YANSHENG MA LUM
RAYMOND MUN KONG LUM
Sun Yat-sen's Fund-Raising Activities in Hawai'i
SUN YAT-SEN (SUN W E N ) , the founding father of modern China,
is one of the most respected and revered statesman in the world. At
the turn of the twentieth century, he led the Chinese people in a revolutionary movement that overthrew the Manchu dynasty, ending
more than four thousand years of imperial rule in China. The
Republic of China was established in 1911, and Sun Yat-sen was
elected the first provisional president.
Hawai'i and its people played an important role in Sun's life and
revolutionary activities. For one thing, Hawai'i was known as Sun's
second home because he spent his teenage years here and had relatives and many friends in the Islands. From 1878 to 1910, Sun visited
Hawai'i six times, totaling more than seven years. During his years of
exile, he was not allowed to land in some countries, for example, the
Dutch Indies. Even in Japan, where he spent more than six years and
which he adopted as a base for his operations, he occasionally found
himself not so welcome. But he never had any difficulty returning to
Hawai'i.The Chinese in Hawai'i wholeheartedly supported him and
the revolution by donating time and money, sometimes sacrificing
Yansheng Ma Lum is a graduate of St. John's University of Shanghai and has worked for
the Foreign Ministry of the People's Republic of China, the All China Women's Federation,
and the United Nations Children's Fund. A Hawai'i resident since 1986, she has published
articles on the Chinese in Hawai % in magazines in China.
Raymond Man Kong Lum was born in Hilo, was graduatedfrom the University of Hawai'i,
and worked as a printer, commercial artist, and manager of Lum and Feher Ltd.
The Hawaiian Journal ofHistory, vol. 32 (1998)
175
176
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
their lives and their sons' lives. Sun once called the overseas Chinese
"the mother of revolution."
Hawai'i is also known as the cradle of the Chinese revolution
because it was here that Sun founded the first revolutionary organization, the Hsing Chung Hui (Revive China Society). This organization later developed into a strong political party, the Tung Meng Hui
(Alliance Society), which overthrew the Manchu regime. It was reorganized and became the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). It was in
Hawai'i that Sun and more than a hundred people first vowed to
destroy the Manchus, and this little spark ignited the fire that burned
down the decaying regime.
HAWAI'I'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TEN UPRISINGS
Sun organized ten uprisings before the October 10, 1911, uprising
that finally overthrew the Manchu regime. In order to purchase
weapons and ammunition and to pay the soldiers, Sun went abroad
to raise funds from the overseas Chinese. The first place he went was
Hawai'i, and his first attempt to raise money started with the Hsing
Chung Hui in Honolulu. The first Canton uprising he instigated was
mainly funded by the Chinese in Hawai'i.
In the beginning, when Sun first advocated revolution, he found
that the task was most difficult. He wrote in his autobiography:
When the war with Japan ended, I thought it was time to act. ... I went
to Hawaii and America, established the Hsing Chung Hui in order to
rally the overseas Chinese to help the revolution. However, people had
not awakened to join in the revolution. I advocated for many months,
and very few people responded. The only two men that helped with all
they possessed were Dang Yun-nam and my brother, plus scores of relatives and friends who supported the cause.1
To raise funds, every Hsing Chung Hui member paid five dollars as a
membership fee, and the organization issued stock at ten dollars a
share, to be paid back tenfold after the revolution succeeded.2 Sun
collected $288 in membership dues and $1,100 in stock, but that was
not enough to funding an uprising. Then, Sun's close friend Dang
Yun-nam liquidated his personal assets and donated a large sum of
SUN YAT-SEN S FUND-RAISING ACTIVITIES
177
money to buy weapons. His brother Sun Mei also supported him by
selling his cattle. It was with a sum of $ 6,000 3 from Hawai'i and some
other funds he raised in Hong Kong that Sun launched the first Canton uprising in October 1894.
