Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Prepared for
Chandigarh Renewable Energy Science and
Technology Promotion Society (CREST)
Chandigarh
Project Report No. 2008RT03
The Energy and Resources Institute
Final report
July 2009
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Prepared for
Chandigarh Renewable Energy Science and
Technology Promotion Society (CREST), Chandigarh
Project Report No. 2008RT03
www.teriin.org
The Energy and Resources Institute
© The Energy and Resources Institute 2009
Suggested format for citation
T E R I. 2009
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute
[Project Report No. 2008RT03]
For more information
Project Monitoring Cell
TERI
Darbari Seth Block
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road
New Delhi – 110 003
India
Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111
E-mail [email protected]
Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
Web www.teriin.org
India +91 • Delhi (0) 11
Contents
Page no.
Executive summary ........................................................................................................... i
Master Plan................................................................................................................... ii
Capacity building and awareness generation ................................................................ v
CHAPTER 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
Methodology ................................................................................................................. 2
1. Baseline determination ......................................................................................... 2
2. Energy planning ................................................................................................... 3
3. Master Plan ........................................................................................................... 3
C H A P T E R 2 Review of global „Solar City‟ projects ...........................................................5
Introduction ..................................................................................................................5
Institutions involved on Solar Cities .............................................................................5
International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI) ............................................................. 6
European Solar Cities Initiatives .............................................................................. 6
Solar city task force .................................................................................................. 6
European solar cities projects ................................................................................... 7
Energie-Cités Association ......................................................................................... 8
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability ........................................................... 8
Programme on solar cities ............................................................................................ 8
Australia National Solar Cities Program .................................................................. 8
Case studies .................................................................................................................. 9
Solar city: Adelaide, Australia .................................................................................. 9
Solar city, Barcelona, Spain ..................................................................................... 10
Solar city, Linz, Austria ........................................................................................... 10
Solar city, Cape Town, South Africa ........................................................................ 10
Solar city, Daegu, Korea .......................................................................................... 11
Solar city, Oxford, UK.............................................................................................. 11
Solar city, Freiburg, Germany ................................................................................. 12
Solar City, Gelsenkirchen, Germany ....................................................................... 12
Solar City, Goteborg, Sweden .................................................................................. 12
Gwangju, Korea ....................................................................................................... 13
The Hague, Netherlands .......................................................................................... 13
Minneapolis, USA .................................................................................................... 14
Portland, USA .......................................................................................................... 14
Qingdao, China ........................................................................................................ 15
Santa Monica, USA .................................................................................................. 15
Sapporo, Japan ........................................................................................................ 16
C H A P T E R 3 National and international practices ......................................................... 19
Energy conservation in buildings ................................................................................ 19
Achieving energy efficient buildings ....................................................................... 19
Policy review ................................................................................................................ 31
Energy conservation and efficiency ......................................................................... 31
„Development of Solar Cities‟ scheme of MNRE .................................................... 32
„GRIHA‟ scheme ..................................................................................................... 33
Renewable energy ................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER 4 Energy baseline of Chandigarh ................................................................... 39
About the city.......................................................................................................... 39
Electricity consumption scenario ............................................................................ 41
Consumption scenario of petroleum products ....................................................... 44
Residential .............................................................................................................. 45
Commercial ............................................................................................................ 50
Municipal services .................................................................................................. 52
Industrial ................................................................................................................ 54
GHG emissions ....................................................................................................... 56
C H A P T E R 5 Energy planning ........................................................................................ 59
Projected population .............................................................................................. 59
Energy demand forecast up to 2018 ............................................................................ 61
Per capita electricity consumption .......................................................................... 61
Total electricity consumption ................................................................................. 62
Electricity consumption in residential sector......................................................... 63
Renewable energy resource availability ......................................................................74
Biomass potential ....................................................................................................74
Energy efficiency: Options for energy savings and demand reduction ...................... 78
Options for energy savings and demand reduction ............................................... 78
Supply side options based on renewables .............................................................. 84
Techno-economics of Energy conservation measures ........................................... 94
Overall scenario of Chandigarh as Solar City ......................................................... 95
C H A P T E R 6 Action plan ................................................................................................ 99
Capacity building and awareness generation ............................................................104
Annexure 1: Technical details of street lighting in Chandigarh ................................ 107
Annexure 2: Technical details of municipal water pumping in Chandigarh .............109
Annexure 3: „Trend analysis‟ – Methodology adopted for projection ...................... 113
Annexure 4: Energy efficient schemes of BEE and BSES .......................................... 115
Annexure 5: Energy efficiency measures for air conditioning ................................... 121
Annexure 6: Astronomical timer switch for street lighting ....................................... 125
Annexure 7: “Demonstration and Promotion of Solar Photovoltaic Devices/ Systems
in Urban Areas & Industry” scheme of MNRE.............................................................. 127
Annexure 8: RETScreen Worksheets for SPV based power generation .................... 129
Annexure 9: Pre-feasibility study for setting up 25 MWp (total) grid-connected solar
PV power plant in Chandigarh ...................................................................................... 133
Annexure 10: Budget estimates for implementation of different activities to make
Chandigarh as a Solar City ............................................................................................ 153
List of figures
Figure 4.1 Satellite image of Chandigarh city ............................................................... 39
Figure 4.2 Population growth in Chandigarh from 1961 to 2001 ................................ 40
Figure 4.3 Land use pattern of Chandigarh .................................................................. 41
Figure 4.4 Per capita electricity consumption for Chandigarh and India ..................... 42
Figure 4.5 Sector-wise annual electricity consumption (in MU) ................................. 43
Figure 4.6 Sectoral Electricity use pattern of Chandigarh ............................................ 43
Figure 4.7 Annual electricity consumption in Chandigarh (in MU) ............................ 44
Figure 4.8 House use pattern of Chandigarh ................................................................. 46
Figure 4.9 (a) Distribution of households by number of dwelling rooms ..................... 46
Figure 4.9 (b) Distribution of households by family sizes ............................................ 47
Figure 4.10. Distribution of households by source of lighting ...................................... 47
Figure 4.11Total electricity consumption in the residential sector of Chandigarh........ 48
Figure 4.12. Electricity consumption pattern in residential sector ................................ 48
Figure 4.13 Total number of LPG connections in Chandigarh ..................................... 49
Figure 4.14 Kerosene consumption in Chandigarh ...................................................... 50
Figure 4.15 Growth of Commercial Consumers in Chandigarh .................................... 50
Figure 4.16 Per Capita electricity consumption in commercial sector .......................... 51
Figure 4.17 Total electricity consumption in commercial sector .................................. 52
Figure 4.18 Street lights in Chandigarh (V3 Road) ....................................................... 52
Figure 4.20 Electricity consumption in Industrial Sector of Chandigarh ...................... 55
Figure 4.21 GHG emissions based on electricity, LPG and Kerosene consumption of
Chandigarh ............................................................................................................. 57
Figure 5.1 Population trends in Chandigarh from 1961 to 2021 .................................. 60
Figure 5.2 Per capita income of Chandigarh ................................................................ 61
Figure 5.3 Per capita electricity consumption in Chandigarh....................................... 62
Figure 5.4 Annual electricity consumption (in MU) .................................................... 63
Figure 5.5 Total electricity consumption in the residential sector up to 2018 .............. 64
Figure 5.6 LPG consumption projections (BAU scenario) .......................................... 65
Figure 5.7 Kerosene consumption and projection up to 2018 ...................................... 65
Figure 5.8 Petrol consumption and projection up to 2018............................................ 66
Figure 5.9 High Speed Diesel consumption and projection up to 2018 ........................ 67
Figure 5.10 Light Diesel Oil (LDO) consumption and projection up to 2018 .............. 68
Figure 5.11 Furnace Oil consumption and projection up to 2018 ................................. 68
Figure 5.12 Low sulphur heavy stock consumption and projection up to 2018 ............ 69
Figure 5.13 Projected growth commercial customers up to 2018 ................................ 69
Figure 5.14 Per Capita annual electricity consumption in commercial sector ............. 70
Figure 5.15 Total Annual Electricity consumption in commercial sector (MU) .......... 71
Figure 5.16 Electricity consumption in Industrial sector.............................................. 72
Figure 5.17 Annual Electricity consumption in various sectors of Chandigarh ........... 72
Figure 5.18 GHG emissions from energy supplied to Chandigarh city ....................... 73
Figure 5.19 MSW (tonnes/day) generation in Chandigarh ........................................... 76
Figure 5.20 Solar Radiation pattern of Chandigarh ...................................................... 77
Figure 5.21 Business as usual (BAU) and solar city (SC) scenario of residential sector
................................................................................................................................ 79
Figure 5.22 BAU and Solar city scenarios for commercial sector ............................... 81
Figure 5.23 Energy consumption in municipal water pumping in BAU and SC
scenarios ................................................................................................................. 84
Figure 5.24 Solar water heating systems in residential and commercial sectors........... 85
Figure 5.25 Solar water heating options under BAU and solar city scenarios ............. 87
Figure 5.26 Schematic of a roof top grid connected solar PV system .......................... 88
Figure 5.27 Satellite view of Sector-17 of Chandigarh and potential areas for roof top
................................................................................................................................ 88
Figure 5.28 Satellite view of Sector-9 of Chandigarh and potential areas for roof top
SPV ......................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 5.29 Performance of Roof top SPV Systems in Chandigarh ............................ 89
Figure 5.30 Electricity generation pattern of roof top SPV in Chandigarh .................. 91
Figure 5.31 Large solar PV power plant proposed in ‘Patiyala ki rao’ area ................ 92
Figure 5.32 Potential area for SPV power plant at Landfill Site of Chandigargh .. 93
Figure 5.33 Energy generation/saving in Chandigarh under solar city scenario .......... 96
Figure 5.34 Overall scenario of Chandigarh as solar city ............................................ 97
Figure A2.1 Water pumping station in Chandigarh (Kazauli water works) ............... 111
Figure A3.1 Sample of trend analysis using MS-EXCEL ......................................... 113
Figure A6.1 Astronomical time switch for street lighting .......................................... 125
Figure A9.1 City map of Chandigarh ......................................................................... 134
Figure A9.2 Sun-path diagram for Chandigarh (using ECOTECJ software) ............ 135
Figure A9.3 Variation of daily Global and Diffuse solar radiation over Chandigarh 136
Figure A9.4 Variation of annual average ambient temperature and relative humidity
over Chandigarh ................................................................................................... 137
Figure A9.5 Classification of solar PV technologies.................................................. 138
Figure A9.6 Schematic diagram of a grid connected solar PV system ...................... 141
Figure A9.7 Land use pattern of Chandigarh ............................................................. 144
Figure A9.8 Schematic of ‘Solar tree’ ........................................................................ 147
Figure A9.11 Grid map of Chandigarh city ............................................................... 149
List of tables
Table E1 Targets for energy conservation generation and green house gas emission
reduction................................................................................................................... ii
Table 2.1 Checklist of parameters and initiatives taken up .......................................... 16
Table 3.1 Suggested energy efficiency measures for commercial buildings................ 25
Table 3.2 Alternative technologies to improve energy efficiency of HVAC systems ....27
Table 3.3 Potential technologies for water heating ..................................................... 30
Table 4.1 Consumption pattern of petroleum products in Chandigarh ....................... 45
Table 4.2 Industrial production of Chandigarh city ................................................... 54
Table 5.1 Forests of Chandigarh City............................................................................74
Table 5.2 Daily and monthly pattern of solar radiation over Chandigarh ................... 77
Table 5.3 Summary of electricity consumption in BAU scenario and solar city
scenario................................................................................................................... 84
Table 5.4 Performance of proposed Roof Top SPV systems in Chandigarh ............... 90
Table 6.1 Targets for energy conservation generation and green house gas emission
reduction................................................................................................................. 99
Table 6.2 Budget estimated for implementation of different activities for making
Chandigarh as a Solar City .................................................................................... 103
Table A5.1 Energy savings in window ACs ................................................................. 121
Table A5.2 Desirable wind speeds (m/s) for thermal comfort conditions ............... 123
Table A9.1 Daily and monthly variation of solar radiation over Chandigarh ............ 136
Table A9.2 Performance results of a SPV power plant of the the capacity of 1 MW . 143
Table A9.2 Action plan of solar PV based power plant of the capacity of 25 MW in
Chandigarh (selection of the locations)................................................................. 145
Table A9.3 Potential locations where solar PV based power plants can be installed 146
Executive summary
In India, it is seen that every year there is an increase of 20-30%
in energy requirement in the residential sector and 8-10%
increase in commercial sector; leading to a situation where
there are both, energy as well as peak deficits. In case of
Chandigarh, as per Department of Environment, Chandigarh
Administration, per capita electricity consumption has been
reported as 1162 kWh in 2006-07. The projections shows
gradual increase in per capita electricity consumption of the city
and might be 1246 kWh in 2008. The total electricity
consumption of the city has been reported as 1157.5 MU during
2007-08. Taking in to account the exponentially increasing
energy demand, it became obvious to Chandigarh Union
Territory that this trend is not sustainable in the long run. It felt
that measures such as reducing energy demands and switching
from fossil fuel to renewable energy technologies would go a
long way in addressing these concerns.
As has been the case with the wide-scale introduction of
renewable energy technologies for a variety of applications in
the country; Chandigarh UT took initiative to develop
Chandigarh city as a solar city. The Chandigarh Renewable
Energy, Science and Technology Promotion Society (CREST)
had been given the mandate to prepare the plan to achieve this
objective. In essence, the Solar City programme strives to
integrate:
 Energy conservation measures to reduce the energy
demand, and
 Utilization of locally available resources such as solar energy
to meet these reduced energy demands
This Master Plan for Solar City is a dynamic document meant to
change with time, experience, and need. The development of
master plan has benefited from the active participation of
CREST, Public Works Department, Municipal Corporation UT,
Chandigarh Administration, Municipal Water Supply
Department, Forest Department, power utilities, electricity
department of Chandigarh Administration; and other agencies
with energy-related responsibilities.
The whole exercise of developing a Master Plan for making
Chandigarh a solar city has been a collaborative endeavour
along with all the major stakeholders in the city. Developing the
city as a solar city requires an integrated urban planning
approach, which simultaneously involves reducing reliance on
fossil fuels by the application of energy conservation and
efficiency measures and by replacing/complementing the
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
ii
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
conventional energy generation with the renewable energy. As
decided in the beginning, this exercise did not include the
industrial and transportation sectors. The key components of
the study comprised
 Base line determination,
 Energy planning
– Energy use projections
– Energy efficiency measures and audit
– Utilization of available renewable energy sources and
 Developing an Master Plan
The Master Plan has been developed on the basis of different
energy saving and renewable energy options, along with those
technological options that are feasible in long term only.
Master Plan
Based on the analysis of potential for demand side measures
along with that of supply side augmentation through renewable
energy technologies, the following targets are proposed for
Chandigarh in order to develop it as a “Solar City”. These
targets are based on the detailed energy audits in Chandigarh
and renewable resource potential assessment.
Table E1 Targets for energy conservation generation and greenhouse gas
emission reduction
Target
Description
Short Term Medium Term Long Term
(till 2012)
1. Energy Conservation*
(till 2015)
(till 2018)
Reduction in present energy consumption
1.1 Residential sector
10%
15%
20%
1.2 Commercial sector
10%
15%
20%
1.3 a Municipal sector (Water pumping)
1.5%
3.0%
4.0%
1.3 a Municipal sector (Street lighting)
1.5%
3.0%
4.0%
2. Coverage of solar water heating systems (as a proportion of
10%
25%
45%
3. Roof Top solar energy based electricity generation
2.5 MW
5.0 MW
10.0 MW
4. Large solar energy based electricity generation at Landfill
3.0 MW
5.0 MW
5.0 MW
5.0 MW
15.0 MW
25.0 MW
90973
214051
404969
total heating demand in residential and commercial sectors)
site
5. Large solar energy based electricity generation at Patiyala ki
Rao site
GHG emission reduction (tCO2/annum)
* As a percentage of reduction in energy consumption over projected consumption in BAU scenario
The short-term targets for energy conservation are based on the
energy conservation options identified in the energy audit. To
achieve the medium and long-term targets the key
implementation points of the proposed Master Plan to make
Chandigarh a Solar City is summarized below:
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
iii Executive summary
Implementation plan
 A “Solar City Cell” may be established within Municipal
Corporation of Chandigarh.
 For implementation of Solar City project, an empowered
committees may be set up to provide overall guidance under
the chairmanship of the Finance Secretary.
 The Solar City Cell may take advantage of programmes like
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) for implementation of the master plan.
 The Solar City Cell may also take advantage of the grant-inaid (for energy consultancy as well as incremental cost of
building construction for a few buildings) being provided by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to design a few pilot
energy efficient buildings in the city, in accordance with
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC). The possibility
of availing incentives provided by the central government
for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) rated buildings may also be explored.
 The Solar City Cell may work proactively:
– To get ECBC notified immediately
– To ensure that the building bye-laws are changed in
accordance with it
– To ensure that all upcoming non-residential buildings
are brought under the ambit of ECBC and incorporate
the relevant green buildings elements.
– To ensure that the major new commercial complexes
including those for ITES services are „GRIHA1‟ certified.
 The state government may mandate CREST/Engineering
Department to distribute the quality CFLs to its consumers
at concessional prices or on easy payment terms.
 For instance, in Delhi, BSES is promoting CFLs through
“Buy One Get 1 Free CFL Offer”. There is no restriction
on the number of CFL bulbs a customer can buy.
 CREST may initiate a dialogue with the power utility for
introducing rebate on electricity tariff for the domestic
consumers, which employ solar devices.
 To begin with, the energy conservation measures in the
municipal services may be taken up immediately.
 At least 20% of the energy needed for water heating in the
residential and commercial buildings may be required to
come from solar energy, by 2010.
 CREST may initiate DPR preparation for
– 10 MW solar PV based roof top power plant and
– 5 MWp solar PV based power plants in landfill site of the
city
– 25 MWp large solar PV based power plant in „Patiyala
ki Rao’ area of Chandigarh.
1
GRIHA
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
iv Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
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Utilizing central government schemes, CREST/ Municipal
Corporation may initiate installation of solar-based LED
traffic lights, solar street lights, building integrated solar PV,
and other relevant solar products on a priority basis.
CREST may mount a focused and sustained campaign on
“Solar City” covering all media resources - including print,
radio, and television.
In order to showcase Chandigarh City as a Solar City, the
following may be taken up on priority.
– Urja Park: Energy– cum–Science Park may be
established in a central location in Chandigarh as an
inviting place for social gatherings and to provide public
education about issues of sustainable energy in a
friendly, non-technical atmosphere.
– Urja Bhawan: CREST office and Solar City Cell may be
housed in a new building, constructed in accordance
with ECBC and other efficient/green building concepts.
The newly constructing Paryaran Bhawan may also have
Building Integrated Solar PV as well as Solar based
space conditioning system.
The following projects may be taken up through publicprivate partnership:
– Setting up solar powered, LED Display Boards at the
strategic locations in the City. These boards would not
only display the fact that Chandigarh is a `Solar City‟ but
also display pollution levels, temperatures updates, and
messages useful to general public.
– Provision of solar powered lights and fountains in the
prominent public gardens and parks in the city (such as
Botanical Gardens, Bougainvillea Garden, Rajendra
Park, Rock garden, Rose Garden, Shivalik Garden,
Shanti Kunj, Leisure Valley etc.,) thereby spreading the
Solar City message.
Prominent office complexes like the Delux building,
additional building, UT secretariat, Police HQ, Punjab
secretariat, Haryana secretariat, museums, etc. may also
have solar powered displays as well as battery operated
vehicles for intra-complex transportation.
CREST along with PSEB and power utilities may begin
engaging the public through sustained awareness campaigns
about the benefits of energy conservation and renewable
energy; including local elected representatives and school
children.
In Delhi, BSES has been educating its consumers
about the need to conserve power though Synergy – its bimonthly, bi-lingual newsletter, newspaper inserts, and
pamphlets distributed at meals from time to time.
Likewise, NDPL has launched Energy Conservation
campaign in Schools.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
v
Executive summary

CREST may start organizing a series of training programme
on `Green buildings‟ for the planners; architects;
electrical, Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC), and lighting consultants; and engineers involved in
the building sector.
CREST, in close cooperation with the BEE, may initiate
creation of accredited certifiers who can then be engaged by
the house owners/builders/developers for obtaining the
energy conservation compliance certificates.
CREST may initiate public-private partnership (e.g. working
closely with the associations of the local traders and
manufacturers) to propagate energy efficient appliances,
which include ‟Energy Star‟ appliances.
Under Solar City endeavour, one of the key action points
could be to replace traffic signals having incandescent lamps
with those with energy saving LEDs, along with solar
controllers. Similarly, CFL based streetlights; lights in the
parks, gardens, and roundabouts may be replaced with solar
lights.
To encourage adoption of energy conservation, energy
efficient equipment/appliances, as well as renewable energy
systems; CREST may introduce specific, time-bound
financial incentives for Chandigarh.
Towards this, the route of Energy Services Company
(ESCOs) may also be explored.
CREST may assist Municipal Corporation, Engineering and
other concerned departments in accessing capital for energy
conservation and efficiency projects at favourable terms. For
this purpose, State Energy Conservation Fund, as prescribed
by EC Act 2001, may be accessed.
The industrial sector is also one of the major energy
consuming sectors. CREST, may enhance the present
scheme for promoting energy audits in the industrial scoter.
Further, CREST may undertake awareness campaign in
industries in Chandigarh for energy conservation. This can
be undertaken in partnership with the local industry
association.
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Capacity building and awareness generation
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In order to inculcate energy conservation techniques in the
common architecture. It is essential that all the practitioners
be properly trained in energy-efficient or “Green”
architecture. CREST may, therefore, organize a series of
training programme for the planners; architects; electrical,
HVAC, and lighting consultants; and engineers involved in
the building sector, These courses, tailor-made to suit
different levels, would have to be imparted to all the
professionals, in public as well as in private sector – on a
regular basis.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
vi Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
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Suitable training modules, including the regular updates,
may have to be developed and delivered for
– accreditation of professionals for building certification
and
– for the quality improvement of the accredited certifiers.
Of particular importance is the training for front-line
workers and technicians regarding energy conservation and
efficiency, this would not only ensure successful
implementation of such measures but also their
sustainability and replication.
Specific training programmes are required for those in the
supervisory role, for effective monitoring of energy demand,
enabling them to take preventive/corrective actions in time.
The public awareness and education being central to
successful changeover to solar city, it is imperative for
CREST to engage the public through sustained awareness
campaigns and communicate the benefits of energy
conservation and renewable energy to different user-groups;
including local elected representatives.
CREST may mount a focused and sustained campaign on
“Solar City” and its features encompassing all media
resources - including print, radio, and television. Apart from
specific recommendations, such campaigns must inform
public about the places from energy efficient/renewable
energy devices and services can be procured.
A key component of the awareness creation campaign would
be to capture school children‟s attention towards energyefficiency and clean future. Thus, the campaign for the
school children will include the following elements:
– Inter-school essay and drawing competitions
– Inter-school quizzes
– Workshops and seminars
– Exhibitions and demonstrations
– Field trips
CREST may involve power utilities to mount a public
campaign on energy conservation utilizing the regular
communication that power utilities or PSEB send to its
consumer‟s e.g. monthly electricity bills.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Climate change and fossil fuel depletion are the two major
concerns of the current millennium that threaten our ability to
survive on this planet. The fundamental problems pertain to an
excessive dependence on fossil fuels to meet increasingly,
energy-intensive life styles. There is a large difference in „energy
consumption‟ between the urban and rural area. Indeed, the
urbanization coupled with the rising income levels leads to
higher energy requirements. It has been observed that the
household energy accounts for about half of India's total energy
consumption. It is seen that every year there is an increase of
20-30% in energy requirement in the residential sector and 1015% increase in commercial sector. This has led to a situation
where there are both, energy as well as peak deficits.
As per Engineering Department (Electricity Wing),
Chandigarh Administration, the maximum electricity demand
of the city has been reported as 284 MW; while the average
power requirement is approximately 3.25 MU per day. The per
capita electricity consumption in Chandigarh has been reported
as 1162.0 kWh during 2006-07 as per Envis Centre, Department
of Environment of Chandigarh Administration. Since
Chandigarh city has no generating capacity of its own, it gets
67% of its power through Mohali (PSEB), about 10% through
Dhulkote (BBMB) and remaining 23% through Nalagarh. The
transmission and distribution losses have been reported as
18.67 % by Engineering Department (Electricity Wing),
Chandigarh Administration.
However, it is obvious that this trend is not sustainable in
the long run. Therefore, measures such as reducing energy
demands and switching from fossil fuel to renewable energy
technologies to complement the conventional energy sources
have become imperative.
