EXPLORING LIFE
EXERCISE 2:
THE PROTISTS
Exercise 2: Protista
Workbook Contents
Corresponding Section on CD
Vocabulary
Key Concepts
Introduction
1. Introduction
General Features of Protists
2. General Features of Protists
Animal-like Protists
3. Animal-like Protists
3A. Introduction
3B. Rhizopoda - the Amoebas
3C. Zoomastigophora - the Flagellates
3D. Apicomplexa
3E. Ciliophora
Rhizopoda
Zoomastigophora
Apicomplexa
Ciliophora
Review Chart
Fungus-like Protists
Oomycota
Chytridiomycota
Acrasiomycota
Myxomycota
Going Further
Review Chart
Plant-like Protists
Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Chlorophyta
Review Chart
4. Fungus-like Protists
4A. Introduction
4B. Oomycota
4C. Chytridiomycota
4D. Acrasiomycota - Cellular Slime Molds
4E. Myxomycota - Acellular Slime Molds
5. Plant-like Protists
5A. Introduction
5B. Chrysophyta - Golden-Brown Algae
5C. Pyrrophyta - Dinoflagellates
5D. Rhodophyta - Red Algae
5E. Phaeophyta - Brown Algae
5F. Chlorophyta - Green Algae
Summary & Review
Vocabulary
Anisogamous - Refers to a breeding system characterized by motile gametes of unequal size
Antheridium - Structure that produces male gametes
Auxospore - Zygote of diatoms
Autotroph - An organism that is self-nourishing, i.e., it does not derive nutrients or energy from the digestion of
other organisms
Axoneme - The central portion of a flagellum or cilium
Biflagellate - Having two flagella
2-1
Blade - A broad, relatively flat portion of a brown alga's body that resembles a leaf
Carpogonium - The female gametangium of red algae
Carpospore - Diploid spore produced by the zygote of red algae
Carposporophyte - The adult in the red algae life cycle that produces carpospores
Cellulose - A polymer of glucose that forms the major constituents of cell walls in plants and some algae
Centric - Circular in shape, i.e., showing radial symmetry
Chitin - A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of fungi
and some protists
Chrysolaminarin - The storage compound of the Chrysophyta
Cilium - Short flagellum-like structure used in locomotion. Cilia are often arranged in rows.
Coenocytic - Having many nuclei in a common cytoplasm
Contractile vacuole - A vacuole found in many protists that pumps water out of the protist's body
Flagellum - A relatively long whip-like structure used in propulsion. Flagella are composed of microtubules
which, in cross-section, are arranged in a characteristic 9+2 structure
Frustule - Half of a diatom's shell, i.e., a valve
Fucoxanthin - A carotenoid pigment that gives chrysophytes and brown algae their characteristic color
Gametangia - Structures that produce gametes
Gametophyte - Haploid adult in a sporic life cycle that produces gametes via mitosis
Heteromorphic - Refers to species with differently shaped sporophytes and gametophytes
Heterothallic - Refers to species that produce male and female gametangia on different individuals
Heterotrophic - Organisms that digest other organisms to obtain energy and/or nutrients
Holdfast - Basal portion of a brown alga's body that is modified for holding the organism in place
Homothallic - Refers to species that produce male and female gametangia on the same individual
Hyphae - A filament that comprises a portion of the body of a fungus or fungus-like protist
Isomorphic - Refers to a species in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are similarly shaped
Laminarin - A polymer of glucose used as the principal storage compound of the brown algae
Meiosis - A process characterized by a series of two divisions in which the ploidy number is reduced to half its
former value
Meristoderm - The tissue layer of a brown alga that is largely responsible for cell division, and thus growth
Microcyst - The encysted stage of the ameboid form of a slime mold. Microcysts are derived from only one cell.
Mitosis - Normal cell division in which the chromosomes are duplicated and each daughter cell receives a full
complement of chromosomes
Mycelium - The body of a fungus or fungus-like protist, i.e., a hyphal mass
Oogonium - The reproductive structures of some algae. Oogonia produce one or more eggs and are usually
unicellular.