The second uprising, the Waichou uprising in 1900, was funded
by donations from Chinese in Hong Kong and a Japanese supporter.
Sun Mei was the only one in Hawai'i involved in funding this uprising. In a letter addressed to his friend Wo Jin-heng on October 30,
1909, Sun said:
In 1 goo, when the Waichou uprising was launched, we needed at least
a hundred thousand dollars and more. I got some from Hong Kong,
some from Japan. . . . I relied on my brother for help. My brother and
I had been donating all we had for the revolution and my brother
donated almost all he had. . . . Two years ago my brother filed for
bankruptcy. . . . I am responsible for his bankruptcy. . . .4
There is no record of the total amount of money Sun Mei gave, but
the extensiveness of his contributions is verified by one source, Sun
Fo's secretary, Hou Chung-i. Hou said that he heard in the Sun family discussions that Sun Mei's total contributions to the revolution
amounted to $7oo,ooo. 5
The funding of the third through the eighth uprisings launched
from May 1907 to May 1908 came from overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Canada, the United States, and Hawai'i (Lai
Hipp of Hilo sent $1,150) . 6
The ninth uprising was mainly funded by overseas Chinese from
the United States, and the funds for the tenth uprising in March 1911,
the famous Wong Hua Gong uprising, came exclusively from the
overseas Chinese all over the world. The Chinese of Hawai'i donated
$2,OOO.7
F I R S T MILITARY BOND ISSUED IN H A W A I ' I
To raise funds, Sun issued "military bonds," which were debenture
certificates that promised the buyer repayment at ten times the value
of the investment, plus special privileges after the revolution succeeded. This was supposed to provide incentives so that more people
178
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
would buy the bonds. Later, experience showed that people were
more concerned about possible incrimination than about the incentives. Many people were afraid to get involved in the revolution
because they did not want their relatives in China to be targets of persecution. In 1904, Sun issued the first "military bond" in Hawai'i (see
Fig. 1). The bonds were all printed in Honolulu. Sales were not as
good as expected, however, and only $2,000 was collected. When
Sun left Honolulu, he took the unsold bonds to San Francisco and
collected another $4,ooo.8
DONATIONS FROM THE BROAD MASSES
The majority of Sun's supporters were overseas Chinese from the
lower middle class, workers, intellectuals, and small merchants. They
were not wealthy, but considering their means, they were most generous in supporting the revolution. When Sun talked about overthrowing the oppressive Manchu regime and building a strong and
prosperous country that they could be proud of and a government
that would protect their legal rights, they responded enthusiastically
and gave all they could afford.
There were many moving stories of how the masses responded to
Sun's appeals and donated whatever they could afford. For example,
FIG. 1. Military bond of 1904. The text reads: "us$i was received, to be repaid us$io
after the Army succeeds. Date: 1904. Sun Yat-sen." (Lum Chee collection)
SUN YAT-SEN S FUND-RAISING ACTIVITIES
179
Wen Phong-fei, the editor of the Tzu You Sun Bo (The Liberty News)
in Honolulu in 1910 and 1911, told stories about people coming to
the newspaper office to donate money. One day, a worker came and
donated twenty dollars although his monthly salary was only a little
more than that. He was so sincere that "tears swell in my eyes," said
Wen.9 In Honolulu, there were eighteen Chinese students who
donated two hundred dollars every month. Each of them would give
a little more than ten dollars a month while their monthly allowances
were only twenty to thirty dollars.10
Young Wah-duck, whose father was Young Kwong-tat, the president
of the Tung Meng Hui Honolulu chapter, said in an interview that
when his father received letters or telegrams from Sun Yat-sen asking
for donations, he would go to the bank to borrow a sum of money to
send to Sun. Afterward, he would go to the members to collect money
to pay back the bank. In those days, he said, nobody had that much
money. The support of many people, each donating a small sum,
helped pay back the loan.11
Lum Chee, a general merchandise store owner in Hilo (the father
of co-author Raymond Lum), was a loyal supporter of Sun. He was a
member of the Chunghua Kerning Jun (Chinese Revolutionary Army)
in Hilo and later a member of the Tung Meng Hui. He donated
money on many occasions, and he kept all the bonds and memorabilia of the revolution. Before he passed away in 1941, he told his son
Raymond to keep all these precious documents and one day give
them all to China, where they belonged. Raymond Lum went to Beijing in 1985 and gave the whole collection to the Sun Yat-sen Society
of Beijing. The People's Daily of China reported the event on August
26, 1985.