The Chandigarh Renewable Energy, Science and Technology
Promotion Society (CREST); Department of Science and
Technology Chandigarh took the initiative to develop the
Chandigarh as a solar city. CREST has been given the mandate
to prepare and implement the plan to achieve this objective.
This Master Plan for Solar City is a dynamic document
meant to change with time, experience, and need. The
development of master plan has benefited from the active
participation of CREST, Public Works Department, Municipal
Corporation UT, Chandigarh Administration, Municipal Water
Supply Department, Forest Department, power utilities,
electricity department of Chandigarh Administration; and other
agencies with energy-related responsibilities.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
The philosophy behind Master Plan is to ensure that
Chandigarh‟s energy demands are met in affordable,
technologically advanced, and environmental friendly manner.
It means that after cost-effective efficiency and demand
response, the city relies on renewable sources of power and
distributed generation, to the extent possible. It may be noted
that there is an important role of research, development and
demonstration activities that are critical to realizing these goals.
Methodology
The whole exercise of developing a Master Plan for making
Chandigarh a solar city has been a collaborative endeavour of
TERI and CREST, along with all the other major stakeholders in
the city. Developing the city, as a solar city requires an
integrated urban planning approach, which simultaneously
involves reducing reliance on fossil fuels by the application of
energy conservation and efficiency measures and by
replacing/complementing the conventional energy generation
with the renewable energy. As decided in the beginning, this
exercise did not include the industrial and transportation
sectors. The key components of the study comprised;
 Baseline determination
 Energy planning, and
 Developing a Master Plan
1. Baseline determination
In this initial phase, all the information was collected to prepare
the energy base line for Chandigarh.
 General information on infrastructure, population and its
distribution, household income, education, employment
 Energy demand – Data on sectoral energy demand in
residential, commercial, municipal services, and industrial
 For the residential sector detailed statistical review,
interaction with various government officials of Chandigarh
Administration and Chandigarh Municipal Corporation (viz.
Housing Board, City Planning Department etc.) was carried
out to understand the demand in various sectors.
 Energy audit has been carried out of the following municipal
services
– Street lighting and
– Water pumping
 Resource assessment for solar, wind, biomass as well as
municipal solid waste
 Review of renewable energy and energy efficiency programs
and policies
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Introduction
2. Energy planning
Using energy planning tools like RETScreen and LEAP
softwares, different scenarios were developed and analyzed in
order to explore the opportunities of
 Reducing the demand based on energy conservation and
energy efficiency measures and
 Meeting the energy requirements through renewable based
systems.
This was followed by a techno-economic evaluation of various
energy conservation and renewable energy options; and finally,
setting up targets for energy consumption and GHG emissions
for the city.
3. Master Plan
The Master Plan has been developed on the basis of different
energy saving and renewable energy options, along with those
technological options that are feasible in long term only.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
CHAPTER
2 Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
Introduction
A large proportion of the world's population lives in cities,
towns and urban regions, in which three-quarters of the overall
energy consumption occurs. Urbanization and economic
development are leading to a rapid rise in energy demand in
urban areas. The urban areas are heavily dependent on fossil
fuels for the maintaining of essential public services, for
powering homes, transport, infrastructure, industry and
commerce etc. It is generally recognised that a transformation
of the present energy system is required in order to secure the
energy supply and to mitigate the risks of climate change. The
transformation can be possible by a shift towards renewable
energy systems (RES) and a more rational use of energy (RUE).
One of the ways/approach to achieve such a transformation
might be to convert more number of cities into Solar Cities.
Solar cities in a broader term include several initiatives,
activities and technologies, which includes renewable energy,
energy efficiency, sustainable transport options, architectural
innovations etc. The term “Solar cities” defined by
several initiatives such as International Solar cities
Initiatives and European Solar cities initiatives also
include a "climate-stabilization" aspect, whereby cities
responsibly set per-capital targets for future
greenhouse-gas emissions at levels consistent with
stabilizing future levels of atmospheric carbon-dioxide
and other greenhouse gases and also includes
introduction of green house gas emissions reduction
over long term time frame.
Institutions involved on Solar Cities
Several institutions working on solar cities are given below:
 International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI)
 European Solar cities Initiatives (ESCI)
 Solar city Task force
 International Solar Energy Society (ISES), European Solar
cities Projects
 European Green Cities Network
 Energie Cites Association
 ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability
 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
The following section discusses briefly about the initiatives and
activities undertaken by these institutions.
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
International Solar Cities Initiatives (ISCI)
International solar cities initiative is the group who had
organized the first International solar Cities Congress in Daegu,
Korea in 2004.The primary focus of ISCI is to set up the target
for introduction of renewable energy and reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions on a longer term.
European Solar Cities Initiatives
The aim of the initiative is to support the European energy and
climate policy by stimulating the interests of European "high
performance" cities and surrounding regions (prospective
"Solar Cities"), the European research community and the
European sustainable energy industry.
The Initiative will mobilise a critical mass of participants to
find efficient and rapid ways to implement RES and RUE in
European cities through research, development, demonstration
and information dissemination activities and through
stakeholder participation (citizen and others). The goal is to
speed up the transformation of the European cities into Solar
Cities.
A working definition of a Solar City is a city that aims at
reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions through a
holistic strategy for the introduction of RES and RUE to a
climate-stable and thus sustainable level in the year 2050.
The scientific and technical objectives are:
 To better understand the energy needs of cities for different
energy qualities and for different European regions,
 To better understand the potential of different forms of RES
for and for RUE in cities in different European regions,
 To identify or develop optimal strategies for rapid
integration of RES and RUE in the energy systems of cities
for different regions in Europe,
 To identify RES and RUE best suited for different categories
of urban areas and different city surface uses,
 To optimise the performance of RES and RUE for city
applications,
 To find ways of improving the adoption of RES and REU
technology by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),
 To identify the different actors in a community and identify
their needs, possibilities and limitations
Solar city task force
Solar city task force is an advisory service to assist towns, cities
etc integrating renewable energy technologies, and energy
conservation and efficiency measures in order to reduce the
green house gas emission. A general methodology has been
developed based on the experiences and best practices adopted
by different institutions internationally for providing such
services.
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Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
European solar cities projects
The European Solar Cities Project (EU Solar Cities) aims at
promoting the wider and large-scale use of renewable energy
(RE) within the context of long-term planning for sustainable
urban development. It is basically a study that addresses the
planning and application of technologies for utilizing
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Rational Use of Energy
(RUE)(in other words adopting Energy efficiency measures) in
an urban context and their relevance for reducing CO2
emissions.
Solar city is seen as a city that has made firm commitments
in order to reduce greenhouse gas emission targets while
incorporating renewable energy technologies.
Within the scope of this project several activities were
conducted:
 The collection and assessment of information about
different activities and programmes of selected European
cities and city networks, with a description on their
implementation and an assessment of their impact.
 The examination of these activities assisted in the
development of two guide books for city actors, namely:
– Good Practice Guide
- Guide on CO2 Reduction Potential in Cities
The results encompass a range of informative materials, with
recommendations for replication to city actors and local
governments.
The Good Practice Guide is useful for city actors that require
ideas and information for planning their own activities and
strategies to implement clean energy sources and promote the
reduction of harmful emissions. A set of generic good practices
have been identified, which represent a good starting point for
cities that require an introduction to the concept of
implementing RES and RUE strategies and activities.
The CO2 Reduction Potential Assessment and Issues
Impacting on CO2 balances, is a comprehensive report that
addresses reduction targets and baseline studies. This is
particularly useful for guiding cities interested in implementing
a strategy, with basic steps identified to assist this process.
It has to be noted that there are many different approaches
that are, and can be, used by cities, with different baselines and
varied ways of presenting emissions reduction results. Although
scientists are not unanimous in agreeing to the best way to
measure emissions, or the most effective way to calculate
emissions reduction, the project team has the view that a delay
in implementing strategies and activities that will adequately
reduce harmful emissions is in itself the most damaging
approach.
Under this study, eight cities were identified. Cities were
selected from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany and
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Italy. Sixty-three city good practices from seven cities and one
housing association have been identified. Every city needs to
consider the result of its actions in terms of energy used and the
effect it has on the environment.
A range of good practices recommended for replication have
been identified, and present a guide to urban actions that
contribute to sustainability in cities, and actions that strengthen
networks.
 63 city good practices
 22 city network good practices
Energie-Cités Association
Energie-Cités was established as an association of European
local authorities in 1990 in order to implement the following at
the local level.
 Reducing energy consumption while reducing local
emissions and effluents,
 Stimulate local growth by making use of locally available
resources,
 Developing innovative town or city
Energie-Cités builds European projects for helping its members
to develop a local sustainable energy policy.
With over 140 members in 24 countries and representing
more than 500 towns and cities, Energie-Cités is the association
of European local authorities for the promotion of local
sustainable energy policies.
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability
ICLEI is a democratically governed membership association of
cities, towns, counties, metropolitan governments, and local
government associations. Its mission is to "build and serve a
worldwide movement of local governments to achieve tangible
improvements in global sustainability with special focus on
environmental conditions through cumulative local actions."
Within ICLEI the Cities for Climate Protection campaign, a
"performance-oriented campaign that offers a framework for
local governments to develop a strategic agenda to reduce global
warming and air pollution emissions." That campaign now has
over 500 local government participants representing 8% of
global carbon-dioxide emissions.
Programme on solar cities
Australia National Solar Cities Program
Australia National Solar Cities Program was launched in 2004,
providing 75 million Australian dollors in funding over eight
years for solar city related projects at least in four Australian
cities. The solar cities programme will run from 2004-05 to
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
2012/13, with the focus on programme design and site selection
in the first year. The programme aims to support at least four
solar city projects in grid-connected urban centres across
Australia. Three cities have already been identified (i.e.
Adelaide, Townsville, Blacktown) Solar cities will be
implemented by the Department of the Environment and
Heritage in an purpose of demonstrating that how solar power,
smart meters, energy efficiency and new approaches to
electricity pricing can combine to provide a sustainable energy
future in urban locations throughout Australia.
„Solar Cities‟ Programme in India
India‟s first initiative towards solar city was undertaken by the
Government of Gujarat, which decided to make its capital city
„Gandhinagar‟ as a Solar City. A Master Plan for the same was
prepared by TERI in 2007 and now its implementation is being
carried out.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE),
Government of India recently announced a program for
development of solar cities. A total of 60 cities or towns are
proposed to develop as solar city during the 11th five year plan
period of MNRE.
Case studies2
Solar city: Adelaide, Australia
It is the first solar city project in Australia. The Adelaide green
city program has formulated within the contest of several other
planning and strategic agendas. Adelaide City Council in 2004
adopted a three-year strategic city management plan in order to
make the city as green city.
The primary goal in the Adelaide programme is
 Zero net greenhouse gas emission in building by 2012 and in
transport by 2020
 Recognized internationally as a green city by 2010
The green city programme is financed partly by new national
government A$ 75 million fund for solar cities, partly by South
Australia state government and partly by the city government.
The green city project in Adelaide includes incorporation of
 Solar technology: Solar PV systems have been installed
in major public building such as museum, art gallery,
parliament house, schools etc. Grid interactive system with
smart electricity meter are being considered in the
2 Case
studies are taken from Renewable Energy Information on Markets,
policy, investment and future pathways by Eric Martinot from following
references;
http://www.martinot.info/solarcities, www.solarcity.com/
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
10 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City



residential sector which can sell power back in to the grid at
peak times.
Energy efficiency measures in commercial
buildings: Under the project, ten major commercial office
buildings are considered for conducting the energy audit in
each of the building. Each building is then assigned with an
“energy star” rating of one to five. The objective of the audit
is to increase the rating of each building by at least one star.
Eco-housing
Energy audit
Solar city, Barcelona, Spain
Solar city concept in Barcelona was started with the “Barcelona
solar thermal ordinance” which represents a major milestone
in Urban Energy Policy. The ordinance is a part of “energy
improvement plan to the year 2010 for renewable energy and
energy efficiency”. As per the ordinance, at least 60% of the
domestic hot water energy demand and 100% of swimming pool
heating of all new buildings above a certain size (292MJ/day of
hot water energy consumption) has to be met through solar
thermal collectors.
Before the ordinance, Barcelona had 1650 m2 of solar
thermal collectors installed or 1.1 m2/1000 people and with the
enactment of the ordinance and by 2004, it had increased to
21,500 m2 or 16.5 m2/people. The city‟s objective is to install
96,000 m2 of solar hot water system by 2010.
Besides Barcelona, other cities in Spain such as Madrid,
Burgos, Sevilla, Onil etc had also adopted solar thermal
ordinance. Although the current ordinance takes care of solar
hot water system only, it is expected that future revision might
take place with incorporation of other renewable energy
applications as well.
Solar city, Linz, Austria
It is an integrated solar village for 1300 households on the
outskirts of Linz. The city administration and 12 separate
building contractors jointly developed the village design.
This solar village consists of 2-4 storey buildings with south
facing facades, passive solar heating while ensuring energy
efficient constructions. It also includes installation of solar PV
systems for electricity generation.
The total construction cost of the project is 200 million
euros.
Solar city, Cape Town, South Africa
A solar city initiative in Cape Town was started with its
Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy (IMEP), which
envisages several targets, vision statements etc.
The following 4 primary targets are set in order to realize the
vision for Cape Town in 2020:
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
11 Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
1.
2.
3.
4.
10% contribution from renewable energy sources by 2020
10% households have solar water heater by 2010
90% of households have CFL by 2010
5% reduction in local government electricity consumption
by 2010
It was found that transport sector contributes half of the total
energy consumption of the city and the most significant green
house gas emissions from city and public facilities were from
landfill gas, streetlights and city government buildings and
vehicles. Hence initial projects have focused on landfill sites,
city government buildings and vehicles.
In Cape Town pilot projects and full-scale implementation
are planed in various sectors such as residential, commercial,
industrial, transport etc.
Solar city, Daegu, Korea
Daegu solar city programme is based on its master plan to the
year 2050, which has systematically incorporated renewable
energy into city development. In 2002, the center for solar city
Daegu was established by the city and Kyungpook National
University for research, planning, financial sourcing, linking
local policy with national policy etc.
Solar city programme includes installation of following
1. Solar hot water system. About 3400 m2 have been
installed since 2002 in public facilities like orphanages and
nursing homes.
 Solar photovoltaic system. 635 kW of PV have been
installed in schools, parks, and other public buildings.
 About 550 out of 1700 buses are already run through CNG
and the target is to convert all buses to CNG-fueled by
2008.
 Wind, small hydro, and landfill gas projects are planned. A
"green village" is planned, along with a "solar campus"
program to apply solar technologies to schools and
universities.
Solar city, Oxford, UK
The Oxford Solar Initiative was started in 2002 as a partnership
between the city, Oxford Brooks University, and the local
community. The primary target of the initiative is to convert
10% of all homes in the city to have solar energy by 2010. Some
short-term targets such as installation of energy efficiency
measures, solar hot water system, reduction of CO2 emission,
capacity building for the local government are also included in
the initiatives.
The oxford solar city initiatives have three primary goals as
mentioned below.
1. To add a sustainable energy element to urban planning
strategies;
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
12 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
2.
3.
To set targets, conduct baseline studies, and develop longterm scenarios; and
To develop sustainable urban energy technologies
As part of the initiative, Oxford has been conducting analyses of
the CO2 emissions of its built environment using geographic
information systems (GIS) to predict baseline energy use for
each house.
Oxford has also introduced the concept of “solar street" in
which all the homes on one street have solar hot water and solar
power. These solar power systems are connected to the electric
grid via a "power gate" that allows the community to obtain
Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROC) from the utility for
the power generated.
As far as the availability of financial assistance to
homeowners is concerned, following two types of assistance are
available.
(1) For energy efficiency improvements, the grants cover
typically 60-100% of the full cost of wall and loft insulation,
hot water tank insulation, condensing boilers, heating
controls, and efficient light bulbs (which are provided free
of charge).
(2) For renewable energy, the grants cover up to 50% of the full
cost of solar electric systems and up to £500 for solar hot
water systems.
Solar city, Freiburg, Germany
In 1996, a greenhouse gas emissions target was set, at 25%
below 1992 levels by 2010 in Freiburg. In 2002, the city council
set another target, 10% of all electricity from renewables by
2010 (in 2002 the level was 3.7%). The policy measures include
city-financed solar projects, other demonstration projects,
leasing of roof surfaces to solar power generators, research,
subsidies, zoning, urban planning, and education. There are 3.5
MW of PV and 8700 m2 of SHW in the city currently.
Solar City, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
The city of Gelsenkirchen itself is a coal-and-steel industrial city
that advocates are hoping to transform into an "energy city."
The city has begun to incorporate solar into housing plans and
conduct information and marketing campaigns and training
programs, as well as assisting local businesses.
The Gelsenkirchen Science Park was home in 1995 to the
largest roof-mounted solar PV plant, 210 kW that existed at the
time. Since then, the park is being transformed into a base for
local production and R&D for clean energy technologies.
Solar City, Goteborg, Sweden
Göteborg city has a long-term commitment to sustainable
energy, including energy-efficient buildings, renewable energy,
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
13 Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
energy-efficient urban planning, and ultimately "energy storage
in a hydrogen society." The project Göteborg 2050 is developing
long-term visions of a future city and region.
The project is a collaborative effort between universities, the
city government, and the city's energy utility; which includes
research, scenario development, support for strategic planning,
dialogue with the public, and demonstration projects. The
project calls its methodology "backcasting", in which one starts
with a description of the present situation and trends, then
considers alternative scenarios for the future that are
considered more sustainable, and then works backwards to
consider processes for changing current trends, strategic
planning, and Master Plan s that will lead along pathways to the
alternative scenarios. The city has also pioneered the design
and construction of a number of demonstration homes that use
only solar energy for heating and hot water, even in the winter.
Gwangju, Korea
Gwangju receives the most sunlight of any Korean city. The city
anticipates solar heating and power will be key technologies.
Collective-heat systems and other innovations in energy supply
will accompany the demand-side and renewables investments.
There are also public education programs, research on energy
efficiency improvements, and technology R&D programs to
develop the city's own industry towards solar and other clean
energy. The policies promoting the use of solar energy were
adopted in 2004. The city of Gwangju has a target to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020. Intermediate goals
are an 8% reduction in energy demand by 2011 [baseline not
stated], and renewable energy targets for 1% of energy supply by
2011 and 2% by 2020; while the share of renewables, in 2004,
was 0.5%.
The Hague, Netherlands
The Hague commissioned a profile of the carbon dioxide
emissions from the city in 2001. It found that for the 220,000
homes, residential emissions were 1.1 Mt/year, or about 5
tons/home. Transport emissions were 0.4 Mt, or about 2
tons/home and the combined emissions of industry,
commercial, and public sectors were 1.0 Mt/year. The Hague, a
city with very little heavy industry, are 2.5 Mt/year for 463,000
residents, or 5.4 tons CO2/person/year. The Hague published
an environmental policy planed in 2001. The basic objectives are
to make the municipal government "CO2-neutral" by 2006 and
the entire city CO2-neutral in the longer-term. "CO2-neutral"
means that all CO2 emissions are either eliminated or offset by
emissions reductions elsewhere.
The city is currently trying to learn the lessons from 15
demonstration projects that have been described in a
"sustainable projects construction book" issued in September
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14 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
2004. It envisions future visions, policies, grant schemes, and
oversight of both the overall process and individual projects
implemented by the private sector. The city has allocated budget
for sustainability, and has one million euros to spend from
2004-2008. One project moving ahead is a district-heating
supply plant utilizing seawater heat pumps. The city's approach
is to lead but to allow the private sector to do the bulk of the
work. As the Vice Mayor wrote, "When the municipality takes on
the role of lead player, it is surprising to see how many
organizations in the community and how many private
companies are willing to join in efforts towards sustainable
development". Households in The Hague are already significant
consumers of green power; 30% of all households are buying
green power.
Minneapolis, USA
The city currently purchases 10% of its municipal power as
green power from renewable energy. It has a renewable energy
development fund of $8.5 million annually. With this, the city
plans to encourage development of small-scale renewable
energy projects in the future, including use of renewables in
schools, libraries, and parks. It would like to create a distributed
generation grid that can be islanded from the main utility
system when necessary. The city sees the benefits of renewables
in terms of public safety (backup for emergencies), lower costs
for some public works, and a tool for community development.
The city is also developing two pilot biomass projects using
wood and agricultural wastes. Local power utilities are required
to invest 2% of the revenue from power sales into energy
conservation programs.
Portland, USA
Portland has an extensive history of land-use and transportation
planning, based on its urban growth boundary, created some 30
years ago. The boundary has concentrated growth and allowed
greater use of public transit, bicycles, and walking, reducing
energy consumption in transport. Zoning codes provide
incentives for building along transit corridors and parking limits
for new construction.
Portland adopted a local energy policy back in the late 1970s,
the first of its kind in the United States. Portland's first
greenhouse gas reduction plan was adopted in 1993, also the
first local plan in the United States. The plan was updated in
2001 with a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 10%
below 1990 levels by 2010. The plan also includes a target of
supplying 100% of the municipal government's electricity needs
from renewable energy by 2010 (the level was 10% in 2004).
From 1990 to 2003, Portland's per-capita greenhouse gas
emissions decreased by 13%. Total emissions are only slightly
above 1990 levels, despite a 16% increase in population.
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15 Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
Gasoline use fell by 8% per capita. Electricity use for households
fell by 10%.
Incentives for renewable energy include a 25% residential
energy tax credit, a 35% commercial business tax credit, and
funds from the Energy Trust of Oregon. The Energy Trust of
Oregon collects a 3% "public purpose" tax on utility bills, about
$60 million/year. $10 million/year of that goes to renewable
energy projects. Other funding comes from carbon offsets, green
certificataes, and municipal bonds.
Portland's "green building" program integrates energy and
water conservation with recycled building materials and other
environmental strategies. The city requires all new city facilities
to meet LEED, the standard of the US Green Building Council.
Any private construction project that uses city funding for
affordable housing or major commercial development must also
satisfy the LEED standard. Portland now has more LEEDcertified buildings finished or underway than any other city in
the United States.
Qingdao, China
Qingdao is promoting four types of renewable energy:
 Solar hot water and power. The use of solar hot water in
Qingdao has been growing at 15% per year, and there are
now 150,000 m2 installed (equal to roughly 0.03
m2/person).
 Seawater heat pumps. The first pilot project is being
developed.
 Wind power. There are now 16 MW installed.
 Biomass gasification. There are 15 biomass gasification
plants operating, utilizing waste crop stalks and supplying
gas to 3000 households.
Santa Monica, USA
In 1994, Santa Monica adopted a Sustainable City Plan which
includes goals for greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Since
then, the city has increased renewable energy generation and
purchases, improved energy efficiency, and fostered alternative
fuel vehicles. The city now purchases 100% of municipal
electricity needs from green power suppliers. In addition, the city
has 300 kW of solar PV installed. There are green building
guidelines and a mandate for green buildings for new city
facilities. The city has converted its fleet of garbage trucks and
buses to run on natural gas. Other city vehicles are natural gas
fuelled or electric/gas hybrids. Electric vehicle charging stations
exist around the city. Together, the above measures by 2000 had
reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5% below 1990 levlels. For
the future, a new Community Energy Independence Initiative
proposes to generate 100% of the city's energy needs within city
borders, based on cogeneration and renewable energy.
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16 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Sapporo, Japan
The city of Sapporo has a stated goal of a 10% reductions in CO2
emissions per capita by 2012 (relative to 1990 levels). This is
consistent with Japan's overall 6% emissions reducation target
under the Kyoto Protocol. However, Sapporo's emissions in
2000 were 16% above 1990 levels, meaning a substantial
reduction will be required in the future (a situation typical of
virtually all Kyoto Protocol signatories). The city groups its
activities into four categories: public awareness (called "sense of
crisis"), measures aimed at stimulating citizen initiative (called
"movement"), incentives (called "propagation to citizens and
business operators"), and city-sponsored activities (called
"initiatives of the city government").
The city has purchased 55 low-emissions vehicles for its use,
including 34 natural-gas cars and garbage trucks. There are five
solar power demonstration projects in schools (typically 10kW
size, providing 7-8% of school's power consumption), as well as
other public facilities like the zoo. As for private development,
one suburban residential complex with 500 homes to be
constructed by 2008 is expected to have 1500 kW PV (3 kW per
home). In the future, the city plans to use snow in wintertime to
displace cooling energy demand and continue R&D on fuel cells
and hydrogen, including hydrogen transport and storage and
efficient natural gas reforming.
To summarize, Table 2.1 gives a checklist of
parameters/activities, which have been included in different
case studies.
