
a furniza, a asigura; a обеспечивать, поставлять
prevedea, a prescrie
conducere, călăuzire; în- руководство,
dreptar, ghid
водительство
decret, hotărîre, ordin, указ, декрет, приказ,
ordonanţă; sentinţă, hotă- закон; судебное постаrîre; lege
новление
drept legitim
законное право
imobil (iar)
недвижимый
incălcare, contravenire
нарушение, насилие
indiferent de
normativ, referitor la
reglementări
независимо, несмотря на
регламентирующий,
регулирующий,
нормативный
Read and translate the text:
By the beginning of the XXI century the states of North America have
adopted laws to regulate urban development in response to decide three common
needs:
·
To coordinate and accommodate the expansion of urban territories and
urban activities with consequent damage to important environmental areas and
loss of good quality agricultural soils;
·
To design, build and pay for infrastructure and transport systems to
property support new urban development; and
·
To overcome the problems of reinvestment in obsolete city areas, in
particular the legal and financial difficulties of reconsolidating land parcels,
buying out and relocating existing owners and users of land and buildings.
To accomplish these urban development purposes, the “western”
countries (or their constituent states and provinces), adopted laws that define
systems of planning and regulation with three levels:
96
- First, government administrations at national or regional levels elaborate
large-area territorial plans and schemes of major transport and infrastructure
systems;
- Second, local government administrations prepare general plans for whole
urban areas, which combine spatial plans and land use regulations with plans for
infrastructure systems and other public investments;
- Third, subordinate to these plans, the layouts and designs of particular
blocks, tract subdivisions, individual land parcels and construction projects are
all made subject to procedures of technical review and public review before the
specific permits are issued to carry out work.
The subject matter of these planning and urban development laws is
similar, but there are different ways by which these laws are written and in
which they fit into the overall system of legislation governing land relations.
In Western Europe, most of the countries have laws that envisage nationallevel or large-scale regional plans to guide the national ministries in making
major investments in infrastructure, transport and public facilities and to insure
protection of environmental and rural areas. These large-scale plans provide
policy guidance for smaller-scale plans. There is a great variety in the ways the
laws are written. For example, Italy regulates urban planning and construction
under a law first adopted in 1942, which is not detailed and requires subordinate
ministerial decrees and municipal laws to define the methodologies, procedures
and subject-matter regulation. In contrast, France compiled all of its laws
relating to planning, urban development, urban finance and construction
regulation into a comprehensive Urban Development Code long ago.
Generally in the “western” countries the systems of private ownership and other
civil law rights in land and real property have been functioning for over a century
and land parcels were surveyed many decades ago. The laws are not integrated into
Land Codes but remain separate for different aspects of land relations.
With respect to property, the provisions of the Civil Codes (US and GB) apply
to land as to all other immovable and movable items. Special laws create the
“support systems” – land registry, cadastre, mortgage financing system – that allow
the property rights to be protected and transactions to take place efficiently.
With respect to the land as part of the environment and as a factor in social
relationships the laws of the “western” countries provide various systems of
regulation (including civil and criminal violations). Most often they address
particular problems: soil contamination, illegal construction, protection of plant and
animal resources, etc. These regulatory laws are imposed on all persons that are
using land regardless of the form of ownership or control, or their particular status.
This structure of “property” rights separation from regulatory obligations
and restrictions reflects an important fundamental principle: it is done
deliberately in order to insure “security” of ownership and rights of possession
in land and real estate over time. Therefore, the “western” countries do not make
use of land codes, which are intended to integrate the property aspects of land
97
relations with environmental and social aspects of land use. In particular, the
concept that land constitutes a “fund” of national resource, subject to a system of
state management is inconsistent with the fundamental structure and
assumptions of the “western” legal systems.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
2.
Words
Damage
Infrastructure
3.
To overcome
4.
To relocate
5.
Purpose
6.
Decree
7.
Decade
8.
9.
10.
Contamination
Assumption
Movable
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Explanations
To move one’s factory, offices, etc. to a new place.
A thing that is thought to be true or certain to happen,
but is not proved.
An order given by a ruler or an authority and having
the force of a law.
Making something impure by adding substances that
are dangerous or carry disease.
The fundamental structure of a system or organization.
The basic, fundamental architecture of any system
(electronic, mechanical, social, political, etc.) determines how it functions and how flexible it is to meet
future requirements.
An injury short of complete destruction inflicted upon
persons, equipment, or installations.
An intension, an aim or a function of something; a
reason for doing something.
That can be taken from place to place.
To succeed in dealing with or controlling something.
A period of ten years.
It is done deliberately, the property rights, Italy, North America, Urban
Development Code, a “fund” of national resource, soil contamination, major
investments, policy guidance, a century.
1. The states of … have adopted laws to coordinate and accommodate the
expansion of urban territories and urban activities with consequent damage to
important environmental areas and loss of good quality agricultural soils.
2. In Western Europe, most of the countries have laws that envisage nationallevel or large-scale regional plans to guide the national ministries in making …
in infrastructure, transport and public facilities and to insure protection of
environmental and rural areas.
3. Large-scale plans provide … for smaller-scale plans.
98
4. … regulates urban planning and construction under a law first adopted in 1942,
which is not detailed and requires subordinate ministerial decrees and municipal
laws to define the methodologies, procedures and subject-matter regulation.
5. France compiled all of its laws relating to planning, urban development,
urban finance and construction regulation into a comprehensive … long ago.
6. Generally in the “western” countries the systems of private ownership and
other civil law rights in land and real property have been functioning for over …
and land parcels were surveyed many decades ago.
7. Special laws create the “support systems” – land registry, cadastre, mortgage
financing system – that allow … to be protected and transactions to take place
efficiently.
8. The “western” countries provide various systems of regulation which address
particular problems: …, illegal construction, protection of plant and animal
resources, etc.
9. This structure of “property” rights separation from regulatory obligations and
restrictions reflects an important fundamental principle: … in order to insure
“security” of ownership and rights of possession in land and real estate over time.
10. The concept that land constitutes …, subject to a system of state management
is inconsistent with the fundamental structure and assumptions of the “western”
legal systems.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Urban development, to adopt laws, damage to important environmental areas,
pay for transport systems, reinvestment in obsolete city areas, the “western”
countries, local government administrations, public investments, construction
projects, immovable and movable items.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
By the beginning of the XXIst century the states of North America
have adopted laws to regulate urban development in response to
decide three common needs.
The subject matter of these planning and urban development laws
is similar.
The laws are not integrated into Land Codes but remain separate
for different aspects of land relations.
These laws are imposed on all persons that are using land
regardless of the form of ownership or control, or their status.
Most often they address particular problems: soil contamination,
illegal construction, protection of plant and animal resources, etc.
99
determine,
issue,
control,
disregarding,
inflicted, put
together,
alike, sides,
refer,
specific.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. La începutul sec. XXI statele Americii de Nord au adoptat legi cu privire la
reglementarea dezvoltării oraşelor. 2. Organele de conducere de stat, la nivel
naţional şi regional, elaborează planuri şi scheme teritoriale vaste ale marilor
sisteme de transport şi de infrastructură. 3. Există o varietate vastă de moduri de
alcătuire a legilor. 4. În general, în ţările din Occident sistemele proprietăţii
private şi alte drepturi civile asupra pămîntului şi proprietăţii imobiliare
funcţionează deja mai mult de un secol. 5. Astfel, ţările din Occident nu
utilizează codurile funciare destinate pentru integrarea aspectelor proprietăţii
funciare cu aspectele ecologice şi sociale de utilizare a terenurilor.
1. К началу ХХI века государства Северной Америки приняли законы о
регулировании развития городов. 2. Органы государственного управления
на национальном и региональном уровнях разрабатывают обширные
территориальные планы и схемы крупных транспортных и инфраструктурных систем. 3. Существует огромное разнообразие в способах написания законов. 4. В целом в "западных" странах системы частной собственности и другие гражданские права на землю и недвижимое имущество
функционируют уже более века. 5. Таким образом, "западные" страны не
используют земельные кодексы, предназначенные для интеграции аспектов земельной собственности с экологическими и социальными аспектами
землепользования.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Capable, independence, possible, easy, directly, impossible, large, incapable,
difficult, dependence, small, indirectly, satisfied, find, high, popular, encourage,
low, unpopular, lose, narrow, wide, discourage, unsatisfied.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What were three common needs, because of which the states of North
America have adopted laws by the beginning of the XXI century to regulate
urban development?
2. What kind of plans and schemes did the government administrations at
national or regional levels elaborate?
3. In the “western countries”, local government administrations prepare
general plans for whole urban areas. What did these plans combine?
4. In Western Europe, most of the countries have laws that envisage
national-level or large-scale regional plans. What is the purpose of these plans?
5. What does the comprehensive Urban Development Code (France) contain?
6. What do the provisions of the Civil Codes (US and GB) contain with
respect to property?
100
7. What kind of particular problems do the laws of the “western” countries
address?
8. What is the fundamental principle the structure of “property” rights
separation from regulatory obligations and restrictions reflect?
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To study, to suggest, to take, to support, to talk, to teach, to touch, to tell, to
think, to throw, to travel, to treat, to try, to understand, to use.
12. Pair the words below so that in each case there is a noun and a
matching verb.
Schoolchildren, crackles, tinkles, a bad-tempered person or dog, the bell on a
cat’s collar, a bored child, clanks, whistles, a fire, giggle, growls, a church bell, a
steam train, clangs, wheezes, a prisoner’s chain, wriggles, someone with asthma.
13.
Project work
Give information on urban development in Moldova, present its strong and weak
points.
Grammar.10. Modal Verbs
The modal verbs are:CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO /
WILL / WOULD
Modal
Example
Can
They can control their own budgets.
Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it.
Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here?
Asking for permission
Can you help me?
Request
Could I borrow your dictionary?
Asking for permission
Could you say it again more slowly?
Request
We could try to fix it ourselves.
Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War.
Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Ability in the past
May I have another cup of coffee?
Asking for permission
China may become a major economic Future possibility
power.
Could
May
Uses
101
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be Present possibility
eating their dinner now.
Future possibility
They might give us a 10% discount.
We must say good-bye now.
Necessity / Obligation
Must
They mustn’t disrupt the work more than Prohibition
necessary.
Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or
correct
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Offer
Shall
Suggestion
(common Shall we say 2.30 then?
Asking what to do
in
the Shall I do that or will you?
UK)
We should sort out this problem at once.
Saying what’s right or
Should
correct
I think we should check everything again.
Recommending action
Profits should increase next year.
Uncertain prediction
Instant decisions
I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.
Will
Offer
I'll do that for you if you like.
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Promise
Certain prediction
Profits will increase next year.
Would you mind if I brought a colleague Asking for permission
Would
with me?
Request
Would you pass the salt please?
Making arrangements
Would you mind waiting a moment?
Invitation
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be Preferences
fine."
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like
tea please."
!Note The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
Might
Grammar exercises.10. Modal Verbs
1.
Enrique is always on time for class but today he is late. Suggest
reasons using must, might, could or may.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Is he still asleep? (might) – He might be still asleep.
Is he ill? (must) –
Is he in the coffee bar? (might) –
Does he have a doctor’s appointment? (could) –
Is he stuck in a traffic jam? (may) –
102
6. Is his bus late? (might) –
7. Does he want to miss the test? (must) –
2.
Choose the correct explanation for each of these modals.
1. Amy may look for a new job.
A) Amy has permission to look for a new job.
B) It’s possible Amy will look for a new job.
2. I couldn’t swim until I was 16.
A) I wasn’t allowed to swim until I was 16.
B) I wasn’t able to swim until I was 16.
3. No one can smoke in the cinema.
A) No one is able to smoke in the cinema.
B) No one is allowed to smoke in the cinema.
4. You should wear glasses.
A) My advice is that you wear glasses.
B) It’s possible that you will have to wear glasses.
5. Will you answer the phone?
A) Are you at some time in the future going to answer the phone?
B) I’m asking you to answer the phone.
6. I couldn’t get the top off the jar.
A) I wasn’t allowed to get the top off the jar.
B) I didn’t manage to get the top off the jar.
7. You must be tired.
A) I’m sure you are tired.
B) You are required to be tired.
8. Andy’s very busy so he may not go to the party.
A) Andy doesn’t have permission to go to the party.
B) There’s a possibility Andy won’t go to the party.
3.
Choose the correct answer.
a. You mustn’t/won’t have any problems with Jack. He is such a good baby.
b. You don’t have to/mustn’t use cream in this sauce, but it makes it much
tastier.
c. I couldn’t/wouldn’t watch my favourite TV programme because Mia rang up
for a long chat.
d. Timmy’s so stubborn. He just can’t/won’t do what he’s told.
e. I’m afraid I can’t/may not come to your wedding as I’ll be in Australia.
f. I was able to/could get 20% off the price in the sale.
g. You don’t have to/mustn’t say a word about this to your mother. It’s a
surprise.
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4.
Fill in a modal and the appropriate form of the verbs in the brackets.
1. I’m getting fat. I really ___ (try) to lose some weight, like the doctor said.
2. What a lovely day! ___ (we/go) for a walk?
3. I’m not sure where Gary is. He ___ (be) at the library.
4. That ___ (not/be) Bill’s car. He doesn’t own one.
5. Tom ___ (sleep) but I’m not sure. Why don’t you go and see?
6. Don’t worry. You ___ (not/dress) formally for the party.
7. If you wanted to borrow my car, you ___ (ask) me.
8. This dog ___ (belong) to Harry. It’s got his address on its collar.
9. Only authorised personnel ___ (enter) this area.
10. You ___ (not/smoke) in some public places.
11. I saw John in the town centre this morning. He ___ (go) to Spain yet.
12. Fortunately he ___ (convince) the police that he was innocent.
13. Tom drives really well now. He ___ (pass) his driving test easily.
14. She ___ (be) at the party last night. She was ill.
15. They ___ (announce) the winners on March 16th. It’s scheduled.
16. I missed the film last night because I ___ (work) late.
17. She ___ (start) working on Monday. The manager told her to.
18. Everyone in the world ___ (have) food and shelter.
19. You ___ (comply) with the regulations. We expect you to do so.
20. People ___ (treat) animals in a better way but they don’t always do so.
5.
Write what each person would say in each situation using modals,
then identify their use. Sometimes more that one answer is possible.
1. A student has just come into the class and left the door open. It is noisy
outside. You say to him:
Will/Would/Can/Could you close the door please? (request)
2. You have opened the kitchen window to let in some fresh air. Your sister,
who is recovering from a bad cold, comes in. You say to her:
3. Your friend wants to pay for your dinner. You tell her it’s not necessary.
4. Your mother wants to know where your sister is. You think she is helping
your father in the garden. You say to her:
5. A friend from Portugal phones to tell you she will be coming to England for
two weeks next summer. You want her to stay with you. You say to her:
6. You’re going on holiday. Your sister wants to take so many pairs of shoes
that her suitcase won’t fasten. You ask if it is necessary.
7. Your friend is sure your father goes to a gym every morning before work as
he always looks so healthy. He says to you:
8. Tom was driving fast when he accidentally went off the road. Fortunately no
one was killed or injured. You say to him:
9. Your friend failed his exam. He hadn’t revised at all. You say to him:
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10. John is taking part in a horse race. You don’t know if John will win. You ask
your friends if it’s possible.
6.
Complete the sentences with correct words. Often there is more than
one answer.
will
must
should
may
can
have to
ought to
1. You ___ get your hair cut. It’s too long.
2. ___ I ask you a question?
3. Young children ___ be carried on this escalator.
4. You ___ never get a seat on this train. It’s always packed.
5. I ___ be studying Mandarin Chinese next year.
6. I ___ already speak five languages fluently.
7. You’ll ___ work much harder if you want to pass.
8. It’s Saturday night. There ___ be something good on TV.
9. You ___ leave your valuables in the hotel safe.
10. You ___ be over 1m 60cm tall to be a flight attendant.
might
could
7.
Read the sentences and underline the modal verbs. Rewrite them with
a correct expression.
1. You shouldn’t wear red, it doesn’t suit you.
2. May I make a suggestion?
3. You can smoke in the designated area only.
4. I can take you to the airport after all.
5. You must obtain a visa to work in
Australia.
6. You
should
always
make
an
appointment.
7. You’ll pass. Don’t worry.
8. You mustn’t walk on the grass.
9. I couldn’t get through, the line was engaged.
10. I won’t discuss the matter anymore.
I’ll be able to …
I didn’t managed to …
You’re bound to …
You are required to …
Is it Ok if …?
You’re allowed to …
If I were you …
I refuse to …
It’s always a good idea to …
You aren’t permitted to …
8.
Work with a partner. Which of the verbs or phrases can fill the gap
correctly?
1.
I … be able to help you. (won’t/can’t/might/may)
2.
Did you … keep it secret? (could/manage to/able to/have to)
3.
You … be exhausted after such a long journey. (must/can/had better/are
bound to)
4.
The book is optional. Our teacher said that we … read it if we don’t want
to. (mustn’t/don’t have to/don’t need to/aren’t supposed to)
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5.
I absolutely … work late again tonight. (will not/should not/might
not/refuse to)
6.
… hold your breath for more than a minute? (Are you able to/Can
you/May you/Could you)
7.
… tell me where the station is? (May you/Could you/Are you able to/Can
you)
8.
… I have some more desert? (Could/May/Will/Would)
9.
Which sentences express a degree of probability? What are the uses
in other sentences?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He always looks so stressed. He must have a very demanding job.
You must come with us next time. You’d love it.
I can’t hear you – the line’s bad.
They can’t be coming. They’d have been here by now.
She might change her mind if we keep on her.
You could be right.
You can borrow the car. I don’t need it.
We may stay over at Claire’s if the party finishes late.
No, you may not go out on a school night just before your exams.
You should have no trouble passing. You’re good at exams.
10. Look at these pairs of sentences and discuss possible differences in
meaning with a partner.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
He must be on his way. – I must be on my way.
I must stop smoking. – I have to stop smoking.
They must share a flat together. – We must share a flat together.
You don’t have to buy her chocolates. – You mustn’t buy her chocolates.
The exam will have started. – The exam will be starting.
He can’t be married. – We can’t be married.
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REAL ESTATE VALUATION
2nd SEMESTER
Lesson 1: Real estate etymology (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
недвижимость
правосудие, юрисдикция
окружать, охватывать
забор
колодец, источник
недвижимый
иметь отношение к,
принадлежать
bunuri (mobile), avere
движимое имущество
Chattel (n.)
lucru imobil, accesoriu fix
движимое имущество,
Fixture (n.)
соединенное
с
недвижимостью
Appurtenance (n.) apartenenţă, accesoriu, anexă принадлежность
права наследования
Inherent rights (n.) drepturi inerente
cu privire la aceasta, din
вследствие того
Thereof (adv.)
această cauză
a reţine, a păstra
удерживать, сохранять
Retain (v.)
relicvă, amintire
след, остаток, останки
Relic (n.)
a
pretinde,
asusţine,
a требовать, претендовать
Claim (v.)
revendica
Real estate (n.)
Jurisdiction (n.)
Encompass (v.)
Fence (n.)
Well (n.)
Immovable (adj.)
Pertain (v.)
2.
avere imobilă, bun imobiliar
autoritate, juristdicţie
a cuprinde, a conţine
gard, îngrădire, barieră
fîntînă, izvor
imobil, fix
a corespunde la, a fi legat de
Read and translate the text:
Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions, such as the USA, United
Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the Bahamas) that encompasses land along with
improvements to the land, such as buildings, fences, wells and other site
improvements that are fixed in location -- immovable. Real estate law is the body
of regulations and legal codes which pertain to such matters under a particular
jurisdiction and include things such as commercial and residential real property
transactions. Real estate is often considered synonymous with real property
(sometimes called realty), in contrast with personal property (sometimes called
chattel or personality under chattel law or personal property law).
107
However, in some situations the term "real estate" refers to the land and
fixtures together, as distinguished from "real property," referring to ownership
of land and appurtenances, including anything of a permanent nature such as
structures, trees, minerals, and the interest, benefits, and inherent rights thereof.
Real property is typically considered to be immovable property. The terms real
estate and real property are used primarily in common law, while civil law
jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property.
In law, the word real means relating to a thing as distinguished from a
person. Thus the law broadly distinguishes between "real" property (land and
anything affixed to it) and "personal" property (everything else, e.g., clothing,
furniture, money). The conceptual difference was between immovable property,
which would transfer title along with the land, and movable property, which a
person would retain title to. The oldest use of the term "Real Estate" that has been
preserved in historical records was in 1666. This use of "real" also reflects the
ancient and feudal preference for land, and the ownership (and owners) thereof.
Some have claimed that the word real in this sense is descended (like
French royal and Spanish real) from the Latin word for 'king'. In the feudal
system (which has left many traces in the common law) the king was the owner
of all land, and everyone who occupied land paid him rent directly or indirectly
(through lords who in turn paid the king), in cash, goods or services (including
military service). Property tax, paid to the state, can be seen as a relic of that
system, as is the term fee simple. However, this derivation of real is a
misconception.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Descend
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Explanations
Money in the form of bills or coins; currency. Payment for
goods or services in currency or by check.
Misconception The movable articles in a room or an establishment that
make it fit for living or working.
A fixed sum charged, as by an institution or by law, for a
Feudalism
privilege. A charge for professional services. A tip; a
gratuity.
A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding.
Cash
To come down from a source; derive.
Preserve
A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to
Title
about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in
fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and
characterized by homage, legal and military service of
tenants, and forfeiture.
Something that provides a basis for or justifies a claim. A
Record
legitimate or alleged right.
108
8.
9.
10.
4.
Appurtenance To maintain in safety from injury, peril, or harm; protect. To
keep in perfect or unaltered condition; maintain unchanged.
Information or data on a particular subject collected and
Furniture
preserved.
Law. A right, privilege, or property that is considered
Fee
incident to the principal property for purposes such as
passage of title, conveyance, or inheritance.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Real estate law, inherent rights, civil law, directly or indirectly, the land and
fixtures, immovable, encompasses, real property, a thing, movable property.
1. Real estate is a legal term that … land along with improvements to the
land, such as buildings, fences, wells and other site improvements that are fixed
in location – immovable.
2. … is the body of regulations and legal codes which pertain to such
matters under a particular jurisdiction and include things such as commercial
and residential real property transactions.
3. Real estate is often considered synonymous with … in contrast with
personal property.
4. In some situations the term "real estate" refers to … together.
5. The term "real property" refers to ownership of land and appurtenances,
including anything of a permanent nature such as structures, trees, minerals, and
the interest, benefits, and … thereof.
6. Real property is typically considered to be … property.
7. The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in common
law, while … jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property.
8. In law, the word real means relating to …, as distinguished from a person.
9. The conceptual difference was between immovable property, which would
transfer title along with the land, and …, which a person would retain title to.
10. In the feudal system the king was the owner of all land, and everyone who
occupied land paid him … rent, in cash, goods or services.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Improvements to the land, legal codes, real property transactions, fixtures,
appurtenances, a permanent nature, inherent rights, immovable property,
historical records, property tax.
109
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Real estate is often considered synonymous with real property. constant,
"Real property" refers to ownership of land and appurtenances, realty,
man,
including anything of a permanent nature.
immobile,
Real property is typically considered to be immovable property. derived,
In law, the word real means relating to a thing as distinguished proprietorship,
from a person.
hold, concrete,
The conceptual difference was between immovable property, assign, affirm.
which would transfer title along with the land, and movable
property, which a person would retain title to.
Some have claimed that the word real in this sense is descended
from the Latin word for 'king'.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1.Imobilul este un termen juridic care cuprinde terenuri, împreună cu
îmbunătăţiri ale terenului, cum ar fi clădiri, garduri, fântâni şi alte obiecte
imobiliare. 2. Dreptul imobiliar este organul ce stabileşte reglementări şi coduri
juridice, care includ lucruri cum ar fi tranzacţii comerciale şi rezidenţiale de
proprietăţi imobiliare. 3. Termenii real estate şi real property sunt utilizaţi în
principal în dreptul comun, în timp ce jurisdicţiile de drept civil se referă la un
bun imobil. 4. Cea mai veche utilizare a termenului "Real Estate", care a fost
păstrată în evidenţele istorice din anul 1666. 5. În sistemul feudal regele era
proprietarul tuturor terenurilor, şi toţi cei care îi ocupau terenurile îi plăteau
rentă, direct sau indirect.
1. Недвижимость – это юридический термин, включающий в себя землю
наряду с зданиями, заборами, колодцами и другими недвижимыми
объектами. 2. Право в области недвижимости является органом
нормативно-правовых кодексов, которые включают в себя такие вещи, как
сделки по коммерческой и жилой недвижимости. 3. Понятия real estate и
real property в основном используются в системе общего права, а
гражданское право, как правило, ссылается на недвижимое имущество. 4.
Самое раннее упоминание словосочетания “real estate” датируется 1666
годом. 5. При феодализме король был собственником всех земель, и
каждый, кто занимал какую-нибудь территорию, платил королю аренду
напрямую или косвенно.
8. Find antonyms among the following words.
Illegal, improvement, immovable, commercial, descend, directly, misconception, simple, public, temporary, ascend, indirectly, state, conception, compound,
legal, declination, movable, personal, permanent.
110
9. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is real estate?
2. What is real estate law?
3. How is also called the real property?
4. What does the term "real estate" refer to in some situations?
5. What does the term "real property" refer to in some situations?
6. What kind of property is the real property typically considered to be?
7. How are the terms real estate and real property used in common law and
in civil law jurisdictions?
8. What is the etymology of the word real in law?
9. What is the conceptual difference between immovable property and
movable property?
10. What kind of relic is the property tax, paid to the state compared with?
10. Fill in the missing nouns or adjectives into the correct gaps.
Noun
necessity
nervousness
…
…
…
…
…
ugliness
…
…
Adjective
…
…
tragic
movable
occupational
hairy
true
…
hopeful
interested
11.
Relate the text.
12.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To wind, to win, to wake, to upset, to unstuck, to lend, to outrun, to kneel, to
grind, to inbreed, to quit, to rebind, to flee, to test, to dwell.
13.
Project work
Make up a thesaurus. Include there the terms real, property, estate, reflecting
their meaning in different times and countries.
111
Grammar.1. Conditionals
Type 1
Real
present
Type 2
Unreal
present
Type 3
Unreal
past
If-clause
Main clause (result Use
(hypothesis)
clause)
If + any present Future/Imperative
True or likely to
form (Present S., Can/may/must/should + happen
in
the
Present Cont. or Inf.
present or the future
Present Perf.)
Present Simple
If you finish work early, we’ll go for a walk.
If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.
If you are ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
If + Past Simple or
Would/could/might + Inf Untrue
in
the
Past Continuous
present; also used to
give advice
If I had money, I would travel round the world.
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
Would/could/might
+ Imaginary situation
If + Past Perfect or
contrary to facts in
Past
Perfect have + past participle
the past: also used to
Continuous
express regrets or
criticism
If we hadn’t left so early, we would have missed the train.
Grammar exercises.1. Conditionals
1.
Match the parts of the sentences, then identify the type of
conditionals.
1. If Paul enters the competition,
2. She won’t go to work,
3. If he had locked the car,
4. I would buy that vase
5. He wouldn’t have missed the
meeting
A. it wouldn’t have been stolen.
B. if he had been on time.
C. unless she’s better.
D. he’ll win.
E. if I had enough money.
2.
Complete the sentences with some advice.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
If you have a headache, take some aspirin.
If you can’t get to sleep, … .
If you get sunburned, … .
If you want to stop smoking, … .
If you have a problem at the university, … .
If you can’t wake up in the mornings, … .
112
3. Combine the sentences with the time expressions in brackets. Use the
Present Simple.
1.
I’ll cook supper. I’ll come home. (as soon as) – I’ll cook supper as soon
as I come home.
2.
I want to finish my work. We’re going out. (before)
3.
She’s going to look after the cat. I’ll be away on holiday. (while)
4.
We’ll find a hotel. We’ll arrive in Paris.
5.
She won’t speak to him. He’ll say sorry. (until)
6.
