LEGEND:
bold & black & capital letters = CASE STUDIES & INTRODUCTIONS & KEY ISSUE QUESTIONS
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AP Human Geography
Chapter 10: Agriculture
Key Issue 1
CH 10 KI 1 STUDY GUIDE READING OUTLINE - PART 1
Read Study Guide Unit 5 pages 130-136 (top)

What are the four sectors of economic activities?
primary-agriculture, secondary-industry, tertiary-services, quaternary-services research & development
focused (quinary-decision making power)

When did the Neolithic Revolution occur?
different times in different parts of world but most by ~8000 BCE

What occurred during the Columbian Exchange?
products (especially foods & diseases) were carried between the eastern & western hemisphere across
the oceans in the 1400s and 1500s (late 15th & 16th centuries)
CH 10 KI 1 RUBENSTEIN READING OUTLINE - PART 1
I.
R326

INTRODUCTION
Describe the “typical” human (assuming such a thing exists)
an Asian farmer who grows only enough food to survive with little surplus
II.
R328
CASE STUDY: WHEAT FARMERS IN KANSAS AND PAKISTAN
 What kind of farming does the Iqbel family do?
subsistence farming
 What kind of farming does the McKinley family do?
commercial farming

40 %
What percentage of the world’s people are farmers?
 What percentage of people are farmers in Africa and Asia?
more than 50%

What percentage of people are farmers in America and Canada?
less than 2%
III.
A.
R329
R329
KEY ISSUE 1 – WHERE DID AGRICULTURE ORIGINATE?
Origins of Agriculture
 Define: agriculture
deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain
sustenance or economic gain
 Define: crop
any plant cultivated by people
 What does “cultivate” mean?
to care for
1. Hunters & Gatherers
 How did humans get food before agriculture?
hunting & gathering
Contemporary Hunting & Gathering
 Where do modern-day hunters and gatherers live? Who are they?
isolated groups on the outskirts of world settlements
2. Invention of Agriculture
Two Types of Cultivation

·
According to Carl Sauer, what was the earliest form of plant cultivation? vegetative

·
Which is practiced by most farmers today? Seed agriculture

·
What major advantage did agriculture allow people to do? provide food on a more consistent
basis than hunting & gathering had (changed the death rate)
B.
R329-330
1. R329
Location of Agricultural Hearths
Location of First Vegetative Planting
Color code & include a key for the vegetative planting locations
SE Asia origins
to China & Japan
through India & SW Asia & northern Africa & the Mediterranean Sea area
**also independently in western Africa & NW South America (Peru)
2. 330
Location of First Seed Agriculture
Color code & include a key for the seed agriculture locations

3 Eastern Hemisphere Hearths:
western India
northern China
Ethiopia (in Africa)
from SW Asia to Europe & northern Africa
**also independently in southern Mexico & northern Peru

·
What is the difference between vegetative planting and seed agriculture?
vegetative uses cloning from existing plants
whereas seed uses seeds

·
According to Carl Sauer what were the first 3 seed agricultural hearths and what were the
first two grains harvested?
western India
wheat

, northern China
, Ethiopia
& barley
·
What region was first to integrate seed agriculture and produce animal products?
southwest Asia
-
Diffusion of Seed Agriculture

·
What 2 agricultural hearths originated in the Western Hemisphere and what crops were
raised?
southern Mexico
northern Peru
cotton
- squash
- squash
& maize (corn)
, beans
,