Pellicle - Protein-rich strips found just inside the membrane and give the bodies of flagellates their shape
Pennate - Shape of a bilaterally symmetrical diatom
Phycobilins - Water-soluble pigments that occur in red algae and are involved in photosynthesis as accessory
pigments
Plasmodium - A membrane-bound mass of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei
Ploidy - Refers to the number of complements of chromosomes in a nucleus (e.g., haploids have one
complement, diploids have two complements and polyploids have many)
Plurilocular sporangia - Found in brown algae and produce diploid zoospores
Pseudoplasmodium - A mass of unicellular ameboid cells. Pseudoplasmodia occur in the cellular slime molds
Pseudopods - A cytoplasmic projection that functions in locomotion. Pseudopods are produced by some
protists and some animal cells.
Sclerotium - An encysted form of a slime mold. Sclerotia are often produced as a result of desiccation.
Spermatium - non-motile male gametes
Sporophyte - Diploid adult in the life cycle that produces spore via meiosis
Stipe - Staff supporting a blade in brown algae
2-2
Tetrasporophyte - The diploid adult in some red algae's life cycle that produces four spores via meiosis. The
spores are produced inside the spore mother cell.
Theca - Plates made of cellulose that comprise a portion of the exterior body of a dinoflagellate
Thylakoid disc - A membrane-bound sack that normally occurs in stacks. Each sack contains pigments
involved in photosynthesis.
Trichogyne - A projection from the female gametangium of some red algae and fungi that captures or conveys
male gametes into the female gametangia
Unilocular sporangia - Produce haploid zoospores via meiosis and occur in brown algae
Zoospore - Flagellated spore
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Key Concepts
Introduction
1. Protists form an evolutionary link from
to
.
2. The groups of protists are arranged together based on their
and
Match each group to its mode of nutrition and life cycle by drawing lines to connect them:
Group:
Animal-like
Fungus-like
Plant-like
extracellular digestion
ingestion
photosynthesis
alternation of generations
gametic
Mode of Nutrition:
Life Cycle:
.
zygotic
3. Complete the chart below with the choices provided:
Finish phrase
in this line:
with these
choices:
for these life
cycles:
gam etic
zygotic
alternation of
generations:
adult #1
adult #2
Adult is divides by
diploid/ m eiosis/
haploid
m itosis
Gam etes fuse; form Zygote
to form
zygote which is
divides by
gam etes/
m eiosis/
spores
diploid/ haploid
m itosis
Spores and divide by
to form are
to form adult
adult/ diploid/
m eiosis/
spore haploid
m itosis
4. The majority of protists divide by meiosis / mitosis. Where in the life cycle meiosis / mitosis occurs varies among the groups.
General Features of Protists
5. Put a check under the correct group heading for each feature:
Has
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Has
a. nucleus
Prokaryote
f. organelles (mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
b. linear chromosomes
g. flagella with 9 + 2 structure
c. nuclear membrane
h. flagella without 9 + 2
d. circular chromosome
i. basal body to anchor flagella
e. microtubules/
cytoskeleton
j. flagella anchored to cell wall
6. True or False: There is one feature that unites all protists.
Animal-like Protists
7. All animal-like protists are unicellular / multicellular and some ingest their prey / photosynthesize.
Rhizopoda
8. All Rhizopoda have / lack flagella. The name means
.
Structure
9. Amoebae have / lack a cytoskeleton, have / lack a nucleus, and have / lack a definite shape.
10. Amoebae move by forming
.