Drink your coffee. It’ll get cold. (before)
7.
Don’t cross the road. You’ll see a green man. (until)
4. Choose the time expression which best completes the sentence.
1. Before/If/When we get to our holiday resort, we’ll send you a postcard.
2. Don’t worry, we won’t get lost. But if/until/when we do, we’ll call you on
our mobile.
3. Laura, please wash the dishes until/after/while you’ve finished your meal.
4. As soon as/If/Before we get to London, we’ll go straight to see Big Ben and
the House of Parliament.
5. Could you please get your hair cut while/before/until you go to your sister’s
wedding?
6. My darling, I’ll love you until/when/as soon as I die.
7. Before/Until/As soon as you’ve finished your homework, you can go out with
your friends.
8. Until/If/Before you find out Emma’s exam results, will you please let me
know?
5.
Rewrite the sentences with the unreal condition.
I can’t take you to the airport because I haven’t got a car. – If I had a car I could
take you to the airport.
1. I’ve got a headache. I’m not going swimming.
2. I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you.
3. We won’t have a holiday this year because we haven’t got any money.
4. I haven’t got any spare time so I won’t learn Russian.
5. We haven’t got a big house. We can’t invite friends to stay.
6. There aren’t any eggs, so I won’t make a cake.
7. I’m not very clever, so I won’t be a doctor.
8. I haven’t got a mobile, so you can’t call me.
113
6.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
Bob was getting very bored of lying in his hospital bed, so he was quite happy to
see his Uncle Hamish come into the room. “Hello, Bobby!” shouted Hamish.
“How are you?” “I’d be better if I ___ (not/lie) in this hospital,” grumbled Bob.
“Oh, cheer up!” said Hamish. “You ___ (never/get) better if you have such a
negative attitude.” “You’d have a negative attitude too if you ___ (be) stuck in
this boring room with no TV for 24 hours a day!” “Well, you have no one to
blame but yourself,” said Hamish. “If you had not been driving so fast, ___
(not/crash) into that tree.” “Oh no, Uncle Hamish. Don’t say that. If one more
person ___ (say) that to me, I swear I’ll punch them,” said Bob. “Now, now
Bobby! If I were you, I ___ (be) more polite to my visitors. You’re going to be
in here for a few weeks, and if you’re rude to people, they ___ (not/come) to see
you,” warned Hamish. “I’m sorry,” Bob apologised. “I promise I’ll be polite as
long as you ___ (not/mention) my careless driving again.” “Ok Bobby,” agreed
Hamish. “I’m sorry too. I wouldn’t have mentioned it if I ___ (know) how upset
it makes you.”
7.
Here are some sentences said by a parent. Match clauses from
Column A with clauses from Column B and add if to make realistic
sentences.
A
1. take a front door key
2. you’re going to listen to that awful
music
3. you don’t put your toys away
4. you hurt yourself
5. you’ll be late for school
6. you’ve finished your dinner
7. you haven’t finished your homework
8. you are going to be silly
9. I might buy you an ice-cream
10. you’re going to phone a friend
8.
B
I’ll give them all away
you can leave the table
you can’t play computer games
you’re going to stay out late
you’re good
don’t come crying to me
keep it short
shut your bedroom door
I’m not playing
you don’t hurry up
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
“If you don’t work harder at school, you ___ (never/get) a good job.” I
remember my parents saying these words to me when I was at school. If I had
listened to them then, I ___ (not/become) what I am now. I ___ (be) so much
more if I had tried harder. I haven’t always been a tramp actually; when I left
school I had a job as a milkman and if the hours had been easier, I ___ (do) it for
much longer, but I hated getting up so early in the morning. When I lost my job,
114
I ___ (cannot/pay) the rent, so my landlord said that if I ___ (not/get) another
job, I would be on the street; and before I knew it, I was. I could have got
another job if I ___ (want) to, but at first I quite enjoyed the freedom of the
outdoor life. If you sleep out in summer, it ___ (not/be) too bad, but in winter
it’s awful. If I ___ (can/change) anything about my life now, I would get in
touch with my family again, even though I know they would only say, “If you’d
worked harder at school, you ___ (not/get) yourself in this situation.”
9.
Match a line in A with a line in B with a line in C.
A
1. If you go to Paris,
2. If we can afford it,
3. If I don’t hear from
you today,
4. If the music is too
loud,
5. If we don’t leave
soon,
6. If there’s nothing
interesting
in
the
window,
7. If she has to work late,
8. If Daniel rings,
B
we’ll be late for school.
go inside the shop.
tell him I never want to
see him again.
we’ll buy a new car
soon.
she’ll phone you from
the office.
you can turn down the
radio.
you must go to the top of
the Eiffel Tower.
I’ll phone you tomorrow.
C
She might not be at home
until 9.00.
The views are fantastic.
The one we have now is
very unreliable.
I don’t mind.
It’ll be the second time
this week.
He really hurt my
feelings.
I need to talk to you
about something.
You
might
find
something you like.
10. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
If I won 1,000,000 euro, …
If you do well in the interview, ….
If you had caught the bus, …
Only if you save your money, …
If I could speak Chinese, …
If I were younger, …
Lesson 2: Real Property (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Maşini, utilaj, mecanism, instalaţii оборудование, техника
mecanice, organ de maşină
приобретение
Acquisition (n.) Achiziţie, achiziţionare
Machinery (n.)
115
Agent imobiliar
реэлтор,
агент
по
продаже недвижимости
доступный,
Verifiable (adj.) Verificabil, controlabil
поддающийся проверке
Limită, graniţă, hotar
граница, рубеж
Boundary (n.)
Morman de pietre, piatră de hotar пирамида из камней
Cairn (n.)
Moşii
собственность, имение
Estates (n.)
Act, faptă, fapt, lucru, contract, действие; договор
Deed (n.)
titlu
Arendă, arendare, chirie
аренда, наем
Lease (n.)
A dobândi, a
achiziţiona, a приобретать
Acquire (v.)
obţine, a procura, a câştiga
A investi, a împuternici cu наделять, облекать
Vest (v.)
drepturi
Chiriaş, locatar, arendaş
арендатор, владелец
Tenant (n.)
Fee simple (n.) Drept de moştenire fără restricţii право наследования без
ограничения
Donator
лицо, передающее право
Grantor (n.)
Moştenitor, urmaş
наследник
Heir (n.)
Realtor (n.)
2.
Read and translate the text:
Real property refers to land and the improvements made by human
efforts—buildings, machinery, the acquisition of various property rights, and the
like. Real property is also termed realty, real estate, and immovable
property. In countries with personal ownership of real property, civil law
protects the status in realty markets, where realtors work in realty selling real
estate. Scottish civil law calls it heritable property, and in France it is said
immobilier.
To be of any value a claim to any property must be accompanied by a
verifiable and legal property description. Such a description could make use of
natural boundaries such as river and roads, or make use of purpose made
markers such as cairns, posts, survey marks, etc.
The law recognizes different sorts of interests, called estates, in real
property. Estates are distinguished by the varying property rights that vest in
each, and that determine the duration and transferability of the various estates. A
party enjoying an estate is called a "tenant." Some important types of estates in
land include:
· Fee simple: An estate of indefinite duration that can be freely transferred.
The most common and perhaps most absolute type of estate, under which the
tenant enjoys the greatest discretion over the disposition of the property.
116
Conditional Fee simple: An estate lasting forever as long as one or more
conditions stipulated by the deeds grantor does not occur. If such a condition
does occur, the property reverts to the grantor, or a remainder interest is passed
on to a third party.
· Fee tail: An estate which, upon the death of the tenant, is transferred to
his heirs.
· Life estate: An estate lasting for the natural life of the grantee, called a
"life tenant." If a life estate can be sold, a sale does not change its duration,
which is limited by the natural life of the original grantee.
· A life estate pur autre vie is held by one person for the natural life of
another person. Such an estate may arise if the original life tenant sells her life
estate to another, or if the life estate is originally granted pur autre vie.
· Leasehold: An estate of limited duration, as set out in a contract, called a
lease, between the party granted the leasehold, called the lessee, and another
party, called the lessor, having a longer lived estate in the property. For
example, an apartment-dweller with a one year lease has a leasehold estate in
her apartment. Lessees typically agree to pay a stated rent to the lessor.
·
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Lessor
2.
Lessee
3.
Apartmentdweller
4.
Lease
5.
6.
7.
Tenant
Heir
Deed
8.
9.
10.
Bill
Duration
Revert
Explanations
Law. A document sealed as an instrument of bond,
contract, or conveyance, especially relating to
property.
Law. One who holds or possesses lands, tenements, or
sometimes personal property by any kind of title.
A contract granting use or occupation of property
during a specified period in exchange for a specified
rent.
A person who inherits or is entitled by law or by the
terms of a will to inherit the estate of another. A
person who succeeds or is in line to succeed to a
hereditary rank, title, or office.
One that lets property under a lease.
Continuance or persistence in time.
Law. To return to the former owner or to the former
owner's heirs.
The one who lives as a resident in an apartment.
One that holds a lease.
Law. A document presented to a court and containing a
formal statement of a case, complaint, or petition.
117
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Heirs, a "tenant", heritable property, realty, fee simple, the lessee, duration,
civil law, description, transferability.
1. Real property is also termed …, real estate, and immovable property.
2. In countries with personal ownership of real property, … protects the
status in realty markets, where realtors work in realty selling real estate.
3. Scottish civil law calls it …, and in France it is said immobilier.
4. To be of any value a claim to any property must be accompanied by a
verifiable and legal property … .
5. Estates are distinguished by the varying property rights that vest in each,
and that determine the duration and … of the various estates.
6. A party enjoying an estate is called … .
7. The most common and perhaps most absolute type of estate, under which the
tenant enjoys the greatest discretion over the disposition of the property is the … .
8. Fee tail in an estate which, upon the death of the tenant, is transferred to his ... .
9. If a life estate can be sold, a sale does not change its …, which is limited
by the natural life of the original grantee.
10. Leasehold is an estate of limited duration, as set out in a contract, called a
lease, between the party granted the leasehold, called …, and another party,
called the lessor, having a longer lived estate in the property.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Human efforts, personal ownership, realty markets, natural boundaries,
indefinite duration, the greatest discretion, a sale duration, lease, an apartmentdweller, to pay a rent.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
The law recognizes different sorts of interests, called estates, in
real property.
Fee simple is an estate of indefinite duration that can be freely
transferred.
Conditional Fee simple is an estate lasting forever as long as one
or more conditions stipulated by the deeds grantor does not occur.
If a life estate can be sold, a sale does not change its duration,
which is limited by the natural life of the original grantee.
Fee tail is an estate which, upon the death of the tenant, is
transferred to his heirs.
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acknowledge,
recipient,
continuance,
kinds,
specify.
always,
heritage,
marketing,
beneficiary,
plainly.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1.Bunurile imobile se referă la terenuri şi îmbunătăţirile efectuate de către
eforturile umane - clădiri, utilaje, achiziţionarea diferitor drepturi de proprietate,
şi altele. 2. O astfel de descriere ar putea include informaţii despre graniţele
naturale, cum ar fi râuri şi drumuri, sau să utilizeze indicatori (marcheri) speciali
cum ar fi mormanele de pietre, posturile, mărcile de sondaj etc. 3. Tipul de
imobil este în general determinat în dependenţă de limba contractului, leasing
sau factura de vânzare prin care a fost achiziţionat imobilul. 4. O proprietate pe
viaţă pur autre vie este deţinută de către o persoană fizică pe parcursul vieţii
unei alte persoane. 5. Arenda este dreptul de durată limitată de a beneficia de un
imobil, astfel cum este prevăzut în contract.
1. Недвижимость – это земля и блага, созданные человеческими усилиями
– здания, машины, приобретение различных прав собственности, и тому
подобное. 2. Такое описание может включать сведения о естественных
границах, таких как реки и дороги, или использовать специально
созданные маркеры, такие как горы из камней, столбы, урочища и др. 3.
Тип недвижимости, как правило, определяется языком сделки, арендой или
документом о купли-продаже, с помощью которого имущество было
приобретено. 4. Прижизненной недвижимостью pur autre vie владеет
человек в течение естественной жизни другого человека. 5. Аренда –
владение недвижимостью в течение ограниченного периода, в
соответствие с контрактом.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Better, more, thin, bright, soft, valuable, peaceful, cheap, noisy, wise, foolish,
hard, fat, violent, worse, dull, quiet, less, worthless, expensive.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What does real property refer to?
2. What are other synonyms of the term real property?
3. How is real property called in Scotland and in France?
4. What should a claim to any property be accompanied by in order to be of
any value?
5. What are the factors that generally determine the type of estate?
6. What is a fee simple?
7. What is the difference between a fee simple and a conditioned fee simple?
8. How do we call the estate which, upon the death of the tenant, is
transferred to his heirs?
9. Describe the life estate.
10. What is the leasehold?
119
10. Find out the correct part of speech of the following underlined words.
Write the underlined words into the correct column:
1. Steve can play the trumpet.
2. Do you like dogs?
3. They listen to music every day.
4. She is an old lady.
5. The group went climbing in the mountains.
6. This is a fast car.
7. He did well in the test.
8. My father drives carefully.
9. Has your father ever been to Australia?
10. The play was fantastic.
Adjective
Auxiliary
Verb
Noun
11.
Relate the text.
12.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
Adverb
To dream, to bite, to cling, to cost, to arise, to awake, to beat, to broadcast, to
burn, to thrust, to type, to typewrite, to undertake, to uphold, to upset.
13.
Project work
Make up a list of types of the estate. Write per 1 example of the situation each of
the types would be the most appropriate.
Grammar.2. Passive Voice
The passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past
participle. Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Past Perfect
Continuous are not normally used in the passive.
Active Voice
Passive Voice
They serve dinner at Dinner is served at 6.00.
Present Simple
6.00.
They
were
serving Dinner was served.
Past Continuous
dinner.
They will serve dinner.
Dinner will be served.
Future Simple
120
Note: Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express something
happening by accident.
e.g. He got hurt last Monday. (more usual than: He was hurt last Monday.)
The passive is used
· when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant
or obvious from the context. e.g. The door had been locked. (we don’t know
who locked it – unknown agent)
· when we are interested more in the action than the agent, such as in news
reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc.
e.g. The whole area was evacuated.
· to make statements more formal or polite. e.g. “My dress has been
ruined.” (more polite than saying “You ruined my dress.”)
· to put emphasis on the agent. e.g. The Pyramids were built by the ancient
Egyptians.
Grammar exercises.2. Passive Voice
1.
Rewrite the sentences using the passive.
Somebody broke my glasses. – My glasses were broken.
1. Nobody asked him to come.
2. Somebody left the lights on.
3. Somebody told me about it yesterday.
4. Nobody invited her to the party.
5. Somebody took us to the hospital.
6. Nobody gave them any information.
7. Did anybody find the missing child?
8. Did anything disturb you in the night?
2.
Complete the sentences with was, were, did or had.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3.
The flight … delayed because of bad weather.
… you do much sightseeing when you visited Paris?
They … leaving for the train station when I last saw them.
I … forgotten to set my alarm clock, so I was late for work.
… it raining when you left the cinema?
The workers … told last night that the factory was closing.
The police found the money which … been stolen from the bank.
The fire … caused by an electrical problem.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form.
Something should be done (do) to protect holidaymakers from awful
experiences. So many articles ___ (write) so far in the newspapers and
magazines warning tourists to guard against being victims of tricksters. The
121
brochure advertisements ought to ___ (approve) by ABTA before ___ (publish)
to ensure that the details which ___ (give) aren’t misleading or inaccurate. Mr.
and Mrs. Brown had a typical bad holiday experience. They arrived at the old
hotel which was situated in the middle of nowhere. The brochure claimed that it
___ (build) recently, but it was obvious that it was old. It ___ (not/decorate) for
years and the paint was peeling off the walls. The previous owners had sold the
hotel, which ___ (buy) by an elderly couple. They ___ (advise) by their children
to employ staff to manage it but, unfortunately, people ___ (still/interview) at
the time when Mr and Mrs Brown arrived. Food ___ (not/serve) in the restaurant
and guests ___ (expect) to make their own arrangements. As if that wasn’t
enough, when they went to their rooms, they found the bad linen ___
(not/change) after the previous occupants. As far as Mr and Mrs Brown were
concerned the hotel should ___ (close) until adequate staff ___ (employ). It is
certainly nothing like the hotel which ___ (describe) in the brochure.
* ABTA - Association of British Travel Agents
4.
Change from the active into the passive. Omit the agent where it can
be omitted.
1. You should take these tablets before meals.
2. You must wash coloured clothes separately.
3. The teacher sent him out of the classroom.
4. Thousands of British tourists will visit Spain this summer.
5. The dentist pulled out my rotten tooth.
6. The police are questioning him now.
7. Someone has made a complaint.
8. They had left the lights on.
9. I broke my arm when I fell out of a tree.
10. The horrible old man was slowly poisoning the cat.
11. The snow will have covered the mountains by Christmas.
12. The waitress serves breakfast at 7 a.m.
13. Her parents made her clean her room.
14. Someone had warned her that she might lose her job.
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Fill in by or with.
Most children are strongly influenced ___ their parents.
The jam sandwiches were made ___ white bread.
Jake was dismissed ___ his boss.
The show was presented ___ Mr Jones.
The parcels were tired ___ strings.
The meal was eaten ___ chopsticks.
The song was performed ___ Madonna.
This awful mess was made ___ Carol’s dog.
122
i) The football fans were observed ___ the police.
j) My hair was cut ___ a top stylist.
k) The goal was scored ___ Liverpool’s youngest player.
l) The beds were made up ___ clean sheets.
m) The supermarket trolley was filled ___ cat food.
n) My camera was loaded ___ a black and white film.
6.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form.
Last week a new leisure centre ___ (open) in the town of Halden. The centre ___
(believe) to be the largest in Europe and it ___ (hope) that it ___ (visit) by over
40.000 people a month. The centre ___ (plan) for over ten years, but it ___
(only/make) possible by a large government grant. Unfortunately, it ___
(not/finish) yet, but it ___ (think) that it ___ (complete) by next month. The
centre includes an Olympic-size swimming pool and fifty tennis courts which
___ (can/book) by phone. The gym ___ (claim) to be the most modern in the
country. The equipment ___ (buy) in Germany and training ___ (provide) by
five top instructors. Entrance fees are cheap because half the cost ___ (pay) by
the local council, so many local people will be able to afford them.
7.
Turn from Active into Passive.
1. An expert is restoring the antique car.
2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films.
3. The judge has fined him $300.
4. A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
5. A famous designer is going to redecorate the President’s house.
6. The Romans founded Bath in the first century A.D.
7. A nightmare woke Mary up.
8. Muslims celebrate Ramadam.
9. Van Gogh painted “Sunflowers”.
10. Astronauts are exploring space.
8.
Rewrite the following passage in the passive.
My parents own the best restaurant in our town. Last weekend my father
dismissed the head waiter as he had stolen some stock from the cellar. My father
is going to hire a new waiter as he is doing all the work by himself at the
moment. He asked me to help serve the food. However, I mixed up all the orders
and the customers made several complaints. I’m sure my father will never ask
me to help him again!
123
9.
Read the review and complete it with a verb in the correct tense,
active or passive.
regard show feel like make
Don’t get me wrong. I liked Shrek 2. When the film … in cinemas last week,
kids and their mums and dads … it, too. But the first Shrek will be the one that
… as a classic.
The most striking thing about the original Shrek was its freshness. It … new and
exciting, because of the progress that … by the film industry in animation
techniques. With Shrek 2, of course, there isn’t the same surprise.
marry tell rescue introduce not make
The film begins in traditional fairytale style in the Kingdom of Far Far Away, as
Prince Charming … the story of how he tried to rescue Princess Fiona from the
Dragon. But, of course, Fiona … already … by our loveble monster Shrek, and
what’s more, she’s … him! Now Shrek … by his new wife to his parents-in-law.
Predictably, he … a good impression on the King and Queen.
base not write voice love be
end
There are many new characters, by far the best one being Puss-in-Boots, who
… by Antonio Banderas. Amusingly, this character … on the actor’s film role of
Zorro.
However, the plot … by the original creative team, and it shows. The story …
with a typically Hollywood feel-good message: that whether you … black,
white, purple, or a green monster, you … still … for who you are inside. And
unfortunately, that’s the biggest fairy tale of all.
10.
Rewrite the newspaper headlines as complete sentences.
1.
RARE BIRD FOUND IN REMOUTE COUNTRYSIDE – A rare bird has
been found in the remote countryside.
2.
QUEEN WELCOMED TO AUSTRALIA YESTERDAY
3.
NEW JERSEY TO BE HIT BY BAD WEATHER TOMORROW
4.
FIVE PEOPLE INJURED IN CAR ACCIDENT
5.
EXPERIMENTS BEING CARRIED OUT ON MOON ROCKS
6.
POP CONCERT CALLED OFF YESTERDAY BECAUSE OF RAIN
124
Lesson 3: Real Estate Broker/Agent (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Reference (n.)
Fiduciary (adj.)
On behalf of (adv.)
Liabilities (n. pl.)
Beyond (prep.)
Terms (n. pl.)
Commission (n.)
Entitle (v.)
Principals (n. pl.)
Render (v)
Salesperson (n.)
Handle (v.)
Agent,
comisionar,
negustor
Parte
(la
tratative),
participant, persoană
A încerca, a face o
tentativă
Referire, trimitere
Fiduaciar
În numele
Pasive
Dincolo de
Condiţii, termeni
Împuternicire, mandat
A întitula
Directorii
A presta
Agent de vînzări
A mînui
Merely (adv.)
Pur şi simplu
Broker (n.)
Party (n.)
Attempt (v.)
2.
маклер,
агент
по
недвижимости
сторона (по делу, в
договоре)
пытаться, пробовать
ссылка, упоминание
попечитель
от имени …
пассив, обязательства
вне, за пределами
условия, сроки
патент, поручение
предоставлять право
руководители
предоставлять
агент по продажам
держать
в
руках,
контролировать
просто, только, лишь
Read and translate the text:
A real estate broker is a term in the United States and real estate agent
in Canada that describes a party who acts as an intermediary between sellers and
buyers of real estate (or real property as it is known elsewhere) and attempts to
find sellers who wish to sell and buyers who wish to buy. In the United States,
the relationship was originally established by reference to the English common
law of agency with the broker having a fiduciary relationship with his clients.
Estate agent is the term used in the United Kingdom to describe a person
or organization whose business is to market real estate on behalf of clients, but
there are significant differences between the actions and liabilities of brokers
and estate agents in each country. Beyond the US, other countries take markedly
different approaches to the marketing and selling of real property.
In the US, real estate brokers and their salespersons (commonly called
"real estate agents" or, in some states, "brokers") assist sellers in marketing
their property and selling it for the highest possible price under the best terms.
When acting as a Buyer's agent with a signed agreement (or, in many cases,
verbal agreement, although a broker may not be legally entitled to his
125
commission unless the agreement is in writing), they assist buyers by helping
them purchase property for the lowest possible price under the best terms.
Without a signed agreement, may assist buyers in the acquisition of property but
still represent the seller and the seller's interests.
In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a license
before they may receive remuneration for services rendered as a real estate
broker. Unlicensed activity is illegal, but buyers and sellers acting as principals
in the sale or purchase of real estate are not required to be licensed. In some
states, lawyers are allowed to handle real estate sales for compensation without
being licensed as brokers or agents.
It is also necessary to give an explanation of the difference between
salespersons and brokers. Before the Multiple Listing Service was introduced in
1967, when brokers (and their agents) only represented sellers, the term "real
estate salesperson" may have been more apt than it is today, given the various
ways that brokers and agents now help buyers through the process rather than
merely "selling" them a property. Legally, however, the term "salesperson" is
still used in many states to describe a real estate agent.
3.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Match the words with their explanations:
Words
To market
Explanations
Official or legal permission to do or own a specified
thing. A document, plate, or tag that is issued as proof of
official or legal permission.
One that acts as an agent for others, as in negotiating
Liabilities
contracts, purchases, or sales in return for a fee or
commission.
The amount as of money or goods, asked for or given in
Price
exchange for something else. The cost at which
something is obtained.
Something, such as money, given or received as payment
Agreement
or reparation, as for a service or loss.
To purchase The financial obligations entered in the balance sheet of a
business enterprise.
Exactly suitable; appropriate.
License
Remunerate A properly executed and legally binding contract. An
arrangement between parties regarding a course of action;
a covenant.
Compensation To offer for sale, to sell.
To obtain in exchange for money or its equivalent; buy.
Apt
To acquire by effort; earn.
To pay (a person) a suitable equivalent in return for goods
Broker
provided, services rendered, or losses incurred; recompense.
126
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
On behalf of, the best terms, unlicensed activity, a real estate agent, an
intermediary, the actions and liabilities, receive remuneration, through the
process, a signed agreement, lawyers.
1. A real estate broker is a term in the United States and real estate agent in
Canada that describes a party who acts as … between sellers and buyers of real
estate and attempts to find sellers who wish to sell and buyers who wish to buy.
2. Estate agent is the term used in the United Kingdom to describe a person
or organization whose business is to market real estate … clients.
3. There are significant differences between … of brokers and estate agents
in each country.
4. In the US, real estate brokers and their salespersons assist sellers in
marketing their property and selling it for the highest possible price under … .
5. Without …, brokers may assist buyers in the acquisition of property but
still represent the seller and the seller's interests.
6. In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a license
before they may … for services rendered as a real estate broker.
7. … is illegal, but buyers and sellers acting as principals in the sale or
purchase of real estate are not required to be licensed.
8. In some states, … are allowed to handle real estate sales for compensation
without being licensed as brokers or agents.
9. Brokers and agents now help buyers … rather than merely "selling" them
a property.
10. Legally, however, the term "salesperson" is still used in many states to
describe … .
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
An intermediary between sellers and buyers, common law, relationship with
clients, to market real estate, the actions and liabilities, the highest possible
price, remuneration for services, to handle sales, salespersons and brokers,
unlicensed activity.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
A real estate broker is a party who acts as an intermediary
between sellers and buyers of real estate.
There are significant differences between the actions and
liabilities of brokers and estate agents in each country.
In the US, real estate brokers and their salespersons assist
sellers in marketing their property and selling it for the highest
possible price under the best terms.
127
land property,
state,
estate,
procurement,
mediator,
permission,
important,
In most jurisdictions in the United States, a person must have a
license before they may receive remuneration for services
rendered as a real estate broker.
Unlicensed activity is illegal, but buyers and sellers acting as
principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are not required
to be licensed.
7.
real
estate
agents,
salary,
criminal.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Un broker de imobiliare este partea care acţionează în calitate de intermediar
între vânzătorii şi cumpărătorii de bunuri imobiliare. 2. Un agent imobiliar este o
persoană sau o organizaţie a cărei activitate este de a comercializa imobil în
numele clienţilor. 3. În majoritatea jurisdicţiilor din Statele Unite, o persoană
trebuie să aibă o licenţă înainte ca aceasta să poată primi o remunerare pentru
serviciile prestate în calitate de broker imobiliar. 4. Brokerii însoţesc cumpărătorii ajutându-le să achiziţioneze proprietate la cel mai mic preţ posibil şi cu
cele mai bune condiţii. 5. Există diferenţe semnificative între acţiunile şi
pasivele brokerilor şi agenţilor imobiliari din fiecare ţară.
1. Маклер – это сторона, выступающая в качестве посредника между
продавцом и покупателем недвижимости. 2. Агент по продаже домов –
человек или организация, в чьи обязанности входит торговля недвижимостью по поручению клиента. 3. В большинстве юрисдикций Соединенных Штатов, прежде чем оказывать риэлторские услуги, необходимо
обладать лицензией. 4. Маклеры помогают покупателям приобрести
недвижимость по наиболее низкой стоимости и в кратчайшие сроки. 5. В
каждой стране действия и обязательства маклеров и агентов по
недвижимости существенно отличаются.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
A seller, interesting, curly, cheap, stupid, soft, vain, alive, wide, flat, a buyer,
humble, straight, intelligent, uneven, dead, hard, narrow, expensive, boring.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is a real estate broker?
