Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Evolutionary Psychology
second edition
Evolutionary psychology starts from the premise that the human brain
is the product of natural selection, therefore, by adopting an evolutionary stance, we might come to better understand the mind and
behaviour. The second edition of this highly acclaimed textbook gives
an introduction to the fascinating science of evolutionary psychology
covering its history, from the Ancient Greeks to the present day, anddiscusses how evolution can illuminate many of the topics taught in
psychology departments. This new edition, now in two-colour, includes
an additional chapter on ‘Evolution and Individual Differences’ which
discusses how evolution might account for differences in personality
and intelligence. With an engaging style and user-friendly format featuring end-of-chapter summaries, critical thinking questions and
guides to further reading, this is a stand-alone textbook for undergraduates studying evolutionary psychology.
lance workman is Head of Psychology at Bath Spa University.
will reader is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Sheffield Hallam
University.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Evolutionary Psychology
An Introduction
second edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Bath Spa University and
Sheffield Hallam University
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521716536
© Lance Workman and Will Reader 2008
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and
to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Second edition 2008
Printed in United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-521-88836-3 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-71653-6 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
For Sandie
To Catriona, Anna and Georgia. Thank you for all the love you give.
I love you all.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
List of boxes
List of figures
List of tables
Preface to the second edition
1 Introduction to evolutionary psychology
page viii
xi
xv
xvii
1
2 Mechanisms of evolutionary change
31
3 Sexual selection
58
4 The evolution of human mate choice
81
5 Cognitive development and the innateness issue
112
6 Social development
145
7 The evolutionary psychology of social behaviour – kin
relationships and conflict
182
8 The evolutionary psychology of social behaviour – reciprocity and
group behaviour
205
9 Evolution, thought and cognition
229
10 The evolution of language
263
11 The evolution of emotion
299
12 Evolutionary psychopathology and Darwinian medicine
327
13 Evolution and individual differences
364
14 Evolutionary psychology and culture
401
Glossary
References
Index
431
440
474
vii
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Boxes
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Eugenics
The application of evolutionary thinking in three disciplines
Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology and political correctness
Mendel’s demonstration of colour dominance in pea plants
Mendel’s original laws of genetics (using modern terminology)
The evolution of our species – from ape to early archaic
Homo sapiens
The Human Genome Project – unravelling the code to
build a person?
The evolution of our species – the emergence of modern
Homo sapiens
Multi-level Selection Theory
Two forms of selection or one?
Fisher versus Hamilton–Zuk – attractiveness versus good genes
Alice and the Red Queen
Female choice and male behaviour
Man the hunter and woman the gatherer – the roots of the
provisioning hypothesis
Why do men help out?
Altering sperm production
Context and reproductive strategy in women
Male preference for novelty – the Coolidge effect
Stage theories of development
Habituation procedures
Other physical principles held by infants
Infanticide as an adaptive strategy
A life history account of play
Behavioural genetics and the effects of the genes on the
environment
Theory of mind and morality
Moral reasoning
11
16
19
35
37
40
44
48
51
60
66
71
74
87
89
102
106
108
116
119
122
149
150
162
173
177
viii
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
List of boxes
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
10.1
10.2
10.3
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
14.1
Kindness to relatives – is it altruism?
How do animals recognise kin?
Parental investment in spiders – the ultimate sacrifice
Conflict in the womb – an arms race of raging hormones
Blood donation – a criticism of reciprocal altruism in humans
Prisoner’s dilemma in the absence of a brain
Free riding and the evolution of cooperation
Criticisms of Edward Wilson’s views on xenophobia
A real prisoner’s dilemma – Philip Zimbardo’s prison
experiment
Thinking meat . . . Extract from ‘They’re made out of meat’
from Bears Discover Fire and Other Stories by
Terry Bisson used with kind permission of the author
David Marr and levels of explanation
The problem of free will
What is the domain of a module?
What is language?
Can non-human animals be taught language?
Language development and life history approach
Emotion and motivation
Six universal facial expressions?
Similarities between ourselves and other primates in facial
expressions provide clues about the origins of
human facial expressions
Lateralisation – the asymmetrically emotional brain
Criticisms of the universality of emotions – human pigs
and false smiles
Is morning sickness an adaptation?