One item in Lum's collection was a canceled check dated February 19, 1904, made payable to the order of S. Y. Sun in the amount
of $158.50. The check was signed by Tom Wai-kim, who was the treasurer of the Chinese Revolutionary Army Hilo chapter. He collected
the sum from more than ten members and then wrote the check,
which was endorsed by Sun and co-signed by Ho Fon, the president
of the Hsing Chung Hui. The check was cashed in Honolulu on February 25, 1904 (see Fig. 2). This is an example of small donations
from the masses.
l8o
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
There are no statistics available on the total amount of money that
Hawai'i contributed, but there are references that show Sun on many
occasions asked his supporters in Hawai'i to raise funds for emergency needs. In May 1910, he wrote a letter to "comrades in Hawai'i"
from Penang, Malaysia, asking them to provide at least $1,000 a
month to the revolution. He said in the letter that there were more
than one thousand Tung Meng Hui members in Hawai'i. If every
member could donate one dollar a month, there would be at least
one thousand dollars every month. Sun said that this was for urgent
needs of the revolution. 12
In another letter of August 29, 1910, Sun told the "comrades in
Hawai'i" how urgently he needed financial support and requested
that they do their best to help. He wrote:
I had asked you to raise funds for urgent need in the South. If you had
already collected the money, send it to Hong Kong immediately. If the
funds are not ready, ready, please take urgent actions to help meet the
emergency needs. It is imperative that we get the funding now, else it
will be detrimental to the cause. Please help us out of this difficult situation. . . . Comrades in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong were at their
wits' end. You are my only hope and I expect a lot from you people.
No matter how much you might be able to collect, just send over
immediately. . . .13
FIG. 2. Canceled check dated February 19, 1904. Tom Wai Kim, who signed the check,
was the treasurer of the Chinese Revolutionary Army in Hilo. On the reverse side of
the check are the signatures of Sun Yat-sen and Ho Fon, the chairman of the Hsing
Chung Hui. (Lum Chee collection)
SUN YAT-SEN S FUND-RAISING ACTIVITIES
101
Obviously, in that year, Sun was desperately in need of funds as the
revolutionary struggle had reached a critical stage, and he turned to
his followers in Hawai'i for help. Hawai'i never failed him.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHINESE IN HILO
Special notes should be made regarding the Chinese community in
Hilo, which was most enthusiastic in supporting the revolution. The
first revolutionary organization in Hilo, the Chunghua Kerning Jun,
was formed in 1903, and from that year on, donations to support the
revolution continued through 1915. The amount was not large, but
the donations came from the broad masses. For example, in 1907,
the Revolutionary Army Headquarters in Hong Kong received $1,150
from Lai Hipp, the leader of the Chunghua Kerning Jun in Hilo. This
FIG. 3. Receipt for bond issued in
Indochina, 1907. The text reads:
"This is to acknowledge receipt of
US$20, donated by Lum Chee to
the Chinese Revolutionary Army,
to be repaid by the military government according to agreements
made, plus special privileges. Date:
November 4, 1907. Serial no. Tonking, Annam 5. . . ." (Lum Chee
collection)
182
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
money was used as part of the funding for one of the six uprisings
launched in 1907—1908.14 When Sun was in Indochina, he issued a
huge amount of military bonds to raise funds for the six uprisings. In
Lum Chee's collection there was a receipt for a donation of $20 to
the Chunghua Kerning Jun dated November 4, 1907 (Fig. 3). The
receipt carried a serial number identifying it as a bond issued in
"Tongking, Annam." This receipt is proof that Chinese in Hilo
directly contributed funds to one of the six uprisings launched during 1907-1908.