2. Give another synonym for this term.
3. What does the term estate agent used in the United Kingdom mean?
4. What is the task of real estate brokers and their salespersons in the US?
5. What do real estate brokers and their salespersons do when acting as a
Buyer's agent with a signed agreement?
6. May brokers assist buyers in the acquisition of property without a signed
agreement?
128
7. What must a person have before they may receive remuneration for services
rendered as a real estate broker in most jurisdictions in the United States?
8. Is unlicensed activity legal? When is it legal?
9. Are lawyers allowed to handle real estate sales?
10. What is the difference between salespersons and brokers?
10. Relate the text.
11. Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To fight, to begin, to smile, to maintain, to put, to sound, to penetrate, to kill, to
break apart, to cut off, to stimulate, to observe, to be, to become, to pay.
12. Fill in the missing nouns or verbs into the correct gaps.
Verb
…
submit
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
invite
Noun
culture
…
feeling
violator
argument
pointer
disappointment
detection
shake
…
13. Project work
Write an advertisement for a newspaper. You are looking for a broker/estate
agent, enumerate the qualities, characteristics and duties he/she must possess.
Grammar.3. Reported Speech
We often report what people think or what they have said. In writing we may
report their actual words in a quotation:
• 'I suppose you've heard the latest news,' she said.
The reporting clause ('she said', 'Carter replied', etc.) can come before,
within, or at the end of the quotation.
In the English used in stories and novels, the reporting verb (e.g. say, reply, ask) is
often placed before the subject when the reporting clause comes after the quotation:
• 'When will you be back?' asked Arnold, (or ...Arnold asked.)
However, we don't use this order when the subject is a pronoun:
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• 'And after that I moved to Italy,' she continued, (not ...continued she.)
More commonly, especially in speech, we report in our own words what
people think or what they have said. When we do this we can use sentences that
have a reporting clause and a reported clause:
reporting clause
reported clause
She explained
(that) she couldn't take the job until January,
To report what somebody didn't say or think, we make the reporting verb
negative:
• He didn't tell me how he would get to London.
lf we want to report a negative sentence, then we normally report this in the
reported clause
• 'You're right, it isn't a good idea.' — He agreed that it wasn't a good idea.
However, with some verbs, to report a negative sentence we make the verb in
the reporting clause negative instead:
• 'I'm sure it's not dangerous.' — She didn't think it was dangerous, (rather
than She thought it wasn't dangerous.)
Other verbs like this include believe, expect, feel, intend, plan, propose,
suppose, want.
In reported questions we use the affirmative word order and the question
mark becomes a full stop. To report a question we use:
a) ask + wh-word when the direct question begins with a wh-word;
e.g. He said, “What are you doing?” – He asked what I was doing.
b) ask + if/whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb.
e.g. He said, “Did you enjoy the party?” – He asked if/whether I enjoyed/had
enjoyed the party.
We sometimes report people's words and thoughts using a noun in the
reporting clause followed by a reported that-, to-infinitive-, or if-clause:
• The claim is often made that smoking causes heart disease.
• The company yesterday carried out its threat to dismiss workers on strike.
• John raised the question of how the money would be collected.
Certain words change as follows: this – that, these – those, here – there.
• ‘Put this box down over here,’ she said. – She told him to put that box down
over there.
Reported speech
Direct speech
= that night, that day, that week/month/year
tonight, today, this week/
month/ year
= then, at that time, at once, immediately
now
= since
now that
yesterday, last
= the day before, the previous
night/week/month/year
night/week/month/year
= the following day/the day after, the
tomorrow, next
following/next week/month/year
week/month/year
two days/months/years etc ago = two days/months/years etc before
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Grammar exercises.3. Reported Speech
1.
Report what was said, quoting the speaker's exact words with one of
the following reporting verbs. Put the reporting clause after the quotation
and give alternative word orders where possible.
announce command complain decide
plead
promise
remark
wonder
e.g. I’ll certainly help you tomorrow, (John) – ‘I’ll certainly help you
tomorrow,’ John promised.
1. Don't come near me. (she)
2. We're getting married! (Emma)
3. Why did they do that? (he)
4. I think Robin was right after all. (he)
5. Those flowers look nice. (Liz)
6. This coffee's cold, (she)
7. Please let me go to the party. (Dan)
2.
Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks
where necessary.
a. Where is the police office? (Do you know …) Do you know where the police
office is?
b. What have you told her? (I wonder …)
c. Are we going out tonight? (I want to know …)
d. Is this correct? (I doubt …)
e. Whose car is this? (I wonder …)
f. Does this train stop at Leeds? (Could you tell me …)
3.
Fill in: say, tell or ask in the correct form.
First, the headmaster … good morning. Then he … us that the police had been …
questions about hooliganism at school. The police … that some pupils had been
seen breaking windows. Several boys were … if they knew anything but of course
they … nothing. They were probably … lies. The headmaster … us all for
information. He … we must … him the names of those involved. Well, I know
who they were. But I can’t … him the secret. … the truth is not always easy, is it?
4. Fiona went for an interview last week. First read, then report Mr.
Robert’s questions.
1. “Why do you want to work for Portman Plastics?” – Mr. Robert asked Fiona …
2. “How long were you employed at Samson’s’ Steel?” –
131
3. “Can you speak French?” –
4. “Are you familiar with the plastics industry?” –
5. “Why did you leave your last place of employment?” –
6. “Is this the first time you have applied for a managerial post?” –
7. “Would you be willing to move to Paris?”
8. “When did you graduate?” –
9. “What salary would you hope to receive?” –
10. “May I check your references?” –
5.
Check the following from Direct into Reported Speech.
1. “Where have you been?” he said to me.
2. “Close your eyes and open the parcel,” she said to me.
3. “I’m writing my autobiography,” said Paul.
4. They said to her, “We hope you will lend us your car.”
5. “Please sir, can I have some more food?” said Oliver.
6. “Go to your room and stay there!” said her father.
7. “Don’t walk on the grass,” the park attendant said to us.
8. “Did you pay the electricity bill?” he said to his wife.
9. “I’ll phone you at seven o’clock tonight,” she said to him.
10. “What size shoes do you take?” the shop assistant said to him.
Lesson 4: Types of Value (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Seek (v.)
Appraisal (n.)
Asset (n.)
A
willing
buyer/seller
Wherein (adv.)
A cash flow (n.)
Liquidation (n.)
To compel (v.)
Timeframe (n.)
A căuta, a explora, a
cerceta, a urmări un scop
Stabilire,
evaluare,
preţuire, estimare
Bun de preţ
(adj.) Un cumpărător-vînzător
dispus
Prin care, unde
Un flux de numerar
Lichidare,
achitare,
desfiinţare, amortizare
A obliga, a sili, a
constrânge, a forţa, a
impune, a strâmtora
Termen
132
искать, преследовать
цель, добиваться
оценка
(стоимости),
анализ, изучение
актив
заинтересованный
покупатель/продавец
в/при котором
движение наличности
уплата,
погашение
(долга)
заставлять, добиваться
сроки,
рамки
временные
To be willing to do sth
(v.)
Subjective valuation (n.)
Market value (n.)
Neighbouring
(adj.)
property
Corporate finance (n.)
A merger (n.)
Entail (v.)
2.
A fi dispus de a face ceva хотеть что-то сделать
Evaluare subiectivă
Cursul pieţii
Proprietate de vecinătate
субъективная оценка
рыночная цена
соседствующая
собственность
Finanţe corporative
финансы компании
O fuziune
слияние,
присоединение
A aduce după sine, a влечь
за
собой,
cauza, a antrena, a вызывать
implica, a determina
Read and translate the text:
There are several types and definitions of value sought by a real estate
appraisal. Some of the most common are:
· Market Value – The price at which an asset would trade in a competitive
Walrasian auction setting. Market Value is usually interchangeable with Open
Market Value or Fair Value. International Valuation Standards (IVS) define
Market Value as:
Market Value is the estimated amount for which a property should exchange
on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an armslength transaction after proper marketing wherein the parties had each acted
knowledgeably, prudently, and without compulsion.
· Value-in-use – The net present value (NPV) of a cash flow that an asset
generates for a specific owner under a specific use. Value-in-use is the value to
one particular user, and is usually below the market value of a property.
· Investment value - is the value to one particular investor, and is usually
higher than the market value of a property.
· Insurable value - is the value of real property covered by an insurance
policy. Generally it does not include the site value.
· Liquidation value – may be analyzed as either a forced liquidation or an
orderly liquidation and is a commonly sought standard of value in bankruptcy
proceedings. It assumes a seller who is compelled to sell after an exposure
period which is less than the market-normal timeframe.
It is important to distinguish between market value and price. A price obtained
for a specific property under a specific transaction may or may not represent that
property's market value: special considerations may have been present, such as a
special relationship between the buyer and the seller, or else the transaction may
have been part of a larger set of transactions in which the parties had engaged.
Another possibility is that a special buyer may have been willing to pay a premium
over and above the market value, if his subjective valuation of the property (its
133
investment value for him) was higher than the market value. An example of this
would be the owner of a neighbouring property who, by combining his own
property with the subject property, could thereby obtain economies-of-scale. Such
situations often arise in corporate finance, as for example when a merger or
acquisition is concluded at a price which is higher than the value represented by the
price of the underlying stock. The usual rationale for these valuations would be that
the “sum is greater than its parts”, since full ownership of a company entails special
privileges for which a potential purchaser would be willing to pay. Such situations
arise in real estate/property markets as well. It is the task of the real estate
appraiser/property valuer to judge whether a specific price obtained under a
specific transaction is indicative of market value.
3.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Match the words with their explanations:
Words
Value
Explanations
Law A debtor that, upon voluntary petition or one invoked by the debtor's creditors, is judged legally insolvent.
The debtor's remaining property is then administered for
the creditors or is distributed among them.
A sum of money or bonus paid in addition to a regular
Auction
price, salary, or other amount.
The one who estimates officially the worth or value or
Invest
quality of things.
A public sale in which property or items of
Cash
merchandise are sold to the highest bidder.
An amount, as of goods, services, or money,
Bankrupt
considered to be a fair and suitable equivalent for
something else; a fair price or return.
To commit (money or capital) in order to gain a
Premium
financial return.
Economies
of The one who obtains in exchange for money or its
equivalent; buyer.
scale
Arms’
length Money in the form of bills or coins; currency.
transaction
Reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased
Purchaser
production, realized through operational efficiencies. It
can be accomplished because as production increases,
the cost of producing each additional unit falls.
A transaction between two related or affiliated parties
Appraiser
that is conducted as if they were unrelated, so that
there is no question of a conflict of interest. Or
sometimes, a transaction between two otherwise
unrelated or affiliated parties.
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4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Bankruptcy proceedings, economies-of-scale, property valuer, the price,
insurable value, establishing a price, value-in-use, underlying stock, investment
value, may or may not represent.
1. Market Value represents … at which an asset would trade in a
competitive Walrasian auction setting.
2. … is the value to one particular user, and is usually below the market
value of a property.
3. … - is the value to one particular investor, and is usually higher than the
market value of a property.
4. … - is the value of real property covered by an insurance policy.
5. Liquidation value is a commonly sought standard of value in … .
6. A price obtained for a specific property under a specific transaction …
that property's market value.
7. Special considerations may have been present in …, such as a special
relationship between the buyer and the seller, or else the transaction may have
been part of a larger set of transactions in which the parties had engaged.
8. An owner of a neighbouring property who, by combining his own
property with the subject property, could thereby obtain … .
9. An example of situation that can often arise in corporate finance could be
when a merger or acquisition is concluded at a price which is higher than the
value represented by the price of the … .
10. It is the task of the real estate appraiser/… to judge whether a specific
price obtained under a specific transaction is indicative of market value.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Real estate appraisal, competitive auction, proper marketing, without
compulsion, market value, an insurance policy, bankruptcy proceedings, a set of
transactions, neighbouring property, to conclude an acquisition.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Market Value is the estimated amount for which a property should
exchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a
willing seller in an arms-length transaction after proper marketing
wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently, and
without compulsion.
Value-in-use is the value to one particular user.
Liquidation value assumes a seller who is compelled to sell after an
exposure period which is less than the market-normal timeframe.
A price obtained for a specific property under a specific transaction
may or may not represent that property's market value.
135
evaluate,
change,
eager,
expect,
specific,
deal,
made,
received,
sensibly,
denote.
7.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Valoarea de piaţă (comercială) este preţul la care un activ va putea fi schimbat
în cadrul unei licitaţii concurenţiale walrasiene. 2. Valoarea în utilizare este
valoarea pentru un anumit utilizator, şi este de obicei sub valoarea de piaţă a
unei proprietăţi. 3. Valoarea investiţiei este valoarea pentru un investitor
particular, şi este de obicei mai mare decât valoarea de piaţă a unei proprietăţi.
4. Valoarea asigurabilă este valoarea bunului imobil acoperită de o poliţă de
asigurare. 5. Valoarea de lichidare poate fi analizată fie ca o lichidare forţată sau
o lichidare ordonată şi este un standard comun frecvent căutat al valorii
solicitate în cazul procedurii de faliment.
1. Рыночная стоимость - цена, по которой актив будет обменян на
аукционе Вальраса. 2. Потребительская стоимость – это стоимость по
мнению одного конкретного потребителя, и она как правило ниже
рыночной стоимости недвижимости. 3. Инвестиционная стоимость –
стоимость по мнению одного конкретного инвестора, и она, как правило,
выше рыночной стоимости. 4. Страховая стоимость – стоимость
недвижимости,
указанная в страховом полисе. 5. Ликвидационная
стоимость может рассматриваться в ходе принудительной или обычной
продажи и является стандартной стоимостью недвижимости в рамках
процедуры банкротства.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Smooth, thick, pleasant, simple, sweet, strong, comfortable, safe, interesting,
antique, fine, bitter, boring, dangerous, difficult, modern, rainy, rough, thin,
uncomfortable, unpleasant, weak.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is the definition for a market value?
2. What is a value-in-use?
3. How do you understand the term of investment value?
4. What is an insurable value?
5. How can the liquidation value be analyzed?
6. How do you understand the difference between a market value and a
price? Why is it important to make this difference between them?
7. How is the price for a specific property obtained?
8. When may a special buyer have been willing to pay a premium over and
above the market value of a property?
9. How can the owner of a neighbouring property obtain economies-of-scale?
10. Who is responsible for the task to judge whether a specific price obtained
under a specific transaction is indicative of market value?
136
10. Fill in the missing nouns or adjectives into the correct gaps.
Noun
…
…
…
legitimacy
…
…
…
…
…
…
Adjective
incidental
frequent
behavioural
…
navigational
gentle
sour
dark
witty
childish
11. Relate the text.
12. Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To handwrite, to hurt, to burst, to broadcast, to swear, to sunburn, to swing, to
strike, to steal, to spoil, to stand, to miscast, to mean, to mow, to offset.
13. Project work
Choose one type of the value and find additional information about it.
Grammar.4. Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are introduced either by relative pronouns i.e. who, whom,
whose, which or that or by relative adverbs i.e. where, when or why as follows:
Relative pronouns
Subject of the verb Object of the verb Possession (cannot be
of the relative of the relative omitted)
clause (cannot be clause (can be
omitted)
omitted)
used for people who / that
who / whom / that whose
That’s the man He’s the man This is Mr Brown,
who / that owns (who that/whom) I whose son has moved
the place.
met at the party. to Paris.
used
for which / that
which / that
whose / of which
Give
me
the
book
Have
a
look
at
the
That’s
the palace
things/animals
which / that is stamps (which / whose interior / the
behind you.
that) I bought interior of which is
yesterday.
being redecorated.
137
Relative adverbs
when
(=in/on/at
Time
which)
where (=in/on/at/to
Place
which)
why (=for which)
Reason
I’ll never forget the day (when) I first saw
the Alps from a plane.
The house where he lives is a Victorian one.
That’s the reason (why) he left his job.
We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns.
The meeting to which I went was very boring. (formal – not usual)
The meeting which I went to was very boring. (usual)
The meeting I went to was very boring. (more usual)
Grammar exercises.4. Relative Clauses
1. Fill in: when, where, why, who, which, that or whose.
Jean Crowder, … is 65, has a fascinating job. She works at a leisure centre, …
she teaches aerobics at classes … attract women of all ages. Jean, … slim figure
and fashionable hairstyle make her look younger, first attended a keep-fit class
45 years ago … she was a student. Then she heard about a class … needed an
instructor. That’s … she started this particular career. Jean’s classes … last one
hour, include dance and step exercises. Jean has some tips for those … wish to
stay young. “Eat plenty of fruit, … is good for you. Try to spend time in places
… there is fresh air. Talk to young people, … ideas can open your eyes.” Jean
will only stop teaching aerobics … she is too old to walk. But, as she says, “I
want to delay that day. That’s the reason … I look after my health.”
2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
1. The building where I work caught fire yesterday. (in) – The building in
which I work/I work in caught fire yesterday.
2. It was very kind of Ted to lend me his car. (which) – Ted lent … very kind of him.
3. The person I met was totally ignorant of the situation. (who) – I met a ….
4. The teacher was very angry because none of the students had done their
homework. (which) – None of the students had done ….
5. The woman drinking tea over there is my mother. (who) – The woman ….
6. The person found guilty of murder was sent to prison. (who) – The person ….
7. Joan came first, not Sally. (who) – It ….
8. The lady in the pink dress is my aunt. (wearing) – The ….
9. The hotel in which we spent our summer holidays has been closed down.
(where) – The hotel ….
10. The stolen painting is a fake. (which) – The painting ….
11. He’s learning Spanish, not Portuguese. (that) – It’s ….
12. I wonder who owns this car. (whose) – I wonder ….
138
3. Use relatives to combine the following sentences as in the example:
1. I spoke to a gentleman. He was very polite. – The gentleman
(whom/that/who) I spoke to was very polite. or The gentleman to whom I spoke
was very polite.
2. I’m writing about a film. It was made in 1958.
3. She’s the girl. They were talking about her.
4. That’s the restaurant. We go there every Saturday.
5. This is the island. We spend our holiday on it.
6. These are the Joneses. We went to the theatre with them.
7. That is the hotel. We used to stay at it every summer.
8. He’s Mr. Smith. I got all the information from him.
9. This is the knife. He cut the bread with it.
10. Mrs. Andrews is the woman. I’ve received a letter from her.
4. Join the sentences with the correct relatives.
Last year I went to Paris. I stayed there for a week. It was a lovely experience. I
will never forget it. I stayed with Louise. She is my French cousin. She
introduced me to Pierre. His knowledge of Paris is amazing. I loved the
boulevards. They are so wide and elegant. The Eiffel Tower is, of course, a great
sight. It is famous all over the world. My favourite building however was the
Invalides. It was built in the 17th century. At the end of the week I thanked
Pierre. He had been very kind.
Last year I went to Paris where I stayed for a week…
5. Find the mistake and correct it.
1. I saw a TV programme about old people which go parachuting every weekend.
2. There’s a door which leading to a secret passage at the end of the hall.
3. She’s friendly with the two children whose their mother is the headmistress.
4. Sam works in Switzerland that is not in the European Union.
5. While on holiday I met a lot of people, some of which were really boring.
6. Do you know the name of the film which it won seven Oscars at last year’s
Academy of Awards?
7. When I was in Australia, I visited my uncle which I had never met before.
8. Mr. Collins is the man from who I bought my tape recorder.
9. The match about that you were talking ended in disaster.
10. They didn’t have that I asked for.
139
Lesson 5: Three Approaches to Value (Part 1) (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Metodologie
Abordare, manieră, mod
Venit, cîştig
Apreciator, preţuitor
Aplicabil, potrivit cu,
adecvat
Zgârie-nori
Skyscraper (n.)
To give weight to smth A da greutate la ceva, a
da prioritate la ceva
(v.)
Birou de vînzare cu
Retail office (n.)
amănuntul
Evident, clar, limpede
Obvious (adj.)
Locuinţă, casă, interior,
Dwelling (n.)
locaş
Sumare
Summation (n.)
Methodology (n.)
Approach (n.)
Income (n.)
Appraiser (n.)
Applicable (adj.)
Depreciation (n.)
Workmanship (n.)
Disutility (n.)
Reliable (adj.)
Substitution (n.)
2.
методология
подход, метод
доход, прибыль
оценщик
применимый,
подходящий
небоскреб
придавать вес ч-л
офис
продажи
в
розницу
очевидный, явный
жилище,
жилая
площадь
суммирование,
совокупность
Depreciere, devalorizare обесценивание
Măiestrie,
meşteşug, искусство, мастерство,
îndemânare, executare, ремесло
fabricaţie, operă de artă
Fără folos, fără utilitate, неудобство,
вред,
lucru nefolositor
безполезность
Demn de încredere, de надежный, верный
nădejde, sigur, credincios
Înlocuire, substituţie
замена
Read and translate the text:
There are three general groups of methodologies for determining value.
These are usually referred to as the "three approaches to value” which are
generally independent of each other:
· The cost approach
· The sales comparison approach and
· The income approach
The appraiser using three approaches will determine which one or more of
these approaches may be applicable, based on the scope of work determination, and
from that develop an appraisal analysis. Costs, income, and sales vary widely from
one situation to the next, and particular importance is given to the specific
140
characteristics of the subject. Consideration is also given to the market for the
property appraised. Appraisals of properties that are typically purchased by
investors (e.g. - skyscrapers) may give greater weight to the income approach,
while small retail or office properties, often purchased by owners-users, may give
greater weighting to the sales comparison approach. While this may seem simple, it
is not always obvious. For example, apartment complexes of a given quality tend to
sell at a price per apartment, and as such the sales comparison approach may be
more applicable. Single family residences are most commonly valued with greatest
weighting to the sales comparison approach, but if a single family dwelling is in a
neighborhood where all or most of the dwellings are rental units, then some variant
of the income approach may be more useful.
The cost approach was formerly called the summation approach. The
theory is that the value of a property can be estimated by summing the land
value and the depreciated value of any improvements. The value of the
improvements is often referred to by the abbreviation RCNLD (reproduction
cost new less depreciation or replacement cost new less depreciation).
Reproduction refers to reproducing an exact replica. Replacement cost refers to
the cost of building a house or other improvement which has the same utility,
but using modern design, workmanship and materials. In practice, appraisers use
replacement cost and then deduct a factor for any functional disutility associated
with the age of the subject property.
In most instances when the cost approach is involved, the overall
methodology is a hybrid of the cost and sales comparison approaches. For
example, while the replacement cost to construct a building can be determined
by adding the labor, material, and other costs, land values and depreciation must
be derived from an analysis of comparable data.
The cost approach is considered reliable when used on newer structures, but
the method tends to become less reliable for older properties. The cost approach
is often the only reliable approach when dealing with special use properties (e.g.
-- public assembly, marinas).
The sales comparison approach in a real estate appraisal is based
primarily on the principle of substitution. This approach assumes a prudent
individual will pay no more for a property than it would cost to purchase a
comparable substitute property. The approach recognizes that a typical buyer
will compare asking prices and seek to purchase the property that meets his or
her wants and needs for the lowest cost. In developing the sales comparison
approach, the state licensed real estate appraiser attempts to interpret and
measure the actions of parties involved in the marketplace, including buyers,
sellers, and investors.
141
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
2.
Words
Approach
Sale
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Scope
Subject
Apartment
building
Depreciation
Substitution
8.
9.
Attempt
Interpret
10.
Marketplace
4.
Explanations
One concerning which something is said or done.
An open area or square in a town where a public
market or sale is set up. The world of business and
commerce.
An effort or a try.
To explain the meaning of, to offer an explanation.
The exchange of goods or services for an amount of
money or its equivalent.
The range of one's perceptions, thoughts, or actions.
Block of flats or tenement, is a multi-unit dwelling
made up of several (generally four or more)
apartments (US), or flats (UK; Chicago, Illinois).
The act of replacing or state of being replaced.
The reduction in the value of an asset due to usage,
passage of time, wear and tear, technological
outdating, depletion or other such factors.
The method used in dealing with or accomplishing.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
One situation to the next, rental units, the principle of substitution, the
income approach, greater weight to, a price per apartment, the summation
approach, the scope of work, the cost approach, retail or office properties.
1. There are three general groups of methodologies for determining value:
the cost approach, the sales comparison approach and … .
2. The appraiser using three approaches will determine which one or more
of these approaches may be applicable, based on … determination, and from that
develop an appraisal analysis.
3. Costs, income, and sales vary widely from …, and particular importance
is given to the specific characteristics of the subject as well as to the market for
the property appraised.
4. Appraisals of properties that are typically purchased by investors (e.g. skyscrapers) may give … the income approach.
5. Small …, often purchased by owners-users, may give greater weighting
to the sales comparison approach.
6. Apartment complexes of a given quality tend to sell at …, and as such
the sales comparison approach may be more applicable.
7. Single family residences are most commonly valued with greatest
weighting to the sales comparison approach, but if a single family dwelling is in
142
a neighborhood where all or most of the dwellings are …, then some variant of
the income approach may be more useful.
8. The cost approach, formerly called …, means that the value of a
property can be estimated by summing the land value and the depreciated value
of any improvements.
9. … is considered reliable when used on newer structures, but the method
tends to become less reliable for older properties.
10. The sales comparison approach in a real estate appraisal is based
primarily on … and it assumes that a prudent individual will pay no more for a
property than it would cost to purchase a comparable substitute property.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Characteristics of the subject, appraisals of properties, owners-users, sales comparison approach, a single family dwelling, rental units, value of the improvements,
the age of the subject property, special use properties, the lowest cost.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Market Value is the estimated amount for which a property should
exchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a
willing seller in an arms-length transaction after proper marketing
wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently, and
without compulsion.
Value-in-use is the value to one particular user.
Liquidation value assumes a seller who is compelled to sell after an
exposure period which is less than the market-normal timeframe.
A price obtained for a specific property under a specific transaction
may or may not represent that property's market value
7.
evaluate,
change,
eager,
expect,
specific,
deal,
made,
received,
sensibly,
denote.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Există trei grupe generale de metodologii pentru determinarea valorii. 2. Costurile, veniturile şi vânzările variază mult de la o situaţie la alta şi o importanţă
deosebită este acordată caracteristicilor specifice ale subiectului. 3. Valoarea unei
proprietăţi poate fi determinată prin însumarea valorii terenului şi valoarea
depreciată a oricăror îmbunătăţiri. 4. În cele mai multe cazuri, atunci când
abordarea este bazată pe cost, metodologia generală este un hibrid dintre abordările
prin comparaţie ale costurilor şi vânzătorilor. 5. Abordarea prin comparaţie a
vânzărilor presupune că o persoană prudentă nu va plăti pentru o proprietate mai
mult decât ar costa să o achiziţioneze o proprietate substitut similară.
1. Существует три основных группы методик для определения стоимости.
2. Расходы, доходы и продажи изменяются от ситуации к ситуации, и
поэтому особое внимание уделяется конкретным характеристикам объекта.
143
3. Стоимость недвижимости может быть оценена путем суммирования
стоимости земли и остаточной стоимости существующих на ней благ. 4. В
большинстве случаев, когда привлекается затратный подход, общая
методика является гибридом затратного подхода и метода стимулирования
продаж. 5. Метод сравнения продаж подразумевает, что разумный
покупатель не будет за недвижимость платить больше, чем он бы заплатил
за аналогичную собственность.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Healthy, less, lean, everything, unpleasant, decreased, wrong, gain weight, hairy,
unusual, unhealthy, pleasant, fat, right, bald, more, usual, increased, nothing,
lose weight.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What are the three general groups of methodologies for determining value?
2. What is the basic criterion for an appraiser to choose the most convenient
approach?
3. What other elements should an appraiser take into consideration when
choosing the most suitable form of approach?
4. What will be the most applicable approach to value in the case of
apartment complexes?
5. What will be the most applicable approach to value if a single family
dwelling is in a neighborhood where all or most of the dwellings are rental units?