Genetic diseases
Obsessive-compulsive disorder – an overactive verification
module?
Sexual selection and depression?
Why aren’t we all psychopaths?
How is personality measured?
The consistency of behaviour across situations
Birth order and personality
Use and abuse of IQ – heritability, race and IQ
Intelligent genes?
Re-evaluating Margaret Mead
© Cambridge University Press
ix
186
191
194
199
209
215
220
221
225
232
233
237
256
265
276
285
302
305
307
312
316
330
333
337
345
358
366
371
384
392
395
404
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
x
List of boxes
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
Is cultural evolution always progressive?
Myths, mind viruses and the Internet
Do non-human animals have culture?
The evolution of religion
© Cambridge University Press
410
415
420
426
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Figures
1.1
Erasmus Darwin
By Joseph Wright © National Portrait Gallery, London
1.2 Gregor Mendel
© Bettmann/CORBIS
1.3 Sir Francis Galton
By Eveleen Myers © National Portrait Gallery, London
1.4 Chimpanzee
© James Moore/Anthro-Photo File
(Box 1.3) Poster for lecture by E. O. Wilson
2.1 Chihuahuas
© Aflo/naturepl.com
2.2 Human chromosomes
© Andrew Syred/Science Photo Library
(Box 2.3) Human evolution
After Goldsmith and Zimmerman, 2001
2.3 DNA
© Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library
(Box 2.5) Skeleton of a Homo erectus boy
© National Museums of Kenya, photo by Alan Walker
3.1 A family of elephant seals
By kind permission of Friends of the Elephant Seal,
San Simeon, California
3.2 Harem size in relation to size of male
After Alexander et al., 1979
3.3 Male barn swallow
© Steve Knell/naturepl.com
3.4 African wild dog pack
© Bruce Davidson/naturepl.com
3.5 Widowbird average number of nests compared to tail length
After Drickamer and Vesey, 1992
3.6 Red deer stags
© John Cancalosi/naturepl.com
4
6
9
14
19
32
38
41
43
48
62
63
67
73
75
77
xi
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
xii
List of figures
4.1
4.2
Primate evolutionary tree
83
Chimpanzees from the Taï forest, Ivory Coast
Ch. Boesch
84
4.3 Male and female baboons
85
© Oxford Scientific Films
4.4 Relative body and testis size of apes and humans
101
After Short, 1979
4.5 Number of sexual partners desired
104
After Buss and Schmitt, 1993
5.1 The epigenetic landscape
117
5.2 Apparatus used by Baillargeon
120
From ‘Object permanence in 31⁄2- and 41⁄2-month-old infants’ by
Baillargeon, Renée in Developmental Psychology 1987 Vol. 23(5)
655–664. © 1987 by the American Psychological Association.
Reproduced with permission
5.3 Data from Baillargeon (1987)
121
From ‘Object permanence in 31⁄2- and 41⁄2-month-old infants’ by
Baillargeon, Renée in Developmental Psychology 1987 Vol. 23(5)
655–664. © 1987 by the American Psychological Association.
Reproduced with permission
5.4 Konrad Lorenz
124
© Bettmann/CORBIS
5.5 Stimuli used by Johnson and Morton
126
5.6 How infants scan the human face
127
After Santrock, 1998
5.7 Embedded figures tests
133
5.8 Simon Baron-Cohen’s conceptualisation of different brain
135
types Reprinted from Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (6),
Simon Baron-Cohen, ‘The extreme male brain theory of autism’,
from Elsevier 248–4. Copyright (2007), with permission
5.9 Chromosome 7
139
(Box 6.2) Kittens playing
150
By kind permission of Jenny Kennard
6.1 John Bowlby
153
© Lucinda Douglas-Menzies
6.2 Nurturing behaviour in males
160
6.3 Children’s peers
163
(Box 6.5) Moral dilemmas used by Hauser et al.
177
Reprinted from Mind & Language, 22 (1), Hauser, M. D.,
Cushman, F., Young, L., Kang-Xing, K., and Mikhail, J., ‘A
Disassociation Between Moral Judgements and Justifications’,
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
List of figures
xiii
1–21. © (2007), with permission from Blackwell
Publishing and the author.