On July 19, 1910, Sun arrived in Singapore, and he again wrote to
Hilo comrades asking for donations. The following year, Hilo members collected $5,000 and sent the money to Sun.15 In 1911, just
before the March 29th Wong Hua Gong uprising, the Tung Meng
Hui Hawai'i chapter got a letter from Sun asking for donations; the
Hilo members sent 3,000 Hong Kong dollars to the Revolutionary
Army Headquarters in Hong Kong.16 By the turn of the nineteenth
century, the Chinese population on the island of Hawai'i was at a
peak, about 5,000, accounting for more than a fourth of all Chinese
in Hawai'i. Most of them were plantation workers or small merchants.
Considering the population and the amount of donations, one can
see that the Chinese in Hilo were truly enthusiastic and generous in
contributing to the revolution as best they could.
THE AMERICAN CHINESE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY
FUND-RAISING BUREAU
Sun's most successful fund-raising operation was the founding of the
American Chinese Revolutionary Army Fund-Raising Bureau and the
issuance of the gold dollar banknotes in June 1911. At the time, the
revolution was gathering momentum, and the spirits of the overseas
Chinese were high. People were confident that the revolution was
going to succeed and were ready to give. Thus fund-raising became
much easier than in earlier years.
In June 1911, Sun was in San Francisco. His relations with the
Chee Kung Tong, an organization that had more than 100,000 members (most of the Chinese in the United States were members),
became very cordial, and the organization merged with the Tung
SUN YAT-SEN S FUND-RAISING ACTIVITIES
l83
Meng Hui. Then they set up the Fund-Raising. Bureau, which was
also called the Hung Mun Fund-Raising Bureau because the Chee
Kung Tong belonged to the Hung Mun Fraternity. In order to get a
tax exemption, the Bureau registered under the name Kwok Min Charity Bureau. Its office was situated at 36 Spofford Alley in San Francisco's Chinatown. At the time, that was the office of the Chee Kun
Tong, and Sun worked from that office when he was in San Francisco.17 In Lum Chee's collection, there was a letter of September 14,
1911, written by Sun Yat-sen to "the Hilo comrades." This letter was
written on stationery printed with the letterhead of the Kwok Min
Charity Bureau (see Fig. 4).
The gold dollar banknotes of the Republic of China were issued
soon after the establishment of the Bureau. On one side of these banknotes the words were in English and on the other side in Chinese
(see Fig. 5). They were issued in the name of the Republic of China,
which had not yet formed at the time of issuance. Sun predicted that
FIG. 4. Letter of September 14, 1911, written and signed by Sun Yat-sen using the letterhead of the Kwok Min Charity Bureau of San Francisco. The letter, addressed to
Sun's supporters in Hilo, discusses his travel plans and comments on revolutionary
conditions in China. The letter does not specify the year in which it was written, but
the content suggests that it was most probably written in 1911. (Lum Chee collection)
FIG. 5. Gold dollar banknotes of the Republic of China. One side of each banknote was
printed in English, the other in Chinese. The notes carry the signatures of Sun Wen,
premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Army, and Lee Gnong Hap, treasurer of the Chinese Revolutionary Army Fund-Raising Bureau. (Lum Chee collection)
SUN YAT-SEN'S FUND-RAISING A C T I V I T I E S
185
the revolution would soon succeed, and he was confident enough to
issue the banknotes in the name of the Republic that would be
formed. Printed on the banknotes was the phrase "Promises to pay the
Bearer on its formation at the State Treasury or its Agents abroad."