2-4
Eukaryote
The Protists
Rhizopoda (continued)
Movement
11. Number these steps (from 1 to 8) in the correct order. You may need to pause or replay the movie to determine the steps:
microfilaments are carried forward by cytoplasmic
actin fibers in trailing portion interact with myosin
movement
actin units reassemble
microfilaments in trailing portion disassemble
cytoplasm moves from area of greatest pressure
outer layer of cytoplasm (cortex) contracts
(center) to less pressure (pseudopod)
tip of pseudopod becomes anchored
cytoplasm is squeezed into central portion of cell
Nutrition
12. Draw and label a series of pictures to describe how amoebae engulf their prey. Be sure to use the terms pseudopod, food vacuole,
and lysosome. This process is called endocytosis / phagocytosis / pinocytosis.
Life Cycle
13. Asexual reproduction by meiosis / mitosis (binary fission) / none. Sexual reproduction by meiosis / mitosis / none.
Zoomastigophora
14. All of the organisms in this group have one or more cilia / flagella / neither.
Structure
15. Write the number for the following structures on this Euglena and then match the structure to its function.
Number
Structure
Function
chloroplast
contain DNA
contractile vacuole
movement
flagellum
photosynthesis
nucleus
preserve water balance
stigma
sense light
16. True or False: All Zoomastigophora have the same structures as Euglena.
Movement
17. Cilia / flagella tend to be short and numerous. Cilia / flagella tend to be longer and fewer in number.
18. Sketch a cross-section of a flagellum, showing the 9 + 2 structure of microtubules:
19. The microtubules are attached at the base by an auxospore / axoneme.
20. Microtubules are hollow / solid and made of the protein dynein / tubulin.
21. The protein dynein / tubulin forms the side arms of the microtubules.
22. Dynein / tubulin catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADP / ATP , and the energy that is released bends the microtubules.
Nutrition (pause and use the “Key Words” to define the following two bolded terms, then answer Question #23)
23. Some flagellates are autotrophic / heterotrophic and use photosynthesis, though many are also autotrophic / heterotrophic
and absorb the needed nutrients or capture their prey through phagocytosis.
Life Cycle
24. Asexual reproduction by meiosis / mitosis (binary fission) / none. Sexual reproduction by meiosis / mitosis / none.
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Key Concepts
Apicomplexa
25. All sporozoans are photosynthetic / parasitic / predatory. They acquire nutrients through osmosis / phagocytosis.
Structure
26. All sporozoans produce a
near the
of the cell. Other than this, they are the same / vary.
Movement
27. Sporozoans move by means of cilia / flagella / wriggling.
Life Cycle
28. True or False: Many Apicomplexa have both an asexual and sexual stage and may require one or more hosts in their life cycle.
29. Number these steps (from 1 to 13) in the correct order. You may need to pause or replay the movie to determine the steps:
fertilization and formation of a zygote occurs
mosquito bites uninfected person and transfers sporozoites
gametocytes change into gametes in mosquito’s gut
sporozoites develop inside the oocyst
meiosis occurs in the oocyst
sporozoites invade liver and lymph system
merozoites form new gametocytes
sporozoites migrate into mosquito’s salivary glands
merozoites infect red blood cells
sporozoites reproduce asexually and produce merozoites
merozoites reproduce and burst red blood cells
zygote produces an oocyst
mosquito bites infected person and ingests plasmodium gametocytes
Ciliophora
30. The ciliates are among the most complex / simple protists. They have a definite / indefinite size and shape.
Structure
31. Draw lines from the names to the structures on this Paramecium.
anal pore
cilia
gullet
contractile vacuole
macronucleus
oral groove
micronuclei
food vacuole
pellicle
32. The anal pore / contractile vacuole / gullet regulates water balance within the cell by expelling excess water.
33. The macronucleus / micronuclei is/are involved in transcription and translation. The macronucleus / micronuclei is/are
involved in recombination.
Movement
34. Ciliates move by the rhythmic beating of their cilia / flagella which function very much like cilia / flagella.
35. Some ciliates have fused cilia called cirri / myonemes / neurofibrils that they can walk on.
36. True or False: All ciliates are capable of movement in all stages of their lives.
Nutrition
37. True or False: Ciliates have a variety of means for capturing their prey; all are, therefore, heterotrophs.
2-6
The Protists
Life Cycle
38. Asexual reproduction occurs by means of meiosis / mitosis (simple fission).
39. True or False: Recombination is linked to sexual reproduction through a process called conjugation.
40. In your own words, what is the purpose of recombination? How many cells does it involve at the beginning? at the end?