Table 2.1 Checklist of parameters and initiatives taken up
City
RE
CO2
goals
goals
√
√
√
√
√
√
Oxford, UK
√
√
Freiburg, Germany
√
√
Adelaide, Australia
√
Cape Town, South
SHW
Solar
Transport
Buildings
Planning
Demos
√
√
√
√
PV
√
√
Africa
Daegu, Korea
√
√
Linz, Austria
√
√
√
√
√
Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Goteborg, Sweden
Gwangju, Korea
√
The Hague, Netherlands
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Minneapolis, USA
√
Portland, USA
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Qingdao, China
Santa Monica, USA
Sapporo, Japan
√
√
√
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
17 Review of global „Solar City‟ projects
Parameters
RE goals
CO2 goals
SHW
Solar PV
Transport
Buildings
Planning
Demos
Targets or goals set for the future share of energy
from renewable energy.
Future CO2 emissions targets set, usually on a citywide or per-capita basis, and often referenced to the
emissions of a base year (like 1990 or 2000).
Policies and/or incentives for solar hot water
enacted.
Policies and/or incentives for solar power enacted.
Policies and/or urban planning approaches for
sustainable transport enacted/being used.
Energy-efficient building codes, standards, and/or
incentives enacted.
Overall urban planning approaches with
consideration for future energy consumption and
sources.
Specific projects, subsidized by public funds or
otherwise financed as one-time demonstrations or
limited-scale investments in any of the above
categories.
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18 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
CHAPTER
3 National and international practices
Energy conservation in buildings
Residential, public and commercial buildings consume a large
amount of energy mostly for lighting, appliances, space heating
and water heating. In order to improve energy efficiency and
conserve energy through the concept of the „solar city‟, existing
buildings and new buildings must evolve to incorporate energy
efficiency and energy conservation measures.
To encourage global best practice in Chandigarh, this section
considers how energy efficiency is incorporated into building
codes in Australia, Canada, the U.S.A and India, and how
building practices are managed internationally and in India.
These countries are considered as they are some of the world‟s
leaders in energy efficient building design and also have a
similar climate to India.
Strategies to achieve energy efficient buildings according to
international practice will be discussed here for the main
components of a building in order to achieve energy efficiency
and conservation in the developing „solar city‟ of Chandigarh.
Information on technologies and energy saving methods
outlined in this chapter aim to assist the Chandigarh Renewable
Energy, Science & Technology Promotion Society (CREST) in
going beyond basic energy efficiency strategies and to provide
more the tools for innovative designs for new and retrofit
buildings.
Achieving energy efficient buildings
As Chandigarh lies in the composite climate3, any energy
efficient building system must be designed according to this
climate. This should also be a major consideration when looking
at international practices that /are suitable to follow.
Energy conservation regulations
Australia
Building controls and regulations in Australia are the
responsibility of the States and Territories. The BCA provides a
nationally uniform code for technical requirements in buildings.
The BCA 1996 (the current BCA) is a performance-based code
subject to State and Territory variations. Local councils and
private certifiers are responsible for administering the BCA and
some local councils use planning legislation to enforce energy
efficiency measures for buildings in their region.
3
according to ECBC 2006 climate zone map of India
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
20 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
In Australia there exists the Green Building Council of
Australia (GBCA), which considers best practice for building
energy. They have a Memorandum of Understanding with
Building Construction Interchange and they have ensured that
energy efficiency is incorporated into their Building Codes of
Australia (BCA). They promote sustainable buildings by
recognising them through the Green Star rating system, which
ranks buildings according to certain ecological and
environmental criteria4. It is based on the British BREEAM
(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method) and America‟s LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design). This system was created for the
property industry to encourage green building design and create
awareness of the benefits. Not only can they market green
buildings to consumers on the basis of cost savings, but also
green buildings have an attached sense of leadership in the
property industry at present.
Currently the system of rating is for office buildings, followed
by health centres and educational facilities. Soon it will also be
developed for some multi-unit residential complexes but has yet
to be developed for housing.
The main reason that commercial buildings have been
targeted first is due to their huge contribution to emissions in
Australia. They contribute 8.8% (particularly offices and
hospitals) to total emissions and this must be reduced in order
for Australia to meet their international emissions obligations5.
For residential buildings it is suitable to refer to guidelines by
the Australian Greenhouse Office6.
The GBCA also works closely with the Canadian Green
Building Council (CaGBC) but have not developed sustainable
practices as far as the Canadian Council.
Canada
In Canada there exists the National Building Code of Canada
2005 (NBC 2005). This is for use by officials, educators and
construction professionals. However this code does not directly
deal with energy conservation and hence there is a separate
Model National Energy Code for Houses 1997 (MNECH) and
Model National Energy Code for Buildings 1997 (MNECB). The
MNECH allows designers the freedom to choose the level of
energy efficiency they wish to achieve for a given climate and
type of fuel used in the home. This code is applicable to
residential buildings up to three storeys high and additions to
buildings up to 10m2. The MNECB considers minimum
requirements for building features, which dictate energy
4
5
6
http://www.gbcaus.org/gbc.asp?sectionid=15&docid=881#a
http://www.gbcaus.org/gbc.asp?sectionid=90&docid=954
http://hia.com.au/hia/channel/Builder/region/National/classification/Gr
eensmart/Resources/Passive%20Design.aspx
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
21 National and international practices
efficiency. It considers regional construction costs, regional
heating fuel types and costs, and regional climatic differences.
This code considers the building envelope, water heating,
lighting, HVAC systems, and electrical power.
For best practice in Canada for residential buildings there is
the EnerGuide offered by the government and also R-2000
houses scheme. Both these offer buildings that are achieve best
practices in energy efficiency and builders who engage with
these schemes will do so to provide high quality housing for
buyers and a reduction in energy costs for the buyer. Several
provinces/territories are currently considering incorporating
the MNECB in their building regulations. If adopted by a
province, territory or municipality, the provisions of the
MNECB will become law in that region. The same is the case for
MNECH. These energy efficiency codes are to be used
alongside the NBC 2005.
Some of the Canadian provinces and the Government have
energy efficiency acts and the MNECB and MNECH refer to
these and give minimum energy requirements. If local
legislation exists then this is followed. If it does not exist at
federal or province level then the MNECB/MNECH is followed.
However the codes are not mandatory unless stated in local
legislation.
The CaGBC have chapters across Canada that work to
promote green building concepts in their respective local areas.
They use the LEED rating system for Canada and help local
property developers understand how to make buildings more
energy efficient. The CaGBC also aims to take building practice
beyond the MNECB and MNECH.
U.S.A
In the U.S.A building codes vary across the country from State
to State. There are three tiers of National, State and Local level
all of which can have legislation that applies to buildings in a
specific region. Depending on the State, building codes can
apply directly to green building design or can incorporate
features such as energy efficiency without directly referring to
green building design. Some states (earlier Washington offered
subsidies) subsidise the use of renewable energy in buildings to
encourage people to invest.
In the US there exists International Energy Codes (IEC) and
the American National Standards Institute/American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
standards (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1)
requirements. There has been a Building Energy Codes
program, which encourages the adoption of building energy
codes by state governments7.
7
http://www.energycodes.gov/implement/pdfs/ta_com.pdf
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
22 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
India
In India there exist the National Building Codes 2005 (NBC
2005) and the new Energy Conservation of Buildings Codes
2006 (ECBC 2006). The national building codes only consider
regulations in building construction primarily for the purposes
of regulating administration, health and safety, materials and
construction requirements and building and plumbing services
whereas the ECBC 2006 consider energy conservation and
energy efficiency in buildings „to provide minimum
requirements for the energy-efficient design and construction of
buildings.‟ The NBC 2005 refers to a wide variety of building
type and ownership (government, non-government etc.)
whereas ECBC 2005 only refers to commercial buildings and
some building complexes.
The ECBC 2006 mainly considers administration and
enforcement, the building envelope, HVAC, service hot water
and pumping, lighting and electric power to encourage
conservation of energy. These are considered in new buildings
and additions to existing buildings.
At present the Energy Conservation Act 2001 empowers the
state governments to adjust the codes according to local
conditions. This encourages inconsistency in building practices
across to country and can lead to huge deviations from the
existing codes. There are currently state designated agencies for
implementation of this code for example in Chandigarh, the
Chandigarh Renewable Energy, Science & Technology
Promotion Society (CREST) is the state designated agency for
implementing the Energy Conservation Act 2001 and hence
ECBC 2006. In Pondicherry and the Andaman and Nikobar
Islands, the local Electricity Department is responsible for
enforcing energy conservation policy and regulations at local
level. The regulating authority is different for each state and is
responsible for enforcing the adapted building codes for that
state. Experts (architects and engineers) check the plans for new
buildings or changes to existing buildings and permit the
builder to carry out construction if the designs meet code
requirements. They are rejected and sent for alteration if they
do not meet requirements. After the building is built it must
again be certified as complete by the state designated agency
before it is used.
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is working on certifying
Energy Auditing Agencies in order to evaluate buildings energy
use, which will enable better regulation of energy conservation
in buildings.
In order to encourage green rating practices of buildings,
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has developed the
TERI-GRIHA rating.
Points are given for different criterion at the site planning,
building planning and construction, and the building operation
and maintenance stages of the building life cycle.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
23 National and international practices
All buildings, except for industrial complexes and housing
colonies, which are in the design stage, are eligible for
certification under the TERI system. Buildings include offices,
retail spaces, institutional buildings, hotels, hospital buildings,
healthcare facilities, residences, and multi-family high-rise
buildings.
Buildings are evaluated and rated in a three-tier process. The
preliminary evaluation is done to estimate the number of points
the project is likely to get. Then relevant documents will be
submitted for each criterion (format provided by TERIGRIHA). Then the documents will be evaluated and reevaluated after adjustment by the TERI evaluation committee.
The evaluation committee awards the final score for the project,
which is then presented to an advisory committee. The final
rating is valid for a period of 5 years from the date of
commissioning of the building.
Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. The
system is a 100-point system consisting of some core points,
which are mandatory (or partly mandatory) and the rest are
optional. There is then a one to five star certification system to
finally rate the building8.
In India, as has been the case with the introduction of widescale introduction of renewable energy technologies for a
variety of applications Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
announced the scheme „Development of Solar Cities’ under
which an indicative target of 60 cities/towns with at least one in
each State has been set for the 11th Plan period. The Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) proposed to develop 60
such cities during the current Plan period (2007-12). The
targets will be achieved by providing support for preparation of
a Master Plan for their city; setting up of a „Solar City Cell‟ in the
Council/Administration, organizing training programmes/
workshops/ business meets for various stakeholders such as
elected representatives of the municipal bodies, municipal
officials, architects/engineers, builders and developers,
financial institutions, NGOs, technical institutions,
manufactures and suppliers, RWAs etc. and on creation of
public information and awareness.
Lighting
Lighting is a component of buildings that contributes up to 20%
of buildings electricity consumption in an air-conditioned
building. In a non air-conditioned building it is the most
significant source of energy consumption.
When designing a lighting system, the critical factors
according to U.S.A based Energy Design Resources are as
follows.
8
reference TERI-GRIHA document
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
24 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City

Design according to lighting demand and distribute any
glare that is present.
Maximise use of natural daylight but avoid direct sunlight
and install appropriate controls for lights.
Use high-efficiency fluorescent systems for commercial
spaces.
For further lighting requirements (e.g. atmospheric) use
incandescent and compact fluorescence sources.
Make use of high intensity discharge systems such as pulse
start metal halide for outdoor systems, and ceramic metal
halide if colour quality is a concern (such as in retail
outlets)9.




TERI-GRIHA rating system contains a set of basic requirements
in order to optimise the buildings design for reducing energy
demand from lighting. The main aim is to apply passive solar
techniques to buildings to enhance the use of natural sunlight in
order reduce energy consumption from lighting.
The criteria commitments outlined in the TERI-GRIHA are
as shown in the box below.
Criteria for lighting
12.1.1 Arrange spaces with respect to favourable orientations
12.1.2. Shade the east-west walls using shading devices
12.1.3. Do solar path analysis to arrive at an appropriate size of shading device for each
orientation or, use shading norms prescribed in SP 41: 1987 – Functional requirement of
buildings. Also adhere to Solar Heat Gain Coefficient as per ECBC 2006.
12.1.4. Perform daylight simulation and ensure that all living spaces shall have a minimum
of 75% area with daylight factor as prescribed in Bureau of Indian Standards (SP41:1987
Functional requirement of buildings) under overcast conditions.
12.1.5. Perform lighting simulation to demonstrate that the lighting levels in indoor spaces
are maintained as recommended in National Building Code 2005, Bureau of Indian
Standards, Part-8 building services, Section 1, Lighting and ventilation, Table 8.
Source: TERI-GRIHA
The majority of these practices refer more to commercial
buildings because lighting systems in households are less
complex. For the residential sector the largest saving potential
is by replacing all incandescent lights with compact fluorescent
lighting (CFL)10, which produces a saving of approximately 7585%. Those commercial buildings that have already made this
switch and must incorporate better-designed lighting systems
according to the information outlined in this section in order to
improve efficiency and maximise use of natural sunlight.
The Canadian organisation, Natural Resources Canada
offers advice for energy efficient measures that are summarised
in the table below. These are suitable for the Chandigarh‟s hotdry climate and also those that directly have an effect on energy
consumption.
9
http://www.energydesignresources.com/docs/db-01-lighting.pdf
Sustainable Building Design Manual, Volume 2, Published by TERI.
10
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
25 National and international practices
Table 3.1 Suggested energy efficiency measures for commercial buildings
Technology
Description
Building use and type
Benefit and limitations
External Shading
Device
Incorporated in building façade to
limit internal heat gain from solar
radiation. Often in the form of
horizontal sunshades attached above
windows on south facing walls.
Vertical louvers for east and west
facing windows are also effective
High rise office; low rise office; low
rise apartment; retail; food service;
institutional; arena; used for new
and existing buildings
Reduces cooling loads but does
increase capital costs and
maintenance.
Shading with
Vegetation
Deciduous vegetation planted
primarily on southwest and west side
of building to block sun.
High rise office; low rise office;
high rise apartment; low rise
apartment; retail; food service;
institutional; arena
Reduces air conditioning needs
and creates a cooler building
climate. Reduces heat loss from
wind also. However plants must
be chosen to adapt to local
climate. It requires maintenance
also and it needs space available
for planting.
High Intensity
Discharge (HID)
Lamps
Produce light by striking an electrical
arc across tungsten electrodes
housed inside a specially designed
inner glass tube. Typically used when
large amount of light for large area is
required.
Dimming results in lower energy
usage
High rise office; institutional; retail;
arena; parking garage; food
service; warehouse and industry;
residential; used in new and
existing buildings
Increases energy efficiency of
lighting. Initial cost is higher than
conventional lamps but energy
saving is 15 to 25% for these
energy saving lamps.
High rise office; low rise office; low
rise apartment; arena; institutional;
retail; food service; used in new
and existing buildings
Lowers energy consumption and
has longer lamp life. However,
higher cost and larger fixtures
required.
Daylighting
controls
Controls that respond to levels of
natural light by dimming or turning off
electric light
High rise office; low rise office;
retail; food service; institutional;
used in new and retrofit buildings.
High costs and rapid change in
lighting can be disturbing.
However it reduces electricity
use.
T8 fluorescent
lamps
16mm diameter high-efficiency
fluorescent lamp produced in metric
sizes.
High rise office; low rise office; low
rise apartment; retail; food service;
institutional; arena; used in new
and existing buildings.
Increases energy efficiency and
lower operating costs. However
may increase glare.
Indirect lighting
systems
Direct indoor lighting to floors and
ceilings where it is reflected back to
room
High rise office; low rise office;
retail; food service; institutional;
used in new and existing buildings
Eliminates glare and shadows,
reduces electricity use and
cooling loads, and reduces
required light levels. However,
requires high ceiling height and
perhaps higher initial costs.
Dimmable
Compact
Fluorescent lamps
(CFL‟s) and
electronic
dimmable ballasts
Information adapted from Canadian strategies for commercial buildings11 and Sustainable Building Design Manual12 (a
collaboration of UK, Spain and Indian expertise in energy efficiency)
11
12
www.advancedbuildings.org
Sustainable Building Design Manual, Volume 2, Published by TERI
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
26 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Support mechanisms
The US government offers a federal tax deduction for reduction
in energy use in lighting systems that go beyond the ASHRAE
guidelines. This incentive allows energy efficient lighting to be a
cost effective measure13. The Chandigarh Renewable Energy
Science and Technology promotion society (CREST) currently
offer subsidies for indoors and outdoors solar lighting devices
for community and individual users14. This should be further
promoted in the „solar city‟ to encourage people to adopt these
energy efficient technologies.
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems
There is a huge potential for energy saving through more energy
efficient HVAC systems, as they are known to contribute 4050% of a building‟s electricity consumption if the building is airconditioned15.
Natural ventilation, a certain minimum equipment
efficiencies, HVAC controls, piping and ductwork, condensers
and solar water heating in new (or addition to existing)
commercial air-conditioned buildings should all comply with
guidelines in ECBC 2006 and NBC 2005. NBC 2005 specifies
ventilation requirements for household spaces and hence it is
recommended that these be used as the standard for the „solar
city‟.
Criteria for HVAC systems
13.1.1. Follow mandatory compliance measures as recommended in ECBC 2006.
13.1.2. Show that energy consumption in energy systems in a building under a specified
category is less than the benchmarked energy consumption figure, through a simulation
exercise. The energy systems include air conditioning, indoor lighting systems, water
heating, air heating and circulation devices within the building.
13.1.3. The annual energy consumption of energy systems in a fully non-air conditioned
building for day use should not exceed 26 kWh/m2.
13.1.6. Quantify energy usage for all electrical, mechanical, and thermal systems for which
either electrical or thermal energy is being used and which are (water and air), and air
circulation. To convert thermal energy to electrical energy the following table should be
used
Energy unit
Litres of light diesel oil
Litres of high speed diesel
Kg of liquefied petroleum gas
Standard cubic metres of Pipe Natural Gas
Conversion factor for kWh
8.3
8.5
13.9
7.0
13.1.7. Perform hourly calculations to show that in non air conditioned areas, the thermal
comfort conditions as specified in NBC 2005, Part 8 Building services; section 1 – lighting
and ventilation; Desirable wind speeds m/s for thermal comfort conditions, Table 9 and 10
are met for 9% of all occupied hours.
13.1.8. Perform hourly calculation to show that in air conditioned areas the thermal comfort
conditions as specified in the NBC 2005, part 8 Building services; section 3- Air
conditioning, heating and mechanical ventilation, section 4.4.3 inside design conditions are
met for 100% of all occupied hours.
Source: TERI-GRIHA
13
14
http://www.advancedbuildings.net/lighting.htm
15
Milli Majumdar, Energy Efficiency in Green Buildings – An Integrated
Approach to Building Design, Published in Green Business Directory.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
27 National and international practices
The guidelines for alterations to heating, ventilation and air
conditioning in existing buildings are given in ECBC 2006,
Section 6.1.1.3. This is particularly important for Chandigarh
where existing infrastructure must be improved upon to achieve
the concept of the „solar city‟. The criteria are shown in the box
below that relate to HVAC systems.
Aside from these criteria for the TERI-GRIHA rating scheme
and building code commitments there are a variety of
technologies that can be implemented to achieve energy
efficiency over and above the minimum Indian standards.
The Australian Greenhouse Office offers suggestions for
improving the efficiency of HVAC systems in existing buildings
at no cost such as:
 Keep heating and cooling off when not in use
 Keep doors and windows closed in air conditioned spaces
 Turn off equipment when not in use
 Adjust thermostats to a higher temperature setting (ACs)
 Allow free airflow
 Use a zoning system (not all areas of building have to be
cooled and/or heated)16
These measures require users of buildings to maintain the
building and help achieve energy efficiency.
Natural Resources Canada and Sustainable Building Design
Manual offer further solutions to improve energy conservation
in HVAC systems by more energy efficient systems and
technologies. These are outlined in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2 Alternative technologies to improve energy efficiency of HVAC systems
Technology
Description
Building type and use
Benefits and limitations
Radiant heating and
Heating and cooling system
High rise office; low rise office;
Lower parasitic energy
cooling
relying primarily on radiation
high rise apartment; low rise
consumption (for pumps and fans).
heat transfer. Typically
apartment; residential;
Improved thermal efficiency in
heated or chilled water is
institutional; retail; used in new
comparison to conventional plants.
circulated through ceiling and
and existing buildings.
However may need additional air
floor panels to condition the
conditioning system to prevent
space
condensation on cooling panels
and higher cost than air-based
systems. Requires air tight and
energy efficient building envelope.
Low NOx burners
Passive solar heating
Natural gas burners with
Low rise office; high rise office;
Increased energy efficiency and
improved efficiency and less
low rise apartment; high rise
less polluting although it has
nitrous oxide emissions
apartment; retail; food service;
higher cost and requires more
institutional; used in new and
maintenance than conventional
existing buildings
systems.
Low rise office; low rise
Reduces space heating costs and
Use of sun‟s energy to meet
16
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/challenge/publications/factsheets/fs2.html
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
28 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Technology
Description
Building type and use
Benefits and limitations
building heating demands
apartment; retail; arena; used
provides natural lighting but
for new and existing buildings
restricted to buildings with low
internal heat gains and can cause
high night time heat loss. Not
advised for buildings with large
internal heat gains.
Gas Engine-driven
An air-conditioning chiller
High rise office; high rise
Lower peak electricity demand,
chillers
powered by a natural gas
apartment; retail; institutional;
lower cooling costs, and free heat
engine
used in new and existing
recovery however uses
buildings
refrigerants and requires greater
maintenance.
Alternative
Refrigerants that do not
High rise office; low rise office;
Conserves atmospheric ozone and
refrigerants
destroy the earth‟s ozone
high rise apartment; low rise
lowers greenhouse gas emissions
layer
apartment; retail; food service;
but may be less efficient and less
arena; institutional; used in new
stable.
and existing buildings
Gas fired
A natural-gas powered
High rise office; high rise
Eliminates the use of ozone-
chiller/heater
mechanical appliance that
apartment; retail; food service;
depleting refrigerants and reduces
supplies chilled water for air-
institutional; used for new and
air conditioning costs. However, it
conditioning or for process
existing buildings
has a higher initial cost and there
cooling, as well as hot water
are physical constraints when
for space heating
installing in existing buildings.
Desiccant Cooling/
Use of chemical or physical
High rise office; low rise office;
Reduces energy required to
Dehumidification
absorption of water vapour to
high rise apartment; arena;
dehumidify and cool ventilation air
dehumidify air and reduce the
used in new and existing
and reduces condensation.
latent cooling load in a
buildings.
Improves efficiency of refrigeration
building HVAC system
equipment by operating at higher
evaporator temperatures and
higher Coefficient of Performance.
Also allows alternative AC
approaches. However it has high
initial cost and most effective in
large building with centralised
HVAC equipment.
Enthalpy heat
Transfers sensible and latent
High rise office; low rise office;
Conserves sensible and latent
exchangers
heat between two air streams.
high rise apartment; low rise
heat. Reduces cooling load during
apartment; retail; food service;
summer and doesn‟t require heat
institutional; arena; used for
for regeneration. However it has a
new and existing buildings.
large and bulky configuration.
Energy recovery
Device providing ventilation
High rise office; low rise office;
Improves internal air quality,
ventilators
for dilution or source-control
high rise apartment; low rise
energy efficiency and lowers peak
applications.
apartment; food service; arena;
energy demand.
institutional; retail; used in new
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
29 National and international practices
Technology
Description
Building type and use
Benefits and limitations
and existing buildings.
Natural ventilation
Use of outdoor airflow into
High rise office; low rise office;
Provides ventilation without using
and cooling
buildings to provide
high rise apartment; low rise
fans and free cooling without
ventilation and space cooling.
apartment; retail; food service;
mechanical systems. Reduces
institutional; industrial; only for
construction and operating costs of
new buildings
building and no fan noise.
However less easy to control and
larger temperature fluctuations.
Occupants must adjust windows to
encourage the effect.
Most of these systems are suitable for commercial buildings.
Due to the composite climate of Chandigarh it is important to
prioritise the avoidance of passive heating in buildings and
installing energy efficient cooling equipment.
Support mechanisms
Chandigarh does not currently offer subsidies for most energy
efficient HVAC systems. There is a subsidy for natural water
coolers at present. Various states in the U.S.A, such as
California17, offer financial incentives for more energy efficient
HVAC systems. This encourages their use in new buildings and
when retrofitting existing buildings.
Service hot water and pumping
In terms of energy consumption, water heating accounts for
approximately 20% of residential energy use and about 7% of
commercial energy use18. The use of energy by systems in a
building can be reduced by using more energy efficient hot
water heating and pumping systems as well as better
maintenance of existing systems so that they are only in use
when required.
ECBC 2006 gives minimum equipment efficiencies, and
piping insulation criteria to encourage energy efficiency in
service hot water and pumping systems for new and existing
commercial buildings.
It is particularly important to note ECBC’s
requirement that 1/5th of the design capacity for water
heating in residential facilities, hotels, and hospitals
with centralised heating systems, should be provided
by solar water heating systems.