6. Explain the theory of the cost approach?
7. When is the cost approach considered reliable? And when it is not?
8. Which of the three approaches is based primarily on the principle of
substitution?
9. Which of the three approaches was formerly called the summation approach?
10. What is the general idea of the sales comparison approach?
10. Fill in the missing nouns or verbs into the correct gaps.
Verb
isolate
…
…
arrange
…
…
…
…
laugh
…
Noun
…
orienteering
demonstration
…
advertisement
love
shooter
surfer
…
transcription
144
11. Relate the text.
12. Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To outdo, to override, to misprint, to partake, to manipulate, to premake, to
prove, to freeze, to redial, to ride, to ring, to rise, to roughcast, to see, to sell.
13. Project work
Write an article and compare the cost approach and the sales comparison
approach: their advantages, disadvantages, usage.
Grammar.5. Infinitive/ -ING Form/Participles: The Infinitive or
The –ING Form, TOO/ENOUGH, Past and Present Participles
The infinitive and –ing form
Forms of the Infinitive
Forms of the –ing form
Active Voice
Passive Voice Active Voice Passive Voice
being repaired
(to) repair
(to) be repaired repairing
Present
(to) be repairing
Present
Cont.
(to) have repaired (to) have been having
having
been
Perfect
repaired
repaired
repaired
(to) have been
Perfect
repairing
Cont.
* Passive Present Continuous and Perfect Continuous Infinitives are rarely used.
The Present Infinitive refers to the present of future. I hope to meet her
tonight. The Present Continuous Infinitive expresses an action happening now.
He must be sleeping now. The Perfect Infinitive is used to show that the action
of the Infinitive happened before the action of the verb. He claims to have
worked here before. (First he worked here, then he claimed he had worked
here.) The Perfect Continuous Infinitive is used to emphasise the duration of
the action of the Infinitive, which happened before the action of the main verb.
He looks tired. He seems to have been studying for the test all night.
The Present Gerund (-ing form) refers to the present or future. Ann enjoys
walking in the woods. The Perfect Gerund (-ing form) shows that the action of
the –ing form has happened before the action of the main verb. We can use the
Present Gerund instead of the Perfect Gerund without a difference in
meaning. He denied having killed James. OR He denied killing James.
Subject of the Infinitive / -ing form
145
When the subject of the infinitive or of the –ing form is different from the subject
of the verb, then an object pronoun (me, you, him, etc.) or a noun is placed before
the infinitive or the –ing form. I want him / John help me. The subject of the –ing
form can also be a possessive adjective (my, your, etc.) or the possessive form of
the noun. I remember his/him/Tim’s/Tim talking about that island.
The to-infinitive is used:
to express purpose
She went out to buy some milk.
after certain verbs (advise, agree,
appear, decide, expect, hope, promise,
refuse, etc.)
He promised to be back at 10 o’clock.
after certain adjectives (angry, happy,
glad, etc.)
She was glad to see him.
after question words (where, how,
what, who, which, but not after “why”)
Has she told you where to meet him?
But: I don’t know why he left so early.
after would like / would love / would
prefer (to express specific preference)
I’d love to go for a walk.
after nouns
It’s a pleasure to work with you.
after too / enough constructions
He’s too short to reach the top shelf.
He isn’t tall enough to reach the top
shelf.
with it + be + adjective (+ of + object)
It was nice of him to remember my
birthday.
with “only” to express unsatisfactory
result
He called me only to say that he would
be late.
The infinitive without to is used:
after modal verbs (must, can, will, etc.)
You must be back at 12 o’clock.
after had better / would rather
I’d rather have stayed in last night.
after make/let/see/hear/feel + object
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The –ing form is used:
as a noun
Eating vegetables is good for your
health.
after certain verbs (admit (to),
avoid, consider, continue, delay,
deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy,
finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep
(= continue), look forward to,
mention, mind, miss, object to,
postpone, practice, prevent, report,
resist, risk, save, stand, suggest,
understand etc)
He admitted to stealing the painting.
after love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy,
prefer
(to
express
general
preference)
He likes cooking (in general).
* Note: like + to + inf = it’s a good
idea; it’s useful
I like to eat a healthy breakfast.
(specific preference)
after I’m busy, it’s no use, it’s (not)
good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use
of, can’t help, there’s no point (in),
can’t stand, be/get used to, be/get
accustomed to, have difficulty (in)
It’s no use complaining.
after “go” for physical activities
They go skiing every winter.
after spend/waste time
He wasted his time playing video
games.
after prepositions
He entered without knocking at the
door.
after see, hear, listen, watch to
Mum let me watch TV. I made him
apologise.
BUT: In the passive for: be made/be
heard/be seen + to –infinitive
He was made to apologise.
express an incomplete action, an
action in progress or a long action
I saw Kate painting the kitchen. (I
saw Kate in the middle of painting. I
saw part of the action in progress. I
didn’t wait until she had finished.)
NOTE: help is followed by a to- BUT: see, hear, listen, watch +
infinitive or an infinitive without to.
infinitive without to to express a
She helped me (to) wash the dishes.
complete action, something that one
saw or heard from beginning to end
I watched Kate paint the kitchen. It
took her two hours.
NOTE: If two infinitives are joined
by “and”, the “to” of the second
infinitive can be omitted.
I want to eat something and have rest.
Too and enough
Too is used before adjectives or adverbs when the meaning of the sentence is
negative.
e.g. She’s too tired to go out. (She is so tired that she can’t go out.)
Enough is used:
- after adjectives and adverbs when the meaning of the sentence is positive.
e.g. He’s rich enough to afford a yacht. (He is so rich that he can afford a
yacht.)
- before nouns.
e.g. He’s got enough patience to be a teacher.
Participles
Present Participles (verb + ing) describe what something or somebody is.
e.g. Ted is an interesting person. (What kind of person? Interesting.)
Past Participles (verb + ed) describe how someone feels.
e.g. Mary is interested in English literature. (How does she feel about
English literature? Interested.)
Grammar exercises.5. Infinitive/ -ING Form/Participles: The
Infinitive or The –ING Form, TOO/ENOUGH, Past and Present
Participles
1. Complete the conversation between a travel agent and a woman,
using the infinitive or the –ing form.
A: Good morning, madam. Can I ___ (help) you?
147
W: Yes, I’d like ___ (book) a holiday please.
A: Certainly. I must ___ (ask) you a few questions. Now… where would you
like ___ (go)? How long are you going ___ (stay)? Would you prefer ___ (have)
a relaxing beach holiday or ___ (go) sightseeing? Which countries are you
interested in ___ (visit)? What means of transport do you prefer?
W: Well, young man. I don’t know where ___ (go) or how long ___ (stay). I
hate ___ (go) to the beach and don’t enjoy sightseeing. I don’t want ___ (visit)
any foreign countries because foreign food makes me ___ (feel) ill. As for
means of transport, I’m too frightened ___ (fly) in an airplane. I hate ___ (go)
on boats. I don’t like ___ (travel) by train and ___ (travel) on a coach makes me
___ (feel) sick.
A: Well, madam. I don’t know what ___ (suggest). I don’t want ___ (appear)
rude, but I really think you should ___ (stay) at home!
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the –ing form or the infinitive without “to”.
Last night I heard car breaks … (screech) and people … (shout) in the street.
When I looked out of the window I saw a crowd of about twenty people …
(stand) around a young boy … (lie) in the street. Next, I saw the driver of the car
… (approach) the crowd and … (kneel down) by the boy, he was … (look) very
anxious. … (watch) the drama from my window, I began … (consider) the boy’s
family. Then a few minutes later, I saw a young woman … (run) towards the
scene and … (push) her way through the crowd. Soon, I heard an ambulance
siren … (screem) in the distance … (get) closer and closer. Then I saw the
ambulance stop in front of my house. I watched the ambulance men … (get out)
and … (run) to the injured boy. Minutes later I saw them … (run back) to their
ambulance with the boy on a stretcher followed by his mother.
3. Use “too” and “enough” and a word from the list below to complete
the sentences.
small, big, fit, early, tall, frightening
1. She can put all her clothes in the case. It is ….
2. He can’t put all his clothes in the case. It’s ….
3. He can’t run fast. He isn’t ….
4. She didn’t like the film. It was ….
5. He missed the bus. He didn’t leave home ….
6. Ben can reach the sweets. He is ….
4. Complete the text using “too” or “enough”.
Gary is leaving school this year but he doesn’t know what he wants to do. He isn’t
motivated … to go to university. He’s quite like to be an engineer but he thinks it
would be … difficult. His father wants him to work in the family shop but that’s
148
not exciting … for Gary. He hasn’t got … patience to sit in a shop all day. He
wants to travel, so the navy seems to be a good idea, although the rules are a bit …
strict. Someone suggested driving a taxi but the hours are … long and he wouldn’t
earn … money. There really is nothing that interests him ....
5. Fill in the correct participle.
Paul: You must very … (excite). Paris is a … (fascinate) city. There are so many
… (interest) things to do. You won’t be … (bore).
Jane: Well, I’m a bit … (worry) because I can’t speak French very well.
Paul: You should buy a phrase book and then you won’t be … (embarrass) if
someone speaks to you. They won’t be … (annoy) if you make a mistake, and
most people will be … (please) if you ask for something in French.
Jane: I’m sure they will find my accent very … (amuse).
Paul: Don’t be silly. I’m sure you’ll have a very … (stimulate) holiday.
6. Underline the correct item.
1. The children were thrilled / thrilling with the clown’s tricks.
2. The adventure was excited / exciting.
3. She was interested / interesting in anything antique.
4. Her experience was terrified / terrifying.
5. The police were puzzled / puzzling by the clues.
6. What an amazed / amazing person he is!
7. He was very surprised / surprising by her sudden change of attitude.
8. She felt relaxed / relaxing in the hot sun.
9. He was disturbed / disturbing by the threatening phone calls.
10. He found the history lesson extremely bored / boring.
7. Complete the sentences with either the infinitive or the –ing form of
the verbs in brackets.
1. I used to … (think) that life ended in 30.
I’m not used to … (think) so hard this early in the morning.
2. Jane was never a very reliable friend. If I were you, I’d try … (forget) her.
If your clothes don’t seem very white after you’ve washed them, try … (soak)
them in a little bleach.
3. Please stop … (make) such a terrible noise!
After half an hour, we stopped … (make) a cup of tea.
4. I remember … (see) her in another French film and she was really good in that.
Did you remember … (call) Tim and tell him that we can’t come on Saturday?
5. I started … (read) classical literature at the age of six.
Oh, look! It’s starting … (rain).
6. He went on … (write) his essay, even though the noise started to get louder.
149
The lecture began very badly, but the professor went on … (make) some
interesting points.
7. I couldn’t help them … (find) what they were looking for as I was in too
much of hurry.
Harry looked so funny that I couldn’t help … (laugh).
8. Buying your own house means … (take) some big responsibility for all the
repairs.
I’m sure she means … (make) some big changes in this department.
9. Do you like … (cook)?
When we have a dinner party, I like … (cook) something really exotic that
nobody’s ever had before.
10. I regret … (inform) you that you’ve all failed the exam.
She regrets … (buy) these shares.
8. Complete the sentences with either the Infinitive (without to) or the –
ing form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I heard my neighbours … (turn) off their television and … (go) to bed.
2. I woke up at two in the morning. I could hear my neighbours … (have) an
argument.
3. When I looked through the window, I saw her … (read) a book.
4. When she saw me … (come), she waved.
5. She could feel her heart … (pound) as she neared the end of the race.
9. Complete the adjectives with –ed or –ing.
a shock___ story
disappoint___ exam results
scream___ children
a satisfi___ customer
an unexpect___ surprise
a confus___ explanation
a
conceit___
person
a frighten___ film
an
exhaust___
walk
a reserve___ seat
a tir___ journey
a disgust___ meat
a thrill___ story
a relax___ holiday
a disappoint___ customer
well-behav___ children
a promis___ start
a cake load___ with
calories
a house in an expos__ position disturb___ news.
10. Rewrite the sentences with a present or past participle clause
instead of a relative clause.
1. Can you see the woman who’s dressed in red over there?
Can you see the woman dressed in red over there?
2. People who live in blocks of flats often complain of loneliness.
3. Letters that are posted before 5 p.m. should arrive the next day.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
The train that is standing on platform 5 is for Manchester.
Firemen have rescued passengers who were trapped in the accident.
They live in a lovely house that overlooks the River Thames.
It took workmen days to clear up the litter that was dropped by the crowds.
Lesson 6: Three Approaches to Value (Part 2) (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Appraisal report (n.)
Adjustment (n.)
Amenities (n.)
Square footage (n.)
Listing (n.)
Sale (n.) pending
Reconcile (v.)
Expectation (n.)
Income stream (n.)
Capitalization rate (n.)
Office towers (n.)
Yield (n.)
Discount rate (n.)
2.
Raportul de evaluare
Ajustare,
potrivire,
reglare, adaptare
Facilităţi
Picior pătrat (unitate de
măsură)
Listare,
tabelare,
înregistrare
O tranzacţie de imobil
pentru care a fost semnat
un contract dar care încă
n-a fost încheiată
A reconcilia, a împăca, a
potrivi, a acorda
Aşteptare, expectativă,
speranţă, perspectivă
Flux de venituri
Rata de capitalizare
Turn pentru oficii
Producţie,
randament,
productivitate,
recoltă,
venit
Rată de scont, de reducere, de decontare
оценочный доклад
регулирование,
согласование
удобство
площадь в квадратных
футах
список, учет, реестр
рассматриваемая цена
примирять,
урегулировать
ожидание, надежды
поток доходов
ставка капитализации
башни офиса
урожай,
продуктивность,
учетная ставка
Read and translate the text:
Method of Data Collection. Data are collected on recent sales of
properties similar to the subject being valued, called comparables. Sources of
comparable data include real estate publications, public records, buyers, sellers,
real estate brokers and/or agents, appraisers, and others. Important details of
each comparable sale are described in the appraisal report. Since comparable
sales are not usually identical to the subject property, adjustments may be made
151
for date of sale, location, style, amenities, square footage, site size, etc. The
main idea is to simulate the price that would have been paid if each comparable
sale were identical to the subject property. If the adjustment to the comparable is
superior to the subject, a downward adjustment is necessary. Likewise, if the
adjustment to the comparable is inferior to the subject, an upward adjustment is
necessary. From the analysis of the group of adjusted sales prices of the
comparable sales, the state licensed real estate appraiser selects an indicator of
value that is representative of the subject property.
Steps in the Sales Comparison Approach 1. Research the market to
obtain information pertaining to sales, listings, pending sales that are similar to
the subject property. 2. Investigate the market data to determine whether they
are factually correct and accurate. 3. Determine relevant units of comparison
(e.g., sales price per square foot), and develop a comparative analysis for each.
4. Compare the subject and comparable sales according to the elements of
comparison and adjust as appropriate. 5. Reconcile the multiple value
indications that result from the adjustment of the comparable sales into a single
value indication.
The income capitalization approach (often referred to simply as the
"income approach") is used to value commercial and investment properties.
Because it is intended to directly reflect or model the expectations and behaviors
of typical market participants, this approach is generally considered the most
applicable valuation technique for income-producing properties, where
sufficient market data exists to supply the necessary inputs and parameters for
this approach.
In a commercial income-producing property this approach capitalizes an
income stream into a value indication. This can be done using revenue
multipliers or capitalization rates applied to the first-year Net Operating Income.
The Net Operating Income (NOI) is gross potential income (GPI), less vacancy
and collection loss (= Effective Gross Income) less operating expenses (but
excluding debt service, income taxes, and/or depreciation charges applied by
accountants).
Alternatively, multiple years of net operating income can be valued by a
discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) model. The DCF model is widely used to
value larger and more expensive income-producing properties, such as large
office towers. This technique applies market-supported yields (or discount rates)
to future cash flows (such as annual income figures and typically a lump
reversion from the eventual sale of the property) to arrive at a present value
indication.
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3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Collect
2.
Record
3.
Adjustment
4.
Capitalize
5.
Input
6.
Technique
7.
Accountant
8.
Debt
9.
Yield
10.
Discount
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Explanations
The systematic procedure by which a complex or
scientific task is accomplished.
The reduction from the full or standard amount of a
price or debt. The interest deducted prior to
purchasing, selling, or lending a commercial paper;
the discount rate.
To bring together in a group or mass; gather. To
accumulate as a hobby or for study.
An account, as of information or facts, set down
especially in writing as a means of preserving
knowledge.
To use as or convert into capital. To supply with
capital or investment funds. To calculate the current
value of (a future stream of earnings or cash flows).
To change so as to match or fit; cause to correspond.
To bring into proper relationship. To adapt or
conform, as to new condition.
Something put into a system or expended in its
operation to achieve output or a result, especially:
energy, work, current, information, any of the items,
including materials, equipment, and funds, required
for production.
An amount produced; a product. A profit obtained
from an investment; a return.
One that keeps, audits, and inspects the financial
records of individuals or business concerns and
prepares financial and tax reports.
An obligation or liability to pay or render something
to someone else.
Commercial and investment, income-producing properties, an upward,
comparable data, square footage, to research the market, income capitalization,
similar to, the appraisal report, a downward, a value indication.
1. The method of Data Collection means that data are collected on recent
sales of properties … the subject being valued.
2. Sources of … include real estate publications, public records, buyers,
seller real estate brokers and/or agents, appraisers, and others.
153
3. Important details of each comparable sale are described in … .
4. Since comparable sales are not usually identical to the subject property,
adjustments may be made for date of sale, location, style, amenities, …, site size, etc.
5. If the adjustment to the comparable is superior to the subject, …
adjustment is necessary, and, if the adjustment to the comparable is inferior to
the subject, … adjustment is necessary.
6. The 1st step in the Sales Comparison Approach is … to obtain information
pertaining to sales, listings, pending sales that are similar to the subject property.
7. The income capitalization approach (often referred to simply as the
"income approach") is used to value … properties.
8. In a commercial income-producing property the income capitalization
approach capitalizes an income stream into … .
9. The discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) model is widely used to value
larger and more expensive …, such as large office towers.
10. The … approach is generally considered the most applicable valuation
technique for income-producing properties, where sufficient market data exists
to supply the necessary inputs and parameters for this approach.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Recent sales, real estate publications, site size, to simulate the price, adjusted
sales prices, to investigate the market data, value indications, market
participants, income-producing properties, charges applied by accountants.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Sources of comparable data include real estate publications,
public records, buyers, sellers, real estate brokers and/or agents,
appraisers, and others.
From the analysis of the group of adjusted sales prices of the
comparable sales, the state licensed real estate appraiser selects an
indicator of value that is representative of the subject property.
Investigate the market data to determine whether they are
factually correct and accurate.
The income capitalization approach is used to value commercial and investment properties.
In a commercial income-producing property this approach capitalizes an income stream into a value indication.
measure,
information,
research,
investigation,
customer,
characteristic,
income
approach
revenue,
precise,
choose.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Sursele de date comparabile includ publicaţii imobiliare, registre publice,
cumpărători, vânzători, brokeri imobiliari şi / sau agenţi, evaluatori ş. a. 2.
Abordarea capitalizării veniturilor este folosită pentru a evalua proprietăţile
154
imobiliare comerciale şi investiţionale. 3. Din analiza grupului de preţuri de
vânzare ajustate din vânzările comparabile, evaluatorul imobiliar selectează un
indicator al valorii care este reprezentativ pentru proprietatea subiectului. 4.
Potriviţi indicatorii multipli ai valorii care rezultă din ajustarea vânzărilor
comparabile într-un indicator de valoare unică. 5. Cercetaţi piaţa pentru a obţine
informaţii referitoare la vânzări, listări, vânzările în aşteptare care sunt similare
cu proprietatea subiect.
1. Источниками для сопоставления данных являются статьи о недвижимости, государственные архивы, покупатели, продавцы, маклеры/агенты
по недвижимости, оценщики и другие. 2. Метод капитализации доходов
используется для оценки коммерческой и инвестиционной собственности.
3. После анализа ряда скорректированных цен, оценщик недвижимости
выбирает тот индикатор стоимости, который присутствует в рассматриваемой собственности. 4. Объедини многочисленные индикаторы стоимости, полученные в ходе корректировки сравнительных продаж в один
показатель стоимости. 5. Исследуй рынок, чтобы получить информацию
относительно продаж, списков и ожидаемых продаж объекта, схожего с
рассматриваемым.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Break, smooth, early, lose, over, low, rough, soon, under, heavy, learn, high,
start, easy, search, teach, push, join, stop, tow.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. How are data collected according to the Method of Data Collection?
2. What are the sources of comparable data?
3. Since comparable sales are not usually identical to the subject property,
what kind of adjustments may be made?
4. What kind of adjustment is necessary if the adjustment to the comparable
is superior to the subject?
5. What kind of adjustment is necessary if the adjustment to the comparable
is inferior to the subject?
6. What are the main steps in the Sales Comparison Approach? Name few of
them.
7. What is the income capitalization approach used for?
8. For what kind of properties is the income capitalization approach
considered to be the most applicable valuation technique? Why?
9. How does the income capitalization approach capitalize an income stream
into a value indication in a commercial income-producing property?
10. What is the discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) model used for?
155
10.
Choose the correct prefix to build new words. The explanations help you.
1. _____wind = in the direction in which the wind is blowing
up
under
down
across
2. _____terrain = Being or operating under the surface of the earth
a
in
re
sub
un
3. _____structure = a structure that is built on top of something
super
sub
over
mega
4. _____shore = on the land rather than at sea
up
over in
on
5. _____shore = Away from shore; away from land
up
in
off
down
non
6. _____sensitive = extremely physically sensitive to particular medicines, lights
etc.
hyper
mega
out
over
7. _____qualify = make unfit or unsuitable, to outcast
dis
mal
re
sub
un
8. _____normal = not normal; not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a
norm
ab
be
il
in
non
9. _____law = to make something no longer legal
un
over
out
by
10. _____hold = look at or see somebody or something
be
over
up
with
11.
Relate the text.
12.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To outdo, to override, to misprint, to partake, to manipulate, to premake, to
prove, to freeze, to reveal, to ride, to ring, to rise, to roughcast, to saw, to sell.
13.
Project work
Sum up the information about method of data collection, sales comparison
approach and income capitalization approach.
156
Grammar.6. Determiners and Quantifiers: Much/Many Of, A Lot
Of, All Of, The Whole Of, Each Of, Every, No, None, Not Any,
Few/A Few, Little/A Little
Some, any, somebody, anything
1. The basic rule is that some and its compounds are used in affirmative
sentences, and any and its compounds in negatives and questions.
e.g. I need some help. I don’t need any shopping. Did anyone phone me last
week?
2. Some and its compounds are used in requests or invitations, or when we
expect the answer “yes”.
e.g. Would you like something to eat? Have you got some money you could lend
me?
3. Any and its compounds are used in affirmative sentences that have a
negative meaning.
e.g. He never has any money. I made the cake myself without any help.
4. Any and its compounds are used to express It doesn’t matter
which/who/where.
e.g. Take any book you like. I don’t mind. Anyone will tell you 2 and 2 makes 4.
Nobody, no one, nowhere, nothing
1. These are more emphatic forms.
e.g. I saw no one all weekend. I’ve eaten nothing all day.
2. They can be used at the beginning of the sentence.
e.g. Nobody understands me. Nowhere is safe any more. No one was saved.
Much, many, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a large number of, plenty of
1. Much and many are usually used in questions and negatives.
e.g. How much does it cost? You don’t see many snakes in England.
2. We find much and many in affirmative sentences after so, as, and too.
e.g. He has so much money that he doesn’t know what to do with it. She hasn’t
got as many friends as I have. You make too many mistakes. Be careful.
3. In affirmative sentences the following forms are found.
Spoken/informal
There’ll be plenty of food/people. (countable and uncountable)
We’ve got lots of time/friends. (countable and uncountable)
I lost a lot of my furniture/things. (countable and uncountable)
Written/more formal
A great deal of money was lost during the strike. (uncountable)
A large number of strikes are caused by bad management. (countable)
Many world leaders are quite young. (countable)
Much time is wasted in trivial pursuits. (uncountable)
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4. These forms are found without nouns.
“Have you got enough socks?” “Lots.” “How many people were there?” “A lot”
Don’t worry about food. We’ve got plenty.
Little/few/a little/a few
1. A little and a few express a small amount or number in a positive way.
Although there is only a little, it is probably enough.
e.g. Can you lend me a little sugar? A few friends are coming round tonight.
2. Little and few express a small amount in a negative way. There is not
enough.
e.g. Very few people passed the exam. There’s very little milk left.
All
1. We do not usually use all to mean everybody/everything. But if all is
followed by a relative clause, it can mean everything.
e.g. All (that) I own is yours. I spent all I earn.
This structure can have a negative meaning, expressing ideas such as nothing
more or only this.
e.g. All I want is a place to sleep. All I had was a couple of cups.
2. Before a noun with a determiner (the, my, this) both all and all of are
possible. Before a noun with no determiner, we use all.
e.g. You eat all (of) the time. All (of) my friends are coming tonight. All people
are born equal.
3. With personal pronouns we use all of.
e.g. All of you passed. Well done! I don’t need these books. You can have all of
them.
Each and every
1.
Each and every are used with singular nouns. Each can be used to talk
about two or more people or things. Every is used to talk about three or more.
Every/Each time I come to your house it looks differently.
Each/Every bedroom in our hotel is decorated differently.
2. In many cases, each and every can both be used with little difference in
meaning. We prefer each if we are thinking of things or people separately, one
at a time. We use every if we are thinking of the people or things all together as
a group.
e.g. Each student gave the teacher a present. Every policeman in the country is
looking for the killer.
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Grammar exercises.6. Determiners and Quantifiers: Much/Many
Of, A Lot Of, All Of, The Whole Of, Each Of, Every, No, None,
Not Any, Few/A Few, Little/A Little
1. Complete the sentences with some or any.
1. I did exercise 1 without … help.
2. Would you like … more fizzy mineral water? I don’t want … more.
3. … people don’t have … problems learning foreign languages.
4. Why don’t you ask your father to lend you … money? I haven’t got ….
5. My teenage sister never has … difficulty learning the words of the latest pop
songs. There are hardly … she doesn’t know by heart.
6. I didn’t realize that there was still … food left. I’ve made … more.
2. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets and much or many.
Make any other necessary changes.
1. I’m not sure how much drink to buy. (bottles of tomato juice)
I’m not sure how many bottles of tomato juice to buy.
2. Are there many jobs to be done in the garden? (work)
3. I didn’t spend many hours on the homework. (time)
4. Did they do many experiments before they found a cute? (research)
5. They couldn’t give me many details about the delay in our flight. (information)
6. I didn’t have too much difficulty with this exercise. (problems)
7. I’ve got too many suitcases. I can’t carry them all. (luggage)
8. There are too many cars and lorries on the streets of our town. (traffic)
3. Rewrite the sentences with very little, a little, very few, a few, fewer,
or less. Change all the underlined words.
1. There was a lot of wine at the party, but hardly any was drunk. very little
2. I’m not on a diet so I’ll just have four or five chips.
3. Children don’t have as much respect for their teachers as they used to.
4. Lots of people have tried to climb Everest, but not many have succeeded.
5. Dave can speak fluent Norwegian and some Swedish.
6. Not as many people smoke these days.
7. Not many people manage to become completely fluent in a language.
8. It’s been three or four years since we last saw him.
9. There isn’t very much I can do to help you.
10. There are lots of reasons why I don’t want the job. Here are some of them.
159
4. Complete the sentences with a combination of these words.
some
any
one/body
+
thing
1. I don’t care where we go on holiday as long as it’s … hot.
2. Does … want a cup of tea?
3. I’ve looked for my contact lens, but I can’t find it ….
4. “What do you want for dinner, Harry?” “Oh, …. I don’t care!”
5. This sale is fantastic. There’s 50% off … in the shop.
6. It’s really boring at Auntie Martha’s, there’s absolutely … to do.
7. I’m a very sensitive person. … understands me.
8. There was … for me to sit so I had to stand.
9. Jane’s getting married to … she met on holiday.
10. Sue is such a chatterbox, she’s always got … to say, but she never says …
interesting.