Review Chart
For this section, mark an “X” (unless directed otherwise) in the box(es) that correspond to characteristics found within each group or
possessed by an example organism from that group. Then use this chart to answer the questions below and in the overall review.
Characteristics (generally)
Rhizopoda
Zoomastigophora Apicomplexa
Structures
has no definite shape
has one nucleus per cell
can have more than one nucleus per cell
can have chloroplasts
has special structures to infect host
has cell walls
has contractile vacuole
can be unicellular
can be filamentous
can be colonial
can be multicellular
Life Cycle (fill in for each)
Choices: alternation of generations (abbreviate AOG), gametic (GAM), zygotic (ZYG)
Reproduction
asexual
binary fission/mitosis
conjugation
formation of zoospore
sexual
lacks
requires special structures
requires host
has a dormant or resting stage
Movement
pseudopods
flagella
cilia
wriggle
none as adult
Nutrition
can be autotrophic/photosynthetic
has a carbohydrate storage product
can be heterotrophic; is/uses
decomposer
extracellular digestion
osmosis
parasitic
phagocytosis
2-7
Ciliophora
Key Concepts
What characteristic(s) seem to unite the animal-like protists?
Which characteristic(s) seem to be unique to each group?
Rhizopoda:
Zoomastigophora:
Apicomplexa:
Ciliophora:
Fungus-like Protists
41. All of these organisms have
like the fungi; they are either autotrophs / decomposers or
parasites / predators.
42. Most groups contain both species that are multicellular / unicellular and those that have a colonial / filamentous body.
Each filament in the body is know as a hypha / mycelium and the mass that is the whole organism is the a hypha / mycelium.
Oomycota
43. This group includes filamentous / unicellular / both forms. The filamentous / unicellular forms are coenocytic, which
means they have many chromosomes / hyphae / nuclei in a common cytoplasm.
Structure
44. Match the group with its characteristics. What do scientists believe, based on this information?
Group
Cell Wall
Composed of
Fungi
cellulose
Oomycota
chitin
Has Flagellated Cell(s) at
Some Point in Life Cycle
Chromosomes
Diploid
highly condensed
adult
no
not highly condensed
one cell in life cycle
yes
Life Cycle
45. Label the asexual reproduction cycle of an example oomycete. Be sure to include the terms active, adult, diploid, encysted,
flagella, germinate, secondary, septum, zoosporangium, zoospore. You may use some terms more than once.
2-8
The Protists
Oomycota (continued)
46. Label the sexual reproduction cycle of an example oomycete. Be sure to label the: adult, antheridium, dormant, eggs, female
nuclei, fertilization tubes, fusion, germinate, haploid, male nuclei, meiosis, oogonium, oospore, zoosporangium, zygote, n, 2n
Chytridiomycota
47. Circle all of the characteristics that apply to this group. Headings are italic and to the left; choices are then to the right.
Where they live:
Organism “body”:
Cell wall of:
Spores & gametes:
Nutritional lifestyle:
aquatic and terrestrial
filamentous
cellulose
motile spores
decomposers
mostly aquatic
unicellular
chitin
non-motile spores
parasites
mostly terrestrial
coenocytic
uninuclear
flagellated gametes
photosynthetic
unflagellated gametes
predators
48. Mark (check, star or underline) all of the above characteristics that this group shares with the fungi. What other characteristic
points to a strong relationship between these two groups?
Structure
49. Isomorphic = diploid & haploid adult stages look different / the same; heteromorphic = adult stages look different / the same.
Life Cycle
50. What type of life cycle does this chytridiomycete display? gametic / zygotic / alternation of generations
Label the life cycle of a typical chytridiomycete. Use the terms asexual, diploid (2n), female, fertilization, flagella, fusion,
gametangium, gametes, gametophyte, germinate, haploid (n), hyphae, male, mature, meiosis, mitosis, mycelium, sexual,
sporangium, sporophyte, young, zoospores, zygote.