To go beyond basic equipment energy efficiency requirements
in building codes and regulations, one can look further to
international standards.
17
18
http://www.green.ca.gov/EnergyPrograms/Rebates.htm#hvac
http://www.advancedbuildings.org/_frames/fr_t_heat_water_loop.htm
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
30 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
The Australian Greenhouse Office give no cost suggestions to
save energy in water heating and pumping,
 Reduce thermostat settings so it is not unnecessarily high.
 Turn water heaters off when not required in building.
 If using a circulating pump then this should be turned off
outside of usage hours.
 Only switch on extra water heaters when needed for the
specific tasks that they are installed for rather than
continuously running them19.
The Sustainable Building Design Manual and Natural Resources
Canada website offer solutions to saving energy using more
energy efficient technologies in water heating and pumping.
Potential technologies are given in Table 3.3 below.
Table 3.3 Potential technologies for water heating
Technology
Direct contact
water heaters
Description
This is a water heating
device without a heat
exchanger and in which
flue gases are in direct
contact with the water
Building type and use
High rise apartment; food
service; institution; used in new
and existing buildings
Benefits and limitations
Increased efficiency and reduced NOx
and CO emissions. However it has a
higher cost and is less effective in
closed loop applications.
Ground source
heat pumps
(geothermal
heating)
Extracts heat stored in the
upper layers of the earth.
Low rise office; low rise
apartment; retail; food service;
institutional; used in new and
existing buildings.
Can reduce energy for space heating,
cooling, water heating in large
buildings by as much as 50%.
Require less mechanical room space,
and has reduced operation and
maintenance costs. However initial
and design costs are higher.
Requires additional site coordination
and supervision.
Solar water
heating
The use of the sun‟s
energy to heat water rather
than gas or electricity.
Residential; high rise office; low
rise office; high rise apartment;
low rise apartment; retail; food
service; institutional; arena;
used in new and existing
buildings.
At minimum operational costs it can
provide most of a buildings hot water
requirements. Reduces use of
electricity and/or fossil fuels. However
will need a conventional back up
system to boost temperature but use
will be limited in a hot dry climate
such as that of Chandigarh.
The savings will mostly be in commercial buildings because the
cost of implementing these technologies in each residence will
be costly.
Support mechanisms
There are no subsidy support mechanisms for solar heating
systems in particular which will be the preferred option for
Chandigarh due to this technology being suitable in the climate
of the proposed „solar city‟.
19
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/challenge/publications/factsheets/fs8.html
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
31 National and international practices
Building envelope
The building envelope includes fenestration (including vertical
fenestration and glazing), opaque construction, building
envelope sealing (affects air leakage), roofs, walls and skylights
(for commercial buildings).
The Sustainable Building Design Manual recommends that
the ECBC 2006, which is mostly based on the ASHRAE codes of
the U.S.A, should be used for insulation values and SHGC
values in the building envelope in particular.
Electric power
Some savings in energy can also be achieved through improving
electric power systems of buildings. ECBC 2006 suggests
suitable maximum transformer power losses for air-conditioned
commercial buildings in India and encourages the use of energy
efficient motors.
Policy review
In the context of developing Chandigarh as a Solar City, an
exercise has been undertaken to review the pertinent policies,
legislations, and regulations that have bearing on the planning
and implementation processes. Essentially this review has been
carried out to give a sense of the measures already in place that
could be used for (a) facilitation, (b) enforcement, and (c)
implementation of solar city plans. The main areas of the focus
were policies and legislation that promote energy conservation
and renewable energy utilization. The following section
describes key features of such measures as applicable to
Chandigarh.
Energy conservation and efficiency
As per Energy Conservation Act 2001, the state government is
empowered with a number of enforcing powers such as:
 The State Government may, by notification, in consultation
with the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) amend the
energy conservation building codes to suit the local climatic
conditions specify and notify energy conservation building
codes with respect to use of energy in the buildings.
 Direct every owner or occupier of a building or building
complex to comply with the provisions of the energy
conservation building codes.
 Direct, if considered necessary for efficient use of energy and
its conservation, any consumer referred to get energy audit
conducted by an accredited energy auditor
 Take all measures necessary to create awareness and
disseminate information for efficient use of energy and its
conservation.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
32 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City


Arrange and organise training of personnel and specialists
in the energy conservation techniques for efficient use of
energy and its conservation.
Take steps to encourage preferential treatment for use of
energy efficient equipment or appliances.
Besides, the EC Act 2001 mandates the State Government to
constitute the State Energy Conservation Fund for the purposes
of promotion of efficient use of energy and its conservation
within the State.
On its part, CREST offers 50% subsidy on the energy audit
charges (or Rs.20,000) whichever is less.
„Development of Solar Cities‟ scheme of MNRE
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of India recently
announced a program for „Development of solar cities‟. A total
of 60 cities/towns covering all parts of the country are proposed
to be developed as solar cities during the 11th five year plan
period of MNRE. A criterion has also been developed in the
scheme for selection of the cities. The major activities of the
programme are
 Preparation of master plan
 Setting up of „Solar City Cell‟ in the city
 Organize training programme /workshops/business
meets/awareness camps etc.
 Preparation of proposals for carbon financing and
 Organizing publicity and awareness campaign through
media.
The indicative guidelines for preparation of master plan are
given as following;
a. Projection for energy demand and supply for 10 years
 Sector wise
 Total
b. baseline of energy utilization & GHG emissions
 Residential
 Commercial / industrial
 Institutional
 Municipal Services
 GHG Emission
c. Energy Planning (Sector wise)
 Resources
 Option for energy saving & demand reduction
 Supply side option based on renewables
 Techno-economics of energy conservation & measures
d. Year wise goals of saving in conservation energy through
demand side management & supply side measures based on
renewables
e. Master Plan for achieving the set goals and expected GHG
abatements
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
33 National and international practices
f. Budget estimates and potential sources of funding from
respective sources (both public and private)
„GRIHA‟ scheme
GRIHA is an indigenous green building rating system developed
for the Indian construction scenario. It was developed by The
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and has now been
adopted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
as the National Green Building Rating System for India. GRIHA
incorporates within itself various other building codes and
guidelines like the National Building Code, Energy Conservation
Building Code, Ministry of Environment and Forests clearance
for construction, Pollution Control guidelines by the Central
Pollution Control Board etc.
GRIHA is a rating system which assesses the environmental
performance of buildings on a scale of 0-104 points with a
minimum of 50 points required for a building to be certified a
GRIHA building. On the basis of number of points scored, a
building can be rated between 1 & 5 stars, I star being the lowest
and 5 star being the highest level of environmental performance.
GRIHA evaluates green building performance on the basis of
various aspects like water and waste management, energy, site
preservation, indoor comfort and air quality and innovation
points. The maximum weight is given on the points for energy,
43 out of a total of 104 points are dedicated towards energy.
There are three broad aspects within energy which are tackled in
GRIHA namely:
1. Embodied Energy: This is the energy which goes into the
construction of the building and building materials. This
usually forms almost 20% of the total energy consumed by
buildings over their complete life cycle. Thus using low
energy materials which are locally available for construction
and have low embodied energy leads to energy savings.
2. Operational Energy: This constitutes almost 80% of the
total energy consumed by buildings over their entire life. At
present most of the initiatives being taken up by various
stakeholders are dedicated towards reducing the
operational energy requirement of buildings by adopting
various energy efficiency measures. Various features like
solar passive building design and mechanical systems with
high energy efficiency can help in reducing the amount of
energy required during the operation of the building.
3. Renewable Energy: After reducing the energy requirement
of the building, the next step is to ensure that this energy
has least possible carbon footprint. Renewable sources of
energy like solar power, wind power etc. assist in providing
energy to buildings and reduce the amount of energy
required from conventional sources, thereby further
reducing their carbon footprint and GHG emissions.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
34 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Site preservation and reduction the negative impacts of site
interventions form the next most important aspect of GRIHA.
The process of constructing buildings has a negative impact on
the site and its surrounding habitat. Construction of buildings
leads to destruction of habitat, loss of fertile soil, felling of trees
etc. There are various criteria within GRIHA dedicated towards
ensuring that the impact of constructing the building on a
particular site is minimized. Various aspects like site selection,
top soil preservation, air pollution control, tree plantation,
reduction of heat island effect are taken into consideration.
GRIHA also covers aspects of green buildings like waste and
water management. There are various standards to follow in
order to reduce building water consumption while
simultaneously recycling water and recharging ground aquifers.
GRIHA lays emphasis on the various national water quality
standards as well. Waste is required to be managed, recycled,
reused and appropriately and sensitively disposed. A green
building which is unable to provide good comfort levels to its
users and creates an unhealthy environment for them is not
desirable. Thus GRIHA has criteria dedicated towards
maintaining good indoor comfort levels and air quality.
GRIHA as a rating tool emphasizes upon using traditional
construction techniques and knowledge in order to construct
green buildings. This promotes and encourages the principles of
traditional building systems which have been gathered and
refined over centuries. Another unique feature of GRIHA is that
it rates non air-conditioned, semi air-conditioned as well as fully
air-conditioned buildings. This promotes the use of natural
ventilation as a design strategy breaks the paradigm that green
buildings are necessarily air-conditioned.
Renewable energy
The policy directives for promotion of renewable energy, for
2006–07, as prescribed by MNRE and CREST are as follows.
Solar photovoltaic systems




New and emerging applications of SPV technology and other
applications will be supported on case-to-case basis.
For the purchase of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems and
power plants, soft loans are offered. The scheme is
implemented through IREDA and designated banks.
Streetlight Solar Control Systems: MNRE supports
municipal corporation to install a maximum of 20 numbers
of `Streetlight Solar Control Systems‟ of 5 Wp SPV module
capacity; with up to 100 streetlights per system, with a grant
limited to 25% of the cost (or Rs.5,000 per system).
Dusk-to-dawn solar street lighting systems: Solar street
lighting systems of 74/75Wp SPV modules and 11 W/ 18 W
CFLs are supported with MNRE grant limited to 50% of the
cost (or Rs.10,000 for 11 W CFL/Rs. 12,000 for 18 W CFL,
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
35 National and international practices




whichever is less). Maximum 100 streetlights per Municipal
Corporation will be supported. CREST, in addition, provides
a subsidy of 25% of the street light cost.
Solar illuminated hoardings: Solar PV systems up to 1 kWp
of SPV module capacity illuminating a minimum of 2 sq.m.
of hoarding area, at least for 6 hours, are supported with
MNRE grant limited to 50% of the cost (or @ Rs.
15,000/100Wp hoarding, whichever is less). A maximum of
20 such holdings will be supported per Municipal
Corporation.
Solar Traffic Signals: Solar traffic systems with minimum
500 Wp SPV modules for four- road junctions will be
supported with MNRE grant limited to 50% of the cost (or
Rs.2.5 lakhs whichever is less). A maximum of 5 such
systems per state capital will be supported.
Solar Road Studs: 50% of the cost, or Rs. 1,000 for each
stud, whichever is less, will be provided as MNRE support. A
maximum of 100 studs per state capital will be supported.
Solar Blinkers: Solar Blinkers with minimum 37 Wp module
capacity and 24 hour operation will be supported with
MNRE grant limited to 50% of the cost (or Rs.7,500,
whichever is less). A maximum of 100 solar blinkers will be
supported.
Solar water heating systems



Soft loan up to 85% of solar water heating system cost is
available from the Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency (IREDA) and designated banks, for a maximum of 5
years duration. The applicable rate of interest is
2% to domestic users
3% to institutional users not availing accelerated
depreciation
5% to industrial/commercial users availing
depreciation
For those institutional and commercial establishments
that do not avail MNRE‟s soft loan scheme; capital
subsidy @ Rs. 1100 per sq.m. of collector area for
registered institutions and @ Rs. 825 per sq.m for
commercial establishments is provided.
CREST is providing subsidy @ 25% of the total system cost
up to 300LPD System (Domestic).
“Demonstration and Promotion of Solar Photovoltaic Devices/ Systems in Urban Areas
& Industry” (Roof top SPV systems)
Central Financial Assistance for following systems @ Rs. 150
per watt of SPV panels up to a capacity of 1 kW each with
required storage batteries (preferably 6 hours ) to a maximum
of 50% of cost of system to urban local bodies/ SNAs/
Institutions not availing depreciation benefits and @ Rs. 100
per watt to a maximum of 33% of the cost of systems with
similar conditions to commercial establishments/ industry
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
36 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
availing depreciation benefit will be available, whichever are
applicable. In specific cases, where battery storage is not
required, the support will be @ Rs. 115 per watt and Rs. 75 per
watt respectively:
Generation based incentives scheme of MNRE
MNRE is actively promoting the establishment of grid
connected solar power plants of large capacity (megawatt scale)
by providing generation based incentives for the first time. The
purpose is to develop and demonstrate the technical
performance of grid-interactive solar power generation so as to
bring down the cost of the grid connected solar systems. The
silent features of the incentive schemes are as following;
a. MNRE may provide, via IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency), a generation based incentive of
maximum Rs 12 per kWh to the eligible projects, which are
successfully commissioned by 31st December 2009. This
will be done after taking into account the power purchase
rate (per kWh) provided by the SERC (State Electricity
Regulatory Commission) or a utility for that project.
b. Any project that is commissioned beyond the above date
would be eligible for a maximum with a 5% reduction and
ceiling of Rs 11.40 per kWh.
c. Further the incentive will continue to decrease, as and when
the utility signs a PPA (power purchase agreement) for
power purchase at a higher level. The proposal annual
escalations agreed with the utility, as in force, should be
reflected in the PPA.
d. The incentive approved for a project may be available for a
maximum period of 10 years from the date of approval and
regular power generation from the project. This will be
subject to the condition that the utility under consideration
continuous to purchase power from the grid-interactive
power plant.
JNNURM
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) is a project of the central government. Through this
project, the central government will fund cities for developing
urban infrastructure and services. The cities will have to carry
out mandated reforms in return. The aim is to encourage
reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities.
Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service
delivery mechanisms, community participation, and
accountability of ULBs / Parastatal agencies towards citizens.
The mission will last for a period of seven years starting
December 2005. The total central government funding will be
Rs. 50,000 crores. Adding the contribution of states and
municipalities, the amount will go up to to Rs. 1,25,000 crores
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
37 National and international practices
over the seven year period. The objectives of the JNNURM are
to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector;
(a) Focused attention to integrated development of
infrastructure services in cities covered under the Mission
(b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and assetmanagement through a slew of reforms for long-term
project sustainability
(c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban
infrastructural services
(d) Planned development of identified cities including periurban areas, outgrowths and urban corridors leading to
dispersed urbanisation
(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities
with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor
(f) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city
areas to reduce congestion
The JNNURM is designated to support;
(a) Water supply including setting up of desalination plants
(b) Sewerage and sanitation
(c) Solid waste management including hospital waste
management
(d) Construction and improvement of drains and storm-water
drainage system
(e) Road network
(f) Urban transport
(g) Construction and development of bus and truck terminals
(h) Renewal and re-development of inner city areas
(i) Development of heritage areas
(j) Preservation of water bodies
(k) Integrated development of slums
(l) Provision of basic services to the urban poor &
(m) Street lighting
Thus, it is clear that there exist many provisions that empower
both, the Chandigarh UT as well as CREST, to translate solar
city integrated plan in to action. This is further facilitated by the
existing policy directives for the promotion of energy
conservation and renewable energy.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
38 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
CHAPTER 4
Energy baseline of Chandigarh
Energy baseline is essentially the amount of energy that would
be consumed annually without implementation of energy
conservation measures based on historical metered data,
engineering calculations, submetering of buildings or energy
consuming systems, building load simulation models, statistical
regression analysis, or some combination of these methods.
Baseline study is essential to study the energy conservation
measures in a city based on the profile of energy consumption
under Business as Usual scnario (BAU). This chapter focuses
on the present energy consumption in residential, commercial
and industrial sector with its overall energy consumption
scenario for Chandigarh.
Figure 4.1 Satellite image of Chandigarh city
(Source: www.Googleearth.com)
About the city
The Union Territory of Chandigarh (latitude 30.74oN, longitude
7.-6.79oE and altitude 321 meters) is located in the foothills of
the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the
fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It covers an area of approximately
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
40 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
114 km². and shares its borders with the states of Haryana in
the south and Punjab in the north. The surrounding districts are
of Mohali, Patiala and Ropar in Punjab and Panchkula and
Ambala in Haryana. A satellite image of the city is presented in
following figure 4.1.
Chandigarh has a sub-tropical continental monsoon climate
characterized by a seasonal rhythm: hot summers, slightly cold
winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (1 °C to 41.2 °C). The 20 year average rainfall for Chandigarh is
1100.7 mm20. The area experiences four seasons21;
 Summer or hot season (mid-March to Mid-June)
 Rainy season (late-June to mid-September)
 Post monsoon autumn/transition season (mid September to
mid-November) and
 Winter (mid November to mid-March).
In order to identify the energy conservation potential in
Chandigarh, it is important to understand the profile of energy
consumption under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. This
chapter focuses on the present energy consumption in
residential, commercial and industrial sector with its overall
energy consumption scenario.
Figure 4.2 Population growth in Chandigarh from 1961 to 2001
(Source: Census of India 2001)
The population of Chandigarh has been reported as 9,00,635 as
per census 2001. Figure 4.2 graphically presents the cumulative
population of Chandigarh up to 2001, which shows gradual
increase trend in the population over the last four decades. The
20
21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh
http://chandigarh.nic.in/
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
41 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
decreasing trends of population growth rate have been observed
as 114.6 percent in 1971, 75.55 percent in 1981, 42.16 percent in
1991 and 40.28 in 2001 in Chandigarh.
Chandigarh city covers an area of approximately 114 km2 (i.e.
28169.9 acres). In addition 25.42 km2 of hilly catchments
area is declared as Wildlife Sanctuary. It has been observed
that the residential and commercial sectors cover the maximum
area of the city. This sector covers an area of 73.9 km2, followed
by agriculture & water bodies (11.36 km2), industrial (5.75 km2),
public/semi-public (10.71 km2) and transportation (1.28 km2)
and around 9.65% (11 km2) is categorized as special area. The
land use pattern of Chandigarh is presented in Figure 4.3.
Special area, 9.65%
Agriculture & water
bodies, 9.96%
Transportation, 1.12%
Public/Semi Public,
8.92%
Resedential/Commerci
al, 64.82%
Industrial, 5.04%
Figure 4.3 Land use pattern of Chandigarh
(Source: http://chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_stat_ab07.asp)
Electricity consumption scenario
The peak electricity demand of Chandigarh is around 284 MW
which is being met from different Central/State Generating
stations22. The UT Chandigarh has no generating capacity of its
own. At present, the City is receiving 67% of its power through
Mohali (PSEB), about 10% through Dhulkote (BBMB) and
remaining 23% through Nalagarh. The connected load of the
Chandigarh is reported as 901.78 MW; while the maximum
demand is approximately 284 MW. The connected load of public
lighting has been reported as 3.51 MW.
22
http://chandigarh.gov.in/engg_web/pages/about_us.html
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
42 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Figure 4.4 Per capita electricity consumption for Chandigarh and India
(Source: www.indiastat.com and www.chandigarh.gov.in)
Chandigarh city ranks first in India in the Human Development
Index23, quality of life and e-readiness; hence per capita
electricity consumption of the city is much higher than that for
India. The per capita consumption of electricity in Chandigarh
has increased from 253 kWh in 1967-68 to 1224 kWh in 200708. Accordingly the electricity consumption has increased from
0.138 MU per day to 5.5 MU on a particular day. Figure 4.4
presents the pattern of per capita electricity consumption in
Chandigarh from the year 2000 to 2006.
The major energy consuming categories are residential,
commercial/Institutional (offices and shops), municipal
services, industrial and transport. In the energy baseline study,
all the above sectors except transportation have been
considered. Within the selected sectors i.e. residential,
commercial and municipal services, the major energy sources
are electricity, LPG, and kerosene. The petroleum products are
mainly used in transportation sector followed by industries.
Figure 4.5 depicts sector wise consumption of electricity in
2006; when total consumption was reported as 1064 MU.
23
The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index used to rank countries by
level of "human development", which usually also implies to determine whether a
country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
43 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
400
Electricity Consumption (MU)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Public Lighting
Agriculture
Others
Figure 4.5 Sector-wise annual electricity consumption (in MU)
(Source: www.chandigarh.nic.in/statistics)
The Residential sector of Chandigarh is the major electricity
consumer and utilizes 36.68 percent of the total electricity
consumption of the city as pet the Engineering Department
(Electricity Wing), Chandigarh Administration. Further the
commercial and industrial sectors consume 29.29 percent and
25.6 percent of the electricity respectively and so on. Figure 4.6
presents the sectoral electricity consumption pattern of the city
in 2006-07.
Industrial (Low and
Medium Voltage),
12.57%
Industries (High
Voltage), 13.03%
Commercial, 29.29%
Public lighting, 1.51%
Agriculture, 0.14%
8.40%
Miss, 6.75%
Domestic, 36.68%
Figure 4.6 Sectoral Electricity use pattern of Chandigarh
(Source: www.chandigarh.nic.in/statistics and Data provided by Engineering Department (Electricity wing), Chandigarh Administration)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
44 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
As shown in Figure 4.7 the annual electricity consumption of
the city is growing. The total electricity consumption has been
reported as 1064.34 MU during 2007-08. The daily average
power requirement was reported to be around 3.249 MU.
Figure 4.7 Annual electricity consumption in Chandigarh (in MU)
(Source: www.chandigarh.nic.in/statistics and http://chandigarhenvis.gov.in/beta/asp/header.asp)
Consumption scenario of petroleum products
The transport, industrial and domestic sectors are the major
consumers of petroleum products (viz. petrol, diesel, LPG, etc.).
LPG and kerosene are utilizable mainly in domestic and
commercial sectors; while others products are mainly consumed
by industries and vehicles. Table 4.1 presents the year wise
consumption of various petroleum products in the city.
It has been noticed that consumption of petrol and high
speed diesel is consistently increasing due to increasing the
vehicular population of the city; while that of light diesel oil
(LDO), Furnace oil, and low sulphur oil petroleum products are
getting reduced due to reduction/shift of industrial sector of the
city. The use of Kerosene is significantly reduced because of the
shift towards LPG and electricity.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
45 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
Table 4.1 Consumption pattern of petroleum products in Chandigarh
Petrol Incl.
High speed
ULP
Diesel
Low Sulphur
L.P.G
Oil (Kilo
Furnace Oil
heavy Stock
Connections
(Kilo Liters)
(Kilo Liters)
(Kilo Liters)
Liters)
(Metric Ton)
(Metric Tons)
(Numbers)
1999-00
89332
2000-01
71390
93764
19547
5217
10235
18888
266281
76707
17628
2699
3359
2829
277186
2001-02
2002-03
65737
72900
17162
1192
1047
4850
285404
76570
65218
17570
3116
9219
9219
295731
2003-04
81190
71576
17026
1640
4470
5094
308508
2004-05
85104
76682
15740
728
12322
5702
290090
2005-06
101090
89810
15560
675
13108
4938
305000
2006-07
107445
100340
14060
515
5330
5571
324000
Year
Kerosene
Light Diesel
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
The details of energy consumption in various sectors of
Chandigarh city have been provided in the subsequent sections.
Residential
Chandigarh is the first planned city of the country and has
highest per capita income (Rs 1, 10,676 in 200824) in India.
Hence it might be assumed that maximum of the households
are in medium and high income levels. According to Census
2001 there are 244134 houses in Chandigarh; out of which
26428 houses are located in rural area and 217706 houses are in
urban area of the city. It has been observed that more than 90
percent houses are permanent type, 7 percent are semipermanent and around 3 percent are temporary houses in the
city. Figure 4.8 presents the use pattern of census houses in the
city.
It has been noticed that residential sector comprises 83.9
percent houses of the city followed by 9.9 percent by
commercial category. Remaining 6.2 percent houses are used
for school & colleges, hospitals & dispensary, hotel, lodges,
guest houses and place of worship etc.
24
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chandigarh-tops-again-in-per-capita-income/
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
46 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Other non-residental use,
2.40%
Shop, Office , 9.90%
Residence-cum-other use,
1.90%
Factory, Workshop,
Workshed, etc., 1.10%
Place of worship, 0.20%
Other, 0.60%
Hospital, Dispensary, etc.,
0.20%
Hotel, Lodge, Guest House,
etc., 0.20%
Residence , 83.90%
School, College, etc., 0.30%
Figure 4.8 House use pattern of Chandigarh
(Source: Census of India 2001)
The distribution of total households of the city has been made on the
basis of number of members and numbers of dwelling room in the house.
The city has maximum one dwelling room houses (41.9 %) followed by
two rooms (24.8%), three rooms (18.6%) and up to six rooms and above
(3.3%). It has been observed that the average family size of the city is 4.4
persons per household and median 2 of the number of rooms.