On the banknote were the signatures (in Chinese) of Sun Wen, premier of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, and Lee Gnong Hap, treasurer of the Chinese Revolutionary Army Fund-Raising Bureau. From
June to September 1911, a total of $144,130.41 was collected. 18 In
Hilo alone, $5,000 worth of gold dollar banknotes were sold.19
After the founding of the Fund-Raising Bureau, all donations were
consolidated in this institution. For example, in Lum Chee's collection, there was a letter (Fig. 6) written by Sun to comrades in Hilo
asking that all donations be sent to this bureau in San Francisco. The
letter reads (in translation):
There are so many Hilo members who enthusiastically support the revolution. I sincerely appreciate it. As to sending over the money, it is
advisable to consolidate and send the money to San Francisco, the
Fund Raising Bureau. There might be some losses due to exchange
rate. However, it is easier to manage this way. Please explain to the
comrades. Sun Wen. September 13.
F U N D - R A I S I N G AFTER T H E ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC
After the establishment of the Republic of China, Sun continued to
solicit financial assistance from the overseas Chinese to continue on
with the revolution to set up a unified China and a democratic government. During the second revolution, against Yuan Shih-kai, and
the third revolution, when Sun had to leave the country and went to
Japan to reorganize the Kuomintang into the Chinese Revolutionary
Party, Chinese in Hawai'i continued to donate more money.
Weng Phong-fei told the story that after October 10, 1911, the Chinese in Honolulu were so concerned with what happened in China
that many of them swarmed to the Tzu You Sun Bo office every day to
ask about news. Once in a while, the newspaper received newsletters
from Hong Kong telling about the latest developments, and there
were so much conflicting news that the Tung Meng Hui members
decided to send Wen Phong-fai back to China to find out what the
FIG. 6. Letter of September 13. The letter, signed by Sun Yat-sen but not in his handwriting, doesn't specify the year in which it was written. (Lum Chee collection)
SUN YAT-SEN'S FUND-RAISING ACTIVITIES
187
situation was. They gave him one thousand dollars for travel expenses.
Wen arrived in China by the end of 1911 and found out that the revolutionary army was fighting against the warlords and was short of
funds. He reported to the comrades in Honolulu, and in no time, he
received a sum of $20,000, which he forwarded to the Revolutionary
Army Headquarters in Nanking.20
In 1912, a National Fund-Raising Bureau was established in Honolulu. The chairman was Young Kwong-tat; the vice-chairman was Lee
Dat-yip; the treasurer was Young Ahin; the secretary was Young Fookyong; and the auditors were C. K. Ai and Yan Sen.21 In Lum Chee's
collection there were two receipts for his donations to this national
fund. One is shown in Fig. 7. In 1915, Sun issued Chinese Revolutionary Party bonds (Fig. 8), which the Chinese in Hawai'i bought
enthusiastically.22
FIG. 7. Receipt for donations to
the National Fund-Raising Bureau
in Hawai'i. The text acknowledges
receipt of $150 in donations to the
national fund by Lum Wai-cheng
(Lum Chee) and is dated November 21, 1912. (Lum Chee collection)
L88
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
ACCOUNTING FOR THE FUNDS RAISED
Were the funds Sun raised accounted for? The answer is a definite
yes. As early as 1919, a man named Tao Cheng-chang spread rumors
that Sun was "pocketing the money he raised." Such slanderous statements became very detrimental to Sun's fund-raising efforts, and he
was obliged to write a letter in October 1909 addressed to a friend,
Wu Zhi-hui, and published a detailed account of the expenses of the
uprisings against the funds he raised from the overseas Chinese all
over the world.