What is the purpose of the hormone sirenin in this life cycle?
2-9
Key Concepts
Acrasiomycota
51. The habitat of the cellular slime molds is generally aquatic / terrestrial / both. The myxamoebas are decomposers /
through
parasites / photosynthetic / predators, feeding on
.
Structure
52. Write the appropriate characteristic under each group heading:
Characteristic choices:
Acrasiomycota
Fungi
Protists/Amoeba
unicellular or multicellular
cell wall of cellulose or chitin or no cell wall
centrioles or no centrioles
nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis or does not
has motile cells or does not
has contractile vacuoles or does not
Life Cycle
Asexual Reproduction
53. As long as the myxamoebae can find bacteria, they reproduce by means of meiosis / mitosis.
54. Number these steps (from 1 to 11) in the correct order. You may need to pause or replay the movie to determine the steps:
anterior cells enter the starvation phase & produce a stalk
the pseudoplasmodium aggregate moves away
basal and stalk cells die
the pseudoplasmodium aggregate stops
cell with the highest cyclic AMP frequency becomes the center
spores are dispersed
individual myxamoebae begin to aggregate
spores land on warm, moist soil and produced new
myxamoebae
myxamoebae secrete cyclic AMP
the supply of bacteria becomes scarce
posterior cells enter the starvation & form dormant spores
You may need to rewind the previous movie section to answer these questions.
55. The movement of the pseudoplasmodium is by means of contraction of the protein actin / dynein / myosin.
56. Draw the probable path of a pseudoplasmodium on this graph. Then explain what directs the pseudoplasmodium to this location.
Cool
Warm
Dark
Light
Sexual Reproduction
57. The diploid / haploid myxamoebae fuse to form a diploid / haploid cell, which then does what?
58. After a thin membrane forms around each cell in the aggregate, the cells are now termed
59. Then, a thick wall of cellulose / chitin is laid down around the entire aggregate, while inside each cell undergoes
to form haploid myxamoebae, which then become free living.
2-10
The Protists
Myxomycota
60. True or False: This group is not related to any other known group. They do not have / have cell walls. They are
by means of
autotrophs / heterotrophs because they feed on
they can also
though
.
Structure
61. Plasmodial slime molds are relatively large / small and have many / one nuclei.
62. Briefly describe the movement of plasmodial slime molds:
Life Cycle
63. Limited amounts of which two factors cause plasmodial slime molds to move?
and
64. When the plasmodium stops, a gametangium / sporangium forms, producing diploid / haploid
meiosis / mitosis. How many of the resulting cells will mature?
.
gametes / spores through
Is it active or dormant?
65. Draw and label a picture of the two forms that may result after germination and explain how they are interconvertible. Be sure to
include the terms amoeboid, haplophase, flagellated, gamete, plasmogamy, zygote.
66. When it is dry, these organisms can form a resilient resting stage called a microcyst / sclerotium. If they run out of food or
conditions become harsh, they can also form a microcyst / sclerotium that is viable for more than a year.
Going Further
The following terms also relate to the fungus-like protists. Use your key words to define the terms, and then answer these questions:
67. Homothallic = Male & female sex organs on different / same individual; heterothallic = organs on different / same individual.
68. Is the example oomycete (Saprolegnia) heterothallic or homothallic ? Explain:
69. Is the example chytridiomycete (Allomyces) homothallic or heterothallic? Explain:
70. Anisogamous means that the gametes are motile / non-motile and are different / the same size.
2-11
Key Concepts
Review Chart
For this section, mark an “X” (unless directed otherwise) in the box(es) that correspond to characteristics found within each group or
possessed by an example organism from that group. Then use this chart to answer the questions below and in the overall review.