Household statistics of the city has been presented for
distribution by size of house and size of family by in Figures 4.9 (a)
and 4.9 (b) respectively.
Five rooms,
2.80%
Six rooms and
above, 3.30%
No exclusive
rooms, 1.00%
Four rooms,
7.70%
One room,
41.90%
Three rooms,
18.60%
Two rooms,
24.80%
Figure 4.9 (a) Distribution of households by number of dwelling rooms
(Source: Census of India 2001)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
47 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
Nine members
& above, 3.50%
One member,
8.90%
Six to eight
members, 18%
Two members,
11.10%
Three members,
14.10%
Five members,
19.10%
Four members,
25.40%
Figure 4.9 (b) Distribution of households by family sizes
(Source: Census of India 2001)
The residential houses of the Chandigarh city are almost fully
electrified. As there are 201878 total number of households in
the city; out of which 96.8 percept were electrified in 2001 and
using electricity for lighting application. Figure 4.10 presents
the distribution of households by source of lighting.
Others, 0.30%
Kerosene, 2.80%
Electricity,
96.80%
Solar Energy,
0.10%
Figure 4.10. Distribution of households by source of lighting
(Source: Census of India 2001)
The electricity consumption in residential sector of Chandigarh
is rapidly increasing as shown in Figure 4.11. The total
electricity consumption in residential sector was reported as
435.35 MU in 2007; while it was 357 MU in 2004.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
48 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Figure 4.11Total electricity consumption in the residential sector of Chandigarh
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
The load distribution pattern in residential sector of Chandigarh
has been assumed similar to a planned city; which shows energy
consumption pattern in domestic applications. The break up of
the electric consumption in the residential sector is presented in
Figure 4.12; which shows that cooling and lighting consumes
more than 70 percent of the electricity.
Refrigerator, 13%
Room AC, 7%
Lighting, 28%
Evaporative coolers,
4%
Other, 18%
Television, 4%
Others, 10%
Fan, 34%
Figure 4.12. Electricity consumption pattern in residential sector
(Source: Steps towards an Energy Efficient Building25)
Goel V., (2006), Steps Towards A Energy Efficient Building, in
proceeding of Workshon on Developing energy efficiency and
conservation program for Delhi, TERI New Delhi.
25
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
49 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
LPG and kerosene
LPG is being used in most of the houses of the city for
domestic/cooking application in the city. The number of LPG
connections in the city is continuously; as the growth has been
estimated as 6.23 percent during 2006-07. Figure 4.13 gives
the cumulative number of LPG connections from 2004-05 to
2006-07.
Figure 4.13 Total number of LPG connections in Chandigarh
(Source: Environment Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
As the Chandigarh city is almost electrified26 and maximum
houses use LPG for cooking, the consumption of kerosene is
reducing slightly; as it is still being use in villages27 and rural
areas under Chandigarh UT. The total consumption of kerosene
was 14060 kilo liters in 2007. Figure 4.14 present the pattern of
kerosene use in the city from 2000 to 2007.
26
The distribution of households by source of lighting in Chandigarh has
been reported as 96.8 percent as per census 2001.
27 At present there are 13 villages in Chandigarh city and nine villages are
under the Municipal limits of Chandigarh since 2006.
(http://mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/State%20Files/chandigarh.htm)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
50 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Figure 4.14 Kerosene consumption in Chandigarh
(Source: Environment Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
Commercial
The commercial sector comprises around 10 percent of the
houses of Chandigarh. The total number of commercial
consumers in 2006 was 22810; while there were only19579
commercial consumers in 2000. Figure 4.15 presents the
growth of commercial consumers in Chandigarh from 2001 to
2007.
Figure 4.15 Growth of Commercial Consumers in Chandigarh
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
51 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
As the commercial consumers are increasing along with the
annual electricity consumption in the commercial sector, the
per capita electricity consumption in commercial sector is
estimated based on the time from 2004 to 2007; which was
15428 kWh in 2007. The per capita electricity consumption in
commercial sector of Chandigarh has been presented in Figure
4.16 from the year 2004 to 2007.
Figure 4.16 Per Capita electricity consumption in commercial sector
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
As shown in Figure 4.17 the total annual electricity consumption
for the commercial sector has increased to 351.92 MU in 2007;
from 262 MU in 2004.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
52 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Figure 4.17 Total electricity consumption in commercial sector
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
Municipal services
Street lighting
A detailed energy audit study on street lighting of Chandigarh
City was carried out by TERI. In the study, it was found that the
following types of lights were used for street lighting in
Chandigarh
 High Pressure Sodium Vapour lamps of 250W, 150W;
 Metal Halides of 70W;
 T12 lamps; and
 High-pressure mercury vapour lamps of 150W.
Figure 4.18 Street lights in Chandigarh (V3 Road)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
53 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
The study estimated numbers of each type of light, approximate
annual hours of operation and the power consumption for each
type of lighting. The electricity consumption for street lighting
at 100% operating load is estimated to be 24.2MU. (The details
of street lighting systems of Chandigarh city are given in
Annexure- 1). However, according to Electricity Department
(Electricity Wing) of Chandigarh Administration, the annual
consumption of electricity for street lighting is 16.5 MU in 2007
at operating load of 68%. This difference may be due to the fact
that some of the streetlights not in working condition. For the
analysis, it has been assumed that the consumption is 16.5MU.
Considering the fact that the population growth for Chandigarh
city will not lead to city‟s expansion, the number of streets and
hence street lighting electricity consumption will increase in the
business as usual scenario and the load is taken to be constant
till the year 2018.
The detailed connected load, types of lamps and fixtures and
measurements/observations are also given in Annexure-1. The
following type of lamps and fixtures are being used in street
lighting in Chandigarh.
Type of fixtures:
 GE Fixture
 Crompton Greaves fixture
Type of lamps:
 High Pressure Sodium Vapour lamps of 250W, 150W;
 Metal Halides of 70W;
 T12 lamps; and
 High-pressure mercury vapour lamps of 150W.
As per Engineering Department (Electricity wind), Chandigarh
Administration, there are approximately 40,000 street lights in
Chandigarh, out of which 20000 are maintained by Municipal
corporation and 20000 by Chandigarh Administration.
Water pumping
Chandigarh City is being supplied from two sources of water
i.e., Tubewell and Bhakra Canal. 64Millions gallons/day is being
supplied by Bhakra Canal and 20 million gallons /day by tube
well. There is one main pumping station in Chandigarh, Kazauli
water works (Figures 4.19 a and b). Total sanction load is 9102
KW for Kazauli. The raw water from Kazauli is treated at the
water softening plant in sector 39. The treated water gets
further distributed to sector 37, 32, 26, and 12. At these sectors
booster pumps are installed which helps in distribution of water
at suitable pressure to the individual sectors across Chandigarh.
The Kazauli water station is being divided in 4 phases. Phase 1
has 3 pumps of 950 hp of which 1 is standby. Phase 2 has 3
pumps of 950 hp of which 2 are running. Phase 3 has 3 pumps
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
54 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
of 1050 hp of which 2 are running. Phase 4 has 3 pumps of 972
hp of which 2 are running. The running hours for pumps are 24
hrs. The details of water pumping electricity consumption are
given in Annexure-2. The total energy consumption for water
pumping in 2008 has been obtained as 75.15 MU.
The above reported values of water pumping are based only
on the pumps of higher capacity. It has been observed that there
are approximately 250 small capacity booster pumps across all
the sectors. The average capacity of 7.5 hp has been considered
for these pumps for the annual estimation of electricity
consumption in water pumping services in Chandigarh. It has
been estimated that the annual electricity consumption in water
pumping was 81.27 MU in 2008.
Industrial
The gradual industrial growth has been observed over the past
40 years in the city. Chandigarh has seen a growth in all the
areas including industrial sector. There are 8 units in the large
and medium sector and about 2019 registered and functional
units in the Small Scale Sector. These units are offering
employment to about 16642 persons. These units are mainly
ancillary in nature. They are engaged in the manufacturing of
industrial fasteners, steel, and wooden furniture, machine tools,
pharmaceuticals, electrical/ electronic items, sanitary fittings,
sports goods, plastic goods, and knitting-needles etc. There are
about 20 major exporting units28.
Table 4.2 Industrial production of Chandigarh city
Year 2000-
Year 2001-
Year 2002-
Year
Year 2004-
Year 2005-
Year 2006-
2001
2002
2003
2003-2004
2005
2006
2007
2642.70
2642.70
2704.92
5699.46
6749.26
6887.00
6955.87
Beverages Tobacco
0.00
19.15
19.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cotton Textile
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2298.00
2298.00
2318.74
0.00
0.00
68.87
68.87
2470.35
2470.30
2470.35
8087.66
8453.27
8608.75
8677.62
3734.25
3734.25
3817.21
15657.05
15595.75
15840.10
15987.74
248.95
287.25
287.28
482.09
619.83
688.70
688.70
4940.70
4959.85
5022.07
8746.49
9090.84
9297.45
9435.19
689.40
689.40
730.88
11156.60
11675.90
12052.25
12052.25
766.00
766.00
766.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Industries
Food Products
Woolen Silk
Synthetics Textiles
Wooden Furniture
Paper Printings Allied
Industries
Leather Fur Products
Except Repair
Rubber Plastic
Petroleum Coal
Chemicals Products
Except Petroleum
Non Metallic Products
Metal Alloy Industries
1340.50
1397.45
1604.85
13185.30
14418.35
14807.05
14807.05
Metal Products
18767.00
18767.00
18974.40
36236.92
37832.28
38567.20
39600.25
28
State of Environment, Chandigarh-2008, ENVIS Centre, Department of
Environment, Chandigarh Administration, Chandigarh.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
55 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
Industries
Machinery Except
Electrical Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Transport
Equipments
Other Industries
Repair Personal
Services
Total (Lac units)
Year 2000-
Year 2001-
Year 2002-
Year
Year 2004-
Year 2005-
Year 2006-
2001
2002
2003
2003-2004
2005
2006
2007
1685.20
1685.20
1685.20
12313.60
12396.60
12396.60
12386.60
3102.20
3121.45
3142.19
4427.38
4331.98
4476.55
4820.90
5247.10
5285.40
5285.40
8532.88
9090.84
9090.84
9228.58
3944.90
3964.05
4047.01
2465.79
2584.82
2750.80
2961.41
5515.20
5515.20
5515.20
969.18
974.28
1101.92
1377.40
57392.45
57602.7
58390.82
127960.
133814.
136638.0
139048.4
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
The industrial sector of Chandigarh city uses electricity as well
as petroleum products as fuel. Maximum petroleum products
are used by industrial and transportation sectors. As per the
Electricity Wing, Electricity Department of Chandigarh
Administration the electricity consumption was more then 25
percent in industrial sector. The electricity consumption in
industrial sector was reported as 272 MU during 2006. Figure
4.20 present the electricity consumption in industrial sector of
Chandigarh city from 2004 to 2006.
Figure 4.20 Electricity consumption in Industrial Sector of Chandigarh
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
56 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
GHG emissions
Chandigarh is receiving 52% of its power through Mohali
(PSEB), about 8% through Dhulkote (BBMB) and remaining
40% through Nalagarh. Due to significant changes in the grid
structure, the Indian electricity system is now divided into two
main grids, namely new Integrated Northern, Eastern, Western,
and North-Eastern regional grids (NEWNE) and the Southern
Grid. In Chandigarh city, the power is drawn from the NEWNE
Grid. The average specific emission factor for NEWNE grid has
been reported as 0.81tCO2/MWh as per Central Electricity
Authority29.
The LPG consumption has been estimated for year 2007
based on the population growth rate and assumed that per
family 2 cylinders of 14 kg are required per month. It has been
estimated that the LPG consumption during 2007 in
Chandigarh was 93375.29 tonnes. Similarly kerosene
consumption of the city has been reported as 14060 kilo liters in
2007.
The GHG emission has been estimated based on total
electricity consumption, LPG consumption and kerosene
consumption of the city up to 2007. The emission factor (EF) as
0.81tCO2/MWh for electricity generation; while the emission
factors30 71.5 tCO2/TJ and 63.0 tCO2/TJ have been taken for
LPG and Kerosene respectively.
It has been estimated that the GHG emission through
electricity consumption was 937316 tCO2, 271190 tCO2 by LPG
and 35889 tCO2 through kerosene in 2007; which is mainly by
major energy consuming sectors namely residential,
commercial and industrial etc. The GHG emission in
Chandigarh city from 2004 to 2007 has been presented in
Figure 4.21.
29http://cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/Government%20of%20India%20
website.htm
30http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/6HGTVUO4OT44ZX5O
5BQBHK1AEEAOI1
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
57 Energy baseline of Chandigarh
2007
Year
2006
2005
2004
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
GHG Emissions (tCO2)
GHG Emission (tCO2)_Kerosene
GHG Emission (tCO2)_Electricity
GHG Emission (tCO2)_LPG
GHG Emission_Total (tCO2)
Figure 4.21 GHG emissions based on electricity, LPG and Kerosene consumption of Chandigarh
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
58 Integrated action plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
CHAPTER
5 Energy planning
Energy planining is essentially a process of developing long-range
policies to help guide the future of a local, national, regional or
even the global energy system. It is the most important step
towards ensuring sustainable energy supply. A solar city should
encompass all the measures to use the natural resources available
and also to reduce the energy demand. This is possible only
through intelligent planning and diligent implementation.
This chapter looks into the energy conservation measures
necessary to reduce energy demand and assess the renewable
energy resources available through which energy could be
generated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels which will also
pave a path to meticulous planning.
The energy planning of Chandigarh city has been developed
based on three building block approaches as following;
 Energy Demand Forecast up to 2018
 Renewable Energy Resource Availability
 Energy Efficiency: Options for energy savings and demand
reduction
It has been observed from the energy baseline study of Chandigarh
that the energy demand of the city is increasing rapidly due to (a)
increasing population (b) increasing GDP and (c) increasing
standard of living. The energy demand projections have been made
by taking in to account these factors.
Projected population
The population of the city has been reported as 900635 as per
census 2001. An exponential trend in the population growth
has been obtained when projected based on the census data of
the years from 1961 to 2001. Figure 5.1 graphically presents the
projection of cumulative population and population growth rate
up to 2021.
The population projections have been carried out on the
basis of time series data from 1961 to 2001. The demographic
data indicates that between 1961 and 1971 the population
increased by 114.6 percent. According to the 1981 census it grew
by another 75.55 percent followed by 42.16 percent in 1991 and
40.33 percent in 2001 (with a total population of 900635).
It has been noticed that the population growth rate is
gradually decreasing since last four decades and is predicted to
be around25.71 percent up to 2021. On the basis of time series
data the population of the city up to 2021 is predicted as
1536726 and the present annual growth rate has been estimated
as 3.57 percent.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
60
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
200
1500000
1536726
180
1300000
160
140
1100000
Population
120
900635
900000
100
700000
80
642015
60
500000
451610
40
300000
257251
100000
1961
20
119881
1971
1981
Population
1991
2001
2011
0
2021
Population Growth Rate (%)
Figure 5.1 Population trends in Chandigarh from 1961 to 2021
Chandigarh city has the highest per capita income as compared
with the country. A significant difference has been obtained
between the per capita income of Chandigarh and India. During
1999-2000 the per capita income of Chandigarh was Rs.
41385.00 while the same for India was Rs. 15881.00. The per
capita income of at current prices has reached to Rs. 1,10,676.0
in 2007, whereas for India the same is reached up to Rs.
32299.0. Hence the human development and quality of life in
the city is quite high as compared with the other cities.
Figure 5.2 presents the trends of increase in the per capita
income of Chandigarh (NSDP-Net State Domestic Product)
from 1999 to 2007. As Chandigarh has highest per capita
income in the country hence the per capita energy consumption
is comparably very high.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
Population Growth Rate (%)
1222398
61 Energy planning
120000
110676
99262
100000
Annual Per Capita Income (Rs)
86629
80000
75181
66512
58772
60000
52385
46660
41386
40000
20000
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Figure 5.2 Per capita income of Chandigarh
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
Energy demand forecast up to 2018
The energy demand forecast of Chandigarh has been carried out
using time series data of last 4 to 7 recent years. Statistically the
projections are assumed as of best reliability if the correlation
coefficient (R2) comes more than 0.95. In the present
projections the correlation coefficient has obtained always more
than 0.95 up to 1.0; which shows better confidence level of the
projections. All projections have been made up to 2018. A brief
detail of statistical methodology adopted for projections has
been described in Annexure-3.
Per capita electricity consumption
In has been observed that the per capita consumption of
electricity in Chandigarh has increased from 253 kWh in 196768 to 1224 kWh in 2007-08. On the basis of time series based
data of last seven years it is estimated that the per capita
electricity consumption will be increased up to 1607 kWh in
2014 (short term); and up to 2018 (long term) it will be 1916
kWh. Hence the per capita electricity will be increased up to 60
percent of its present value up to 2018. The projection trend of
per capita electricity consumption with years is presented in
Figure 5.3.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2007
62
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Annual Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh)
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
Year
Figure 5.3 Per capita electricity consumption in Chandigarh
(Source: www.indiastat.com and www.chandigarh.gov.in)
Total electricity consumption
On the basis of time series data of last current four years the
total electricity demand has been projected over the period till
2018. The total electricity consumption has been reported as
1064.34 MU during 2007-08. It has been estimated that the
total electricity consumption of the city will increase up to 2195
MU in 2014; while up to 2018 it will come to 3089 MU. Figure
5.4 presents the projection of the annual electricity
consumption up to 2018.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
0
63 Energy planning
Total Annual Electricity Consumption (MU)
3200
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
Year
Figure 5.4 Annual electricity consumption (in MU)
(Source: www.indiastat.com and www.chandigarh.gov.in, Chandigarh Administration and Environment
Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
Electricity consumption in residential sector
The time series forecasting has been made on basis of the data
of electricity consumption in residential sector from 2004 to
2007. It is estimated that the total electricity consumption in
residential sector will increase up to 1246 MU in 2014 and 2103
MU in 2018; while it was reported as 435MU in 2007. Figure
5.5 presents the projection of electricity demand in residential
sector up to 2018.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
0
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
2005
2006
2100
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
Year
Figure 5.5 Total electricity consumption in the residential sector up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
LPG
The number of LPG connections in the city is continuously
increasing and the growth has been 6.23 percent during 200607. In order to estimate the consumption of LPG in residential
sector the number of total population in 2008 has been
calculated based on present annual population growth rate (i.e.
3.57 %). It has been estimated that the population of the city
will increase to 1151295 in 2008; while it was 900635 in 2001.
The family size of the city has been taken as 4 persons per
household as per census 2001.
Assuming 2 LPG cylinders consumption per month for each
household of 14 kg each, the total annual LPG consumption in
residential sector of the city has been estimated to be 96708.79
tonnes.
Taking the annual population growth rate of 3.57 percent;
further the annual LPG consumption has been projected up to
2018; which increase to 11,1276.09 tonnes in 2012, 123624.28
tonnes in 2015, and 137342.74 tonnes in 2018 as shown in
Figure 5.6.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
0
2004
Annual Electricity Consumption in Residential Sector
(MU)
64
65 Energy planning
Total Annual LPG Consumption (tonnes)
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
0
Year
Figure 5.6 LPG consumption projections (BAU scenario)
Kerosene
A linear decreasing trend of the kerosene consumption pattern
in Chandigarh city has been observed from last seven year data.
Taking it forward it is estimated that the annual kerosene
consumption will reach 10092 kiloliters up to 2014 and 7541
kilo liters by 2018 (Figure 5.7).
20000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Year
Figure 5.7 Kerosene consumption and projection up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
2000
Total Kerosene Consumption (Kilo Liters)
18000
66
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Petroleum products
The petroleum products namely petrol, high speed diesel oil,
light diesel oil, furnace oil and low sulphur heavy stock are in
use in Chandigarh. Petrol and diesel are mainly using by
transportation sector while light diesel oil, furnace oil and low
sulphur heavy stock are mainly used by industries.
The petrol consumption in Chandigarh city has been
reported as 65737 kilo liters in 2007. On the basis of time series
data it has been obtained that the petrol consumption in the city
will be increase by 169454 kilo liters by 2012, 216220 kilo liters
by 2015 and 270403 by 2018. Figure 5.8 presents the pattern of
petrol consumption in Chandigarh city.
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
Year
Figure 5.8 Petrol consumption and projection up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
Consumption of diesel oil is also increasing effectively in the
city, which is mainly used by vehicles in transportation sector.
Chandigarh city has been reported as 65737 kilo liters in 2007.
Diesel consumption in the city has been reported as 100340 kilo
liters during 2007. On the basis of time series data it has been
obtained that the diesel consumption in the city will be increase
by 197603 kilo liters by 2012, 283765 kilo liters by 2015 and
390970 by 2018. Figure 5.9 presents the pattern of petrol
consumption in Chandigarh city.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
0
2002
Annual Petrol Consumption (Kilo Liters)
300000
67 Energy planning
400000
350000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
Year
Figure 5.9 High Speed Diesel consumption and projection up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
Light diesel oil (LDO), furnace oil and low sulphur heavy stock
petroleum products are mainly being use by industries. As the
industries are being shifting outskirts of the city hence the
annual consumption pattern of these products is not essentially
following any specific trend. Hence it is not possible to project
the demand of these petroleum products with a high confidence
level. The linear projections based on the time series data shows
that the use of these petroleum fuels will be negligible up to
2012. The projections have their limitations due to random
pattern of the consumption data. Figure5.10 to 5.12 presents the
projection of the consumption of light diesel oil, furnace oil and
low sulphur heavy stock by 2018 respectively.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
0
2003
High Speed Dissel (Kilo Liters)
300000
68
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
2006
2007
800
700
Light Diesel Oil (Kilo Liters)
600
500
400
300
200
100
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2005
0
Year
Figure 5.10 Light Diesel Oil (LDO) consumption and projection up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
14000
12000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Year
Figure 5.11 Furnace Oil consumption and projection up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
0
2001
Furnace Oil (MT)
10000
69 Energy planning
10000
9000
Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (MT)
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
0
Year
Figure 5.12 Low sulphur heavy stock consumption and projection up to 2018
(Source: Environnent Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
Commercial consumers
The total number of commercial consumers in 2006 was 22810.
On the basis of time series data based projection the number of
commercial consumer is expected to increase to 28823 by 2014
and 33525 by 2018 as shown in Figure 5.13.
35000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
Year
Figure 5.13 Projected growth commercial customers up to 2018
(Source: Census of India 2001, Environment Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
0
2001
Numner of Commercial Consumers
30000
70
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Per capita electricity consumption in commercial sector
In order to estimate electricity consumption in commercial
sector, per capita electricity consumption has been worked out
from last four years. Per capita electricity consumption in this
sector was 15428 kWh in 2007. As shown in Figure 5.14 per
capita electricity consumption in commercial sector works out
to be 39,685 kWh in 2014 and 64,276 kWh in 2018.
Electricity consumption in commercial sector
The total electricity demand has been forecasted based on two
approaches as following;
(a) time series data and
(b) per capita electricity consumption and number of
commercial consumers
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Year
Figure 5.14 Per Capita annual electricity consumption in commercial sector
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2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
0
2004
Per Capita Electricity Consumption (MU)
70000
71 Energy planning
2000
Annual Electricity Consumption (MU)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Year
Figure 5.15 Total Annual Electricity consumption in commercial sector (MU)
The projection of total electricity consumption in commercial
sector has been carried out by averaging the projections from
these two approaches. As shown in Figure 5.15, it has been
estimated that the total electricity consumption will reach 1096
MU in 2014 and 1946 MU in 2018.
Electricity consumption in industrial sector
The industrial sector of the city is third major electricity
consumer. The electricity consumption in industrial sector has
been reported as 272 MU in 2006. The time series based
projections shows that the electricity demand in industrial
sector will increase to 903 MU in 2014, and 1528 MU in 2018
as shown in Figure 5.16.
Hence the residential sector has been found the major
energy consumer sector in the city followed by commercial and
industrial sectors. Figure 5.17 presents the comparative pattern
of annual electricity consumption in various sectors with the
total electricity consumption up to 2018.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
0
72
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
1600
Annual Electricity Consumption (MU)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
2017
2018
2017
2018
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
0
Year
Figure 5.16 Electricity consumption in Industrial sector
(Source: Environment Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
0
2004
Annual Electricity Consumption (MU)
3000
Year
Total Electricity Consumption (Mkwh)
Commercial Sector (MkWh)
Resedential Sector (MkWh)
Industrial Sector (MkWh)
Figure 5.17 Annual Electricity consumption in various sectors of Chandigarh
(Source: Environment Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
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73 Energy planning
GHG Emission
As the power is drawn from the NEWNE Grid in Chandigarh
city hence average specific emission factor for NEWNE grid (i.e.