11. Our dog will go for a walk with ….
12. Tommy’s so nice. … likes him.
5. Read and complete the story of Odonga Bosko, using the words in the
boxes.
much nobody a couple little few multi
Odonga Bosko hasn’t had … luck in his life – until now, that is. And … could
have predicted how completely his life would change.
… of months ago, 20-year Odonga had … chance of escaping the grinding
poverty in his remote Ugandan village. Now the excited trainee printer is bustly
packing his … belongings for his trip to Britain, because a … millionaire is
paying for him to study the latest printing technigues at college.
any hardly any more all a bit part enough
Remarkably, Odonga’s extraordinary change in fortune is … because of a loaf
of bread. He explained: ‘I was hungry, but there wasn’t … food in the house. I
had … money – only 600 shillings (4 p), but it was just … to buy … of bread.
The bread is usually wrapped in paper, and that day I saw it was … of an
English paper, so I took … notice.
none piece more than any something no
On the … of paper was an advert for a printing job in Bristol. … of my friends
have … work here. I am training on a printing machine which is … 40 years old,
160
and I receive … wages. I felt if I was going to make … of my life, I had to apply
for this job.’
over a lot all several some a great deal of
It took Odonga … hours to write the letter and send it. But it turned out that that
the advert had been placed … a year ago. ‘The company kindly sent me … of
information about … the hi-tech machines they used. I was even more
determined to get a chance to work on them.’
In Britain, Odonga’s story reached the ears of Conrad Millbank, a tycoon who
had made … money from publishing. He ordered his lawyers to find the
enthusiastic young African. ‘when I heard that a rich man wanted to pay for my
training, I thought it must be a joke. Now I am so happy that I went to buy …
bread that day.’
6. These sentences contain false information about the article. Correct
the mistakes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Odonga has quite a lot of money. Odonga has hardly any money.
600 shillings is quite a lot of money.
Odonga has few friends.
Most young people in his village have jobs.
It didn’t take him much to write his letter.
There were some jobs available at the company.
No one heard about his story.
Until now, Odonga has had quite a lot of good fortune in his life.
7. Choose the correct answer.
1. Anna is such a show-off, she thinks she knows all/everything.
2. My driving test was a complete disaster. All/Everything went wrong.
3. Kate didn’t say where she was gong. All/Everything she said was that she
was going out.
4. All/Every child in the class failed the exam.
5. All/Everything I want for my birthday is to lie in bed until midday.
6. I’m starving. All/Everything I’ve eaten today is a packet of crisps.
7. I really don’t get on with my new boss. I disagree with all/everything she says.
8. I can’t go higher that ₤500 for the car. That’s everything/all I can afford.
9. Megan couldn’t believe her luck. All/Every topic she had revised the night
before came up in the exam.
10. The film was so boring that all/everybody fell asleep.
161
8. Choose the correct answer.
1. I have three dogs. All/Every of them love going for a walk, but neither/none
of them likes being brushed.
2. You can borrow either/each the Renault or the Rover. They’re both/all in the
garage.
3. My two daughters are each/both good at languages, but none/neither of them
can do maths at all.
4. I have a shower every/each day.
5. I have any/no idea how I spend all my money. At the end of every/either
month, it’s all gone.
6. I know every/each word of his songs by heart.
7. There are fifteen rooms in this hotel. Each/Every room is a little different.
8. You can have either/each an orange or an apple, but you can’t have
either/both.
9. ‘Tea or coffee?’ ‘Either/Neither, thanks. I’ve got to rush.’
10. ‘Red wine or white?’ ‘Either/Neither, whichever is open.’
11. I know either/both Robert and his brother, but I don’t like both/either of them.
12. I have four brothers. Every/Each of us is different.
9. Write any true sentence about these things or people. Use both (of), all
(of), neither (of), or none(of) in your answer.
1. Football, tennis, and cycling. They are all very popular sports in Europe.
2. Spain, Italy and Greece.
3. A dictionary and an encyclopedia.
4. You and your closest friend.
5. Your own country and Britain.
6. You, your mother and your father.
10. If necessary, correct these sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
All the children didn't come.
Many, if none of the students, could speak English fluently.
Almost all his spare time is spent working in the garden.
Both of us didn't speak again until we had reached home.
Everything depends on the last match of the football season.
Mrs Lee and Mr Pointer, them both teachers, are standing as candidates in
the next election.
7. Many people suffer side-effects from taking the drug. However, these not all
are bad.
8. I'm afraid neither answer is correct. Try again.
9. All at the meeting voted for Terry.
162
Lesson 7: The Concept “Plant of the Real Estate” (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
a distinge, a deosebi
отличать, различать
a separa, a izola
изолировать, отделять
a restrînge, a limita, a ограничивать
mărgini
nelocuit,
nepopulat; необжитый, нежилой
Uninhabited (adj.)
pustiu
natura dublă
двойная природа
Dual nature
a fi elaborat de, a fi узаконенный,
Be legislated (v.) by
legiferat de
зарегистрированный к-л
imobil, clădire cu lot şi дом,
владение,
Premises (n.)
construcţii
aferente, недвижимость
с
bunuri imobiliare
прилегающими
постройками и участком
precizie,
certitudine, определенность,
Determinacy (n.)
claritate
детерминированность
partea materială
материальная часть
Physical plant (n.)
posesiune de pămînt, землевладение
Landownership (n.)
proprietate de pămînt
cruntă, жесткое
противоBitter confrontation (n.) confruntare
aprigă, înverşunată
стояние, конфронтация
на
конфисWarranty
from autorizaţie / sancţiune de санкция
expropriere
кацию имущества
expropriation (n.)
care împiedică, care запрещающий,
блокиInhibitory (adj.)
interzice
рующий, замедляющий
datorie
долг
Debt (n.)
scutire,
dispensare, льгота,
вычет;
Exemption (n.)
eliberare
освобождение
Distinguish (v.)
Isolate (v.)
Restrict to (v.)
2.
Read and translate the text:
The legislatively established definition of the real estate has common
character. It does not contain rules and features which can help to distinguish
certain plants of the real estate in the real property in general. That is the reason
that now it is impossible to isolate such plants of the real estate, as forest and
long-term green plants. Obviously therefore the operating real estate market is
restricted to plants of the real state, isolation of which is possible on the basis of
a usual business turnover. To such plants of the real estate refer: land lots,
buildings (primary plants of the real estate), apartments, residential and
uninhabited premises (secondary plants of the real estate).
163
This situation is indirectly legislated by the law “On state registration of the
rights on real property and transactions with it”. The practical significance for
the operating real estate market of such plants of the real estate, as land lots,
buildings and premises (flats), and legislative determinacy of rules of state
registration of the rights on them allows to make a conclusion that problems of
regulating the relations between the owners of these types of plants of the real
estate should be first of all solved. That’s why there is a necessity of rules
installation, on the basis of which land lots, buildings and premises (flats) can be
isolated as the plants of civil rights.
The law establishes that the rights on the real things belong to state
registration. Thus plants of the real estate have the dual nature: on the one hand
they are legal objects, and on the other they are the physical plants, strongly
linked to land. To define the concept “plant of the real estate”, it is necessary to
define whether any land lot or plant, strongly linked to land, should be
considered as plant of the real estate. In all these cases a possibility of plant
selection of the real estate depends on its assigning.
As the land is a substance of the real estate, property legal relations linked
to the real estate, are defined first of all by forms of the landownership. It is not
by chance that the problem of the right of landownership during the twentieth
century was and for the present remains in our country an object of bitter
confrontation of different political forces in desire to influence on social and
economic system of future Russia.
In the foreign practice the list of authorities concerning land includes 8
elements:
· The right on the income, which is given by the realization of the right of
use and dispose of land;
· The right on disposal, consumption, expenditure at own discretion down
to an extermination of a thing (except for land);
· Warranty from expropriation, or right on security;
· The right to transmit the land lots;
· Termless possession;
· Inhibitory actions to use land in harm to other people;
· Possibility of exemption of a lot as a payment for the unpaid debt;
· Residual principle, i. e. existence of standards and rules providing
restoration of the outraged rights.
Abovementioned and other elements describing concept of landownership, in
combination with the rights of possession, use, and disposal suppose the existence
of about 1500 variants of the property rights. Therefore, according to world practice
the concept of the landownership should be considered as a complex of the land
and property rights regulating particular conditions of land use.
164
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Premises
2.
3.
Assigning
Concept
4.
Landowner
5.
Income
6.
Expenditure
7.
Warranty
8.
Expropriation
9.
Exemption
10.
Outrage
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Explanations
A general idea derived or inferred from specific
instances or occurrences; something formed in the
mind; a thought or notion.
An amount of money spent on something
An obligation that an article or service sold is as
factually stated or legally implied by the seller, and
that often provides for a specific remedy such as repair
or replacement in the event the article or service fails
to meet the warrant.
An act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and
that shocks people or makes them very angry.
To transfer (property, rights, or interests) from one to
another.
A holder of the estate in land with considerable rights
of ownership or, simply put, an owner of land.
A law which excepts certain things from another rule
or law.
Land and the buildings on it; a building or part of a
building.
The money that is received as a result of the normal
business activities of an individual or a business.
The act of removing control from the owner of an item
of property.
State registration, long-term green plants, the landownership, rules and
features, world practice, assigning, business turnover, bitter confrontation, dual
nature, premises.
1. Real estate definition does not contain … which can help to distinguish
certain plants of the real estate in the real property in general.
2. Now it is impossible to isolate such plants, as forest and …, of the real estate.
3. The operating real estate market is restricted to plants of the real state,
isolation of which is possible on the basis of a usual … .
4. There is a necessity of rules installation, on the basis of which land lots,
buildings and … (flats) can be isolated as the plants of civil rights.
5. The law establishes that the rights on the real things belong to … .
6. Plants of the real estate have the …: on the one hand they are legal objects,
and on the other they are the physical plants, strongly linked to land.
165
7. The possibility of plant selection of the real estate depends on its … .
8. As the land is a substance of the real estate, property legal relations linked to
the real estate, are defined first of all by forms of … .
9. The problem of the right of landownership during the twentieth century was
and for the present remains in our country an object of … of different political
forces in desire to influence on social and economic system of future Russia.
10. According to … the concept of the landownership should be considered as a
complex of the land and property rights regulating particular conditions of land use.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Real estate market, business turnover, residential premises, rules installation,
legal objects, the right on the income, warranty from expropriation, termless
possession, unpaid debt, restoration of the outraged rights.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Features which can help to distinguish certain plants of the real estate evidently,
in the real property in general.
limit,
Obviously therefore the operating real estate market is restricted to unpleasant,
plants of the real state.
thought
The practical significance for the operating real estate market.
over,
Buildings and premises (flats) can be isolated as the plants of civil specified,
recognize,
rights.
Plants of the real estate are the physical plants, strongly linked to land. placed
In all these cases a possibility of plant selection of the real estate apart,
appointing,
depends on its assigning.
Property legal relations linked to the real estate are defined first of all importance,
by forms of the landownership.
heavily.
The problem of the right of landownership remains in our country an
object of bitter confrontation of different political forces.
The concept of the landownership should be considered as a complex
of the land and property rights regulating particular conditions of land
use.
7.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into
English:
1. Definiţia imobilului stabilită prin lege are un caracter general. 2. Actuala piaţă
imobiliară are un capital limitat, izolarea căruia este posibilă pe baza rulajului
comercial obişnuit. 3. La un astfel de capital imobiliar se referă: terenuri de
pământ, clădiri (capital imobiliar primar), apartamente, spaţii locative şi
nelocative (capital imobiliar secundar). 4. Conform legii, dreptul de proprietate
166
aparţine registrului de stat. 5. Posibilitatea de alegere a capitalului imobiliar
depinde de destinaţia lui.
1. Законодательно установленное определение недвижимости носит общий
характер. 2. Действующий рынок недвижимости ограничен капиталом,
изоляция которого возможна на основе обычного торгового оборота. 3. К
такому недвижимому капиталу относятся: земельные участки, здания
(первичный недвижимый капитал), квартиры, жилые и нежилые
помещения (вторичный недвижимый капитал). 4. По закону права на
недвижимость принадлежат государственному регистру. 5. Возможность
выбора недвижимого капитала зависит от его предназначения.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Directly, unusual, possible, in particular, harm, exclude, legal, confrontation,
foreign, impossible, usual, indirectly, in general, illegal, national, friendship,
contain, help.
9.
Practice using words with negative prefixes. Contradict the following
statements in the same way as in the example.
Example: He is a very honest man. I don’t agree. I think he’s dishonest.
I’m sure she’s discreet.
He’s very efficient.
I always find him very sensitive.
I always find her responsible.
It’s a convincing argument.
He seems grateful for our help.
That’s a very relevant point.
I’m sure she’s loyal to the firm.
She’s always obedient.
He’s a tolerant person.
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To seek, to rid, to misprint, to outline, to overbuy, to relearn, to proofread, to
prepay, to abandon, to bleach, to redial, to redraw, jerry-build, to fly, to mind.
12.
Project work
Study and present to the class various signs that stand for plants on a map, and
draw a forest or a crop map.
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Grammar.7. The Future: Will and Going To; Shall; Present
Simple for The Future; Be To + Infinitive
Will and going to
Will + infinitive and going to + infinitive are commonly used to talk about the
future. Sometimes the difference between them is very small:
John'll / John's going to meet us in the restaurant at 8 o'clock.
Will you / Are you going to come back this evening?
However, going to is preferred in spoken English and will is preferred in formal
written English.
We use going to rather than will when we PREDICT that something will happen
in the future because we have some evidence for it now. It may be that we
predict an event that is just about to happen on the basis of something that we
feel, see (etc.) now:
'What's the matter with her?' 'She thinks she's going to faint.'
or it may be that we can predict an event because we have been told that it will
happen:
Did you know that Bob and Kath are going to get married?
However, if we make a prediction based on our opinion or our past experience
we use will:
Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you
again.
When we talk about INTENTIONS or DECISIONS about the future that were
made some time before we report them, we prefer going to or the present
continuous.
'Who's arranging the party?' 'Jo's going to do it.'
When we state a decision made at the moment of speaking, we prefer will:
'Is that the phone? Don't worry. I'll get it.' • It's late. I think I'll go to bed
now.
We use will (or another auxiliary), not going to, when we describe a future event
that follows another. Often 'if' has a meaning similar to 'when' in this kind of
sentence:
If you look carefully, you'll (or can) find writing scratched on the glass.
Shall
We can use shall (or shan't) instead of will (or won't) in statements about the
future with I and we, although it is more common to use will/won't:
When I retire, I shall/will have more time for my painting.
The stronger we are, the more we shall/will be able to help others.
In current English we don't use shall/shan't with other subjects (it, she, they,
etc.) when we talk about the future.
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Present simple for the future
We use the present simple when we talk about future events that are part of
some OFFICIAL ARRANGEMENT such as a timetable or programme:
Their plane arrives at 2 o'clock in the morning.
The next meeting of the committee is on November 5th.
We don't use the present simple when we talk about PERSONAL PLANS or
PREDICTIONS. Instead we use will, going to, or the present continuous.
I'm really exhausted. I'm just staying in to watch TV tonight.
However, we prefer the present simple if we can make a definite, specific
prediction because an activity or event is part of an official arrangement such as
a timetable or programme:
There is a full moon tonight.
We use the present simple to refer to the future, not will, in adverbial clauses
introduced by time conjunctions such as after, before, when, and until:
When you see Dennis, tell him he still owes me some money.
Let me know if he says anything interesting.
We use the present simple in that- and wh -clauses when both the main clause
and the that- /wh- clause refer to the future. We don't use will in the that and wh
clause in this kind of sentence:
I'm going to make sure (that) you are invited next time.
When the main clause refers to the present, we normally use will, not the present
simple, in the that- I wh-clause. However, if we are talking about a fixed
arrangement we can use either will or the present simple. Compare:
I guarantee that you'll enjoy the play,
It is fortunate that they arrive at the same time tomorrow.
Be to
Be to + infinitive is used to talk about formal or official arrangements, formal
instructions, and to give orders. It is particularly common in news reports to talk
about future events.
The law needs to be revised.
We only use be to + infinitive to talk about things that can be controlled by people:
We don't know where the meteorite is going to land,
We often use be to + infinitive in //-clauses to say that something must take place
first (in the main clause) before something else can take place (in the //-clause):
Humans are to survive as a species, we must address environmental
issues now.
Compare the use of be to + infinitive and the present simple for the future in //clauses:
Jones needs to improve his technique //he is to win gold at the next
Olympics.
Jones has said that he will retire from athletics //he wins gold at the next
Olympics.
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Grammar exercises.7. The Future: Will and Going To; Shall;
Present Simple for The Future; Be To + Infinitive
1. Complete the conversations with will or going to and the verb in
brackets. Careful! Sometimes both forms are possible.
1. A Why are you wearing your old clothes?
B Because I … (wash) the car.
2. A I’ve got a headache. Have you got any aspirin?
B Yes, they are in the bathroom. I … (get) some for you.
3. A Don’t forget to tell me if I can help you.
B Thank you. I … (give) you a ring if I think of anything.
4. A Why are you making sandwiches?
B Because we … (have) a picnic on the beach.
A What a lovely idea! I … (get) the towels and the swimming costumes.
5. A I’m going now! Bye!
B Bye! What time … (be) you back tonight?
A I don’t know. I … (call) you later.
6. A Who do you think … (win) the World Cup?
B Brazil … (win), of course!
7. A You’ve still got my CD. Have you forgotten?
B I’m sorry. Yes, I’d forgotten. I … (fetch) it now.
8. A Dad, can you lend me ten pounds, please? I … (give) it back tomorrow.
B I don’t know. What … (do) you?
A I… (see) the new Tom Hanks film.
9. A Your exams start in two weeks’ time. When … (start) you revising? You
haven’t done any revision yet!
B I know. I … (do) some tonight.
A You’re going out tonight.
B I … (start) tomorrow night, then.
10. A Can you take me to Harrods, please?
B Yes, jump in.
A How long … (take) it?
B About ten minutes.
11. A Do you like the shirt I bought for Peter’s birthday?
B Mmm. I’m sure he … (like) it, too.
A What … (do) you for his birthday?
B We are going out for a meal.
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2. Match a sentence in A with the sentence in B. Underline the verb
forms that refer to the future.
A
B
The phone’s ringing.
I think it’s going to rain.
Look at those black clouds!
Don’t worry! It’ll be spring soon.
What are you doing tonight?
We might go to Prague, or we might go to
I’m sick and tired of winter!
Rome.
Where are you going on your I’ll get it!
holiday?
I’m staying at home. I’m going to watch a
video.
3. Work with a partner. Underline a correct verb form.
1. ‘Why are you putting on your coat?’ ‘Because I’ll take/I’m going to take the
dog for a walk.’
2. ‘Would you like to go out for a drink tonight?’ ‘How about tomorrow night?
I’ll/I’m going to call you.’
3. ‘What’s the score?’ ‘6-0. They are going to lose/They’ll lose.’
4. ‘It’s Tony’s birthday next week.’ ‘Is it? I didn’t know. I’ll send/I’m going to
send him a card.’
5. ‘Are you and Alan still going out together?’ ‘Oh, yes, we’ll get/we’re getting
married in June.’
4. If possible, use the present simple of an appropriate verb to complete
these sentences. If the present simple is not correct, use will + infinitive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ellis's new play … at the Grand Theatre next week.
With more practice she … an excellent violinist.
National No-Smoking week … on October 24th.
On tonight's programme we … to the deputy president about the latest
unemployment figures.
5. In a few moments, I … over there and give the signal to start running.
6. The eclipse … at three minutes past midday.
7. Dr Brown … available again at 9.00 tomorrow.
8. The door in front of us … automatically in a few moments.
9. We … Amsterdam on Tuesday morning, but we Sydney until Thursday
evening.
10. I … to the main point of my talk in a little while.
5. Expand these notes to make a sentence beginning with the word(s)
given. You will need to decide the order in which to place them. Use the
present simple in the first clause and will or won’t in the second.
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1. he / need complete rest / another two months he / come out / hospital
After he comes out of hospital he will need complete rest for another two months.
2. I decide / buy / the house I / have / look at / an expert
Before...
3. we / not let her / walk / school alone she / a little older
Until...
4. he / take / work more seriously he / fail / his exams
Unless...
5. one pen / run out I / take two into / exam room
In case…
6. I/meet you outside/cinema / 8.00 I / not / see you after school
If...
7. traffic / not too bad I / pick you up / work
Provided...
6. Which of the verbs is correct or more appropriate? Underline one or
both.
1. Tonight I'm going to check that Susan does/will do her homework correctly.
2. By the time the book is published next year, no one will be interested in what
scandalous claims it makes/it will make.
3. Some people believe that the earth is destroyed/will be destroyed by a nuclear
accident.
4. The new regulations mean that businesses have to/ will have to complete the
form by 1st April.
5. Jim just phoned. He says that he is/will be with us tonight.
6. It says in the programme that the concert finishes/will finish at 10.20.
7. Choose a verb to complete the sentences. Use be to + infinitive if
possible, and will + infinitive if not.
appear arrive become begin feel fit move resign
1. A man … in court today after a car he was driving killed two pedestrians.
2. The danger is that the bacteria … more resistant to antibiotics over time.
3. The Environment Department has announced that it … 2,000 jobs out of the
capital.
4. When the news is broken to him, he … both upset and angry.
5. Work … this week on the new Thames bridge.
6. The Business Information Group said today that Brian Murdoch … as its
executive director.
7. We are all hoping that warmer weather … soon.
8. No more than six people … around the table comfortably.
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8. Here are some newspaper extracts. What verb do you think has been
removed from the if-clause, and with what form - be to + infinitive or
present simple?
bring collapse compare elect fail flourish improve operate rise
1. We recognise the urgent need to improve international economic performance
if we … sustainable benefits to millions faced with poverty.
2. The allocation of much-needed additional resources is necessary if we … the
range of provisions for all children regardless of their ability.
3. If John … in the vote next week, he will have to work with whoever the party
chooses as its deputy leader.
4. Middle managers are being retrained for the new information skills they will
need if they … effectively.
5. An all-out trade war seems likely if the two Presidents … to agree at
tomorrow's meeting.
6. The European Union, if it … as a community, must find better ways of
consulting its citizens.
9. Will or going to?
1. I feel really tired. - I think I … go to bed.
2. Where are you going? – I … visit a customer.
3. Do you want me to help you? - No thanks. John … help me.
4. Would you prefer tea or coffee? - I … have some coffee, please.
5. Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this? Good
idea. I … bring some wine. I've already decided. I … buy a new car.
6. What are your plans for the next week? I … to fly to New York on business.
Probably on Tuesday but I haven't bought my ticket yet.
7. What are your plans for the holidays? I … visit my parents for a few days and
then go walking in Scotland.
8. Why are you wearing your best suit? I … have lunch with my biggest
customer.
9. Do you want to have the chicken or the beef? I think … have the beef.
10. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the
appropriate tenses.
1. Today after I … (get) out of class, I … (go) to a movie with some friends.
When you (arrive) … in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show) … you
around the city and help you get situated.
2. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) …?
B: After I (receive) … my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) … to
graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) … to complete a Ph.D. in
cognitive science.
3. If it (snow) … this weekend, we (go) … skiing near Lake Tahoe.
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4. Your father (plan) … to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He …
(meet) you across.
5. If the people of the world … (stop, not) cutting down huge stretches of rain
forest, we … (experience) huge changes in the environment during the twentyfirst century.
6. If Vera … (keep) drinking, she … (lose, eventually) her job.
7. I promise you that I … (tell, not) your secret to anybody. Even if somebody …
(ask) me about what happened that day, I … (reveal, not) the truth to a single person.
8. She … (make) some major changes in her life. She … (quit) her job and go
back to school. After she … (finish) studying, she (get) … a better-paying job
and buy a house. She is going to improve her life!
9. Tom … (call) when he … (arrive) in Madrid. He (stay) … with you for two or
three days until his new apartment (be) … available.
Lesson 8: Residential Real Estate (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
правовое соглашение
Legal arrangement (n.) Aranjament juridic
Locuinţă
жилье
A dwelling (n.)
Titlu de proprietate de владение жильем
Housing tenure (n.)
locuinţă
Owner occupancy (n.) Posesiunea proprietarului собственность владельца
Instalare fără drept de loc самовольное заселение
Squatting (n.)
Co-locuinţă
сожительство
Cohousing (n.)
O singură entitate
единое целое
A single entity (n.)
A da în arendă, chirie
сдавать в аренду
To lease out (v.)
Uţă blocabilă
запираемая дверь
Lockable (adj.) door
отдельно стоящее здание
Detached (adj.) building Construcţie detaşată
дом с террасой
Terraced (adj.) house Casă terasată
Condominiu
совладение;
Condominium (n.)
многоквартирный дом
постоянное
Full-time residence (n.) Reşedinţă titulară
местожительства
Cort, şatră
палатка
Tent (n.)
A închide, a îngrădi, a în- включать, ограждать
To enclose (v.)
conjura, a anexa, a încadra
A întreba, a se interesa
спрашивать, узнавать
To inquire (v.)
Cameră, cabinet, cămară, небольшой
кабинет,
Closet (n.)
cameră secretă, dulap, шкаф, буфет
bufet, toaletă, closet
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2.
Read and translate the text:
The legal arrangement for the right to occupy a dwelling is known as the
housing tenure. Types of housing tenure include owner occupancy, tenancy,
housing cooperative, condominiums (individually parceled properties in a single
building), public housing, squatting, and cohousing. Residences can be
classified by, if, and how they are connected to neighboring residences and land.
Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For
example, connected residents might be owned by a single entity and leased out,
or owned separately with an agreement covering the relationship between units
and common areas and concerns.
Major physical categories in North America and Europe include:
o Apartment - An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of
the apartment are defined by a perimeter of lockable doors. Often seen in multistory apartment buildings.
o Multi-family house - Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where
each floor is a separate apartment or unit.
o Terraced house (townhouse or rowhouse) - A number of single or multiunit buildings in a continuous row with shared walls and no intervening space.
o Condominium - Building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by
individuals. Common grounds are owned and shared jointly. Styles: townhouse
or rowhouse condominiums.
o Cooperative (co-op) - A type of multiple ownership in which the residents of
a multiunit housing complex own shares in the cooperative corporation that owns
the property, giving each resident the right to occupy a specific apartment or unit.
o Semi-detached dwellings
o Duplex - Two units with one shared wall.
o Single-family detached home
o Portable dwellings
o Mobile homes - Potentially a full-time residence which can be (might not
in practice be) movable on wheels.
o Houseboats - A floating home
o Tents - Usually very temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of
fabric-like material.
The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet or
meters. In the United States, this includes the area of "living space", excluding
the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square meters" figure of a house in
Europe may report the total area of the walls enclosing the home, thus including
any attached garage and non-living spaces, which makes it important to inquire
what kind of surface definition has been used. It can be described more roughly
by the number of rooms. A studio apartment has a single bedroom with no living
room (possibly a separate kitchen). A one-bedroom apartment has a living or
dining room separate from the bedroom. Two bedrooms, three bedrooms, and
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larger units are common. (A bedroom is defined as a room with a closet for
clothes storage.)
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Dwelling
2.
3.
4.
Housing tenure
Condominium
Duplex
5.
Houseboat
6.
Garage
7.
Bedroom
8.
Dining room
9.
Tent
10.
Living room
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Explanations
A room in a private residence intended for general
social and leisure activities. Also called front room.
A room furnished with beds or used for sleeping.
A place to live in; an abode.
Refers to the financial arrangements under which
someone has the right to live in a house or apartment.
A room, as in a house or hotel, in which meals are
eaten.
A house divided into two living units or residences,
usually having separate entrances.
A portable shelter, as of canvas, stretched over a
supporting framework of poles with ropes and pegs.
A building or indoor space in which to park or keep a
motor vehicle. A commercial establishment where
cars are repaired, serviced, or parked.