Characteristics
Oomycota
Chytridiomycota Acrasiomycota
Structures
no definite shape
one nucleus per cell
more than one nucleus per cell
has chloroplasts/chlorophyll(s)
has special structures to infect host
has cell walls
of cellulose
of chitin
of other material(s)
has contractile vacuole
can be unicellular
can be filamentous
can be colonial
can be multicellular and branched
can be multicellular, with differentiation
Life Cycle (fill in for each)
Choices: alternation of generations (abbreviate AOG), gametic (GAM), zygotic (ZYG)
Reproduction
asexual
binary fission/mitosis
formation of zoospore
aggregation
sexual
lacks
requires special structures
forms macrocysts
requires host
has a dormant or resting stage
Cell Division (any? Yes or No)
Movement
pseudopods
flagella
cilia
wriggle
none as adult
Nutrition
autotrophic/photosynthetic
has a carbohydrate storage product
heterotrophic
decomposer
extracellular digestion
parasite
phagocytosis
What characteristic(s) seem to unite the fungus-like protists?
Which characteristic(s) seem to be unique to each group?
Oomycota:
Chytridiomycota:
Acrasiomycota:
Myxomycota:
2-12
Myxomycota
The Protists
Plant-like Protists
71. The plant-like protists are mainly autotrophs / heterotrophs, differing from one another in the type of chloroplast /
chlorophyll and their: a. accessory photosynthetic pigments
b. cell wall constituents
c. life cycle
d. storage products
e. all of the above
f. none of the above
Chrysophyta
72. Most of the golden-brown algae produce chlorophyll(s) A / B / C / D. Some are heterothallic / heterotrophic.
They produce the accessory pigment(s) fucoxanthin / phycobilisomes / xanthophyll.
Their storage product(s) is/are chrysolaminarin / laminarin / starch, which is/are stored inside / outside the chloroplast.
73. Some species have one / two / no cell wall(s). The cell walls may have calcium carbonate / cellulose / chitin / silica.
74. This group is closely related to brown / green / red algae. Why?
75. Label the following diatoms. Use the terms centric, frustules, pennate, valves. Label the diatom that floats better and explain why.
76. Describe the ecological and economic importance of the diatoms:
Life Cycle
77. Number these structures (1–10) in the order they appear in the life cycle. Then match each to the correct description:
Number
Structure
Description
Number
Structure
Description
a. daughter cells form new valve
f. functional egg is fertilized
b. cells at one third maximum;
begin sexual reproduction
g. four sperm formed via meiosis
and released
c. mother cell/frustule
h. four eggs form via meiosis; three
daughter nuclei disintegrate
d. daughter cells separate; one is
smaller
i. zygote expands; called an
auxospore
e. daughter cells form, one with
each valve
j. zygote formed
78. What are the letters of the steps that represent asexual reproduction?
2-13
sexual reproduction?
Key Concepts
Pyrrophyta
79. The dinoflagellates occur in freshwater only / marine only / both aquatic environments.
80. Label the diagram with the following terms: theca, plasma membrane, flagella,
groove, equatorial belt, longitudinal meridian. At what angle, approximately, are the
two grooves?
81. What is the function of the pusule?
82. Dinoflagellates have chloroplasts that are similar to cyanobacteria / green algae /
red algae. How might they have obtained these chloroplasts?
83. They produce the accessory pigment(s) fucoxanthin / phycobilisomes / xanthophyll.
Their storage product(s) is/are chrysolaminarin / laminarin / starch.
True or False: All dinoflagellates are autotrophic.
84. Describe the ecological and economic importance of the dinoflagellates:
Life Cycle
85. Dinoflagellates are usually diploid / haploid. When reproducing via mitosis, daughter cells each receive
86. Dinoflagellate chromosomes are circular / rod-like / thread-like, highly condensed / not condensed, and attached / not
attached to the nuclear membrane, which disintegrates and reforms / remains intact during cell division.
87. True or False: Non-motile species produce flagellated zoospores, the only part of the life cycle that resembles the typical dinoflagellate.