0.81tCO2/MWh) has been considered for estimation of GHG
emission projection. Similarly the emission factors for LPG and
kerosene have been considered as 71.5 tCO2/TJ and 63.0
tCO2/TJ respectively.
The city was emitting 937316 tCO2 through electricity,
271190 tCO2 through LPG and 35889 tCO2 through kerosene in
2007. On the basis of time series projection of total electricity
requirement of the city and its multiplication with the average
emission factor of NEWNE grid it has been projected that the
GHG emission will be increased as 1482192 tCO2 by 2012;
1982163 tCO2 by 2015 and 2501971 tCO2 in 2018. The GHG
emission through LPG will be increased by 322179 tCO2 by
2012; 359042 tCO2 by 2015 and 398885 tCO2 by 2018.
Similarly the GHG emission will be decreased to 29015 tCO2 in
2012, 24132 tCO2 in 2015 and 19250 tCO2 by 2018.
Hence it has been estimated that the total (electricity, LPG
and kerosene) GHG emission in Chandigarh will increase to
1834386 tCO2 in 2012, 2325337 tCO2 in 2015 and 2920105 tCO2
in 2018. Figure 5.18 presents the projection of GHG emission
up to 2018 in Chandigarh city.
3000000
2000000
1500000
1000000
Year
GHG Emission_Kerosene (tCO2)
GHG Emission_Electricity (tCO2)
GHG Emission_LPG (tCO2)
GHG Emission_Total (tCO2)
Figure 5.18 GHG emissions from energy supplied to Chandigarh city
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2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
0
2005
500000
2004
GHG Emissions (tCO2)
2500000
74
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Renewable energy resource availability
Biomass potential
Chandigarh covers an area of approximately 114 km2 (i.e.
28169.9 acres). In addition 25.42 km2 of hilly catchments
area is declared as Wildlife Sanctuary.
Table 5.1 Forests of Chandigarh City
S. No.
Name of the forests
1.
Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary
2.
Lake Reserve Forests
130.19
3.
Sukhna Choe Reserve Forests
375.91
4.
Patiali-ki-Rao forests
142.42
5.
Forest area at Brick kiln Manimajra
Total
Area in hectares
2610.97
5.00
3264.49
The National Forest Survey has rated Chandigarh as the
greenest city in India with the highest green cover of 35.7 per
cent; while New Delhi comes second with a forest cover of 19.78
per cent. Total forest area in U.T. Chandigarh is 3064.49 ha as
mentioned in Table 5.1. Out of the total green cover 3264 ha is
actual forest and 3063 ha of forest area is under reserved
category. In the forests of the city approximately 94 % is the
reserve forest, while rest 6% (approximately 201 ha) is nonreserve forest, from where only the biomass can be collected.
In addition, Chandigarh city is also known as city of gardens.
Out of a total area of 20000 acres acquired for the first phase of
the city, about 2000 acres are meant for development of
gardens and parks. The total tree cover area of the city has been
reported as 8 km2. The total number of fallen trees during
2006-07 has been reported as 77910031.
As the major portion of forests are reserve and presently the
garden waste and the fallen leaves through trees are being
dumped at the landfill area in Sector-38 with municipal solid
waste, therefore there is negligible scope for biomass based
power generation in Chandigarh.
Municipal solid waste potential
Municipal solid waste includes predominantly household or
domestic waste with sometime the addition of commercial
wastes; which are in either solid or semisolid form. The
collected municipal waste is still to be separated out or
reprocessed. Essentially the MSW is divided in to following
categories;
 Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste
and paper
 Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, and certain
plastics
31
(Source: Environment Information System (ENVIS Centre) Chandigarh)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
75 Energy planning



Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks
and debris
Composite waste: waste clothing, tetra packs and plastic and
Domestic hazardous water and toxic waste: medicines,
paints, chemicals etc.
Chandigarh city with an approximate population of approx 9
lakh generates 380 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day. The
city houses 244,134 families, which are source of approximately
80% of municipal waste; while the collection efficiency of the
city is 97 percent32. The vegetable and fruit markets contribute
to an extent of 20% of the total municipal waste. The
quantification of the waste is not available for smaller markets
and restaurants and hotels.
Waste generated from the city is collected through a
combination of tractor trolleys for leaves and wastes and
containers for inert construction wastes. For the disposal of the
solid waste in a scientific manner a landfill site of 46 acres area
exists at village Dadu Majra, Sector-38. The city waste collected
from all sectors is being transported to the dumping ground for
„land filling‟. Recently Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
has sectioned a demonstration project for management of MSW
in the city. Under this project the existing landfill site is
proposed to be scientifically designed to convert it into sanitary
landfill site. The project will include house to house garbage
collection work for which cycles casts are being provided to
resident welfare associations which are perused to dispose off
garbage at designated „Sahaj Safai Kendras‟. In collaboration
with Chandigarh municipality, Jaypee Industries has set up
pallet manufacturing unit of the installed capacity to process
500 ton per day of municipal solid waste, which is converted
into refuse-derived fuel to be used in a thermal power plant. As
such there is no other MSW available now in the city.
On the basis of time series data of daily production of MSW
in Chandigarh it has been estimated that the city will generate
473 tonnes per day MSW in 2014 and 535 tonnes per day by
2018 (Figure 5.19).
32
Report of „State of Environment, Chandigarh-2008, ENVIS Centre,
Department of Environment, Chandigarh Administration.
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
550
MSW Generation (tonnes/Day)
500
450
400
350
300
250
Year
Figure 5.19 MSW (tonnes/day) generation in Chandigarh
(Source: State of Environment report, Chandigarh-2008)
Hence there is no additional availability of MSW in Chandigarh
for power generation. The capacity of existing MSW plant of
Jaypee Industries may be increased 10-15 percent in long term
when additional MSW will be available with increasing
population of the city.
Solar energy
Chandigarh is located in the sunny belt of the country and
receives a good amount of solar radiation over the year. It has
been observed that the annual global solar radiation over the
city is 1944 kWh/m2, while the annual diffuse radiation is 846
kWh/m2. The global solar radiation over the inclined surface (at
latitude) is estimated as 2155 kWh/m2 annually. Figure 5.20
presents the daily values of solar radiation on horizontal and
inclined surface in Chandigarh for of each month. The monthwise values of solar radiation received by a surface on horizontal
and inclined surface are summarized in Table 5.2.
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2009
2008
2007
2005
2006
200
77 Energy planning
8.0
2
Daily Solar Radiation (kWh/m)
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Global Solar Radiation (kWh/m2)
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Global Solar Radiation on Latitude (kWh/m2)
Figure 5.20 Solar Radiation pattern of Chandigarh
(Source: Handbook of Solar Radiation written by A Mani, Allied Publisher, 1980,)
Table 5.2 Daily and monthly pattern of solar radiation over Chandigarh
Daily
Month
Monthly
Global
Diffuse Solar
Global Solar
Global Solar
Diffuse Solar
Global Solar
Solar
Radiation
Radiation on
Radiation
Radiation
Radiation on
Radiation
(kWh/m2)
Latitude
(kWh/m2)
(kWh/m2)
Latitude (kWh/m2)
(kWh/m2)
(kWh/m2)
Jan
3.78
1.45
5.45
117.1
45.0
169.0
Feb
4.61
1.83
5.84
129.1
51.3
163.6
Mar
5.60
2.25
6.33
173.7
69.8
196.1
Apr
6.53
2.62
6.55
195.8
78.7
196.4
May
7.04
2.88
6.46
218.3
89.4
200.3
Jun
6.24
3.29
5.55
187.1
98.8
166.6
Jul
5.91
3.28
5.36
183.3
101.6
166.0
Aug
5.29
3.10
5.10
164.1
95.9
158.2
Sep
5.81
2.48
6.24
174.3
74.5
187.1
Oct
5.29
1.81
6.61
164.1
56.2
205.0
Nov
4.34
1.39
6.21
130.3
41.7
186.2
Dec
3.46
1.40
5.16
107.4
43.5
159.9
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Energy efficiency: Options for energy savings and demand reduction
Options for energy savings and demand reduction
Residential sector
The residential sector of Chandigarh is the major consumer of
electricity. The current electricity consumption of the
residential sector is 497 MU which constitutes 39% of the total
electricity consumption. The share of the residential sector in
the total connected load and consumption is growing.
Reduction in the demand would help in conservation of energy.
Energy saving measures: The major energy saving measures
in residential sector is as follows:
 Replacing the conventional T-12 (40 Watt) copper ballast
tube lights with the energy efficient T-5 (28 Watt) electronic
ballast tube lights. The saving would be about 42% per tube
light.
 Replacing the conventional Ceiling Fans which consumes
(70-80 watt) with energy efficient Fans (which consumes 50
Watt). The savings occur will be 37% per fans.
 Replacing the existing unitary air conditioners with the
BEE star labelled Air conditioners.
The overall electricity saving which can be achieved by
implementing all above measures would be approximately 20%
of the total consumption in residential sector of the city.
If the energy efficient devices, as mentioned above are used
in residential sector, the total consumption would reduce up to
397.6MU from 497 MU in 2008. However, the 100%
replacement would be difficult and not take place in short term.
With active promotion and facilitation the process can be
accelerated.
It has been assumed that by 2009, there would be 5%
replacement only and therefore the consumption would be
572MU compared with 577 MU consumption in BAU scenario
in 2009. Replacement of 30 % devices has been assumed by
2012(short term) resulting in reduced consumption of 894.13
MU under Solar City scenario as against 924 MU in BAU
scenario and it has been observed that the electricity
consumption in residential sector of the city will increase up to
924 MU as BAU scenario and will be 894.13 MU under Solar
City scenario.
Similarly 60% replacement has been assumed by 2015
(medium term) and 90% by 2018 (long term). The electrical
energy demand after incorporating the energy saving options in
residential sector in Solar City scenario (SC) is shown in Figure
5.21. It has been obtained that the energy savings will be 89 MU
in 2018; while in BAU scenario it is estimated as 2103 MU and
2014 MU under SC scenario (i.e. 4.23 % of total electricity
consumption in BAU scenario by 2018).
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79 Energy planning
2100
Electricity Consumption (MU)
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
0
2009
2012
2015
BAU
2018
SC
Figure 5.21 Business as usual (BAU) and solar city (SC) scenario of residential sector
Commercial sector
Box: CFL programme of BSES,
Delhi
BSES Yamuna, one of the
distribution companies in Delhi
launched on October 25, 2006
“Buy One, Get One Free CFL”
scheme. As per BSES, this
scheme launched in association
with Indo Asian Fusegear Limited
(a CFL manufacturer) has
exceeded all expectations. In
about five months‟ time over 3.5
lakh CFLs have been sold.
Savings accruing from these CFLs
is estimated to result in a reduction
in maximum demand by nearly 23
MW at a given point of time –
enough to power eight average
shopping malls in Delhi and saving
of over 33 million units of electricity
annually.
An interesting trend observed was
that the 15 Watt CFL is the most
popular among the customers
(over 1.47 lakh CFLs bought)
followed by the 20 W CFL (over 1
lakh CFLs sold).
Engineering Department (Electricity Wing), Chandigarh
Administration indicates that the commercial sector consumes
410 MU, which is about 30% of the total electricity consumption
of Chandigarh city.
The energy efficiency in commercial sector plays a very
important role in managing city‟s electrical energy demand.
Energy systems in commercial sector mainly include lighting
and space cooling system (fans, air conditioners etc.). Many
studies indicate that not much attention has been paid towards
energy efficiency in the design of these energy systems. Such
energy systems therefore, waste energy in commercial buildings
due to poor efficiency, poor operating practices. Lack of
appropriate controls adds to the energy wastage. Hence there
exists a significant potential to improve energy efficiency in
existing commercial buildings and subsequent reduction of
commercial sector electrical energy demand at city level.
Energy saving measures: According to ECBC 2007 the major
energy saving measures in residential sector is as follows:
 Optimising the building envelope as per ECBC standard.
 Replacing the conventional T-12 (40 Watt) copper ballast
tube lights with the energy efficient T-5 (28 Watt) electronic
ballast tube lights. It will give a saving of 42% per tube light.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Replacing or optimising the existing HVAC system as per
ECBC standard and BEE star rated.
Replacing the existing the unitary air conditioners with the
BEE label Air conditioners.
The overall saving which can be achieved by implementing all
those measures would be 20% of the total consumption. If the
energy efficient devices, as mentioned above are used in
commercial sector, the total consumption would reduce up to
328 MU from 410 MU in 2008. Full 100% replacement of these
devices would be practically difficult due to resource
constraints. However, these could be attempted through an
Energy Services Company (ESCO) mode where, the ESCO
would make the investment for energy conservation measures
and recover the investment through energy savings. The ESCO
route could be tried in the office complex initially for ease of
implementation. Further, in addition to ESCO mode, the use of
energy efficient devices should be promoted through public
private partnership. Such an example is in Delhi implemented
by the Delhi Transco with manufacturer of CFLs. The details of
the „Buy One get One‟ programme for promotion of CFLs, being
implemented in Delhi, as well as BEE‟s „Bachat Lamp Yojana‟
are given in Annexure-4.
It has been assumed that the commercial sector of
Chandigarh will replace above suggested devices in following
manner; 10 percent by 2009, 40 percent by 2012 (short term),
70 percent by 2015 and 100 % by 2018. Thus the electricity
consumption will be reduced to 475 MU in SC scenario from 483
MU in BAU scenario in 2009. In 2012 (short term) the energy
consumption will be reduced to 763 MU from 796 MU. The
electricity consumption will be reduced to be 1216 MU from
1273 MU in 2015 (medium term) and 1864 MU from 1946 MU
in 2018 (long term). The projected savings of electricity
consumption due to these options would be about 4% over the
implementation period (i.e. 2018). Figure 5.22 presents the
energy consumption in BAU scenario and solar city scenario as
following.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
81 Energy planning
2000
1800
Electricity Consumption (MU)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2009
2012
2015
BAU
2018
SC
Figure 5.22 BAU and Solar city scenarios for commercial sector
In addition to above measures there is a possibility of energy
saving in air conditioning units. These are mainly „behavioural‟
practices than technical interventions. Such good practices for
improving energy efficiency of air conditioners are given in
Annexure-5.
Street lighting
A comprehensive survey of existing street lighting systems has
been conducted and meetings with officials responsible for
designing, installation and operation and maintenance were
held. During the visit and discussion with the officials it has
been found out that the roads at the Chandigarh are divided on
the basis of the width of the roads.
The classification of the roads is given below in the
decreasing order of the width.
 V3
 V4
 V5
 V6
The design of the street lighting is based on the central verge.
V3, V4, V5 is being controlled by MCC and V6 is being
controlled by Chandigarh administration. The specifications and
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Box. ‘Bachat Lamp Yojana’ of
BEE
Bachat Lamp Yojana, which is a
CDM based CFL scheme is an
innovative initiative put in place by
the Central Government to enhance
lighting efficiency in the Indian
household sector by making
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
available at prices comparable to
that of Incandescent Lamps. The
scheme seeks to leverage the high
cost of the CFLs through the CERs
generated out of the project.
This is a public-private partnership
between the Government of India,
Private sector CFL Manufactures
/Traders (Project Developers) and
State level Electricity Distribution
Companies to provide the
framework to distribute high quality
CFLs at about Rs.15 per piece to
the households of the country.
Under the scheme only 60 Watt and
100 Watt incandescent Lamps have
to be replaced with 11to15 Watt and
20 -25 Watt CFLs respectively.
The Government would develop a
programmatic approach (PoA) within
which, individual CFL supplier would
develop CDM projects. The Bureau
of Energy Efficiency (BEE), being
the statutory body set up under the
Energy Conservation Act, 2001 by
the Government of India, will
coordinate the Small-Scale
Programme of Activities (SSC-PoA)
and will facilitate implementation of
the programme in various States
through their respective Electricity
Distribution Companies (DISCOMs)
with the assistance of the CFL
suppliers. The development of the
SSC-PoA is a voluntary action on
the part of BEE and it would not
seek any commercial revenues
from the SSC-PoA. On the other
hand, it will on behalf of the
Government of India take the
responsibility of monitoring of all
project areas after the DISCOMs
and the CFL suppliers have entered
into a tripartite agreement (TPA)
with BEE.
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
types of lamps being use in various roads the city are as
following;
 Lamps used in V3 are 250 and 150 W SVL.
 Lamps used in V4 are 150 W SVL
 Lamps used in V6 are Tube lights which will get replaced by
70 W SVL.
Based on the energy audit of street lighting and the data
collected from the Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh it has
been observed that the street lighting system currently used in
Chandigarh uses the fixtures with conventional ballasts. There
is a good potential of reducing the consumption by installing
Multi tab ballast with astronomical timer switch. The brief
details of astronomical timer switch technique are presented in
Annexure-6.
Replacing existing ballast with energy saving multi-tab ballast
with astronomical switch
During the audit it has been observed that the operating load
remains same throughout the night. Keeping this in mind it is
suggested to install the multi tab ballast which varies the load of
the lamp according to the traffic load during the night. Multi tab
ballast comes with a facility of setting the time for which the
lamp will run up to its full capacity. So, during the evening
operating hours the timer is set for the full loading of lamp and
during midnight onwards it will be set for 50% loading of the
lamp. Astronomical timer switch will help in reducing the
wastage of lighting consumption as due to seasonal variation
the operating hours of street lighting does change. So, the
switch doesn‟t allow street light to get on before the dusk and
after the dawn.
As the city has already adopted energy efficient lamps hence
the potential of energy savings are limited (approximately 25%)
in the city.
Projected load for street lighting
The influx of population in the city requires augmentation of
streetlights. Presently there are approximately 40,000 street
lights in Chandigarh. The number of street lights and hence the
load may be increase with increasing population and expansion
of the city. Taking in to account the present population growth
rate it has been estimated that there will be 46025 street lights
in 2012, 51133 in 2015 and 56807 in 2018 respectively.
Simultaneously the connected load of street lighting will
increase to 4.21 MW in 2012, 4.68 MW in 2015 and 5.20 MW in
2018.
Assuming the present use pattern of street lighting in the
city the consumption pattern has been estimated as 18.99 MU to
2012, 21.09 in 2015 and 23.43 MU in 2018; while it was 16.5 MU
in BAU scenario.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
83 Energy planning
Box: CFL program of Himachal
Pradesh Government
Himachal Pradesh Government, launched
the Energy saving CFL “ Atal Bijli Scheme
“on November 23, 2008. It has been
estimated that CFL lighting would reduce
energy consumption by as much as 70 to
150 MW in peak hours. Atal Bijli Bachat
Yojana will annually contribute to saving
270 million units of energy that could be
made available for other categories.
There are about 16.3 lakh domestic
electricity consumers registered in the
state and the government has marked a
budget of Rs 80 crore for the scheme.
Domestic consumers energy bills are
expected to reduce by as much as 30
percent after switching over to CFL
lighting. The government also proposes
to use the scheme earning carbon credits
when traded over the power exchange.
The scheme qualifies for earning through
Certified Emission Reductions (CER)
under Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM).On acquiring approval of CDM
executive board of United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), state electricity
board is entitled for about 1,88,496
CERs, which can fetch an additional
revenue of Rs 20 crore.
Load reduction potential
At present the total estimated peak load of exiting street lighting
system is approximately 3660.0 kW. After implementing of
above option there is possibility to reduce connected load by 915
kW. Hence there exists a potential to reduce street lighting
system‟s load by 25 percent approximately in Chandigarh.
Hence using above energy efficiency measure in street lighting
the electricity consumption can be reduced to 12.375 MU from
16.5 MU in BAU scenario.
Further it has been assumed that 100 percent
implementation of suggested energy efficient measure will be
carried out by 2012 and further similar approach has been
adopted for medium term and long term projections. Hence
solar city scenario will remain constant along with increased
demand of electricity for street lighting in the city.
Municipal water pumping
A detailed energy audit of pumps supplying water to
Chandigarh city was undertaken by TERI in order to assess the
electricity consumption in pumping for the city. The
Chandigarh City is being supplied from two sources of water
i.e., Bhakra Canal and Tube well. The water from the Bhakre
canal is being supplied from Kazauli water pumping station. It
has been observed that the total annual operating energy
consumption of pumping stations is approximately 79.2 MU.
The electrical energy demand reduction and conservation
option is discussed below.
Replacing existing inefficient booster pumps with energy
efficient pumps
During the energy audit it has been observed that the booster
pumps installed are running at 55% efficiency. The current
operating electrical demand of booster pumps is 1865 kW. The
operating electrical demand will reduce to 1465kW by installing
the energy efficient pumps, with 70% efficiency.
The total operating load of water pumping is estimated to be
10433 kW and this sector has a potential of reduction in load
demand by 400kW i.e. 4% of the total load approximately.
The 0ption given above could be implemented in the
municipal water-pumping sector up to 2018 with 10 %
replacement per year. The electricity required for water
pumping by 2018 has been estimated based on the population
growth rate of the city. It has been obtained that the electricity
consumption for water pumping systems will be increased to
91.1MW by 2012, 101.2 MW in 2015 and 112.5 in 2018. Figure
5.23 present the annual electricity consumption up to 2018
under BAU and solar city scenarios. It has been observed that
between 2009 and 2018 the energy savings will increase from
0.9 MU to 12.8 MU.
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
120
Annual Electricity Consumption (MU)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Year
BAU
SC
Figure 5.23 Energy consumption in municipal water pumping in BAU and SC
scenarios
From the above energy efficiency and conservation measures it
is estimated that the electricity consumption can be reduced by
4.5 percent up to 2018. Table 5.3 presents the summary of
electricity consumption under BAU and solar city scenarios
under short, medium and long term durations.
Table 5.3 Summary of electricity consumption in BAU scenario and solar city scenario
Residential sector
Commercial Sector
Street lighting
Water pumping
(MU)
(MU)
(MU)
(MU)
Year
2009
2012
2015
2018
Short term
Medium
term
Long term
BAU
SC
BAU
SC
BAU
SC
BAU
SC
577
572
483
475
16.50
16.50
924
894
796
763
18.99
14.24
82.03
91.13
81.10
86.99
1433
1373
1273
1216
15.82
101.24
93.19
2103
2014
1946
1864
21.09
23.43
112.48
99.70
17.57
Supply side options based on renewables
In addition to the energy conservation measures, use of
renewable sources for thermal (heating) as well as power
generation were analyzed in a solar city scenario.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
85 Energy planning
Solar water heating systems
It is a well-known fact that solar energy can be used for water
heating. Solar water heater is a commercialized technology in
India. A 100 litres capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser
for residential use and saves 1500 units of electricity annually.
The use of 1000 SWHs of 100 litres capacity each can
contribute to a peak load shaving of 1 MW. A SWH of 100 litres
capacity can prevent emission of 1.5 tonnes of carbon-dioxide
per year33. Figure 5.24 presents the schematic and photographs
of typical ETC based solar water heating systems.
Figure 5.24 Solar water heating systems in residential and commercial sectors
Many states including Delhi, Haryana etc. have taken initiative
and made use of solar water heating systems in industries,
hospitals, hotels, motels, large canteens, and commercial
buildings, mandatory.
It has been assumed that the residents of the Chandigarh city
use electricity for water heating. As Chandigarh is located in
composite climatic zone, it requires water heating and only for
four months in winters (from November to February). As the
city is developed under master plan hence solar water heating
systems can be made mandatory in residential and commercial
sectors.
It has been noticed from „energy use pattern‟ in residential
sector of composite climatic zone34, that the water heating
application consumes approximately 26% of the total energy,
which works out to be 130 MU in 2008 (BAU scenario).
33
http://mnes.nic.in/swhs-features.htm
Jain Manisha (2006), Energy Efficiency in Residential Sector of Delhi, in
proceedings of Workshop on ;Developing an energy efficiency and
conservation program for Delhi‟, TERI New Delhi, India.
34
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
86
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Hence it is obtained that the electricity consumption for water
heating application in the city is 130 MU in 2008 (BAU
scenario).