7.1 Florida scrub jay
185
© GEORGE MCCARTHY/naturepl.com
7.2 Relatedness between adopted children and their adopters
189
After Silk, 1980; 1990
(Box 7.3) Amaurobius fenestralis
194
By kind permission of Ed Nieuwenhuys
7.3 Trivers’ model of parent–offspring conflict
198
After Trivers, 1972
7.4 Conflictual encounters between mothers and teenage
daughters in Trinidad
202
8.1 Bottlenose dolphins
208
© Aflo/naturepl.com
8.2 !Kung San bushpeople
210
© JOHN DOWNER/naturepl.com
8.3 Yanomamö warriors
211
Photo by Napoleon A. Chagnon, reproduced by kind permission
8.4 The prisoner’s dilemma
214
8.5 Example of an allocation matrix from Taffel’s experiment
224
9.1 Alan Mathison Turing
231
By Elliott & Fry © National Portrait Gallery, London
9.2 Some visual illusions
235
9.3 Sir Frederick Bartlett
239
By Walter Stoneman © National Portrait Gallery, London
9.4 Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman
248
© Ed Souza/Stanford News Service
9.5 Stimuli used in Wason’s selection task
255
10.1 Regions of the brain involved in language processing
267
10.2 Noam Chomsky
272
© Corbis
10.3 A sample question from the Wug test
278
(Box 10.3) The different stages of development for a
number of hominids
From ‘Language and life history: a new perspective on the
development and evolution of human language’ by John L.
Locke and Barry Bogin in Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
Vol. 29(3) © 2006 Cambridge University Press. Reproduced
with permission
10.4 The descent of language, the Indo-European family tree
By kind permission of Jack Lynch
© Cambridge University Press
286
289
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
xiv
List of figures
10.5
Ratio of neocortex to group size in non-human
primate communities
After Dunbar, 1993
(Box 11.2) Six universal facial expressions?
(Box 11.3) A. Chimpanzee smiling
By kind permission of Kim Bard
(Box 11.3) B. Facial signals in primates
After van Hooff, 1972
11.1 The orbitofrontal cortex and the limbic system of the
human brain
11.2 View of the crowbar’s path through Phineas Gage’s skull
(Box 11.4) Two chimeras showing fear
12.1 Exam anxiety
12.2 Alfred Lord Tennyson
12.3 The Genain quadruplets
13.1 Hans Jürgen Eysenck and Michael William Eysenck
By Anne-Katrin Purkiss © National Portrait Gallery
13.2 Aggressive businessman
© Jupiterimages/stock image/Alamy
(Box 13.3) Receptivity to Evolutionary Theory by
Year and Birth Order
Reprinted from Psychological Inquiry, 6(1), Frank J. Sulloway,
‘Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology: A Meta-Analytic
Overview’, 75–80. © (1995) by permission of Taylor & Francis
Ltd, http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals.
13.3 David Beckham
© DESMOND BOYLAN/Reuters/Corbis
13.4 Ache men tracking game on the dirt road through
Mbaracayy Forest Reserve, Paraguay
© Terry Whittaker/Alamy
14.1 Margaret Mead
Courtesy of The Institute for Intercultural Studies, Inc.,
New York
14.2 The antimicrobial properties of different spices and herbs
14.3 Gua and Donald Kellog; Winthrop Kellog with Gua
14.4 A schematic diagram of the causal factors that led to
the development of advanced civilisation
After Diamond, 1997
© Cambridge University Press
292
305
307
308
310
311
313
336
347
350
368
377
384
390
394
402
408
418
423
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Tables
(Box 2.1) Mendel’s demonstration of colour dominance
in pea plants
3.1 Theories of evolutionary origin of male characteristics
4.1 Mating system categories
4.2 Human mean mate preference scores in 9,474 people
from 37 different cultures
6.1 The different components of fitness
6.2 The three principal attachment styles
6.3 How the three principal attachment styles arise
6.4 A proposed list of five moral ‘domains’ taken from
Haidt and Joseph
Reprinted from Daedalus, 133:4, Jonathan Haidt and
Craig Joseph, ‘Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared
Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues’, pp. 55–66.
© 2004 by the American Academy of Arts, with permission
from MIT Press Journals.