88. Low levels of what element operate as a limiting factor and induce sexual reproduction?
89. Gametes are produced via meiosis / mitosis. Why?
90. Isogamy = gametes different size / same size; Anisogamy = gametes different size / same size.
91. The fusion of two compatible gametes results in the formation of a diploid / haploid
, which
forms a resting cyst. When the cyst breaks dormancy, it undergoes meiosis / mitosis. Why is this significant?
Rhodophyta
92. Red algae are multicellular / unicellular and important in freshwater / marine / terrestrial environments.
93. True or False: The coraline algae produce sodium carbonate in their cell walls.
94. Circle all of the characteristics that apply to this group. Headings are italic and to the left; choices are then to the right.
Number of nuclei per cell:
one
more than one
Flagellated cells in life cycle:
Centrioles:
have
lack
have ones with 9 + 2 pattern
lack; have a structure without 9 + 2 pattern
Cell division: binary fission
complete furrowing
incomplete furrowing w/ pit connections
Thylakoid disks:
short
separated
stacked
xanthophyll
inside thylakoid disks
long
Accessory pigment(s): fucoxanthin
phycobilisomes
Chlorophyll(s):
C
A
B
D
Storage compound(s): chrysolaminarin
laminarin
starch
Cell walls:
chitin
mannose
cellulose
2-14
silica
xylose
plate formation
outside thylakoid disks
The Protists
Rhodophyta (continued)
Life Cycle
95. Number these steps (from 1 to 14) in the correct order:
carpospores germinate into diploid tetrasporophytes
spermatium nucleus migrates down into the carpogonium
to fertilize the egg
carpospores released into the current
carposporophyte produces diploid carpospores via mitosis
tetraspores germinate into haploid male or female
gametophytes
female and male gametophytes produce eggs and
spermatia, respectively, via mitosis
tetraspores released into the current
tetrasporophyte produces tetraspores via meiosis
female gametophyte develops carpogonial branches; male
develops spermatangial branches
unflagellated spermatia released into the current
filamentous carposporophyte remains associated with the
female gametophyte
zygote divides via mitosis to form a diploid adult
carposporophyte
spermatium attaches itself to the trichogyne
zygote formed
Phaeophyta
96. Brown algae can live in freshwater only / marine only / both aquatic environments and range from colonial / unicellular
forms to colonial / multicellular forms with cell differentiation.
97. Label the structures of this brown algae body using the terms blade, holdfast and stipe.
98. Brown algae produce chlorophyll(s) A / B / C / D and accessory pigment(s) fucoxanthin / phycobilisomes /
xanthophyll.
Life Cycle
99. The two adult stages of brown algae are the diploid / haploid gametophyte and the diploid / haploid sporophyte.
Isomorphic = two adult stages look alike / different; this is the condition found in advanced / primitive brown algae.
Heteromorphic = two adult stages look alike / different; this is the condition found in advanced / primitive brown algae.
100. Plurilocular sporangia are involved in asexual / sexual reproduction. They produce diploid / haploid
unflagellated
flagellated /
gametes / zoospores that develop directly into gametophytes / sporophytes. Sporophytes also have uni-
locular sporangia that produce diploid / haploid
gametes / zoospores that germinate into gametophytes / sporophytes.
Gametophytes have plurilocular / unilocular gametangia, the antheridia or female / male parts that produce flagellated /
unflagellated sperm and the oogonium or female / male part. Fertilization occurs at the base / tip of the oogonium.
The zygote remains and grows into a new gametophtye / sporophyte.
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Key Concepts
Chlorophyta
101. Describe the living conditions of some of the many green algae:
102. Write the appropriate characteristic under each group heading:
Characteristic
Choices (choose all appropriate; use abbreviations)
Chlorophyta
chlorophyll(s)
A, B, C, D
cells walls
cellulose (ce), chitin (ch), hemicellulose (h), pectin (p), silica (s)
storage product(s) chrysolaminarin (c), laminarin (l), starch (st)
life cycle
alternation of generations (AOG), gametic (G), zygotic (Z)
cell division
binary fission (BF), furrowing (F), plate formation (PF)
forms
unicellular (u), colonial (col), filamentous (fil), multicellular (m)
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Plants
The Protists
Review Chart
For this section, mark an “X” (unless directed otherwise) in the box(es) that correspond to characteristics found within each group or
possessed by an example organism from that group. Then use this chart to answer the questions following and in the overall review.