A building or complex in which units of property,
such as apartments, are owned by individuals and
common parts of the property, such as the grounds and
building structure, are owned jointly by the unit
owners. A unit in such a complex.
A barge designed and equipped for use as a dwelling
or cruiser. A stationary boat or barge used as a home.
Tents, lockable doors, the right to occupy, in Europe, a living or dining
room, cooperative, neighboring residences, square feet or meters, shared walls,
housing tenure, attached garage.
1. The legal arrangement for … a dwelling is known as the housing tenure.
2. Types of … include owner occupancy, tenancy, housing cooperative,
condominiums, public housing, squatting, and cohousing.
3. Residences can be classified by, if, and how they are connected to … and land.
4. The boundaries of the apartment are defined by a perimeter of … .
5. Terraced house represents a number of single or multi-unit buildings in a
continuous row with … and no intervening space.
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6. … is a type of multiple ownership in which the residents of a multiunit
housing complex own shares in the cooperative corporation that owns the
property, giving each resident the right to occupy a specific apartment or unit.
7. … are usually very temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of
fabric-like material.
8. The size of an apartment or house can be described in … .
9. The "square meters" figure of a house … may report the total area of the
walls enclosing the home, thus including any … and non-living spaces, which
makes it important to inquire what kind of surface definition has been used.
10. A one-bedroom apartment has … separate from the bedroom.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
The right to occupy a dwelling, public housing, a multi-unit building, to lease
out, rowhouse condominiums, portable dwellings, a floating home, the size of an
apartment, non-living spaces, the number of rooms.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same kinds, extent,
physical type.
flat, bounds,
The boundaries of the apartment are defined by a perimeter of linked,
lockable doors.
depositing,
Residences can be classified by, if, and how they are connected to distinguished,
neighboring residences and land.
wardrobe,
The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet specified,
isolated.
or meters.
A one-bedroom apartment has a living or dining room separate
from the bedroom.
A bedroom is defined as a room with a closet for clothes storage.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. Locuinţele pot fi clasificate în conformitate cu, în cazul în care, şi conform
modului în care sunt conectate la locuinţele şi terenurile vecine. 2. Apartamentul
- O unitate individuală într-o clădire cu mai multe unităţi. 3. Un şir de case
construite reprezintă un număr de clădiri unice sau cu mai multe unităţi într-un
rând continuu, cu pereţi comuni şi nici un spaţiu de intervenţie. 4. Rulotele sunt
potenţial reşedinţe permanente, care pot fi (ar putea să nu fie, în practică) mobile
pe roţi. 5. Corturile sunt de obicei foarte temporare, cu acoperiş şi pereţi
constând doar din material, un anumit tip de ţesătură.
1. Жилье может быть классифицировано в зависимости от того, связано ли
оно (если да, то каким образом) с соседним жильем и землей. 2. Квартира –
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это отдельное помещение в многоквартирном здании. 3. Дом рядовой
застройки – ряд одно- или многоквартирных зданий в непрерывной цепи с
общими стенами и без промежуточного пространства. 4. Дома на колесах –
потенциально полноценные помещения, которые могут (а на практике
могут и нет) передвигаться на колесах. 5. Палатка – как правило
временное жилье, потолок и стены которого сделаны из ткани.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Weekday, war, circle, fingers, entrance, import, noon, birth, friend, arrival,
export, peace, exit, weekend, toes, departure, square, midnight, death, enemy.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is a housing tenure?
2. What are the types of housing tenure?
3. How can residences be classified?
4. What is an apartment?
5. How can you describe a terraced-house?
6. What is a condominium?
7. What are the most frequently used types of dwelling in your country?
8. What is a tent?
9. What is the difference when considering the size of a dwelling in the USA
and in Europe?
10. What is the difference between a studio apartment and a one-bedroom
apartment?
10. Complete the given stems with the prefix which means the same as
the word in brackets. There is an explanation to guide you.
Example: _____detached (half or partial) = attached on one side only (key = semi)
1. ___ thermia (below, lower) = a serious medical condition in which a person's
body temperature falls below the usual level
2. ___ present (all) = present or having an effect everywhere at the same time
3. ___ physics (star, space) = the type of astronomy which uses physical laws
and ideas to explain the behaviour of the stars
4. ___ ology (people) = the study of the human race, its culture and society and
its physical development
5. ___ morphism (people) = the showing or treating of animals, gods and objects as if they are human in appearance, character or behaviour
6. ___ metrical (with, together) = having similarity in size, shape, and relative
position of corresponding parts
7. ___ lexia (abnormal, ill) = a difficulty with reading and writing caused by the
brain's inability to see the difference between some letter shapes
178
8. ___ genous (the same) = consisting of parts or people which are similar to
each other or are of the same type
9. ___ function (abnormal, ill) = a problem or fault in an organ or machine
10. ___
factor (good) = someone who gives money to help an organization,
society or person
11.
Relate the text.
12.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To nail, to phone, to wear, to input, to misunderstand, to underlie, to produce, to
dive, to divide, to protest, to penetrate, to wow, to smell, to lack, to uniform.
13.
Project work
Which of the residential estate is the most convenient, interesting, the cheapest,
the safest, the most suitable to your family? Share your opinion with the class.
Grammar.8. Be, Appear, Seem, Become, Get, Have, Do, Make, etc.
In the following sentences we use an adjective or noun after a verb to describe
the subject or say what or who the subject is:
e.g. Ian is a doctor. She seemed unable to concentrate. The house became
Peter's in 1980.
The adjective or noun in sentences like these is called a complement; the verb is
called a linking verb. The most common linking verb is be; others include
become, come, grow, turn; keep, remain, stay; appear, look, seem, sound.
Appear, seem
After appear (= seems true) and seem we sometimes use to be before an
adjective:
e.g. He seems/appears (to be) very nervous.
We include to be before the adjectives alive, alone, asleep, and awake:
e.g. I didn't go in because she appeared to be asleep, (not ...appeared
asleep.)
Before a noun we include to be when the noun tells us who or what the subject
is, but can often leave it out when we give our opinion of the person or thing in
the subject. We leave out to be in more formal English.
e.g. He went through what appeared to be a locked door, (not ...appeared a
locked door.)
Notice that we include to be before -ing forms (growing, moving, etc.):
e.g. It seems to be growing rapidly.
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Become, get
We use the linking verb become to describe a process of change. A number of
other linking verbs can be used instead of become, including come, get, go,
grow, turn (into).
We use get rather than become in informal speech and writing, in imperatives,
and in phrases such as get broken, get dressed, get killed, get lost, get married,
get washed:
e.g. Don't get upset about it! Where did you live before you got married.
We prefer become when we talk about a more abstract or technical process of
change:
e.g. He became recognised as the leading authority on the subject.
We use become, not get, if there is a noun after the linking verb describing a
change of job:
e.g. Dr Smallman became an adviser to the US government.
Have and have got
Sometimes we can use either have or have got when we talk about
POSSESSION, RELATIONSHIPS and similar meanings. Using have is often
more formal:
e.g. She has a house in Italy. or She's got a house in Italy.
We use have, not have got, in to-infinitive or –ing forms, and after modal verbs:
e.g. Do you want to have a drink? I find having no car very inconvenient.
Notice that we don't use have got in short answers:
e.g. 'Have we got any biscuits left?' 'Yes, we have. In the cupboard.'
We use have rather than have got when we talk about the future or the past.
e.g. I have time to do the work now.
Do and make
We often use do with certain nouns to describe activities, or things that have an
effect on people:
e.g. I can't wash up, I have to do my homework.
Other nouns commonly used with do include business, damage, (an) exercise,
(somebody) a favour, (no) good (or not (do) any good), housework, (somebody)
an injury, a job, research.
We also use do when we talk about general or indefinite rather than particular
activities:
e.g. I think David has done something to the computer. I can't get it to work.
We use do with an -ing form as a noun when we talk about jobs and leisure
activities. A word or phrase such as the, some, a bit of, a lot of, etc. is usually
used before the noun:
e.g. I normally do the ironing while I'm watching TV.
We also use do to talk about cleaning, cooking, gardening, shopping, washing (up).
To talk about constructing or creating something we use make rather than do:
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e.g. I made some fresh coffee and gave her a cup.
We also use make with certain nouns, particularly when we are talking about an
action that someone performs:
e.g. Try not to make a noise. She made an offer for my car that I accepted.
Other nouns commonly used with make include an announcement, an
application, an arrangement, an attempt, a choice, a comment, a contribution, a
decision, a difference, a discovery, an enquiry, an excuse, a habit of doing
something, a list, a journey, a mistake, money, a (phone) call, a plan, a point, a
promise, a remark, a sound, a speech, a suggestion.
Grammar exercises.8. Be, Appear, Seem, Become,
Get, Have, Do, Make, etc.
1. Is to be necessary or optional in the following sentences?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The animals seemed to be coming nearer.
I could now hear Jane calling, and she seemed to be close by.
It was a very serious illness but she appears to be recovering.
There seems to be a connection between the disease and exposure to radiation.
He says he's leaving and he seems to be serious this time.
Dr Hickman appeared to be alone so I walked straight into his office.
She seems to be a very kind and thoughtful person.
Susan went to bed hours ago but she still seems to be awake.
It appears to be an excellent opportunity for me to get more experience.
He showed us what at first seemed to be a completely empty box.
2. Underline the correct or more likely alternative.
1. Sorry I'm late. I became/got lost.
2. Although he was young, he became/got regarded by the people as their leader.
3. He wouldn't let me get a word in and it became/got a bit irritating in the end.
4. It's time to go to school. Become/Get ready quickly!
5. She became/got a minister in the government in 1981.
6. As the microscope was focused, the bacteria became/got visible.
7. The children became/got really excited on Christmas Eve.
8. As his condition worsened his speech became/got unintelligible.
3. Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of have got if
possible. If it is not possible, use an appropriate form of have instead.
1.
2.
3.
4.
I'll phone you tomorrow. I … your office number.
The car only costs £500 and runs really well. We seem … a bargain.
To do this trick you need … two packs of cards.
If you had wanted to, you could … our new address from my parents.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
She admitted … no recollection of the meeting.
I expect that you will … my letter by now.
As a child, he used … nightmares about earthquakes knocking down his home.
They put up their tent in the field, … permission from the farmer.
'Have you still got that old caravan of yours?' 'Yes, I …'
He was about to call Jan when he suddenly … a better idea.
After she let Bill's bicycle tyres down, Nancy felt that she … her revenge.
Do you think they … the right equipment to do the job?
4. Choose the most likely sentence ending.
1. The company makes...
a) small electric motors.
b) a lot of work for charity.
2. The children in the class worked really hard. They made...
a) everything they could to help.
b) presents for all their brothers and sisters.
3. With recent advances in technology, we are now able to do...
a) powerful computers as small as a cigarette packet.
b) things we could not have dreamed of 10 years ago.
4. The local council is doing...
a) nothing to help solve traffic congestion.
b) changes to traffic flow in the city centre.
5. If possible, write a sentence with a similar meaning, using do + ...ing.
e.g. I'll shop after work. I'll do the shopping...
1. She writes a lot of letters in her spare time.
2. I enjoy cooking when I've got plenty of time.
3. She said she was staying in to watch television.
4. I'll iron if you wash up.
5. Paul often goes to the local lake to watch birds.
6. He thought he might play football this afternoon.
6. Choose a form of do or make and one of these nouns to complete the
sentences.
arrangement contribution damage discovery research.
The storm did a lot of damage to the trees in our garden.
1. I'm sure we … a definite … to meet on Thursday.
2. When they studied the figures closely, they … a startling … .
3. Michael always … an important … to our meetings.
4. We are … some … to try to find the origin of the name of our street.
Now complete these sentences with a form of do or make and any appropriate noun.
5. While she was skiing she hit a tree and … herself a serious … .
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6. If you give him the job you'll be … him a(n) … . He needs some money at the
moment.
7. She was feeling unwell at the party, so she … a(n) … and left.
8. When Clive left school, he had to … a(n) … between working for his father
and going to university.
9. I tried to dissuade her from leaving her job. But it … any … - she handed in
her resignation the next day.
7. Change these sentences, beginning with the words in italics.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It seems the weather is changing.
It appears that we have missed the train.
Peter appeared to have been attacked by a bull. (It)
He seemed to have survived the ordeal. (It)
It would seem that the Government has changed its policy.
It appears that they are worried about losing the next election.
8. Rewrite the sentences using seem and appear with different
structures. In some you need to use a to infinitive, in the others a that clause.
1. It seems that he stole the money. He seems to have stolen the money.
2. They appear to be missing. It appears that they are missing.
3. It appears that the outlook for tomorrow’s weather is good.
4. Tom appears to have been expelled from his school.
5. She seems to be enjoying life now that the trial is over.
6. It seemed that the ousted dictator had left the country.
7. The spokesman seemed to avoiding the journalist’s questions.
8. It would appear that the gang have been arrested by the police.
9. It appears that their marriage has broken up.
10. The athlete would appear to have failed the drugs test.
9. Complete the sentences with have to, has to or had to and a suitable verb.
1. I … glasses because my eyes aren’t very good.
2. Remember! When you drive in England you … on the left.
3. ‘Can I go and see the dentist when I want?’ ‘Well, usually you … an
appointment, unless it’s an emergency.’
4. At weekends Jack wears jeans and a T-shirt. During the week he … a suit
and a tie.
5. ‘Why are you late?’ ‘Sorry. I … to the bank, and there was a queue.’
6. I don’t like my job. Sometimes I … till midnight.
7. Farmers … every day of the year.
8. Their car broke down, so they … it to the garage.
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10.
Which expressions go with make, and which go with do? Write
them in the correct columns.
make
do
a mistake
my homework
up your mind
the shopping
a decision
a mess
a complaint
someone a favour
sure that
the housework
my bed
nothing
my best
money
a speech
a profit
exercises
a noise
a phone call
friends with
the washing-up
progress
Lesson 9: Short sale (Real Estate) (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
Sale proceeds (n. pl.)
Borrower (n.)
Lender (n.)
Mortgage loan (n.)
Foreclosure (n.)
Hefty (adj.)fee
Deficiency (n.)
Debtor (n.)
Incur (v.)
Entail (v.)
Venituri din vînzare
доход от продажи
Împrumutat, debitor
заемщик
Împrumutător, creditor
заимодавец, кредитор
Credit ipotecar
ипотечный кредит
Presciere a unei ipoteci
потеря права выкупа
Taxă solidă
большой налог
Deficit, deficienţă, lipsă нехватка, недостаток
Debitor, datornic
должник, дебитор
A-şi face, a-şi atrage, a подвергаться
ч-л,
întîmpina
терпеть убытки
A aduce după sine, a влечь
за
собой;
cauza, a antrena, a определять
порядок
184
implica, a determina
Mitigate (v.)
Extinguish (v.)
Willingness (n.)
Unprecedented
overwhelming
number
Failure rate (n.)
Obstinate (adj.)
наследования земли без
права отчуждения
A diminua, a micşora, a смягчать,
уменьшать,
alina, a linişti
облегчать
A nimici, a face să гасить, погашать
dispară, a amortiza
Amabilitate, bunăvoinţă, желание, готовность
consimţire
или
(adj.) or Un număr fără precedent беспрецедентное
подавляющее число
(adj.) sau compleşitor
Contingency (n.)
2.
Rata de eşec, de faliment частота неудач, ошибок
Încăpăţânat,
îndărătnic, упрямый, настойчивый
persistent, care nu cedează
uşor, de durată
Întâmplare,
accident, случай,
случайность,
eveniment
neprevăzut, непредвиденное
обстоятельство
eventualitate
Read and translate the text:
A short sale is a sale of real estate in which the sale proceeds fall short of the
balance owed on the property's loan. It often occurs when a borrower cannot pay
the mortgage loan on their property, but the lender decides that selling the property
at a moderate loss is better than pressing the borrower. Both parties consent to the
short sale process, because it allows them to avoid foreclosure, which involves
hefty fees for the bank and poorer credit report outcomes for the borrowers. This
agreement, however, does not necessarily release the borrower from the obligation
to pay the remaining balance of the loan, known as the deficiency.
In a short sale, the bank or mortgage lender agrees to discount a loan balance
because of an economic or financial hardship on the part of the borrower. The
home owner/debtor sells the mortgaged property for less than the outstanding
balance of the loan, and turns over the proceeds of the sale to the lender. Neither
side is "doing the other a favor;" a short sale is simply the most economical solution
to a problem. Banks will incur a smaller financial loss than foreclosure or continued
non-payment would entail. Borrowers are able to mitigate damage to their credit
history, and partially control the debt. A short sale is typically faster and less
expensive than a foreclosure. It does not extinguish the remaining balance unless
settlement is clearly indicated on the acceptance of offer. Lenders often have loss
mitigation departments that evaluate potential short sale transactions. The majority
have pre-determined criteria for such transactions, but they may be open to offers,
and their willingness varies.
Lenders may accept short sale offers or requests for short sales even if a
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Notice of Default has not been issued or recorded with the locality where the
property is located. Given the unprecedented and overwhelming number of losses
that mortgage lenders have suffered from the 2009 foreclosure crisis, they are now
more willing to accept short sales than ever before. This presents an opportunity for
"under-water" borrowers who owe more on their mortgage than their property is
worth and are having trouble selling to avoid foreclosure as a result.
Short sale success rates vary from state to state and from bank to bank.
Bank of America short sales, as of 2009 are still the longest to be approved and
have the highest failure rate. Whereas, City and banks like Wells Fargo tend to
move faster. Smaller "local" banks tend to have their own rules, but will
typically approve the short sale in days, not months.
Short sales are different from foreclosures in that a foreclosure is forced by a
lender, whereas both lender and borrower consent to a short sale. However, this
consent may change at any time, and negotiations may be ongoing between the
lender and borrower even while the short sale is on the market. The borrower may
decide to remain and refinance their house, or become obstinate and force
foreclosure. The bank may renege as well if they decide to stick with the current
borrower, or if they disapprove of the sale price. Any short sale contract includes a
contingency where the bank must approve the sale. Changing consent can present a
perilous situation for potential buyers. It can waste considerable time and money
for a prospective buyer who anticipated a sale. Typically, deposits with the bank
will be refunded but money for paid inspections or other services cannot be.
There are several defenses against this. If the seller has moved out of a
property, that is a clue that they have no intention of staying or negotiating
further with the bank. "Bank Approved Short Sales" are advertised by real estate
advertisements, indicating that a real estate broker has verified the selling bank's
position. This still does not guarantee acceptance, and it often does not take
junior lien-holders into account, but it is better than situations where the bank
holding the mortgage has only been lightly involved in the borrower's decision.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
2.
3.
Words
Loan
Foreclosure
Hardship
4.
Debtor
5.
Damage
Explanations
To give back, especially money; return or repay.
To fail to carry out a promise or commitment.
To act in such a way as to cause an offense to seem less
serious. The action of lessening in severity or intensity.
The process by which mortgaged property enters into
the possession of the mortgagee without right of
redemption by the mortgagor, usually for reason of
delinquency in mortgage payments.
Something lent for temporary use. A sum of money
lent at interest.
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A person who owes a creditor; someone who has the
obligation of paying a debt.
Harm or injury to property or a person, resulting in loss
of value or the impairment of usefulness. Law Money
ordered to be paid as compensation for injury or loss.
Conditions of life difficult to endure. Something that
causes suffering or privation.
A crucial or decisive point or situation; a turning point.
An unstable condition, as in political, social, or
economic affairs, involving an impending abrupt or
decisive change.
In law, it is a form of security interest granted over an
item of property to secure the payment of a debt or
performance of some other obligation. The owner of
the property, who grants the lien, is referred to as the
lienor and the person who has the benefit of the lien is
referred to as the lienee.
6.
Mitigation
7.
Lien
8.
Crisis
9.
Renege
10.
Refund
4.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
An economic or financial hardship, approve the sale, Notice of Default,
obstinate and force, to mitigate damage, the sale proceeds, failure rate, hefty
fees, the mortgaged property, by a lender.
1. A short sale is a sale of real estate in which … fall short of the balance
owed on the property's loan.
2. Both parties consent to the short sale process, because it allows them to
avoid foreclosure, which involves … for the bank and poorer credit report
outcomes for the borrowers.
3. In a short sale, the bank or mortgage lender agrees to discount a loan
balance because of … on the part of the borrower.
4. The home owner/debtor sells … for less than the outstanding balance of
the loan, and turns over the proceeds of the sale to the lender.
5. Borrowers are able to … their credit history, and partially control the debt.
6. Lenders may accept short sale offers or requests for short sales even if a …
has not been issued or recorded with the locality where the property is located.
7. Bank of America short sales, as of 2009 are still the longest to be
approved and have the highest … .
8. Short sales are different from foreclosures in that a foreclosure is forced
…, whereas both lender and borrower consent to a short sale.
9. The borrower may decide to remain and refinance their house, or become
… foreclosure.
10. Any short sale contract includes a contingency where the bank must …
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5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Sale proceeds, to pay the mortgage loan, a moderate loss, to release somebody
from an obligation, an overwhelming number of losses, the acceptance of offer,
both lender and borrower consent to, short sale transactions, to avoid
foreclosure, real estate advertisements.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
Both parties consent to the short sale process, because it allows them
to avoid foreclosure.
In a short sale, the bank or mortgage lender agrees to discount a
loan balance because of an economic or financial hardship on the
part of the borrower.
A short sale is typically faster and less expensive than a foreclosure.
The borrower may decide to remain and refinance their house, or
become obstinate and force foreclosure.
The bank may renege as well if they decide to stick with the current
borrower, or if they disapprove of the sale price.
permit,
revoke,
actual,
stubborn,
stay,
costly,
characteristically,
lender,
prevent,
brush off.
7. Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into English:
1. O vânzare scurtă este o vânzare de bunuri imobiliare, în care încasările din
vânzare se încadrează puţin în soldul datorat pentru împrumutul pentru
proprietate. 2. Într-o vânzare scurtă, banca sau creditorul ipotecar este de acord
să reducă echilibrul de împrumut din cauza unei dificultăţi economice sau
financiare din partea împrumutatului.3. Băncile "locale" mai mici tind să aibă
propriile lor reguli, dar vor aproba de obicei o vânzare scurtă în zile, nu luni. 4.
Orice contract de vânzare scurtă include o intervenţie din partea băncii în care
aceasta trebuie să aprobe vânzarea. 5. În cazul în care vânzătorul s-a mutat dintro proprietate, acesta este un indiciu că el nu are intenţia de a rămâne în
continuare sau de a negocia cu banca.
1. Продажа без покрытия – продажа недвижимости, при которой доход от
продажи не покрывает остаток. 2. При продаже без покрытия банк или
ипотечный кредитор соглашается сделать скидку на остаток от кредита изза экономических или финансовых трудностей со стороны заемщика. 3.
Мелкие «местные» банки пытаются установить свои собственные порядки,
но обычно на продажу без покрытия уходят дни, не месяцы. 4. Любой
договор о купле-продаже без покрытия требует согласия банка. 5. Если
продавец освободил жилье, то это значит, что он не собирается
договариваться с банком.
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8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Heavy, happy, late, clean, put on weight, weak, low, pass an exam, get up, fold,
lose weight, dirty, early, high, light, sad, strong, fail an exam, lie down, unfold.
9.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is a short sale?
2. When does a short sale occur?
3. Why do both parties consent to the short sale process?
4. Why does the bank or mortgage lender agree to discount a loan balance in
a short sale?
5. What are borrowers able to do to their credit history in order to control the
debt?
6. May lenders accept short sale offers or requests for short sales even if a
Notice of Default has not been issued?
7. Who are the "under-water" borrowers?
8. What is the difference between short sales and foreclosure?
9. What does any short sale contract include?
10. What does it mean when the seller has moved out of a property?
10. Complete the given stems with the prefix which means the same as
the word in brackets.
Example: He has a _____phobia (water). The doctors can do nothing about it.
(key = aqua)
1. A …-automatic (partly) weapon is one which automatically puts bullets into
position ready for firing, but it can only fire one bullet at a time.
2. All the survivors of the disaster needed counseling, and the worst affected
received …therapy (mind).
3. ‘Bread' and 'butter' are not …syllabic (many) words, but 'internationalism' is.
4. He died in an …plane (air) crash.
5. Her damaged eye is …sensitive (too much) to light.
6. I watched the birds through my …oculars (two, twice).
7. I'll just make a …copy (light) of the agreement.
8. In 1609, Galileo improved the …scope (distant) and used it to study the stars
and planets.
9. Jacques Cousteau was the inventor of the …lung (water).
10.Last night the …meter (heat) fell below freezing.
11.
Relate the text.
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12.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
To proclaim, to dissolve, to overheat, to maintain, to like, to cry, to inlay, to
dwell, to plan, to submit, to redistribute, to let, to paint, to resolve, to thank.
13.
Project work
Write a review about short sale, its peculiarities and the procedure.
Grammar.9. Adverbs and Conjunctions. Giving Reasons: As,
Because, Because Of; For and With; If Not and Unless; If and
Whether; Seeing That/As, Since
We can begin a clause with these words to give a reason for a particular
situation:
e.g. As it was getting late, I decided I should go home.
We must be near the beach, because I can hear the waves.
Since he was going to be living in Sweden for some time, he thought he
should read something about the country.
We could go and visit Sue, seeing that we have to drive past her house
anyway.
It is also common and acceptable for because to begin a sentence, as in:
Because everything looked different, I had no idea where to go.
To give reasons in spoken English, we most often use because. So is also
commonly used to express the same meaning.
e.g. Because my mother's arrived, I won't be able to meet you on
Thursday after all.
My mother's arrived, so I won't be able to meet you on Thursday after all.
With this meaning, since is rather formal:
e.g. I didn't go out since I was feeling awful.
Seeing that is used in informal English. Some people also use seeing as in
informal speech:
e.g. He just had to apologise, seeing that/as he knew he'd made a mistake.
Because of
Because of is used before a noun or a noun phrase to give a reason for
something:
e.g. We won't be able to come because of the weather.
For and with
We can use for and with to introduce reasons. For has a similar meaning to
because of:
e.g. She was looking all the better for (= because of) her stay in hospital.
190
With this meaning, for is common in most styles of English. With has a similar
meaning to 'because there is/are':
e.g. With so many people ill (= because so many people are ill), I've
decided to cancel the meeting.
Notice we can use with, but not for, at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a
reason.
If ...not and unless
Unless is used in conditional sentences with the meaning 'if...not':
e.g. There's no chance of you getting the job unless you apply, (or ...if you
don't apply.)
You can't travel on this train unless you have a reservation, (or ...if you
don't have...)
In most real conditional sentences, we can use either unless or if...not with a
similar meaning. However, we use if...not but not unless:
· in most unreal conditional sentences:
e.g. He would be happier if he didn't take things so seriously.
· when we talk about emotions:
e.g. I'll be amazed if Christie doesn't win.
· in most questions:
e.g. If you don't pass the test, what will you do?
We use unless but not if...not when we introduce an afterthought.
e.g. Without Philip to run it, the course can't continue - unless you want
the job, of course.
If and whether
We can use if or whether to say that two possibilities have been talked about, or
to say that people are not sure about something:
e.g. They couldn't decide whether/if it was worth re-sitting the exam.
Whether can usually be followed directly by or not.
e.g. I didn't know whether or not Tom was coming, (or ...whether Tom
was coming or not.)
We prefer whether rather than if:
· after the verbs advise, consider, discuss:
e.g. You should consider carefully whether the car you are interested in is
good value.
· before to-infinitives and after prepositions:
e.g. I couldn't decide whether to buy apples or bananas.
· in a clause acting as a subject or complement:
e.g. Whether the minister will quit over the issue remains to be seen.
· in the pattern noun + as to + whether to mean 'about' or 'concerning':
e.g. There was some disagreement as to whether he was eligible to play for
France.