Solar Water
Steps taken by Govt. of National Capital Territory of Delhi towards
Heating is one of the implementation of Solar Water Heaters
technologies being
Govt. of NCT Delhi has notified, vide office order no. F/
promoted by CREST
No.11(149)/2004/Power/2387 dated 28.09.06 for mandatory use of solar
by providing subsidy water heating system in following categories of the buildings- 1) Industries
where water is required for processing, 2) Hospitals and nursing homes, 3)
@ 25% of the total
Hotels and Motels, 4) Jail Barracks, 5) Large canteens 6) Corporate
buildings with plot area greater than 500 m2 , 7) Residential buildings
system cost up to
having an area of 500 m2 or above excluding Delhi Cantonment Area 8) all
300LPD System
govt. department buildings of NCT of Delhi, schools, educational
(Domestic)35. As per institutions etc. Govt. also made mandatory the use of ISI marked motor
the information
provided by
CREST
pump sets, power capacitors foot valves in agriculture sector. Govt.
ordered that all discoms and municipal council of Delhi shall make the
amemends in the load demand notice for new connections to ensure use
of only ISI marked pumps its accessories and other ISI marked pumps in
NCT of Delhi. It asked the designated agency to ensure the
implementation of these directions in the NCT of Delhi as per the
provisions of the Energy Conservation Act 2001.
approximately
66800 LPD
domestic Solar
Apart from this mandating of the use of SWH the govt. of NCT of Delhi is
Water Heating
promoting the use of SWH by granting cost subsidy as an incentive to
domestic consumers only. Accordingly govt. of NCT of Delhi has decided
Systems of different
to give a subsidy of Rs. 6000/- per consumer as lump sum grant (Rs. 100
capacities have been
per month for a period of 5 years). The subsidy amount id provided through
supplied, installed
Delhi Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Management Centre of
Delhi Transco Limited after conducting third party inspection.
and commissioned
by the Department
Financial Incentives from Central Government:
through the different
The central govt. through Ministry of New and Renewable
BIS approved
Energy provides interese subsidy to make soft loans
manufacturers in
available @ 2% interest to domestic users, 3% to industrial
users not availing accelerated depreciation and 5% to
Chandigarh from
industrial/commercial users availing accelerated depreciation
1999 to 2008.
from IREDA, public/private sector banks, RBI approved nonHowever it would banking agencies etc.
take some time by
which all the households could make a changeover to solar water
heating systems (SWHs). In BAU scenario it has been assumed
that all water heating in the city is through the electricity.
Therefore, it is assumed that solar water heating technology will
be adopted by 2.5 % residents in the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and
2012 (i.e. 10 percent for short term targets). It is presumed that
well adoption and successful implementations of the technology
will accelerate the use of SWHs. In the medium term the
implementation of SWHs has been decided as 15 percent (i.e. 5%
in the years 2013, 2014 and 2015). The increasing pattern has
been assumed as constant (i.e. 5.0 %) during years 2016 and
2017 and increased by 10 percent by 2018 (long term). The
assumption has been made that the 45 percent households will
be using SWHs up to 2018. Figure 5.25 presents the BAU as well
as solar city scenario up to the 2018.
35
http://chandigarh.nic.in/dept_snt.htm#ncse
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
87 Energy planning
600
Annual Energy Consumption (MU)
500
400
300
200
100
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Year
BAU
SC
Figure 5.25 Solar water heating options under BAU and solar city scenarios
Rooftop solar PV
Chandigarh city is well planed with proper orientation of the
building of residential as well as commercial/Institutional
sectors. It has been observed that the residential & commercial
sectors cover 73.9 km2 area
Scheme on “Demonstration and Promotion of Solar
Photovoltaic Devices/ Systems in Urban Areas &
in the city out of total area
Industry” (Major focus on Roof top SPV Systems)
2
of 114 km . Roof top solar
PV based grid connected
MNRE through its scheme issued vide Sanction No.
3/7/2008-UICA(SE) dated
system may be well quite
17th February, 2009. declaredits policy for financial
feasible in the city. It has
support fot rooftop solar PV systems for replacing diesel
gensets in institutions, govt buildings, commercial
been observed that the
establishments, malls motels, hospitals etc. facing huge
commercial building,
power shortages during daytime. According to this the
MNRE will give Rs. 75 per watt of spv panels to a
Government buildings,
maximum of 30% of the cost of systems to profit making
markets etc. have very large
bodies and Rs. 100 per watt to a maximum of 40% of the
roof areas which are not
cost of systems to nonprofit making bodies for both with or
without grid interactive systems. Total target is 4.25 MW
being used. The grid
during rest of the 11th plan for system capacities varying
connected solar PV systems
between 25 to 100 kW with no restriction of targets to
states. Proposals in prescribed format to be considered on
of 100 to 500 kW capacities
first-cum-first basis through SNAS.
are technically feasible in
commercial buildings while 25-50 kW capacity systems might
be feasible in residential sector. Figure 5.26 presents the
schematic of a grid connected roof top solar PV system.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has recently
announced the rooftop solar PV policy. The scheme on
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
88
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
“Demonstration and Promotion of Solar Photovoltaic Devices/
Systems in Urban Areas & Industry” focus on roof top SPV
Systems of MNRE is given in Annexure-7.
Figure 5.26 Schematic of a roof top grid connected solar PV system
Sector 17 and Sector 9 etc. of Chandigarh are commercial
sectors where the large commercial, institutional and
government office etc. exists. Roof top solar from 100 to 250
kWp capacities might be recommended for these sectors.
Figures 5.27 and 5.28 respectively represents satellite images of
Sector 17 and Sector 9 of the city where the potential areas for
roof top SPV are marked.
Figure 5.27 Satellite view of Sector-17 of Chandigarh and potential areas for roof top
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
89 Energy planning
Figure 5.28 Satellite view of Sector-9 of Chandigarh and potential areas for roof top SPV
In order to evaluate the performance of grid connected roof top
solar PV in Chandigarh, a simulation program has been
developed using RETScreen software. The capacities of the SPV
systems have been chosen from 25 kWp to 500 kWp. The annual
electricity generated by the SPV system of above capacities has
been presented in Figure 5.29.
900
817.27
Annual Electrical Output (MU)
800
700
600
500
408.63
400
300
163.45
200
100
81.73
42.60
0
25
50
100
250
Solar PV System Capacity (kWp)
Figure 5.29 Performance of Roof top SPV Systems in Chandigarh
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
500
90
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
As the city has high potential of roof top solar PV; hence 10
MWp total capacity has been suggested to be installed by 2018
under solar city scenario. In 2009 and 2010 the total capacity
of 500 kWp has been suggested, while in 2011 and 2012 (short
term) the capacity increases to 750 kWp. In the medium term
strategy the capacity has been decided as 1.0 MWp from 2013 to
2015; while from 2016 to 2018 the capacity is proposed to
increase up to 1.5 MWp. Table 5.4 presents the results obtained
from RETScreen for the adopted methodology.
Table 5.4 Performance of proposed Roof Top SPV systems in Chandigarh
Capacity
Effective Area
Total Area
Year
(kWp)
(m2)
(m2)
Output (MWh)
2009
500
3496.5
5594.4
800.15
2010
500
3496.5
5594.4
800.15
2011
750
5244.8
8391.68
1200.23
2012
750
5244.8
8391.68
1200.23
2013
1000
6993.0
11188.8
1600.31
2014
1000
6993.0
11188.8
1600.31
2015
1000
6993.0
11188.8
1600.31
2016
1500
10489.5
16783.2
2400.46
2017
1500
10489.5
16783.2
2400.46
2018
1500
10489.5
16783.2
2400.46
Total
10 MWp
69930.1
111888.2
16003.06
The cumulative electricity generation pattern of the proposed
roof top SPV systems for Chandigarh over the period of 2009 to
2018 has been presented in Figure 5.30. It has been estimated
that up to 2018 the roof top solar PV of the capacity of 10 MWp
will generate 16003.06 MWh and replace 12962 tCO2 annually.
The sample calculations using RETScreen software is presented
in Annexure 8.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
91 Energy planning
18000
Annual Electricity Generation (MWh)
and GHG Reduction (tCO2)
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total Electricity Generation (MWh)
2015
2016
2017
GHG Reduction (tCO2)
Figure 5.30 Electricity generation pattern of roof top SPV in Chandigarh
Grid connected solar PV power plants
Larger grid connected solar PV based power plants might be
another renewable energy based option for Chandigarh. A 25
MWp grid connected solar PV based power plant is being
considered in „Patiyala ki Rao‟ area. For solar PV based power
plant of 25 MWp capacity based on the best available sole cell
technology 174,825 m2 area is required; which will generate
approximately 39,723,379 kWh (39.7 billion units) of electricity
annually in Chandigarh. The action plan submitted to CREST
for developing the solar PV based power plant of 25 MWp
capacity is attached in Annexure-9. Figure 5.31 presents the
satellite image on „Patiyala ki rao‟ area where the large solar PV
based power plant of the capacity of 25 MWp might be installed
in public private partnership (PPP) mode.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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92
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Patiyala ki Rao
Figure 5.31 Large solar PV power plant proposed in „Patiyala ki rao‟ area
As the cost of land is very expensive in Chandigarh therefore it
is not possible to get a separate piece of land in the city. The
potential areas have been identified in the action plan
submitted to CREST. The landfill area of 45 acres has been
identified a potential location in the city where a solar PV based
power plant of the capacity of 5MWp may be installed. It has
been estimated using RETScreen software that a solar PV power
plant of 5 MWp capacity may generate 8001.53 MWh of
electricity and requires 14 acres area which is 30 percent of the
total area. Figure 5.32 presents the satellite image on Landfill
Site area where the large solar PV based power plant of the
capacity of 5 MWp might be installed.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
93 Energy planning
Landfill Site
(Area=45 acres)
Jaypee’s MSW
Treatment Plant
Figure 5.32 Potential area for SPV power plant at Landfill Site of Chandigargh
In addition to the planned use of solar water heating systems,
solar photovoltaic systems can also be used for various
applications in Chandigarh.
All the traffic signals in Chandigarh may be made „solar‟ by
2012.
Use of solar blinkers on roads might be an effective approach
towards highlighting the „solar city‟ concept within the city and
energy saving.
As the city is well planed hence solar cookers might have
good potential in the city. Box type solar cookers are best suited
for domestic sector while Parabolic concentrating solar cookers
(SK-14) might find feasibility in institutional segments of the
city. Steam solar cookers might find the good place in
institutional sector of the city.
Solar powered, LED Display Boards could be set up at the
strategic locations in the City. These boards would not only
display the fact that Chandigarh is a „Solar City‟ but also display
pollution levels, temperatures updates, and messages useful to
general public.
Provision of solar powered lights and fountains in the
prominent public gardens and parks in the city (such as
Botanical Gardens, Bougainvillea Garden, Rajendra Park, Rock
garden, Rose Garden, Shivalik Garden, Shanti Kunj, and Leisure
Valley) could be made thereby spreading the Solar City
message.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste
Since maximum forest area (> 90 percent) of the city lies under
the reserve forest area hence biomass availability is very limited
in the city. In addition the available biomass is being dumped in
the landfill site with municipal solid waste; hence its utilization
might be possible with MSW.
Chandigarh City produces around 138700 tonnes of
municipal solid waste per annum. The municipal solid waste is
expected to contain a large amount of organic fraction, as the
major source is household and vegetable markets. Presently all
MSW and biomass available in the city is being use for pallet
manufacturing and electricity generation in the plant installed
by Jaypee Industries near Dadu Majara landfill site. Hence
there is no more potential for electricity generation through
MSW and biomass in Chandigarh Presently. In future, the
capacity of the existing plant could be enhanced.
Techno-economics of Energy conservation measures
Residential and commercial
Retrofit options for common area lighting and their life cycle
costs have been undertaken. As per the information provided by
per Engineering Department (Electricity Wing), Chandigarh
Administration, the consumer tariff of Rs.2.29/kWh(average)
and Rs 3.36/kWh (municipal services) have been taken in order
to carry out the life cycle cost analysis for the retrofits.
1. Replacement of incandescent lamps with compact
fluorescent lamps (CFL) in common area lighting within the
building. Common area lighting includes portico, reception,
and lift landing area, corridors and staircases.
2. Replacement of existing fluorescent lamps in common areas
with T-5 lamps
Street lighting
Replacement of existing ballast with the multi tab ballast with
astronomical timer switch.
The simple pay back periods for these retrofits are given below.
Present Power Requirement
Expected power required
Reduction
kWh saving @ 12hr for 365 days
kWh saving
Monetary Saving @2.29 Rs
Monetary Saving @3.36 Rs
Cost of Implementation @ 5500 Rs/ballast
3660
2745.0
915.0
4007700.0
4.0
9177633
13465872
110000000
kW
kW
kW
kWh
MU
Rs
Rs
Rs
Payback @ 2.29
Payback @ 3.36
12.0
8.2
years
years
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
95 Energy planning
Municipal pumping
Present Power Requirement
Expected power required
Reduction
kWh saving @ 6hr for 365 days
kWh saving
Monetary Saving @2.29 Rs
Monetary Saving @3.36 Rs
Cost of Implementation @ 35000 Rs/pump
1865
1465.4
399.6
875217.9
0.9
2004249
2940732
8750000
kW
kW
kW
kWh
MU
Rs
Rs
Rs
Payback @ 2.29
Payback @ 3.36
4.4
3.0
years
years
Solar water heaters
Assumption:- Each household having 4 person will need a
100 lit per day solar water heating system. This system will
meet about 74% of the total annual hot water requirement
excluding summer season during which hot water requirement
is not considered.
Cost of solar water heater system for one household (1100
LPD)
Cost of one LPG cylinder (14kg)Electricity saved per year
(910kWh@ 2.99 Rs/kWh) assuming escalation of 5% per
year in electricity charges
Subsidy @ Rs 1500 per sq m are of collector
Rs 20,000/-
Pay back period
6.6 years
Rs 2728/Rs 5000/
Economic considerations for implementation of RET‟s for power generation
Solar based power generation (10MWp) Roof Top
Large Solar PV based Power plant (5 MWp) at landfill site
Large Solar PV based Power plant (25 MWp) at Patiyala ki Rao
Rs 200 crores
Rs 100 crores
Rs 500 crores
Overall scenario of Chandigarh as Solar City
The overall scenario of Chandigarh as solar city is based on the
suggested energy efficiency and conservation measures,
implementation of solar water heaters in residential sector and
roof top solar PV in commercial/institutional sectors. The roof
top solar PV has been found only renewable energy based
electricity generating option in the city while solar water
heaters, and other energy efficiency measures contribute
towards electricity/energy saving. The energy savings from
various energy efficiency measures and solar water heaters
along with electricity generation from roof top solar PV and
large PV based power plant at landfill site from 2009 to 2018
has been presented in Figure 5.33; which shows that solar water
heaters are the potential energy saving technology option.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
3200
Total Electricity Consumption (MkWh)
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
2009
2012
2015
2018
Year
BAU_Total Electricity Consumption (MU)
SC_Total Electricity Consumption (Generation and savings) (MU)
Figure 5.33 Energy generation/saving in Chandigarh under solar city scenario
The overall solar city scenario of Chandigarh is presented in
Figure 5.34. In this case the solar city scenario is based on the
sum of energy savings as well as electricity generated through
roof top solar PV. It has been observed that implementing the
suggested measures and power generation techniques of
specified capacities, Chandigarh will be able to generate
500MU, electricity under solar city scenario in 2018. The
projected energy saving has been obtained as more than 15
percent of the total energy demand of residential, commercial
and industrial sectors by 2018; which is more than that of the
criteria (10%) defined in the guidelines of solar city of Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
97 Energy planning
500
450
Energy Saving/Generation (MU)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Years
Street lighting
Total Electricity Generation (Roof top SPV)
Commercial Sector
Landfill (5 MW)
Total
Water pumping
Residential sector
Solar Water Heating
Patiyale ki Rao (25 MW)
Figure 5.34 Overall scenario of Chandigarh as solar city
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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2019
98
Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
CHAPTER
6 Action plan
To meet the growing energy needs of Chandigarh city,
optimizing energy conservation and resource efficiency is
needed which would thus reduce per capita electricity demand.
This would minimize the need for new generation and reduce
GHG emissions. It would enable a cleaner environment with
reduced greenhouse gases and other pollutants, thereby
addressing the environmental concerns.
As a matter of priority, in order to develop Chandigarh as a
Solar City, the principal government agencies should be
committed to:
 Discussing critical energy issues jointly through open
meetings and ongoing informal communication.
 Sharing of information and analyses to minimize
duplication, maximize a common understanding and ensure
a broad basis for decision-making.
 Continuing progress in meeting the environmental goals
and standards, including minimizing the energy sector‟s
impact on local and global environment.
Based on the analysis of potential for demand side measures
along with that of supply side augmentation through renewable
energy technologies, the following targets are proposed for
Chandigarh in order to develop it as a “Solar City”. These
targets are based on the detailed energy audits in Chandigarh
and renewable resource potential assessment.
Table 6.1 Targets for energy conservation generation and green house gas emission reduction
Target
Description
Short Term Medium Term Long Term
(till 2012)
1. Energy Conservation*
(till 2015)
(till 2018)
Reduction in present energy consumption
1.1 Residential sector
10%
15%
20%
1.2 Commercial sector
10%
15%
20%
1.3 a Municipal sector (Water pumping)
1.5%
3.0%
4.0%
1.3 a Municipal sector (Street lighting)
1.5%
3.0%
4.0%
2. Coverage of solar water heating systems (as a proportion of
10%
25%
45%
3. Roof Top solar energy based electricity generation
2.5 MW
5.0 MW
10.0 MW
4. Large solar energy based electricity generation at Landfill
3.0 MW
5.0 MW
5.0 MW
5.0 MW
15.0 MW
25.0 MW
90973
214051
404969
total heating demand in residential and commercial sectors)
site
5. Large solar energy based electricity generation at Patiyala ki
Rao site
GHG emission reduction (tCO2/annum)
* As a percentage of reduction in energy consumption over projected consumption in BAU scenario
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
100 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
The short-term targets for energy conservation are based on the
energy conservation options identified in the energy audit. To
achieve the medium and long-term targets the key
implementation points of the proposed Integrated.
Development Plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City is
summarized below:
Implementation plan
 A “Solar City Cell” may be established within Municipal
Corporation of Chandigarh.
 For implementation of Solar City project, an empowered
committees may be set up to provide overall guidance under
the chairmanship of the Finance Secretary.
 The Solar City Cell may take advantage of programmes like
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) for implementation of the master plan.
 The Solar City Cell may also take advantage of the grant-inaid (for energy consultancy as well as incremental cost of
building construction for a few buildings) being provided by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to design a few pilot
energy efficient buildings in the city, in accordance with
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC). The possibility
of availing incentives provided by the central government
for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) rated buildings may also be explored.
 The Solar City Cell may work proactively:
– To get ECBC notified immediately
– To ensure that the building bye-laws are changed in
accordance with it
– To ensure that all upcoming non-residential buildings
are brought under the ambit of ECBC and incorporate
the relevant green buildings elements.
– To ensure that the major new commercial complexes
including those for ITES services are „GRIHA36‟ certified.
 The state government may mandate CREST/Engineering
Department to distribute the quality CFLs to its consumers
at concessional prices or on easy payment terms.
 For instance, in Delhi, BSES is promoting CFLs through
“Buy One Get 1 Free CFL Offer”. There is no restriction
on the number of CFL bulbs a customer can buy.
 CREST may initiate a dialogue with the power utility for
introducing rebate on electricity tariff for the domestic
consumers, which employ solar devices.
 To begin with, the energy conservation measures in the
municipal services may be taken up immediately.
 At least 20% of the energy needed for water heating in the
residential and commercial buildings may be required to
come from solar energy, by 2010.
36
GRIHA
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
101







Action plan
CREST may initiate DPR preparation for
– 10 MWp solar PV based roof top power plant and
– 5 MWp solar PV based power plants in landfill site of the
city
– 25 MWp large solar PV based power plant in „Patiyala
ki Rao’ area of Chandigarh.
Utilizing central government schemes, CREST/ Municipal
Corporation may initiate installation of solar-based LED
traffic lights, solar street lights, building integrated solar PV,
and other relevant solar products on a priority basis.
CREST may mount a focused and sustained campaign on
“Solar City” covering all media resources - including print,
radio, and television.
In order to showcase Chandigarh City as a Solar City, the
following may be taken up on priority.
– Urja Park: Energy– cum–Science Park may be
established in a central location in Chandigarh as an
inviting place for social gatherings and to provide public
education about issues of sustainable energy in a
friendly, non-technical atmosphere.
– Urja Bhawan: CREST office and Solar City Cell may be
housed in a new building, constructed in accordance
with ECBC and other efficient/green building concepts.
The newly constructing Paryaran Bhawan may also have
Building Integrated Solar PV as well as Solar based
space conditioning system.
The following projects may be taken up through publicprivate partnership:
– Setting up solar powered, LED Display Boards at the
strategic locations in the City. These boards would not
only display the fact that Chandigarh is a `Solar City‟ but
also display pollution levels, temperatures updates, and
messages useful to general public.
– Provision of solar powered lights and fountains in the
prominent public gardens and parks in the city (such as
Botanical Gardens, Bougainvillea Garden, Rajendra
Park, Rock garden, Rose Garden, Shivalik Garden,
Shanti Kunj, Leisure Valley etc.,) thereby spreading the
Solar City message.
Prominent office complexes like the Delux building,
additional building, UT secretariat, Police HQ, Punjab
secretariat, Haryana secretariat, museums, etc. may also
have solar powered displays as well as battery operated
vehicles for intra-complex transportation.
CREST along with PSEB and power utilities may begin
engaging the public through sustained awareness campaigns
about the benefits of energy conservation and renewable
energy; including local elected representatives and school
children.
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102 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
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





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In Delhi, BSES has been educating its consumers
about the need to conserve power though Synergy – its bimonthly, bi-lingual newsletter, newspaper inserts, and
pamphlets distributed at meals from time to time.
Likewise, NDPL has launched Energy Conservation
campaign in Schools.
CREST may start organizing a series of training programme
on `Green buildings‟ for the planners; architects;
electrical, Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC), and lighting consultants; and engineers involved in
the building sector.
CREST, in close cooperation with the BEE, may initiate
creation of accredited certifiers who can then be engaged by
the house owners/builders/developers for obtaining the
energy conservation compliance certificates.
CREST may initiate public-private partnership (e.g. working
closely with the associations of the local traders and
manufacturers) to propagate energy efficient appliances,
which include ‟Energy Star‟ appliances.
Under Solar City endeavour, one of the key action points
could be to replace traffic signals having incandescent lamps
with those with energy saving LEDs, along with solar
controllers. Similarly, CFL based streetlights; lights in the
parks, gardens, and roundabouts may be replaced with solar
lights.
To encourage adoption of energy conservation, energy
efficient equipment/appliances, as well as renewable energy
systems; CREST may introduce specific, time-bound
financial incentives for Chandigarh.
Towards this, the route of Energy Services Company
(ESCOs) may also be explored.
CREST may assist Municipal Corporation, Engineering and
other concerned departments in accessing capital for energy
conservation and efficiency projects at favourable terms. For
this purpose, State Energy Conservation Fund, as prescribed
by EC Act 2001, may be accessed.
The industrial sector is also one of the major energy
consuming sectors. CREST, may enhance the present
scheme for promoting energy audits in the industrial scoter.
Further, CREST may undertake awareness campaign in
industries in Chandigarh for energy conservation. This can
be undertaken in partnership with the local industry
association.
Budget estimation for Solar City initiative
The action plan for making Chandigarh has various components
and actions which include implementation of energy
conservation in Government buildings, as well as commercial
and residential sectors. Further the action plan also includes
activities related to implementation of different renewable
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
103
Action plan
energy technologies for different applications. These actions are
of different types like direct implementation, awareness
creation, providing subsidy and other promotional measures.
Based on the different activities/ initiatives suggested in the
action plan a tentative budget for undertaking these activities
has been prepared for short term (till 2012), medium tem (till
2015) and long term (till 2018). The budget estimated for
making Chandigarh as a solar city is given in table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Budget estimated for implementation of different activities for making Chandigarh as a Solar City
Sector (s)
Residential
Proposed Measures
Targets
Role of
CREST/Chandigarh
Administration
2012
(Short
Term)
2015
(Medium
term)
2018
(Long
Term)
Solar water heating
systems
824500 lit per day
capacity systems in
2009-10. Increase of
5% in installed
capacity every year
1.Promotion and
awareness creation
53.47 (Million
Rupees)
77.21
(Million
Rupees)
101.94
(Million
Rupees)
Promote use of efficient
LPG stoves and
efficient cooking
devices such as
microwaves
Achieve 10%
reduction in
projected LPG
consumption as
compared to BAU
Awareness creation
2.0 (Million
Rupees)
1.0 (Million
Rupees)
Promote use of
alternate lighting
systems such as SPV
systems in villages to
reduce kerosene
consumption
Targets can be
decided by CREST
after survey of
requirements
Awareness creation.
Subsidy for five years
for say 1500 Solar
Home Systems
6.0 (Million
Rupees)
1.50 (Million
Rupees)
Promote use of roof top
solar PV systems
10 MWp capacity
systems by 2018
Subsidy support for first
10 MWp capacity
systems of up to 5kWp
capacity each as per
MNRE guidelines
Promote energy
conservation through
promotion of energy
efficient devices (CFL,
air conditioners,
microwaves, washing
machines, TV, etc)
Increased use of
these devices in the
city
Awareness creation,
specific support
schemes for CFL and
Air conditioners?