FIG. 8. Chinese Revolutionary Party bond issued in 1915. The text on the
certificate reads: "Ten Yen: Bond issued in Japanese currency. Interest
100 percent. To be repaid within three years after the establishment of
the new government." The bond is signed by Sun Wen, premier of the
Chinese Revolutionary Party. (Lum Chee collection)
SUN YAT-SEN'S F U N D - R A I S I N G A C T I V I T I E S
189
This letter was published in the French magazine The New Century
as well as in the Chinese newspapers in San Francisco and Vancouver
and in the Tzu You Sun Bo of Honolulu. 23 Sun fought back with facts
and shattered his enemies' slander. Sun's enemies viciously tried to
sabotage Sun's fund-raising efforts, but they inadvertently helped
historians because Sun's letter became a precious document for
researchers studying the fund-raising aspects of the uprisings. Very
detailed accounts of fund-raising were kept, as is shown in Jiang Yunjing's article, "Study of the Funding of the Ten Uprisings Before the
Hsin Hai Revolution." 24
During his seventeen years of exile, Sun relied on his friends'
financial support, and he said in an interview with the Australian
monthly Progress in 1912, after he resigned his presidency:
Friends provided me with funds, and here I must mention the constant fidelity of well-wishers to the great cause I have all these years
endeavored to promote. They have never failed me. But then, fortunately, apart from travelling my wants are few. I have often for weeks
lived in a little rice and water. . . ,25
Friends who knew Sun told stories of how frugal he was in his lifestyle.
There was, for example, a story about his life in New York's Chinatown. For his meals, he used to go to a restaurant owned by a woman
named Mrs. Wong. She was a staunch supporter of the revolution.
When Sun had a meal in her restaurant, she never charged him. Sun
always ate only one bowl of noodles, and Mrs. Wong would invite him
to have some more, but he refused, saying he had enough. Mrs. Wong
changed her restaurant's name to Yat Go Mien, which means a bowl
of noodles. This restaurant was in existence for more than eighty years
and closed a few years ago.
Sun also admitted in his interview with the Australian magazine
that "At other times, I have had difficulty in refusing the large sums
placed at my disposal for some of my countrymen in America are very
rich, generous and patriotic." But he never squandered the money
on his own personal use. His friends also helped to support his family. For example, Ching Chow, a vice-president of the Liberty Bank in
Honolulu, used to fund part of the educational expenses of Sun Yatsen's son, Sun Fo, when the latter was studying at St. Louis High
School in Honolulu. 26
1C)£>
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
REPAYMENT OF THE BONDS
After the establishment of the Republic of China, did Sun and his
government honor their promises to redeem the bonds? During
1935-1936, the Kuomintang headquarters in Nanking set up an
Investigation Committee of Debts of Hsin Hai Revolution. The person in charge was Lee Gnong Hap, the person whose signature was on
the gold dollar banknotes.27 On the bonds in Lum Chee's collection,
there were stamps reading "Registered, dated June 18, 1936, by the
Hawaiian Branch of the Chinese Kuomintang." This is proof that the
bonds sold were registered and the government intended to repay the
buyers. But Lum Chee never cashed his bonds. He kept the originals
of all the bonds he bought and receipts for his donations. However,
C. K. Ai claimed that the Republic paid him $1,000 for each of the
$50 revolutionary bonds he purchased.28 Many people who bought
the bonds had destroyed them either because they meant to donate
the money and did not expect to be paid back, or they did not want
to keep these documents that might be incriminating.
Monetary repayment was not the only thing that mattered. There
were other ways to acknowledge appreciation for those who rendered
support to the revolution. Shortly after Sun was sworn in as the first
president of the Republic of China in January 1912, he expressed his
thanks to those who supported the revolution by awarding them citations or medals. For example, he sent three citations to people in
Hawai'i in 1912: one to Leong Hoy, the first president of the Tung
Meng Hui; one to Zane Cheong-fook, who donated to the Tzu You
Sun Bo and the Wah Mun School; and another to the newspaper Tzu
You Sun Bo.29
In the following years, Sun awarded silver medals of the second
and third class to the following people on Maui to thank them for
their support: Chock Cheong, Lau Pang, Dang Ming-san, Dang Siang,
Tarn Chi, Luke Chin, Tarn Cheong, Dang Fook, and Yap Chau.30
Chang Wing, a merchant in Honolulu, also received a silver medal
from the Generalissimo (Sun assumed this title after 1917) as a token
of thanks for his fund-raising efforts.31 These were only a small fraction of the awards presented.