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Grammar exercises.9. Adverbs and Conjunctions. Giving
Reasons: As, Because, Because Of; For and With; If Not and
Unless; If and Whether; Seeing That/As, Since
1. Complete the sentence frames with an item from (i) and an item from (ii)
in an appropriate order.
i
ii
she couldn't decide which to choose
he can learn to drive
she walked carefully
'Hello, again,' was an odd thing to say
he is now 17 years old
the prices at home were sky high
I had no idea how it worked
the streets were covered in ice
they were going to have a party
all the cakes looked good
they had to buy the machine abroad
they had been married for ten years
they had never met before
I had to ask for help
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Since all the cakes looked good, she couldn’t decide which to choose.
She walked carefully because ……………………………….. .
As …………………………………………………………….. .
……………………………. as ………………………………. .
Because ……………………………………………………..... .
……………………………... since ………………………….. .
……………………………... seeing that …………………….. .
2. Now complete these sentences using because or because of + one of these
phrases.
the strong wind my computer isn't working
other commitments her illness
1. I can't meet you tomorrow...
2. The boat couldn't put to sea...
3. She couldn't complete the work...
4. We couldn't get to his house...
5. I can't print out the letter...
flooding on the road
I have
3. Rewrite the sentences using for or with instead of because (of).
1. Because the meeting's at 2.00, i won't be able to see you. With the meeting
(being) at 2.00, I won’t have time to see you.
2. She couldn't hear John talking because of all the noise.
3. Because prices were falling, they couldn't sell their house.
4. When we got to the top of the hill we couldn't see anything because of the mist.
5. Because of the snow, I might not be able to get to the airport.
6. I've been left to do all the work, because Ron and Bill are on holiday.
192
4. Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your answer
and begin with the word given.
1. I have to telephone Mike tonight or he'll sell the car to someone else. Unless
I telephone Mike tonight, he'll sell the car to someone else.
2. The hospital must get more money or it will close. Unless...
3. You should keep medicines in the fridge only if it is necessary. You...
4. Speak to her only if she speaks to you first. Don't...
5. It must rain within the next week, or water supplies will be cut off. Unless...
5. Underline the correct phrase. If either is possible, underline them both.
a) Unless it had been/If it hadn't been for my friends, I wouldn't have got the job.
b) You'll be really sorry unless you take/if you don't take the opportunity.
c) Unless we cut/If we don't cut resource use and waste, we face a decline in the
quality of our lives.
d) The workers have threatened to go on strike unless they are given/if they're
not given a pay rise.
e) Unless we hear from you/If we don't hear from you we'll expect you around
12.30.
f) I must get on with my work - unless you want/if you don't want to help me.
g) The club will have to close unless we can attract/if we can’t attract more
members.
h) He wouldn't have failed his exams unless he had/if he hadn't been ill.
i) What will you do unless you go/if you don't go away for the weekend?
6. Write whether or if/whether in these sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
It was a good opportunity to ask Charles he shared my views.
When I saw his face I didn't know to laugh or cry.
There is some question as to the public should be told about the accident.
It was too dark to tell she was awake or asleep.
They continue to work for us depends on how much we can pay.
She briefly considered she should call the police, but then walked away.
It remains to be seen he can win in a major competition.
She couldn't make up her mind about Jack had stolen the money.
7. Write because or so in the blanks below. Don't forget the comma!
a) Ruby enjoys cooking __________ she invited all of her classmates over for
dinner.
b) Everyone enjoys a good home-cooked meal __________ everybody went to
Ruby's house.
193
c) Taka ate two plates full of food __________ he was very hungry!
d) Larena and Tammi shared a plate of food _________ they like the same things.
e) Maria is a professional bartender __________ she mixed drinks for
everybody.
f) There were lots of lemons on the table __________ Sam brought a big bag
full of lemons.
g) Sara is a musician __________ she played the piano and sang to entertain
everyone.
h) Leo and Kazu danced in the middle of the livingroom __________ they love
to dance.
i) Filiz asked for the recipe __________ she loved the dinner.
j) Delma also loved the dinner __________ she asked for the recipe too.
k) Ruby's recipe is a secret family recipe __________ she couldn't give it away.
l) Filiz and Delma were disappointed __________ Ruby wouldn't share the
recipe, but they understood why.
m) Ruby worked very hard to prepare the meal __________ she was very tired.
n) Lenny, Sandy and Sassy cleaned off the table __________ the dishes could
be washed.
o) Abrahim, Hiro and Kadir offered to wash the dishes __________ poor Ruby
was really tired.
p) All the classmates said, "Thank you!" __________ they enjoyed the dinner.
q) It was getting late __________ everybody started leaving.
r) Ruby slept for two days __________ she was exhausted!
s) When we are giving a reason, we use ________ .
t) When we are showing results, we use ________ .
8. Complete the sentences below by filling in the blanks (because, until, so,
but, when).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She didn’t do well in the final test, … she didn’t study hard.
I will stay with you, … your father comes to pick you up.
We made a pizza, … we didn’t eat it.
The wedding won’t start, … the groom arrives.
We were exhausted, … we went to bed.
We’ll stay in the restaurant, … the rain stops.
We will be happy, … the exams are over.
I won’t see you tomorrow, … I will call you on your cell phone.
9. Complete each adverb clause below with the correct word(s).
1. … he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that
he got an A.
2. You should keep the milk in the refrigerator, … it doesn't go bad.
194
3. … he thinks he's smart, he isn't.
4. You should say goodbye to your brother … you leave for Europe.
5. … my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats.
6. … I came to this country, I didn't speak a word of English!
7. I'll let you know … I come back.
8. He doesn't understand … he doesn't speak French very well.
9. He spoke slowly … she would understand.
10. … you stop crying, I'll buy you an ice cream.
10.
Fill in an appropriate adverb.
We keep our bread in the fridge, … it doesn't go bad.
The five-cent coin looks very Canadian, … it has a picture of a beaver on it.
… Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long time.
You should give the iron time to heat up … you iron your clothes.
You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains, … the ground is rough
and hard.
f) Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing … they don't get hurt.
g) You will have to pay higher insurance … you buy a sports car.
h) You shouldn't drive … drinking alcohol.
i) … the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish -- it's a mammal.
j) You may get malaria … you are bitten by a mosquito.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Lesson 10: Vacant Property (6 hours)
1.
Read and memorize the new vocabulary:
restabilire, redobândire; восстановление, возврат,
indemnizaţie,
утилизация
decădere, declin, slăbire уменьшение,
упадок,
Decline (n.)
снижение
соседство;
Neighbourhood (n.) vecinătate, preajmă, apro- окрестности,
piere; zonă, regiune, район, квартал
parte; cartier, district
în acelaşi mod, la fel; de подобно, аналогично, также
Likewise (adv.)
asemenea, mai mult decît
atît; pe lîngă acestea
a ridica, a mări, a creşte, a поднимать,
повышать,
Raise (v.)
spori
увеличивать
Low rise property (n.) proprietate asupra clădiri- собственность на малоlor de mărime mică
этажные жилые дома
decădere, distrugere
гибель, упадок; болезнь
Blight (n.)
растений; деградация
Recovery (n.)
195
Target (n.)
Hold out (v.)
Asset (n.)
ţintă, ţel
a oferi, a da
activ, bunuri, avere
Brownfield (n.)
obiect situat pe baza unor объект, создающийся на
alte obiecte deja existente основе каких-либо уже
имеющихся объектов
a cuantifica, a determina определить
количество,
sub raport cantitativ
подсчитывать
a cuprinde; a examina; a осматривать,
измерять,
studia; a măsura; a ridica исследовать;
определять
(o hartă);
картографически
a socoti, a considera, a думать,
считать,
crede
придерживаться мнения
care continue, neîntrerupt непрерывный, постоянный,
текущий
Quantify (v.)
Survey (v.)
Deem (v.)
Ongoing (adj.)
2.
цель, объект, задача
предлагать, сулить
актив(ы), ресурс, капитал
Read and translate the text:
The reuse of vacant land and abandoned structures can represent an
opportunity for the economic growth and recovery of a diverse range of urban
areas. Vacant and abandoned property is a symptom of central city decline that
has now become a problem in its own right.
Vacant land represents both a significant problem and an attractive
opportunity for many central cities. Vacant land and abandoned structures impose
both economic and social costs on cities and neighbourhoods or districts in which
they are located. On the economic side, such properties lower neighbouring
property values and tax revenues even as they create pressure to raise taxes to
maintain service levels. Likewise, vacant land and abandoned structures impose
significant social costs on communities as images of blight, as targets for vandalism
and criminal activity, and as unsafe and unhealthy structures.
At the same time, though, vacant land holds out an opportunity for central
cities when it is seen as a competitive asset in the implementation of economic
development strategies. Vacant land development can generate new economic
activity, increase tax revenue, improve transportation and physical amenities,
and increase safety. It can also help cities to resolve their brownfield problems
as well as reinforce “smart growth” practices by accommodating growth and
development within existing urban areas.
Despite the need to understand better the problems and opportunities
associated with vacant and abandoned properties, few efforts have attempted to
comprehensively quantify their extent. Land use planners surveyed cities
perceptions of their vacant land and abandoned structures problem and found
that they were viewed as a serious concern. The survey has found that, on the
196
average, 15% of a city’s land remains vacant. But while both surveys help to
provide a better understanding of the issue and city responses to it, neither was
comprehensive. The survey also found that city officials deemed aggressive
building code enforcement the most effective technique to address vacant land
and abandoned structures, followed by the use of tax foreclosure (used by 60%
of the surveyed cities).
To understand the full scope of the problems and opportunities associated
with vacant lands and abandoned structures, we need systematic and ongoing
data collection.
3.
Match the words with their explanations:
No.
1.
Words
Reuse
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
Explanations
A characteristic sign or indication of the existence of
something else.
The opportunity to do or achieve something.
Recovery
Without being affected by the factors mentioned.
Symptom
Neighbourhood The act or process of using again.
A return or restoration to a former or better condition.
Target
A useful or valuable quality, person, or thing; an
Asset
advantage or resource; a valuable item that is owned.
A surrounding or nearby region; the immediate
Brownfield
environment.
A result aimed at; a goal or an objective.
Despite
Continuing to exist or go forward.
Scope
A piece of industrial or commercial property that is
Ongoing
abandoned or underused and often environmentally
contaminated, especially one considered as a potential
site for redevelopment.
Fill in the sentences with the missing words and expressions:
Economic and social costs, vacant land development, increase safety, the reuse,
an attractive opportunity, data collection, central city decline, remains vacant,
the economic side, images of blight.
1. … of vacant land and abandoned structures can represent an opportunity for
the economic growth and recovery of a diverse range of urban areas.
2. Vacant and abandoned property is a symptom of … that has now become a
problem in its own right.
3. Vacant land represents both a significant problem and … for many central cities.
4. Vacant land and abandoned structures impose both … on cities and
neighbourhoods or districts in which they are located.
197
5. Vacant land and abandoned structures impose significant social costs on
communities as …, as targets for vandalism and criminal activity, and as unsafe
and unhealthy structures.
6. Vacant land development can generate new economic activity, increase tax
revenue, improve transportation and physical amenities, and … .
7. … can also help cities to resolve their brownfield problems as well as
reinforce “smart growth” practices by accommodating growth and development
within existing urban areas.
8. Land use planners surveyed cities perceptions of their vacant land and abandoned
structures problem and found that, on the average, 15% of a city’s land … .
9. To understand the full scope of the problems and opportunities associated with
vacant lands and abandoned structures, we need systematic and ongoing ….
10. On .., vacant land and abandoned structures lower neighbouring property
values and tax revenues even as they create pressure to raise taxes to maintain
service levels.
5.
Make up a short text using the following expressions:
Abandoned property, economic growth, central city decline, an attractive
opportunity, to raise taxes, targets for vandalism, unhealthy structures, a
competitive asset, brownfield problems, data collection.
6.
Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the right.
The reuse of vacant land and abandoned structures can represent an
opportunity for the economic growth and recovery of a diverse
range of urban areas.
Vacant land represents both a significant problem and an attractive
opportunity for many central cities.
Vacant land and abandoned structures impose both economic and
social costs on cities and neighbourhoods or districts in which they
are located.
Vacant land development can generate new economic activity.
It can also help cities to reinforce “smart growth” practices by
accommodating growth and development within existing urban areas.
Few efforts have attempted to comprehensively quantify the
problems’ extent.
Cities perceptions of their vacant land and abandoned structures
problem were viewed as a serious concern.
198
considered,
qualities,
possibility,
affair, size,
providing,
placed,
produce,
important,
various.
7.
Translate the following sentences from Romanian/ Russian into
English:
1. Terenurile libere şi structurile pustiite trebuie să fie reexploatate. 2.15% din
terenurile care aparţin oraşului rămîn libere. 3. Pentru rezolvarea problemei
terenurilor pustiite au fost deja elaborate reforme legislative. 4. Persoanele care
se ocupă de organizarea regimului proprietăţii funciare sunt preocupaţi de
problema terenurilor pustiite. 5. Din cauza terenurilor pustiite cresc cheltuielile
economice.
1. Свободные земли и пустующие структуры должны заново
использоваться. 2. Свободными остаются 15% городских земель. 3. Для
решения проблемы пустующих земель законодательные реформы уже
изданы. 4. Землеустроители озабочены проблемой пустующих земель. 5.
Экономические затраты возрастают из-за пустующих земель.
8.
Find antonyms among the following words.
Safe, healthy, growth, lower, the same, improve, effective, unhealthy, raise,
different, unsafe, decline, worsen, misunderstand, ineffective, aggressive,
understand, calm.
9.
What is the abstract noun related to each of the following adjectives?
affectionate
excited
kind
secure
amused
graceful
original
stupid
attentive
happy
popular
weak
10.
Relate the text.
11.
Write down the three forms of the following verbs.
equal
hopeful
resentful
wise
To learn, to study, to teach, to educate, to write, to read, to speak, to ask, to
suggest, to behave, to pollute, to frighten, to protect, to slide, to find.
12.
Project work
Study the market of vacant and abandoned property, present the information in a
table. Render their advantages and disadvantages and then identify the client
they are more suitable for.
199
Grammar.10.1. Prepositions. Prepositions of Place: Between and
Among; During, For, Over; Throughout, By and Until
in + cities / towns / streets / the surburbs / an armchair / danger / the middle of /
the queue
at + house number (at 32 Oxford St) / home / school / university / work / the
bus-stop
on + the floor / the outskirts / a chair / foot / holiday
by + bus / taxi / car / helicopter / plane / train / coach / ship / air / sea
BUT on a/the bus / plane / train / coach / ship / boat – in a taxi / car / helicopter
Prepositions of time
AT
at 6:15
at Christmas / Easter
at night/midnight/noon
at the weekend
IN
ON
on Sunday, Monday,
in the
etc.
morning/afternoon/night
in July (months)
on March 28th
in summer (seasons)
on a winter night
in 1991 (years)
in the 20th century
NOTE: on time = at the right time
at 8:30 = exactly at that time
200
in time = early enough, not late by 8:30 = not later than that time, before
Between, among
We use between with two or more people or things that we see as individual or
separate. We use among when we see the people or things as part of a group or
mass. You can't say that you are among two people or things. Amongst is
sometimes used instead of among, but is a more literary.
e.g. She held the diamond between her thumb and forefinger.
The boy walked into the room between/among his mother and father.
During, for, in, over, throughout
We use during or in to talk about something that happens within a particular
period of time.
e.g. The population of the city has actually fallen during the last decade,
(or ...in the last...)
We use during rather than in when we talk about something that happens within the
same time as another event or activity rather than over a particular period of time:
e.g. Mrs Newton came into our classroom during a maths test.
We also prefer during when we emphasise that something continues for the
whole of a particular period of time:
e.g. No-one was allowed to leave the ship during (the whole of) its time in port.
We can also use throughout to express a similar meaning:
e.g. We had enough firewood to keep us warm during (the whole of) the
winter, (or...warm throughout the winter.)
We can use over or during when we talk about an event or activity that goes on
for a length of time within a period of time, either for some of that period or for
the whole of it:
e.g. Weather conditions have been improving over/during the past few days.
However, if we talk about an event or activity having little duration that happens
within a period of time, we prefer during:
e.g. She sneezed during the performance, (not ...over the performance.)
We use for to say how long something continues, and during to say when
something takes place:
e.g. You can only come in for a few minutes, (not ...during...)
About ten of us were taken ill during a party we were at in York, (not ...for
a party...)
By, until
We use by when we say that something will happen or be achieved either before
a particular time or at that time at the latest.
e.g. We have to be at the stadium by 2.30. (That's when the competition starts.)
We use until when we say that something will continue up to a particular time.
e.g. We have to be at the stadium until 2.30. (We can't leave before that time.)
201
In negative sentences, until means 'not before':
e.g. You mustn't open your presents until your birthday.
In informal English we can use till instead of until.
Grammar exercises.10.1. Prepositions. Prepositions of Place:
Between and Among; During, For, Over; Throughout,
By and Until
1. Underline the correct word(s). In some sentences, both words are
possible.
1. I wasn't late once during/in my first year at school.
2. She got very badly sunburnt during/over her holiday in Spain.
3. You mustn't look directly at the sun during/in the eclipse.
4. During/Over the next two days I made several trips to the library.
5. The castle was built during/over the fourteenth century.
6. Mrs Peterson made a number of major changes during/in her time as
principal of the school.
7. They sat and rested during/for a while and then continued on their way.
8. Dr Brown won't be available during/over the coming months.
9. Because she had to go back to work, she could only stay during/for two
weeks.
10. She is going to need a lot of support during/over the next few months.
11. He slept during/in the whole of the second half of the performance.
12. During/For a moment I didn't know whether he was being serious.
13. I visited most of the main museums and art galleries during/for my stay in
Italy.
14. She suffered a number of serious injuries during/in her career as a
professional tennis player.
15. He listened to the lecture during/for a few minutes more and then left the
room quietly.
16. I seem to get lots of colds, particularly during/for the winter.
17. We should be at home during/over the weekend. Come and see us.
2. Fill in: under, next to, in, on, onto, beside, in front of, over, near or
behind.
Grandma is sitting … the sunshade. Dad is sleeping … the sunbed. Tim is
making sandcastles … Grandma. Ann is sitting … Tim. The dog is lying …
Dad. Mum is waiting … the ice-cream stall. Jenny is hiding … the ice-cream
stall. Peter is climbing … a stool. Sue and Bob are swimming … the sea. Some
seagulls are flying … the sea.
202
3. Fill in: by, from … to, at, past, inside, out of, towards, across, against,
under or through.
This is Newton High Street. An old lady is walking … the post office. Her dog
is looking at a cat which is hiding … a car. … the car there is a man. A woman
is getting … the car. A policeman is walking … the street … the bank. A boy’s
bicycle is leaning … the lamp post. The boy is walking … the door of the sweet
shop which is … the bank. There’s a bus … the bus stop. It’s going … Newton
… Busworth.
4.
Fill in: off, round, onto, out of, in, above, across or by.
A boy has just fallen … his bicycle … the busy street. A young woman is
running … the street to help him. The boy’s books have fallen … his bag … the
street and are lying all … him. His jacket is still … the bicycle basket. Two girls
are standing … the post box watching the scene. … them there’s an open
window. An old woman is looking out to see what is happening.
5.
Fill in: on, in, by or at.
Last year when I was … holiday I received a telegram asking me to go home
immediately. I traveled … plane and landed … London at midnight. My flight
was terrible because there were lots of babies … the plane with me and most of
them cried throughout the trip. After I left the airport, I waited … a bus stop
over half an hour but no bus came so I decided to continue my journey … taxi.
My sister lives … 10, Mill road, Hariton, and so I asked the driver to take me
there. The house is … the outskirts of the town and it took quite a while to find.
We had to stop … the suburbs to ask for directions as I had never been there
before. When we finally arrived at the house, my sister was waiting for me.
6.
Fill in: in front of, between, behind, under, past, towards, at, in or against.
There are lots of people … the bank today. … the cashier’s desk there is a long
queue. Two cashiers are sitting … the desk. The manager is standing … the
cashiers holding some papers. There’s a guard … the door. He’s leaning … the
cashier’s desk. He’s got a gun… his arm. An old woman is going … the guard
… the cashier. a man wearing a hat is standing … the queue … a couple.
7. Fill in: through, at, on, among, above, between, under, beside, near, in,
against or in the middle of.
Mrs. Moore is having a party this evening. She’s standing … her guests … the
room pointing … a picture … the fireplace. There’s a lot of food … the table
203
and … the table there are several empty bottles. … the fireplace there is a record
player. A man is standing … it. A waitress is coming … the door holding … a
tray of drinks. a man is leaning … the wall … two women. They are holding
glasses … their hands.
8.
Fill in: over, round, into, down, on, up, along, out of or towards.
Today is Christmas Eve. The centre of town is very busy. Lots of people are
going … and … the shops buying Christmas presents. They are walking … and
… the street looking in the windows. There are some children dancing and
singing carols … the Christmas tree. A car is coming … the corner. It has a
Christmas tree … the roof. A man is going to put some parcels … his car. His
wife is coming … the street … him with more parcels. There are Christmas
decorations hanging … the street.
9.
Fill in: at, in or on.
1. … the evening
2. … Monday
3. … midnight
4. … April 13th
5. … 5.30
6. … Tuesday morning
7. … Christmas
8. … 6.30
9. … November
10. … the summer
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
… 1967
… noon
… the 15th century
… Sunday morning
… a spring night
10. Fill in: at, in, by or on.
Last year … Easter I went to England for a short holiday. I arrived in London …
Friday … 11 o’clock … the evening. I went to my hotel by taxi, which got me
there in about an hour. I was so tired by then that I went straight to bed. When I
woke up … the morning I remembered that I had made an appointment to meet
a friend … 10:30. I thought I could never get ready … time, but in the end I had
reached the café … 10:15. My friend arrived … time. … 1 o’clock we went to a
restaurant for lunch and … the afternoon we went to a museum.
Grammar.10.2. Word Formation
There are certain prefixes (syllables put at the beginning of words) and suffixes
(syllables put at the end of words) which are used to form new words. However,
there are no certain rules to follow to form one word from another.
204
Prefixes
antibicode-
= against
= two
= with
= acting
against
= before,
exformer
inter- = between
mono- = one
= not
nonover- = too much
post- = after
eg. antinuclear
eg. bilingual
eg. cooperation
eg.
decomposition
eg. ex-general
eg.
intermediate
eg.
monolingual
eg. non-stop
eg. overeat
eg.
postgraduate
preproresemisub-
= before
= in favour
of
= again
= half
= under
super- = above
trans-
= across
= three
triunder- = not
enough
= one
uni-
eg. prejudge
eg. proAmerican
eg. rearrange
eg. semicircle
eg.
subconscious
eg.
supernatural
eg.
transatlantic
eg. tricycle
eg.
underestimate
eg. unicycle
There are certain prefixes which mean “not” or show an opposite state or
process. These are:
il- (before l)
eg. illegal
eg. unbelievable
uneg. incompetent
eg. impossible
inimeg. disagree
eg. malfunction
dismalir- (before r) eg. irresistable
Suffixes
(with passive meaning)
eg. employee
-ee
(with active meaning)
eg. employer
-er
= with indicated quantity
eg. careful
-ful
a) = with the quantity of
eg. childish
-ish
b) = rather
eg. smallish
eg. careless
without
-less
eg. waterproof
-proof safe, against
To describe people we add –ar, -er, -or to the end of the verbs or –ist, -ian to the
end of nouns or verbs making any necessary spelling changes. lie – liar, rob –
robber, create – creator, type – typist, music – musician
Nouns formed from verbs
eg. break - breakage
-age
eg. propose - proposal
-al
eg. annoy - annoyance
-ance
eg. organise - organisation
-ation
eg. prefer - preference
-ence
-ion
-ment
-sion
-sis
-tion
-y
205
eg. confuse – confusion
eg. amuse – amusement
eg. suspend – suspension
eg. analyse – analysis
eg. direct – direction
eg. perjure - perjury
Nouns formed from adjectives
eg. obedient - obedience
eg. desperate – desperation
-ence
-ion
eg. content – contentment
eg. happy – happiness
-ment
-iness
eg. tolerant - tolerance
eg. popular - popularity
-ance
-ity
eg. royal – royalty
eg. fluent - fluency
-ty
-cy
eg. honest - honesty
-y
Adjectives formed from verbs
-able eg. bear – bearable
-ive eg. decide - decisive
Verbs formed from adjectives
-en eg. dark – darken
Grammar exercises.10.2. Word Formation
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
Make nouns from the following words.
employ
post
except
expand
accept
publish
7. develop
8. combine
9. drive
10.inspire
11.instruct
12.portray
13.translate
14.injure
15.refer
16.apologise
17.examine
18.pollute
19.judge
20.use
21.lonely
22.reluctant
23.excellent
24.intelligent
25.accurate
26.excited
27.fragile
28.regular
29.stupid
30.isolate
Fill in the right form of the words in brackets.
The length (long) of the journey was beginning to cause a lot of … (frustrate)
for everyone involved. Unfortunately, father got the blame, as he had been
responsible for the … (organise) of the trip. … (impatient) had begun to set in
when we realised we’d been given the wrong … (direct) by a well-meaning
pedestrian. What is more, father’s … (popular) wasn’t … (increase) by his …
(insist) that we stop every hour or so to observe the scenery. The trip to France,
he’d said, would … (broad) our horizons and provide us with both … (amuse)
and … (educate). However, in … (real), it turned out to be an … (bear) waste of
time and effort. It was then that we made the … (decide) never to listen to one of
father’s … (propose) again.
3.
Add the correct prefixes to the beginning of the words.
1. The anti-government protesters marched to the parliament.
2. John …slept and was late at work.
3. Many people who wanted tickets were disappointed because the organisers
had …estimated the singer’s popularity.
4. He is taking a …atlantic flight from London to New York.
206
5. When the ambulance came, the man was …conscious after being knocked
down by a car.
6. The …president of the United States was honoured at the ceremony, five
years after he resigned.
7. People who can only speak their own language are called …lingual.
8. Superman is a comic strip character who has …human strength.
9. There were violent scenes as …government and anti-government
demonstrators fought outside parliament.
10. …racial fighting between the two minorities had led to civil war in the
country.
11. John left his job because he was …able to deal with such a large amount of work.
12. The two countries …operated to prevent the shipment of drugs from one to
the other.
4.
Add the correct prefixes to the beginning of the words.
1. That child looks very thin. I think he must be …fed.
2. Don’t …feed the dog or it’ll get fat.
3. The media gave her so much attention she became a …star overnight.
4. He never goes out or talks to people; he is so …social.
5. Tom knew the information was somewhere in his …conscious, but he
couldn’t remember it.
6. I always find the day after Christmas an …climax.
7. The man had to …apply the paint because the first coat wasn’t sufficient.
8. Ghandi achieved a lot through …violent action.
9. The neighbouring tribes found it difficult to …exist peacefully.
10. We caught the …continental train from Paris to Istanbul.
11. As these programmes are …changeable, they can be used with any computer
system.
12. We weren’t allowed onto the ferry because it had been …booked.
5.
Fill in the necessary word formed from that given in brackets.
1.
2.
Chestnut honey provides quick and … relief.(EFFECT)
Come rain, wind or shine these snapdragons give a superb display over an
… long period.(EXCEPTION)
Dreaming of a beautiful home for your … (RETIRE)? Enjoy lifetime
ownership of a luxury home for an … price.(AFFORD)
The post-war decline in beer … was practically halted last year. (CONSUME)
Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and …
therewith.(HATE)
In the first quarter of the 18th century people began to realise the … of
hygiene to public health.(IMPORTANT)
3.
4.
5.
6.
207
7.
19.
20.