7.1 Documented acts of apparent altruism in the animal kingdom
8.1 Documented acts of apparent altruism between non-relatives
in the animal kingdom
9.1 Schacter’s seven ‘sins’ of memory
9.2 Percentage of choices in the abstract version of the Wason
selection task
9.3 Summary of results from abstract, cheat detection and
altruist detection tasks
10.1 Proportion of languages adopting each of the six logically
possible word orderings
10.2 The performance of English and Italian sufferers from SLI
and controls on a variety of inflection tasks
10.3 Participants’ ability to produce correct tense marking
(Box 10.3) The different stages in human development
according to Locke and Bogin
10.4 Sanskrit compared to other Indo-European languages
ancient and modern
35
64
92
94
147
154
158
175
184
207
244
255
257
273
282
283
285
290
xv
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
xvi
List of tables
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13.1
Evolutionary models of depression
Categories of schizophrenia in DSM–IV-TR
Summary of hereditary studies of schizophrenia
Personality disorder clusters according to DSM–IV-TR
The Big Five personality factors with typical characteristics
of high and low scorers on these factors
13.2 Summary of the different accounts of individual variation
depending on its source (heritable versus environmental),
and its effect (adaptive, non-adaptive, maladaptive)
(Box 13.3) Partial correlations of the Big Five personality
factors with birth order
14.1 The peak ages at which individuals from a variety of
disciplines were at their most productive
© Cambridge University Press
341
349
349
355
369
373
385
425
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Preface to the second edition
Since the completion of the first edition of this book in 2003 a number of
interesting developments have taken place in evolutionary psychology. These
developments prompted us to write a second edition that updates the book
in a number of areas. Many of the changes in the book reflect the increasing
understanding of the relationship between genes and behaviour. The new and
controversial field of molecular behaviour genetics, which examines the relationship between genes, neurotransmitters and behaviour, has made great
strides over the last four years and, although still in its infancy, this will clearly
have a profound effect on evolutionary psychology. This work has been given
greater prominence than in the first edition.
Other changes reflect the power of evolutionary thinking in driving the
research agenda. For example, in chapter 14 we ask whether religious beliefs
could possibly have had any benefit in terms of inclusive fitness and in
chapter 6 we ask a similar question about the function of morality. Why, for
example, do we seek to punish those who cheat, why do we feel a sense of awe
in the presence of a great altruist and why are our moral decisions swayed by
factors other than simply the outcome of an act?
In addition to changes based upon new research finding, a number of
changes have been made as a result of feedback from students and staff who
have used the book on various courses around the world. These comments
have, we believe, allowed us to produce a better book second time around.
The most significant change in the book, however, is the inclusion of a
whole new chapter on individual differences, especially where these concern
differences in personality and intelligence. Individual differences present
something of a conundrum for evolutionary theory in that we know that many
differences are at least partly heritable (which might suggest that they confer
some inclusive fitness benefit or would have done so for our evolutionary
ancestors), but it is also well established that they are quite strongly subject to
environmental influence. How can we understand such differences? One possible explanation is that individual differences are environmentally contingent
strategies: nature interacts with nurture to produce a phenotype that best fits
the particular environment (physical, social) in which it finds itself. We hope
that this chapter will introduce the reader to new developments in the way that
we think about the integration of nature and nurture and in doing so cover an
area that we felt was perhaps missing from the first edition.
xvii
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
xviii
Preface
Since the publication of the first edition of the book it appears that evolutionary theorising has become more commonplace in psychology in particular and the social sciences in general. While we generally welcome this there
is a danger than some of these evolutionary theories are being proposed by
people with no real grounding in evolutionary theory.
Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin co-opted Kipling’s phrase ‘justso stories’ (see chapter 1) to describe the way in which, as they saw it, some
evolutionists explained the existence of some trait in the general population
as being the result of selection pressures that acted upon ancestral humans.
Gould and Lewontin noted that, given we do not know in any detail what life
was like for ancestral humans, such explanations are mere storytelling; we can
simply make up any set of conditions we choose in order to explain the evolution of a particular trait. In chapter 1 we discuss why we think Gould and
Lewontin might be mistaken: we surely can say something about ancestral life
(for example, our ancestors lived in complex social groups, they had to forage
for their food, they had no reliable contraceptives, no electric lights, no paternity tests). This knowledge, when combined with our understanding of the
lifestyles of present day forager societies, can help us to understand the likely
pressures that our ancestors faced. Despite this we also feel that the reader
needs to recognise the fact that some evolutionary explanations are little more
than just-so stories.