Sun Yat-sen always remembered those who had helped him. One
example was Francis W. Damon (1852-1915), a writer, missionary,
and builder of public-service institutions. Damon had been to Can-
SUN YAT-SEN S FUND-RAISING ACTIVITIES
igi
ton in China and distinguished himself as a missionary to the Chinese
in Hawai'i. He was a superintendent of Chinese mission work for the
Hawaiian Evangelical Association from 1881 and was known as a
friend of the Chinese community in Hawai'i. He was also a lifelong
friend and supporter of Sun and the Chinese revolution.
On February 8, 1912, Sun wrote a letter of thanks to Damon. In
the letter, he wrote: "[Y]ou have all along cheered and assisted me in
my efforts to bring this great movement to a success. To you I reiterate my thanks and for the many kindnesses you have shown me and
members of my party."32
NOTES
This essay is drawn from the authors' forthcoming book, Sun Yat-sen in Hawaii:
Activities and Supporters, to be published by the Hawaii Chinese History Center
and the University of Hawai'i Press.
1
Jiang Yung-jing, Historical Material of Overseas Chinese in the Founding of the
Republic (Taipei: Zheng Chung Book Co., 1977) 3 (in Chinese).
2
Jiang, Historical Material 42.
3
Hsiang Ting-yung, The Founding Father's Seven Visits to the United States and
Hawaii (Taipei: China Publishing Co., 1982) 39 (in Chinese).
4
Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen (Beijing: Chung Hua Book Co., 1981) 1: 420-21
(in Chinese).
5
Irma Tarn Soong, Five Hsing Chung Hui Men of Valor (Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center, 1989) 61.
6
Jiang, Historical Material 45.
7
Jiang, Historical Material 46.
8
Hsiang, The Founding Father's Seven Visits 94.
9
Wen Phong-fei, Hua Qiao and the Hsin Hai Revolution (Beijing: Chinese
Academy of Social Sciences, 1981) 245 (in Chinese).
10
Hsiang, The Founding Father's Seven Visits 278.
11
Yansheng Lum, interview with Young Wah-duck, April 1995.
12
Hsiang, The Founding Father's Seven Visits 199.
13
Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen 1: 486.
14
Jiang, Historical Material 45.
15
Su Teh-yung, "The Founding Father's Revolutionary Movement in Hawaii," in
Historical Material of Overseas Chinese in the Founding of the Republic (Taipei:
Zheng Chung Book Co., 1977) 86 (in Chinese).
16
Jiang, Historical Material 114.
17
Hsiang, The Founding Father's Seven Visits 230.
18
Jiang, Historical Material 50.
19
Overseas Chinese in Hawaii—History (Honolulu: Overseas Penman Club, 1929)
32 (in Chinese).
192
20
THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
Wen, Hua Qiao 252, 266.
Overseas Chinese in Hawaii—History
24.
22
Overseas Chinese in Hawaii—History
24.
23
H s i a n g , The Founding Father's Seven Visits 1 3 3 , 134.
24
J i a n g , Historical Material 40—52.
25 Progress ( M e l b o u r n e ) , n o . 9 7 (May 1, 1 9 1 2 ) .
26
Yansheng Lum, interview with Ping Quon Ching, December 1997.
27 Wen, Hua Qiao 218.
28
C. K. Ai, My Seventy Nine Years in Hawaii ( H o n g K o n g : C o s m o r a m a Pictorial
Publisher, i960) 109.
29
Overseas Chinese in Hawaii—History
24.
30
Overseas Chinese in Hawaii—History
30.
31
Overseas Chinese in Hawaii—Who's
Who 3 0 .
32
Sun Yat-sen, letter to F. W. Damon, Feb. 8, 1912, in possession of Damon
family.
21