The … collapse of the Roman Empire lasted for nearly three hundred years
before its final dissolution in AD 476.(GRADE)
Jamie’s … of the night’s events is hazy but the tabloids will refresh his
memory. (RECOLLECT)
We are great … in fate and we believe we’re meant to be
together.(BELIEVE)
I think your stylist has taken her … from the rubbish dump.(INSPIRE)
The statesmen and scholars have made important … on ways Washington
could help Russia control parts of the arsenal. (SUGGEST)
After denying the … of any recordings of the UFO abductions, Mr
President went on to talk about the newest tax policy.(EXIST)
Your … to me really bothers me. I told you a hundred times that I’m not
the guy you need.(ATTACH)
It is an … fact that the search will go on for another couple of
months.(DENY)
The most important feast of Islam, Eid ul-Adha (which means Celebration
of Sacrifice) marks Abraham’s … to sacrifice his son in … to Allah with a
three-day festival.(WILLING; OBEY)
The monitoring programme is … well developed in our
school.(SPECTACULAR)
For much of the last decade, Italy’s leaning tower of Pisa was a huge …
site.(CONSTRUCT)
When planning began in 1989, Prof. Piero Pierotti called the rescue effort
“irresponsible ….” that would put the tower at risk.(MAD)
Once and for all - fingers crossed - the leaning tower has been … .(RIGHT)
I … this morning and was late for my English classes.(SLEEP).
6.
Fill in the necessary word formed from that given in brackets.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1. The film, though poor in artistic values, was a … success. (FINANCE)
2. The doctor … my illness as a rare ape-like syndrome, taking into … my
strange facial mimics. (DIAGNOSIS; CONSIDER)
3. The lower salaries would be a slight … from the original project.(DEVIATE)
4. It is impossible to … everybody. (PLEASURE)
5. There was no … on her side so he proceeded with his work.(RESIST)
6. If you need anything I am at your …, madam. (SERVE)
7. … in the wardrobe he waited for her husband to fall asleep. (HIDE)
8. “Will you … your theory?” a curious student asked his professor.(CLEAR)
9. We can’t go together anywhere as my holiday doesn’t … with
yours.(COINCIDENCE)
10. Boozing and clubbing - my two favourite Saturday night … . (ACTIVE)
11. On the Valentine’s day I got a cordless electric drill with … batteries.
(RECHARGE)
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12. His eyes … with surprise when I told him I was pregnant.(WIDE)
13. That was my hubby, the same man who mopped my floors, who won this
year’s Mr Universe … (COMPETE)
14. I felt so relaxed and … when Alan said ‘Forget your husband
tonight.’(ATTRACT)
15. The drawback for the great sportsmen is that the satisfaction of … rarely lasts
very long. (ACCOMPLISH)
16. When thugs burst into a man’s flat, beat him brainless with a baseball bat,
strangle him, dump him into a bathtub, drain his blood by slitting his wrists and
then saw him into pieces, then it is called … (SANE)
17. White is the colour of … , so never wear it if you are upset about a bloke - it
will only make you feel worse.(LONE)
18. Food like bananas and oysters are presumed to be aphrodisiac mainly due to
their … to certain body parts. (RESEMBLE)
19. Enjoy nicotine, alcohol and caffeine only in … (MODERATE)
20. His … were not as serious as the previous time. Just broken ribs, dislocated
shoulders and sprained ankles.(INJURE)
7.
Fill in the necessary word formed from that given in brackets.
1. Don’t …! Nothing bad really happened. (DRAMA)
2. I’m unable to … between these perfumes, they all smell the same.
(DIFFERENT)
3. We’ve run out of … floss so we must remember to buy some. (DENTIST)
4. My grandma … a natural … (DIE)
5. They give her morphine to …the pain.(DEAD)
6. The … of those mountainous villages is the greatest achievement of this
government.(ELECTRIC)
7. With the … of the soup it was a wonderful meal.(EXCEPT)
8. Her … in helping the poor earned her admiration in the neighbourhood. (SELF)
9. Soak the dried mushroom overnight to … them before cooking.(SOFT)
10. They have always wanted to have a baby, but Sue … each time she got
pregnant.(CARRY)
11. Chinese cooking can be … as spicy.(CHARACTER)
12. Don’t be too hasty to pass … on other people.(JUDGE)
13. Cut the carrots … and put them into water.(LONG)
14. It’s obviously … behaviour for a son to marry his mother.(NATURE)
15. The … of his work lies in the materials he uses.(ORIGIN)
16. I can understand your arguments only … .(PART)
17. The pregnant woman talked with her husband about the responsibilities of
their future …. (PARENT)
18. The … over, we started serious discussions with the delegates.(PLEASANT)
209
8.
Fill in the necessary word formed from that given in brackets.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Her designs might look well on paper but they are quite … (PRACTICE)
Can I find a pencil … somewhere in this library? (SHARP)
I like him a lot, but I’m not … attracted to him. (SEX)
Feel the … moisturisation makes to your hair.(DIFFER)
I obviously have very strange morals, or lack of them, because it really
doesn’t bother me in the … (SLIGHT).
f) Am I vain in the fact that I take myself … (SERIOUS)?
g) Putting your face on TV doesn’t … make you famous, it makes you …
.(NEED; RECOGNISE)
h) Though Monsters has a great storyline younger … may be confused as some
facts are never explained.(VIEW)
i) What should I buy for my girlfriend? Underwear’s too obvious, chocolates
are too … and a book would be a bit boring.(PREDICT)
j) It is better to be divorced and homeless than married and … .(HOPE)
k) Off-screen, Simon’s been making a name for himself in the tabloids as a
playboy in … kiss and tells by blonde lapdancers.(NUMBER)
l) Scandinavian legend says that when the son of the goddess Frigga was killed
her tears of … became the white berries.(SORRY)
m) After two months of laser treatment I noticed a tiny … and felt a stab of
determination. (IMPROVE)
n) Fed up with your partner’s snoring? A dig in the rib is still probably the most
… .(EFFECT)
o) Check all bones have been removed from the fish, … the fine pin bones, then
place in a shallow dish.(SPECIAL)
p) If you can’t scuba dive, or if snorkelling limits your …, take a trip on a glassbottomed boat to view the crystal-clear waters.(EXPLORE)
q) I don’t want my kids to spend their young years under constant … to be the
best. (PRESS)
r) Clear the path ahead and free your mind of clutter and negative … .(THINK)
9.
Fill in an appropriate word.
In the centre of the room, clamped to an upright easel, stood the full-length
portrait of a young man of … (ORDINARY) personal beauty, and in front of it,
some little … (DISTANT) away, was sitting the artist himself, Basil Hallward,
whose sudden … (APPEAR) some years ago caused, at the time, such public …
(EXCITE), and gave rise to so many strange conjectures.
As the painter looked at the … (GRACE) and comely form he had so …
(SKILL) mirrored in his art, a smile of ... (PLEASE) passed across his face, and
seemed about to linger there. But he (SUDDEN) started up, and, closing his
eyes, placed his fingers upon the lids, as though he sought to … (PRISON)
within his brain some curious dream from which he feared he might (WAKE).
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10. Fill in an appropriate word.
`It is simply this. That Space, as our … (MATHS) have it, is spoken of as
having three dimensions, which one may call … (LONG), Breadth, and …
(THICK), and is always definable by … (REFER) to three planes, each at right
angles to the others. But some philosophical people have been asking why
THREE dimensions … (PARTICULAR) --why not another direction at right
angles to the other three?--and have even tried to construct a Four-Dimension
geometry. Professor Simon Newcomb was expounding this to the New York
Mathematical Society only a month or so ago. You know how on a flat surface,
which has only two dimensions, we can represent a figure of a three(DIMENSION) solid, and … (SIMILAR) they think that by models of three
dimensions they could represent one of four--if they could master the …
(PERCEIVE) of the thing. See?'
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REAL ESTATE VALUATION
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
Text 1: Basic Compound of any Real Estate
In historical background of the relation to property, as majorants of
economic type of the society, it has undergone repeated modifications stipulated
by the desire to overcome the contravention between scarcity of resources,
involved in production, and increasing human needs. In searching paths of
maximizing productive forces effectiveness the society has periodically
transformed patterns of ownership on factors of production and mechanism of a
state participation in the government of economy.
The relations of landownership have always been the central part of social
and economic relations.
The Earth represents the unique natural resource. It is a unique place of
mankind’s existence, main factor of creation of its productive forces which help
to create all other products and goods. Scarcity and the irretrievability of this
resource result in objective necessity of public regulating of the laws and
conditions of land use.
At the same time, in market economy the land acquires the form of goods
and can be a subject to the property agreements, the result of which can restrain
interests of other people and societies as a whole. Therefore introduction of the
market relations shows heightened demands to a system of the state registration
of land lots, control over their legal status and acting encumbrances, turnover of
land and its rational usage.
It means, that a part of the income, which is capable to generate the land
lot by virtue of the location, natural properties and possible improvements which
are not stipulated by economic activity of the holder itself, can serve as a source
of public needs sufficing and be deducted as rental paying. It in turn requires the
monitoring of cost characteristics of land lots as factors of production and plants
of investment.
And, at last, land is a basic compound of any real estate. According to
article 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation we refer to real things
(real property, real estate), land lots, sites of subsoil, isolated aquatic plants and
everything, that is strongly linked to ground, i.e. plants, which cannot be
removed without disproportionate injury to their assigning, including forests,
long-term green plants, buildings.
212
Text 2: Types of Services that a Broker can Provide
The sellers and buyers themselves are the principals in the sale, and real
estate brokers (and the broker's agents) are their agents as defined in the law.
However, although a real estate agent commonly fills out the real estate contract
form, agents are typically not given power of attorney to sign the real estate
contract or the deed; the principals sign these documents. The respective real estate
agents may include their brokerages on the contract as the agents for each principal.
The use of a real estate broker is not a requirement for the sale or
conveyance of real estate or for obtaining a mortgage loan from a lender.
However, once a broker is used, the settlement attorney (or party handling
closing) will ensure that all parties involved be paid. Lenders typically have
other requirements, though, for a loan.
Since each state's law may differ from others, it is generally advised that
prospective sellers or buyers consult a licensed real estate professional. Here are
some examples:
· comparative market analysis (CMA) - an estimate of the home's value
compared with others. This differs from an appraisal in that property currently
for sale may be taken into consideration (competition for the subject property).
· Exposure - Marketing the real property to prospective buyers.
· Facilitating a Purchase - guiding a buyer through the process.
· Facilitating a Sale - guiding a seller through the selling process.
· FSBO document preparation - preparing necessary paperwork for "Sale By
Owner" sellers.
· Full Residential Appraisal - but only, in most states, if the broker is also
licensed as an appraiser.
· Home Selling Kits - guides to how to market and sell a property.
· Hourly Consulting for a fee, based on the client's needs.
· Leasing for a fee or percentage of the gross lease value.
· Property Management.
· Exchanging property.
· Auctioning property.
· Preparing contracts and leases. (Not in all states.)
These services are also changing as a variety of real estate trends re-engineer the
industry.
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Text 3: Estate Agent
An estate agent is a person or business that arranges the selling, renting or
management of property/properties, and other buildings, in the United Kingdom
and Ireland. An agent that specialises in renting is often called a letting or
management agent. Estate Agents are mainly engaged in the marketing of property
available for sale and a solicitor or licensed conveyancer is used to prepare the legal
documents. In Scotland, however, many solicitors also act as estate agents, a
practice that is rare in England and Wales. It is customary in the United Kingdom
and in Ireland to refer to real estate or real property simply as property.
The term originally referred to a person responsible for managing a landed
estate, while those engaged in the buying and selling of homes were "House
Agents", and those selling land were "Land Agents". However, sometime during
the 20th century, "Estate Agent" started to be used as a generic term, perhaps
because it was thought to sound more impressive. Estate Agent is roughly
synonymous in the United States with the term real estate broker.
The job of the agent is to know his or her community and local factors that
can increase or decrease property prices. i.e. if a new road or airport is to be
built this can blight houses nearby. Equally, the closing of a quarry or
improvement of an area can enhance prices. It is the job of the agent to value
based on what has, or has not sold in comparison and to achieve the best price
for their client.
Some Estate Agents are members of the Royal Institution of Chartered
Surveyors (RICS), the principal body for UK property professionals, dealing
with residential, commercial and agricultural property. Members, known as
“Chartered Surveyors”, are elected based on examination and are required to
adhere to a code of conduct, which includes regulations about looking after their
clients’ money and professional indemnity insurance in case of error or
negligence.
For residential property, there is also a trade association, the National
Association of Estate Agents (NAEA) and others such as INEA (INEA.co.uk
The Independent Network of Estate Agents) who are there to guide members.
The Ombudsman for Estate Agents Scheme, which obtained OFT approval for
the Code of Practice for Residential Sales in 2005 and, as of November 2006,
claims to have 2532 member agencies.
There is a legal requirement to belong to either organization in order to
trade as an Estate Agent. A handful of national residential Estate Agents chains
exist, such as Connells, Thamesview, and Countrywide PLC, with the majority
being locally or regionally specialized companies. According to Home.co.uk,
the number of UK Estate Agent offices operating in the UK as of August 2007
was over 17,000. The recession has reduced offices to around 10,500-12,000.
Several multi-national commercial agencies exist, typically being AngloAmerican, pan-European or global. These firms all seek to provide the full range
214
of property advisory services, not just agency. Only a handful of large firms
trade in both commercial and residential property.
Text 4: Mortgage Fraud Examples (Part 1)
Mortgage fraud is a term used to describe a broad variety of criminal
actions where the intent is to materially misrepresent or omit information on a
mortgage loan application to obtain a loan or to obtain a larger loan than would
have been obtained had the lender known the truth. In federal courts, mortgage
fraud is prosecuted as wire fraud, bank fraud, mail fraud and money laundering,
with penalties of up to thirty years imprisonment. Mortgage fraud is not to be
confused with predatory mortgage lending, which occurs when a consumer is
misled or deceived by agents of the lender. However, predatory lending
practices often co-exist with mortgage fraud.
The most known examples of mortgage frauds are the following:
·
Occupancy fraud: This occurs when the borrower wishes to obtain a
mortgage to acquire an investment property, but states on the loan application that
the borrower will occupy the property as the primary residence or as a second
home. If undetected, the borrower typically obtains a lower interest rate than was
warranted. Because lenders typically charge a higher interest rate for non-owneroccupied properties, the lender receives insufficient return on capital and is overexposed to loss relative to what was expected in the transaction. When occupancy
fraud occurs, it is likely that taxes on gains are not paid, resulting in additional
fraud. It is considered fraud because the borrower has materially misrepresented the
risk to the lender to obtain more favorable loan terms.
·
Income fraud: This occurs when a borrower overstates his/her income to
qualify for a mortgage or for a larger loan amount. This was most often seen
with so-called "stated income" mortgage loans (popularly referred to as "liar
loans"), where the borrower, or a loan officer acting for a borrower with or
without the borrower's knowledge, stated without verification the income
needed to qualify for the loan. It is considered fraud because in most cases the
borrower would not have qualified for the loan had the true income been
disclosed. The "mortgage meltdown" was caused, in part, when large numbers
of borrowers in areas of rapidly increasing home prices lied about their income,
acquired homes they could not afford, and then defaulted.
·
Employment fraud: This occurs when a borrower claims self-employment in
a non-existent company or claims a higher position (e.g., manager) in a real company,
to provide justification for a fraudulent representation of the borrower's income.
·
Failure to disclose liabilities: Borrowers may conceal obligations, such
as mortgage loans on other properties or newly acquired credit card debt, to
reduce the amount of monthly debt declared on the loan application. This
omission of liabilities artificially lowers the debt-to-income ratio. It is
215
considered fraud because it allows the borrower to qualify for a loan which
otherwise would not have been granted, or to qualify for a bigger loan than what
would have been granted had the borrower's true debt been disclosed.
Text 5: Mortgage Fraud Examples (Part 2)
Other examples of mortgage frauds are the following:
· Fraud for profit: Fraud for profit schemes frequently include a straw
borrower whose credit report is used, a dishonest appraiser who intentionally
and significantly overstates the value of the subject property, a dishonest
settlement agent who might prepare two sets of HUD settlement statements
or makes disbursements from loan proceeds which are not disclosed on the
settlement statement, and a property owner, all in a coordinated attempt to
obtain an inappropriately large loan. The parties involved share the ill-gotten
gains and the mortgage eventually goes into default. If undetected, a bank
may lend hundreds of thousands of dollars against a property that is actually
worth far less and in large schemes with multiple transactions, banks may
lend millions more than the properties are worth.
· Appraisal fraud: Occurs when a home's appraised value is deliberately
overstated or understated. When overstated, more money can be obtained by the
borrower in the form of a cash-out refinance, by the seller in a purchase
transaction, or by the organizers of a for-profit mortgage fraud scheme.
Appraisal fraud also includes cases where the home's value is deliberately
understated to get a lower price on a foreclosed home, or in a fraudulent attempt
to induce a lender to decrease the amount owed on the mortgage in a loan
modification. A dishonest appraiser may be involved in the preparation of the
fraudulent appraisal, or an existing and accurate appraisal may be altered by
someone with knowledge of graphic editing tools such as Adobe Photoshop.
· Cash-Back Schemes: Occur where the true price of a property is illegally
inflated to provide cash-back to transaction participants, most often the
borrowers, who receive a "rebate" which is not disclosed to the lender. As a
result the lender lends too much, and the buyer pockets the overage or splits it
with other participants, including the seller or the real estate agent. This scheme
requires appraisal fraud to deceive the lender. "Get Rich Quick" real-estate
gurus' courses frequently rely heavily on this mechanism for profitability.
· Shotgunning: Occurs when multiple loans for the same home are obtained
simultaneously for a total amount greatly in excess of the actual value of the
property. These schemes leave lenders exposed to large losses because the
subsequent mortgages are junior to the first mortgage to be recorded and the
property value is insufficient for the subsequent lenders to collect against the
property in foreclosure. The Matthew Cox case is the most notable example of
this type of scheme.
216
· Identity Theft: Occurs when a person assumes the identity of another and
uses that identity to obtain a mortgage without the knowledge or consent of
the victim. In these schemes, the thieves disappear without making payments
on the mortgage. The schemes are usually not discovered until the lender
tries to collect from the victim, who may incur substantial costs trying to
prove the theft of his/her identity.
Text 6: Real Estate Education
To become licensed, most states require that an applicant take a minimum
number of classes before taking the state licensing exam. Such education is
often provided by real estate brokerages as a means to finding new agents. In
many states, the real estate agent (acting as an agent or a broker) must disclose
to prospective buyers and sellers who represents whom. While some people may
refer to any licensed real estate agent as a real estate broker, a licensed real
estate agent is a professional who has obtained either a real estate salesperson's
license or a real estate broker's license. In the United States, there are commonly
two levels of real estate professionals licensed by the individual states, but not
by the federal government: Real estate salesperson (or, in some states, Real
estate broker) and Real estate broker (or, in some states, qualifying broker).
Real estate salesperson (or, in some states, Real estate broker). When a
person first becomes licensed to become a real estate agent, they obtain a real
estate salesperson's license (some states use the term, "broker") from the state in
which they will practice. To obtain a real estate license, the candidate must take
specific coursework (of between 40 and 90 hours) and pass a state exam on real
estate law and practice. To work, salespersons must be associated with (and act
under the authority of) a real estate broker. Many states also have reciprocal
agreements with other states, allowing a licensed individual from a qualified
state to take the second state's exam without completing the course
requirements, or, in some cases, take only a state law exam.
Real estate broker (or, in some states, qualifying broker). After gaining
some years of experience in real estate sales, a salesperson may decide to
become licensed as a real estate broker (or Principal/qualifying broker) in order
to own, manage or operate their own brokerage. In addition, some states allow
college graduates to apply for a broker license without years of experience.
College graduates fall into this category once they have completed the state
required courses as well. California allows licensed attorneys to become brokers
upon passing the broker exam, without having to take the requisite courses
required of agent. Upon obtaining a broker's license, a real estate agent may
continue to work for another broker in a similar capacity as before (often
referred to as a broker associate or associate broker) or take charge of his/her
own brokerage and hire other salespersons (or broker) licensees. Becoming a
217
branch office manager may or may not require a broker's license. Some states
such as New York allow licensed attorneys to become real estate brokers
without taking any exam. In some states, such as Colorado, there are no
"salespeople", as all licensees are brokers.
Text 7: Main Steps in the Sale of a House
The sale of a house in the United States or Canada might involve some or
all of the following steps:
· Hiring of a real estate broker to represent the seller and handle the logistics of
the advertising and sale, except for "for sale by owner" properties where the
owner(s) may consult legal counsel or obtain copies of a real estate contract.
· A buyer may enter the picture in a variety of ways: from seeing
advertisements in the media, seeing signs outside a property, or contacting a
real estate agent to see a property.
· A buyer may engage the services of a real estate broker to represent her/him
and handle the logistics of finding suitable properties, enabling him/her to
become qualified to buy, and the showing of appropriate properties.
· Advertisement of the price and property details with a Multiple Listing
Service, newspaper or web classified listing, lawn sign, or poster in the real
estate office.
· Private showings or general open house for interested buyers or buyers' real
estate agents.
· Interested buyers may get pre-approval for a mortgage of a certain amount from a
bank, if they cannot afford the full purchase price in the range they are exploring.
· Preparation of a written offer to purchase. If prepared by a real estate agent
on behalf of the buyer, it is generally done on pre-printed and legallyapproved forms provided by the real estate broker's office.
· Submission of offers by interested buyers. Multiple offers may result in bidding,
with best offer (not necessarily the highest bid) being awarded the sale.
· After acceptance of a particular offer, a real estate contract is ratified by all
parties. It usually creates a short interim period (typically no more than 30
days, often much less) to allow the buyer to thoroughly inspect the property
with a professional home inspector.
· Depending upon the jurisdiction and traditional practice, a title search is then
ordered from a third party settlement or escrow company, pending final
settlement.
· An Appraisal, commissioned, as per custom, by the buyer or seller to
determine the value of the building and land to satisfy the lender.
· Depending upon how the contingency paragraphs are worded, if any defects
are discovered during the inspection, the buyer may ask that they be repaired,
ask that the sale price be lowered, or choose not to purchase the property.
218
·
·
The closing of the sale ends the escrow period and completes the transfer of
ownership to the buyer. At this time, and all monies change hands and a
number of closing costs are paid by the buyer or seller.
If as real estate broker is used in the transaction, closing is the time that
payment is made to the brokers involved.
Text 8: International Real Estate
The term international real estate describes a relatively new
phenomenon, beginning in the 1980's and keeping pace with globalization. The
term encompasses real property development, sales and leasing transactions
across national borders. International real estate could be viewed as one of the
most dynamic branches of real estate although it is, by definition, influenced by
fluctuating market value in various sectors between countries, as can be
evidenced by the 2008 global credit crisis.
International real estate is best subdivided into two categories: international
commercial real estate and international residential real estate. Some examples
of international real estate transactions are:
· an citizen of one country purchases a house in another country
· a corporation headquartered in one country purchases or leases an office
building another country
· a corporation or investment group in one country builds a hotel in another
country
International commercial real estate. Most international commercial real
estate transactions will take place between corporations and may involve, lead to
or be a consequence of legal, design, urban planning, engineering, financing,
and construction work. From a national government perspective, attracting
foreign investment into real estate development projects can be a key priority for
increasing country revenue and a key strategy for increasing the availability of
national infrastructure and amenities. Some of the factors leading to the growth
in the international commercial real estate sector are:
· the post-war growth in urban development and infrastructure in both
developed and developing nations;
· business' evolution toward multi-national business operations;
· the growth in international investment practices enabling investors to look
outside their own countries for above average performing investments.
219
International residential real estate. Most international residential real estate
transactions are generated by individuals purchasing lots or built units (including
family homes, apartments, condominium units). These purchases form the bulk
of what is sometimes referred to as the vacation/second home market or
residential tourism market. Some of the factors leading to the growth in the
international residential real estate sector are:
· the rise in international tourism and travel;
· the baby boomer generation reaching retirement age and looking for more
flexible retirement options;
· the increase in available information on the world wide web regarding
property listings in countries around the world.
Text 9: UK valuation methods
In the United Kingdom, valuation methodology has traditionally been classified
into five methods:
1. Comparable method. Used for most types of property where there is good
evidence of previous sales. This is analogous to the sales comparison approach
outlined above.
2. Investment/income method. Used for most commercial (and residential)
property that is producing future cash flows through the letting of the property.
If the current Estimated Rental Value (ERV) and the passing income are known,
as well as the market-determined equivalent yield, then the property value can
be determined by means of a simple model. Note that this method is really a
comparison method, since the main variables are determined in the market. In
standard US practice, however, the closely related capitalizing of NOI is
confounded with the DCF method under the general classification of the income
capitalization approach (see above).
3. Accounts/profits method. Used for trading properties where evidence of
rates is slight, such as hotels, restaurants and old-age homes. A three-year
average of operating income (derived from the profit and loss or income
statement) is capitalized using an appropriate yield. Note that since the variables
used are inherent to the property and are not market-derived, therefore unless
appropriate adjustments are made, the resulting value will be Value-in-Use or
Investment Value, not Market Value.
4. Development/residual method. Used for properties ripe for development or
redevelopment or for bare land only.
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5. Contractor's/cost method. Used for only those properties not bought and sold
on the market. Both the development/residual method and the contractor's/cost
method would be grouped in the US under the cost approach (see above).
Automated valuation models (AVMs) are growing in acceptance. These rely
on statistical models such as multiple regression analysis or geographic information
systems (GIS). While AVMs can be quite accurate, particularly when used in a
very homogeneous area, there is also evidence that AVMs are not accurate in other
instances such as when they are used in rural areas, or when the appraised property
does not conform well to the neighborhood. AVM's have also gained favor in class
action litigation, and have been substantiated in numerous cases, both in Federal
and state courts, as the appropriate method for dealing with large-scale real estate
litigation problems, such as contaminated neighborhoods.
Text 10: Appraisal practice in the United States
Appraisal practice in the US is regulated by the various states. The Financial
Institutions Reform and Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) of 1989
demanded all the states to develop systems for licensing and certifying real
estate appraisers. To accomplish this, the Appraisal Subcommittee (ASC) was
formed, with representatives from the various Federal mortgage regulatory
agencies. Thus, currently all the real estate appraisers must be state-licensed and
certified. During the 1990s, all of the states adopted the Uniform Standards of
Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) as the governing standards within their
states and developed licensure standards which met or exceeded the
recommendations of a not-for-profit organization, the Appraisal Foundation
(TAF). Also, the various state and federal courts have adopted USPAP for real
estate litigation and all of the federally lending regulators adopt USPAP for
mortgage finance appraisal.
The best known professional organization of real estate appraisers in America is
the Appraisal Institute. It was formed in from the merger of the American Institute
of Real Estate Appraisers and the Society of Real Estate Appraisers. This group
awards two professional designations: SRA, to residential appraisers, and MAI, to
commercial appraisers. The Institute has enacted rigorous regulations regarding to
the use and display of these designations. For example, contrary to popular belief,
"MAI" does not stand for "Member, Appraisal Institute". According to the institute,
the letters "do not represent specific words", and an MAI may not use the words
"Member, Appraisal Institute" in lieu of the MAI mark. The primary motive for this
rule is to prevent dilution of the trademark.
Other leading appraisal organizations include the American Society of
Appraisers, National Association of Independent Fee Appraisers, and the National
Association of Master Appraisers, which were also founding sponsor-members of
the Appraisal Foundation. In recent years, the Royal Institution of Chartered
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Surveyors (RICS) has become highly regarded in the US, and has formed a
collaboration with the Counselors of Real Estate, a division of the National
Association of Realtors. RICS, which is headquartered in London, operates on a
global scale and awards the designations MRICS and FRICS to Members and
Fellows of RICS. The Real Estate Counseling Group of America is a small group
of the top appraisers and real estate analysts in the US who collectively have
authored a disproportionately large body of appraisal methodology.
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References
1. Virginia Evans «Round up. New and advanced», Pearson Education Ltd,
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2. Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones, Philip Kerr «Inside out», Macmillan Publishers
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3. Liz and Joan Soars “New Headway. English course”, Oxford University
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4. Веселовская Н. Г., Английский язык для специальностей "Землеустройство" и "Земельный кадастр", Москва, Академия, 2009, 208 стр.
5. A. S. Hornby “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary”, Oxford University
Press, 2001
6. http://www.onlinethesaurus.com.au/
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8. http://www.businessdictionary.com/
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