Two recent examples serve to illustrate this point. A recent paper published
in Current Biology explains a ‘universal’ sex difference whereby females show
a greater preference for the colour pink by suggesting that because ancestral
females habitually gathered, in contrast to ancestral males who habitually
hunted (see chapter 4), preferring pink would aid females in finding ripe
fruits. Plausible at first, but then not all ripe fruit is pink and not all gathered
food is fruit anyway. Moreover, a preference for a colour (which is what was
found) is not the same thing as an improved ability to discriminate that colour
from others (which is what is being proposed). A second piece of research
shows that while males and females score about the same on average on IQ
tests, males are much more variable making men among the smartest and the
dumbest people in the population. Again this was explained by the notion
that females exhibit a stronger preference for intelligence in their male partners whereas males do not for their female partners. Such a preference,
however, would surely lead to a selection pressure for intelligent men which
would mean that ultimately men would be more intelligent than women on
average, which is not what was found.
Evolutionists need to challenge such misunderstandings of evolutionary
theory otherwise there is a danger that we will once again fall foul of the criticism that all that evolutionary psychology does is to create convenient
stories. We feel that it is a positive step that researchers are seeing the value
of evolutionary explanations, but seeing the value is only the first step in producing a cogent and informative theory. It is still frequently the case that some
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition
Lance Workman and Will Reader
Frontmatter
More information
Preface
xix
psychologists apply neo-Darwinian arguments which are based on quite a
flimsy understanding of evolutionary theory, leaving this new and exciting
field of investigation open to unnecessary criticism.
One question the reader might ask is how does this book differ from the
plethora of other evolutionary psychology texts now available? We asked ourselves this very question when setting out to write the first edition (a time when
there were far fewer texts available). Our answer for the second edition is as it
was for the first. We feel our book differs from others in three broad ways.
First, we do not assume that the reader has a background in psychology (we
consider most other evolutionary psychology texts are written for students
who may have little or no knowledge of evolutionary theory but who have
already taken courses in, for example, developmental, social and cognitive
psychology – whereas we set out to teach these areas alongside evolutionary
theory). Second, and leading on from the first point, we attempt to integrate
evolutionary theory into mainstream psychology (most other evolutionary
psychology books are written as if conventional developments in psychology
need to be jettisoned or at the least fully re-appraised. In contrast, we set out
to see how ‘traditional approaches’ to psychology might be conducive with
evolutionary theory). Third, we feel our book is somewhat more critical of
evolutionary psychology than a number of other evolutionary psychology
texts. This is not to say that our ‘competitors’ are uncritical; many are highly
critical. We feel, however, that such critical analysis is most often concerned
with the relative merits of differing theories from within evolutionary psychology. We feel that this book frequently examines other ways of explaining
the findings that may lie outside evolutionary psychology.
This is not just our opinion; a review of the first edition in the UK’s Times
Higher Education Supplement suggested that:
Evolutionary psychology textbooks aimed at an undergraduate audience
have started to appear. Unfortunately, they have been written by
evangelists, by researchers whose own findings are given centre stage, or by
a combination of the two. This would be bad enough, were it not that
evolutionary psychology is also criticised for being an immature,
politically motivated science. As a consequence, Lance Workman and Will
Reader’s textbook is a godsend . . . The authors’ critical approach shines.
Whereas others . . . use case studies to support a perspective or theory,
Workman and Reader also use them to show alternative interpretations
requiring further work.
Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the instructors and students who have made use of the first edition of our book and in
particular to those who have provided useful feedback (both in terms of praise
and criticism!). In particular we would like to thank Richard Andrew, Marie
Cahillane, Mike Cardwell, Holly Davies, G. William Farthing, Nigel Holt,
Hannah Howes, Alison Lee, Catriona Morrison, Sandie Taylor, Fred Toates,
Alison Wadeley and Teresa Winiarski. At Cambridge University Press we
would especially like to thank Sarah Caro, Andy Peart and Carrie Cheek.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org