Characteristics
Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Rhodophyta
Structures
one nucleus per cell
more than one nucleus per cell
has cell walls/plates
of cellulose
of chitin
containing silica
with calcium carbonate
of other material(s)
none
can be unicellular
can be filamentous or colonial
can be multicellular
Life Cycle (fill in for each)
Choices: alternation of generations (abbreviate AOG), gametic (GAM), zygotic (ZYG)
Reproduction
asexual
binary fission/mitosis
formation of zoospore
sexual
lacks
requires special structures
has a dormant or resting stage
Cell Division (if any)
plate formation
furrowing
Movement
flagella
cilia
wriggle
none as adult
Nutrition
autotrophic/photosynthetic
can be heterotrophic; is/uses
phagocytosis
has chlorophyll(s)
a
b
c
d
has accessory pigment(s)
fucoxanthin
phycobilisomes
xanthophyll
uses as storage product(s)
chrysolaminarin
laminarin
starch
What characteristic(s) seem to unite the plant-like protists?
Which characteristic(s) seem to be unique to each group?
Chrysophyta:
Pyrrophyta:
Rhodophyta:
Phaeophyta:
Chlorophyta:
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Phaeophyta
Chlorophyta
Summary & Review
Look back over the charts that you have completed for each of the groups of protists – animal-like, fungus-like and plant-like – and
answer the following questions using those charts.
1. What are some of the differences between protists and monerans?
What are some of the similarities (if any)?
2. Is there a single defining feature of the Kingdom Protista? Explain your answer:
3. Which groups are the most animal-like?
What does “animal-like” mean?
Are there any characteristics of the “animal-like” protists that they share as a group and that set them apart from other protists?
Explain:
4. Which group(s) might the animals have evolved from?
What evidence supports this?
5. Which groups are the most fungus-like?
What does “fungus-like” mean?
Are there any characteristics of the “fungus-like” protists that they share as a group and that set them apart from other protists?
Explain:
6. Which group(s) might the fungi have evolved from?
What evidence supports this?
7. Which groups are the most plant-like?
What does “plant-like” mean?
Are there any characteristics of the “plant-like” protists that they share as a group and that set them apart from other protists?
Explain:
8. Which group(s) might the plants have evolved from?
What evidence supports this?
9. Which groups have sexual reproduction?
What distinguishes their life cycles?
Which groups do not have sexual reproduction?
Explain why you think that they may not have sexual reproduction:
10. In your own words, define “heterotrophic”:
What are some methods by which heterotrophic organisms obtain food?
In your own words, define “autotrophic”:
Which organisms are both heterotrophic and autotrophic?
What might be the advantages/disadvantages of being both?
11. Which groups are heterotrophic and mobile as adults?
Which groups are heterotrophic and not mobile as adults?
Is heterotrophy always associated with movement?
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The Protists
12. What is the ecological importance of some of the protists? List at least 5 and explain:
13. What is the economic/human health importance of some protists? List as least 5 and explain:
14. In your own words, what is endosymbiosis?
What support is there to support the endosymbiotic theory? Be sure to list specific organisms.
15. Write the letter of the correct group next to each diagram. If the structure in the diagram has a special name, write it next to the
structure:
A. Acrasiomycota
B. Apicomplexa
C. Chlorophyta
D. Chrysophyta
E. Chytridiomycota
F. Ciliophora
G. Myxomycota
H. Oomycota
I. Phaeophyta
J. Pyrrophyta
K. Rhizopoda
L. Rhodophyta
M. Zoomastigophora
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