6.0 (Million
Rupees)
1.50 (Million
Rupees)
Promotion of energy
efficiency through
awareness creation
achieve 10% share
of energy efficient
devices in the city
Promotional schemes
and awareness creation
10.0 (Million
Rupees)
2.5 (Million
Rupees)
Replacement of existing
ballasts by efficient
ballasts in all street
lights
100% replacement of
ballasts
Investments/ financial
support to CMC
(Chandigarh Municipal
Corporation)
110.0 (Million
Rupees)
Replacement of booster
water pumps in drinking
water schemes with
energy efficient pumps
Replacement of 250
nos of pumps of
each 10 HP capacity
Investments/ financial
support to CMC
8.12 (Million
Rupees)
2.56 (Million
Rupees)
Promotion of solar
water heating systems
in industries, hotels,
hostels etc
100000 lit per day
capacity systems in
three years
Subsidy and awareness
creation , providing soft
loans / reduction in
electricity bills/ cess for
others
1.69 (Million
Rupees)
0.56 (Million
Rupees)
Promotion of energy
At least 50% of the
Implementation of
10.0 (Million
2.5 (Million
Commercial
2.Providing subsidy
support in initial phase
(first 100000 lit capacity
systems
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
104 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Sector (s)
Power
generation
Awareness
creation
Proposed Measures
Targets
Role of
CREST/Chandigarh
Administration
2012
(Short
Term)
2015
(Medium
term)
efficient green buildings
new building are
certified under
GRIHA or similar
rating systems
Schemes through
facilitation and cost
sharing schemes
Rupees)
Rupees)
Promotion of roof top
systems in commercial
/government,
institutional and
industrial buildings
Total 10 MWp
capacity solar
systems
Financial support to the
utility for purchase of
power at higher rate/
preferential tariff
400.0 (Million
Rupees)
300.0
(Million
Rupees)
300.0
(Million
Rupees)
Solar PV power plant
25 MWp power
plants in phased
manner
Subsidy support /
Capital investments /
preferential tariff / Soft
loans
800.0 (Million
Rupees)
1100.0
(Million
Rupees)
600.0
(Million
Rupees)
Solar PV power plant
5 MWp power plants
in phased manner in
Landfill area
Subsidy support /
Capital investments /
preferential tariff / Soft
loans
300.0 (Million
Rupees)
200.0
(Million
Rupees)
Establishment of
'Chandigarh Solar City
Cell'
To set up Solar City
Cell to develop,
implement and
monitor various
schemes, to
coordinate the
development of
Chandigarh as Model
Solar City
Funding , creation and
establishment of the cell
and monitor its working
10.0 (Million
Rupees)
7.5 (Million
Rupees)
5.0 (Million
Rupees)
Awareness creation for
all schemes,
development of solar
city park and exhibitions
Awareness creation
Develop and fund
awareness
creation/promotional
schemes (included in
the above)
171728
(Million
Rupees)
1696.83
(Million
Rupees)
1006.94
(Million
Rupees)
Total
The year wise breaks up of above activities are given in
Annexure- 10.
Capacity building and awareness generation


In order to inculcate energy conservation techniques in the
common architecture. It is essential that all the practitioners
be properly trained in energy-efficient or “Green”
architecture. CREST may, therefore, organize a series of
training programme for the planners; architects; electrical,
HVAC, and lighting consultants; and engineers involved in
the building sector, These courses, tailor-made to suit
different levels, would have to be imparted to all the
professionals, in public as well as in private sector – on a
regular basis.
Suitable training modules, including the regular updates,
may have to be developed and delivered for
– accreditation of professionals for building certification
and
– for the quality improvement of the accredited certifiers.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2018
(Long
Term)
105
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Action plan
Of particular importance is the training for front-line
workers and technicians regarding energy conservation and
efficiency, this would not only ensure successful
implementation of such measures but also their
sustainability and replication.
Specific training programmes are required for those in the
supervisory role, for effective monitoring of energy demand,
enabling them to take preventive/corrective actions in time.
The public awareness and education being central to
successful changeover to solar city, it is imperative for
CREST to engage the public through sustained awareness
campaigns and communicate the benefits of energy
conservation and renewable energy to different user-groups;
including local elected representatives.
CREST may mount a focused and sustained campaign on
“Solar City” and its features encompassing all media
resources - including print, radio, and television. Apart from
specific recommendations, such campaigns must inform
public about the places from energy efficient/renewable
energy devices and services can be procured.
A key component of the awareness creation campaign would
be to capture school children‟s attention towards energyefficiency and clean future. Thus, the campaign for the
school children will include the following elements:
– Inter-school essay and drawing competitions
– Inter-school quizzes
– Workshops and seminars
– Exhibitions and demonstrations
– Field trips
In this endeavour, Chandigarh‟s Eco Clubs may be involved
actively.
CREST may involve the Engineering Department to mount a
public campaign on energy conservation utilizing the regular
communication that power utilities or PSEB send to its
consumer‟s e.g. monthly electricity bills.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
106 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
107 Annexures
Annexure 1: Technical details of street lighting in Chandigarh
Fixture Details
Total fixtures maintained by Municipal cooperation of Chandigarh
Total Number of lamps
20,000
20,000
Connected load details
250 Sodium Vapor lamps
Number of Fixture
Number of Lamps
Wattage of each lamp
Wattage of ballast
Total Wattage of 1 lamp
Total Load
1000
1000
250
30
280
280
W
W
W
KW
150 W Sodium vapor and Mercury vapor Lamps
Number of Fixture
Number of Lamps
Wattage of each lamp
Wattage of ballast
Total Wattage of 1 lamp
Total Load
18500
18500
150
30
180
3330
fixture
lamps
W
W
W
KW
70 W Metal halide lamps
Number of Fixture
Number of Lamps
Wattage of each lamp
Wattage of ballast
Total Wattage of 1 lamp
Total Load
500
500
70
30
100
50
Fixtures
lamps
W
W
W
KW
Total Load
3660
KW
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108 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
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109
Annexures
Annexure 2: Technical details of municipal water pumping in Chandigarh
Kazauli Pump Station
Actul Readings
Power
hp
Capacity
m3/hr
head
m
3
2
950
2052
100
2850
1900
88
3
2
950
2052
100
2850
1900
88
3
2
1050
2052
100
3150
2100
79
3
2
972
2052
100
2916
11766
1944
7844
86
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
215
200
375
100
150
925
925
1091
525
1890
40
40
62
49
15
215
200
1125
100
300
0
200
750
100
300
70
75
73
104
77
Mather+platt
WiPil
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
362
335
65
169
953
392
236
2052
62
61
59
18
724
335
65
338
362
335
65
169
66
29
87
89
Wipil
Wipil
2
2
1
1
167
167
2052
2052
18
18
334
334
167
167
90
90
Mather+platt
4
2
2
7.5
100
946
18
30
200
0
200
0
69
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
250
250
170
170
378
378
338
338
110
111
85
85
250
250
170
170
5140
250
250
170
170
3655
67
68
69
69
250
250
10
2500
19406
2500
13999
Location
Phase -2
Phase -3
Phase -4
Total HP
Rated
Efficiency
Numbers
Total Running
Make
Phase -1
Total
Operating
HP
hp
Total
Rated HP
hp
Mothers +
platt
Mothers +
platt
Mothers +
platt
Mothers +
platt
WTP
Sector -12
Sector 32
Phase 3
Sector 12
Sector 12
Sector 38
Sector 32
Phase 4
Sector-52
Mather+platt
Mather+platt
Mather+platt
Kirloskar
Kirloskar
Submersible
pumps
Sector 32
MES
Total
Booster pumps
Across
Chandigarh city
Total Load
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110 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Installed Consumption
Total kW
Operating hours
Number of days
kWh consumption
Total Installed consumption
Kazauli
8777
24
365
76890339
114564384
114.6
WTP
3834
24
365
33589694
kWh
MU
Booster
Pumps
1865
6
365
4084350
Operating Consumption
Total kW
Operating hours
Number of days
kWh consumption
Total Operating consumption
Kazauli
5852
24
365
51260226
79229855
79.2
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
WTP
2727
24
365
23885279
kWh
MU
Booster
Pumps
1865
6
365
4084350
EE Booster
Pumps
1465
6
365
3209132.143
111
Annexures
Figure A2.1 Water pumping station in Chandigarh (Kazauli water works)
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112 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
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113
Annexures
Annexure 3: „Trend analysis‟ – Methodology adopted for projection
„Trend analysis‟ is a well known statistical tool used for
projection of time series data. The exercise is usually carried out
in a built in tool box on MS-EXCEL which requires time series
data as base values. A graph of time series data is plotted in
which time is selected as X-axis value and the data which has to
be projected is selected as Y-axis value. Higher quantum of
input values is recommended for high level of projection. Figure
A3.1 presents a sample of trend analysis.
Figure A3.1 Sample of trend analysis using MS-EXCEL
(Source: http://www.uniphiz.com/findgraph/eur-usd-740-600.gif )
In the first step the graph of time series is plotted. Further the
trend line over the data points is added which might be linear,
polynomial of n degree (n=1,2,3….), logarithmic etc. The
reliability and best fitting of trend line is given on the basis of
correlation coefficient (R2); which is essentially the strength and
direction of a mathematical relationship between a set of time
series data. The confidence interval of the projected values
found very high if the value of R2 is more than 0.95.
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
114 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
When the correlation coefficient is found suitable for
projections that the mathematical equation of trend line is
obtained, which is a function of the values on X and Y axis. Now
if one has to project the ground data for a longer period the
value of X-axis parameter is changed and new values obtained
for the pre-specified time/year. Following steps are involved in
trend analysis in MS-EXCEL for time series projection:
1. Selection of data
2. Graph between Two set of value in which X-axis is time
dependent
3. Addition of the trend line over the line of graph
4. Estimation of correlation coefficient of trend line
5. Estimation of mathematical equation of trend line
6. projection of value based on trend line equation
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
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Annexures
Annexure 4: Energy efficient schemes of BEE and BSES
A4.1 „Bachat Lamp Yojana‟ of Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Lighting accounts for almost 20% of the total electricity
demand in the country, and contributes almost fully to the peak
load as well. The vast amount of lighting in the country is
provided by incandescent bulbs, which are extremely energy
inefficient. Only about 5% of the electricity is converted into
light, the rest is lost as heat. In recent years, energy efficient
lamps have been introduced into the Indian market, with the
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) providing an energy-efficient
alternative to the incandescent lamp. A CFL uses only one-fifth
as much electricity as an incandescent lamp to provide the same
level of illumination. CFLs have almost completely penetrated
the commercial market, and the sales of CFLs in India have
grown from about 20 million in 2003 to more than 100 million
in 2007. However, penetration into households has been very
limited, largely because of the high price of the CFLs. The price
of CFLs is still in the Rs.80-100 price range, whereas the
incandescent bulbs are in the Rs.10-15 price range.
Initiatives to help decrease the price of CFLs to be
comparable with that of incandescent bulbs are therefore
necessary in order to enhance the penetration of CFLs in
households and are a policy goal that has been spelt out in the
agreed action points in the meeting of all State Chief Ministers
chaired by the Prime Minister of India. It is estimated that
about 400 million light points in India today are lighted by
incandescent bulbs; their replacement by CFLs would lead to a
reduction of over 10,000 MW in electricity demand. This would
not only reduce emissions by way of efficient end use of
electricity, but would also result in the reduction of peak load in
the country which currently faces a shortage of upto 15%. The
price barrier, as indicated above, will be overcome by using the
CDM revenue stream to enable faster penetration.
“Bachat Lamp Yojana” seeks to utilize the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol to bringdown the price of CFLs. This public-private partnership
between the Government of India, Private sector CFL
Manufactures /Traders (Project Developers) and State level
Electricity Distribution Companies would provide the
framework to distribute high quality CFLs at about Rs.15 per
piece to the households of the country. Under the scheme only
60 Watt and 100 Watt incandescent Lamps have to be replaced
with 11to15 Watt and 20 -25 Watt CFLs respectively.
The Government would develop a programmatic approach
(PoA) within which individual CFL supplier would develop
CDM projects. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), being
the statutory body set up under the Energy Conservation Act,
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
116 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
2001 by the Government of India, will coordinate the SmallScale Programme of Activities (SSC-PoA) and will facilitate
implementation of the programme in various States through
their respective Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOMs)
with the assistance of the CFL suppliers. The development of
the SSC-PoA is a voluntary action on the part of BEE
and it would not seek any commercial revenues from
the SSC-PoA. On the other hand, it will on behalf of the
Government of India take the responsibility of monitoring of all
project areas after the DISCOMs and the CFL suppliers have
entered into a tripartite agreement (TPA) with BEE. The main
roles of the three parties are listed below:
CFL manufacturers and yraders
 Providing CFLs with lumen output +/- 10% of the baseline
i.e. (lumen output of 100 Watt & 60 Watt ) Incandescent
Lamps at price comparable to those of Incandescent Lamps
(i.e. Rs 15), in exchange for functioning Incandescent
Lamps that are currently being used in the households. A
maximum of 4 CFLs shall be replaced per household. These
CFLs shall be compliant with the existing National
Regulations in force.
 Free replacement of fused distributed CFLs, within 2 years
for 6000 hour CFL and within 3 years for 10000-hour
lamps, during the life of the CDM Project.
 Collection of fused CFLs through buy-back schemes, and
arrangements for their safe disposal.
 Pre-project survey to estimate the annual electricity saving
potential and baseline penetration of CFL in a selected SSCCPA area.
 Distribution of CFLs in association with DISCOM within its
customer area.
 Securing financing of initial investment for the cost
differential (no subsidy form the Govt. of India towards
reducing cost of the CFL lamps).
 Preparing CDM Small-Scale Programme Activity Design
Documents (SSC-CPA-DD) for their CDM Small-Scale
Programme Activity (SSC-CPA) and submitting it to BEE.
 Getting the SSC-CPA–PDD validated by a Designated
Operational Entity of CDM Executive Board.
 Getting the SSC-CPA –PDD registered with the UNFCCC
(including payment of any fees to UNFCCC).
DISCOM in SSC-CPA area
Extend facilities to the SSC-CPA project investor to
 Define geographic boundary of customer area of a DISCOM.
 Define a residential household based on State level
definition and tariff category.
 Safe storage of replaced ILBs for independent inspection
and safe disposal.
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117
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Annexures
Prepare database of all grid connected residential
households to include name of users/ address/ average
annual electricity consumption for each SSC-CPA project
area
Selection of Baseline Survey Group (BSG), Project
sample monitoring group (PSMG), Project spotcheck group (PSCG).
BEE:
 Extensive awareness and information campaign in
association with DISCOMs.
 Development of Small-Scale Programme of Activities Design
Document (SSC-PoA-DD).
 Registration of the SSC-PoA with UNFCCC CDM Executive
Board.
 Managing the monitoring of lighting appliance utilization
hours within the PSMG households using the approved
small scale methodology of the UNFCCC (EB) and analysis
of the monitored data.
 Supporting the CFL suppliers/ DISCOMs to prepare SSCCPA-DDs.
 Inclusion of SSC-CPAs to the SSC-PoA upon satisfaction of
the eligibility criteria stipulated in the SSC-PoA-DD.
 Official communication with the CDM–EB, DOE and Indian
DNA.
 Allocation of CERs to the SSC-CPA project participant /
DISCOMs according to their share in emissions reductions
in a specified period.
 Decide any transaction cost on SSC-CPA for functioning as
managing entity for SSC-CPA
A4.2 „Buy One Get One‟ programme of BSES
BSES' “Buy One Get 1 Free CFL Offer” gets enthusiastic
response Over 96,000 CFL pieces sold in little over one month
 BSES‟s drive for judicious use of electricity receives
tremendous response
 Proves consumers aware of the need for energy
conservation
 Over 96,000 CFLs already sold – this in effect should reduce
power demand by over 6 MW
 15 W CFL (equivalent to 75 W) is the most popular category
 West Delhi has maximum takers for the CFL energy
conservation scheme, closely followed by South Delhi
 Yellow light emitting 1+1 CFL option will now be made
available to customers – at same price
BSES‟ innovative energy conserving scheme – Buy One Get One
Free CFL offer – has been received very enthusiastically by its
consumers. The scheme not only helps Delhi conserve scarce
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
118 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
and precious electricity but also helps BSES customers make
substantial monetary saving.
The scheme launched in tandem with Indo Asian Fusegear
Limited – one of India‟s largest manufacturers and exporters of
CFL – on the auspicious day of Eid (October 24, 2006) by the
Hon‟ble Power Minister Shri Haroon Yusuf has turned out to be
a big hit. In little over one month over 96,000 CFL‟s have been
bought by thousands of BSES customers from the 52 special
kiosks put up at BSES Customer Care Centres and select Cash
Counters. “This discounted rate CFL offer for energy saving is
available only till December 31, 2006”, said a BSES official.
Area
11 W
15 W
20W
Total
West
10040
15122
9164
34326
South
9868
13130
8644
31642
East
6474
9854
6682
23010
Central
1340
3346
2400
7086
Total
27722
41452
26890
96064
The data collated has revealed interesting trends. The data
indicates BSES‟ West Delhi customers have taken the lead in
energy conservation with over 34,000 CFL‟s being sold. South
Delhi is a close second with over 31,500 CFL‟s being bought
from the stalls. East and Central are at the third and the fourth
spot with over 23,000 and 7000 CFL‟s being bought.
Another interesting trend observed was that the 15 Watt CFL
(equivalent to 75 Watt at Rs 150 for 2) is the most popular
among the customers - with over 41,000 being sold. The 11 W
CFL (equivalent to 60 W at Rs 135 for 2) sold nearly 27,000
pieces closely followed by the 20 W CFL (equivalent to 100 W at
Rs 200 for 2) which sold over 26,500 CFL‟s
“Substituting the normal incandescent bulbs with these low
consumption, high brightness output CFL‟s will lead to massive
savings. Savings accruing from the over 96,000CFL‟s sold from
BSES‟ outlets will lead to a reduction in maximum demand by of
over 6.2 MW at a given point of time– enough to power two
average shopping malls in Delhi and lead to energy saving of
over 9 million units annually” said a BSES official.
In view of the encouraging response to the
scheme, BSES has now decided to put on offer the
yellow light emitting CFL’s at the same price and
wattage, said the BSES spokesperson. To avail the
existing as well as new offer of yellow light emitting CFLs, all
that a customer has to do is visit any of BSES‟ 33 Customer
Care Centers and 32 select Cash Counters, show copy of their
last paid bill (from September 1 onwards) and avail the offer.
Also there is no restriction on the number of CFL bulbs a
customer can buy”
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Annexures
“A recent study has shown that Delhi can save around 450
MW of electricity by simply switching over to CFL bulbs.
Additional 175 MW electricity can be saved by just switching
off electrical gadgets from the mains, instead of the keeping
them in the stand by mode” said a BSES official and added
Savings of up to Rs 391 per year can accrue with just one CFL
bulb. Imagine the magnitude of savings accruing to a family
if all the bulbs are replaced with CFL‟s.
According to a BSES spokesperson “BSES has been
educating its consumers about the need to conserve power
though Synergy – its bi-monthly, bi-lingual newsletter that
goes to its 23 lakh customers, newspaper inserts and
pamphlets distributed at melas from time to time. We
request our consumers to avail this special limited period
offer that will not only help Delhi over come the power crisis
but also bring about substantial monetary savings”
BSES, Delhi’s premier power distribution company,
is committed to ensuring quality and reliable
electricity supply to all its consumers.
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Annexure 5: Energy efficiency measures for air conditioning
Energy conservation measures for air conditioners
In addition to the above mentioned energy conservation
measures, there are certain „Behavioural best Practices” which
can reduce energy consumption in air conditioners. These
measures are explained below. The analysis in solar city
scenario does not consider energy saving due to these measures
as it is difficult to quantify the energy saving that would be
achieved. Further, these measures need awarness creation so
that these measures are adopted by general public, thus a
awarness campaign has been suggested for these measures.
Option-A: Changing the set point in window ACs
The efficiency of window ACs can be enhanced by increasing the
temperature of the air supplied into the room. This is based on
the principle that the efficiency of the system decreases to
produce lower air temperatures. Therefore it is recommended to
increase the temperature of the supply air from window AC. It
was observed that the thermostat position in most of the
window ACs was in the „coolest‟ mode. The reason for the
extreme setting is to achieve cooling in the shortest time. This
may lead to excessive cooling and also the AC runs at a low
efficiency in the „coolest mode‟. The lesser the temperature
difference between indoors and outdoors, the higher the
efficiency of the AC system. So, it is always recommended to set
the thermostat as high as possible so as to achieve comfortable
indoor conditions.
Studies have shown that 3.6 % reduction in energy
consumption is achieved for every degree Centigrade raise in
the supply air temperature for a window AC. It was observed
that a few window ACs in Old Sachivalaya building were
operating at a supply air temperature of 8.5 deg C. At this
temperature the efficiency of the AC could be very low. Also, for
maintaining comfortable indoor conditions, it is recommended
to have the supply air temperature at 13 deg C. The estimated
energy savings by increasing the supply air temperature is given
in the table below.
Table A5.1 Energy savings in window ACs
Supply air
Supply air
Increase in
Estimated energy
temperature
temperature
temperature
savings per AC
measured
recommended
8.5 deg C
13 deg C
4.5 deg C
16%
Supply air temperature of 8.5 deg C corresponds to the „coolest‟
temperature setting in the window AC. And a supply air
temperature of 13 deg C corresponds to a „medium‟ temperature
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setting in the window AC. It was observed during the study that
the supply air temperature in the various window ACs at old
Sachivalaya building varied between 8.5 deg C and 14.5 deg C,
though a majority of the ACs were operating with supply
temperature in the lower range (less than 10 deg C).
The recommended temperature setting, with reference to the
inefficient setting is shown in the Figure A5.1 below.
Figure A5.1 Temperature setting – „Coolest‟ (Inefficient)
Figure A5.2 Temperature setting – „Medium‟ (Efficient)
Split ACs and new window ACs are available with digital display
panel where the temperature which to be maintained in room is
generally set and displayed. The users are generally advised by
the manufacturer to set a temperature between 18 to 20 o C.
However, the temperature required for adequate comfort
conditions in an air conditioned room varies between 23 ~ 26 o
C. Therefore it is recommended that in air conditioned
executive offices, a set point temperature of 26 ~ 27 o C shall be
set and the ceiling fan shall be switched on. This would provide
the best comfort at the minimum consumption of energy.
Option-B Changing the operating pattern of window ACs
When the executive offices in the building are not occupied,
heat is accumulated in the rooms due to heat gains from walls
and windows. Therefore, when officers are expected to arrive in
a particular office, the ACs have to be switched on sometime
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before their arrival so as to get the room to a comfortable
condition. If this duration is too long, it may lead to wastage of
energy and also over-cooling of the room in some cases. This
can be prevented by following the guidelines mentioned below.
The parameters controlling the comfort conditions are
temperature, humidity and air movement. Though temperature
and humidity are the most significant, air movement is also
important as it provides a feeling of freshness and increases the
effect of cooling. According to the National Building Code of
India 2005, the thermal comfort of a person lies between the
temperature range 25 – 30 0C. In hot and dry climates like
Chandigarh, air movement would be necessary to achieve
adequate thermal comfort. Table A5.2 gives the desirable wind
speeds for thermal comfort at different temperature and
humidity conditions. For achieving wind speeds greater than 2
m/s, mechanical means of ventilation such as fans are required.
Table A5.2 Desirable wind speeds (m/s) for thermal comfort conditions 37
Dry bulb
temperature
(deg C)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
*None
Relative humidity (%)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
*
*
*
*
0.20
0.77
1.85
3.20
*
*
*
0.06
0.46
1.36
2.72
**
*
*
*
0.24
0.94
2.12
**
**
*
*
0.06
0.53
1.59
3.00
**
**
*
*
0.24
1.04
2.26
**
**
**
*
0.06
0.53
1.47
3.04
**
**
**
*
0.19
0.85
2.10
**
**
**
**
** Higher than those acceptable in practice
Figure A5.3 Window AC with Ginie
In the offices, it is recommended that the ACs are switched on
about 30 minutes before the arrival of the officers with the
temperature setting in the „medium‟ position as shown in the
previous section, and by switching on the ceiling fans. Ceiling fans
induce air movement and result in uniform distribution of cool air
37
Part 8, Section 1, National Building Code of India 2005
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124 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
inside the room. They also enhance the cooling effect produced by
the ACs and thus help in achieving comfortable indoor conditions
for the guests. This measure results in energy savings (though not
quantifiable) and does not require any investment.
Option-C: Installation of energy saving equipment on window ACs
A power saving equipment (genie) can be installed on the
existing window or split AC to enhance the performance of the
unit. The principle behind the working of this equipment is that
it increases the area of the condenser thereby reducing the
condenser temperature. This results in an increased efficiency
of the cooling system. The estimated energy savings through
this equipment is 10 to 20% as per the manufacturer), which is
achieved through:
Option-C: Installation of energy saving equipment on window ACs
1. Direct fall in amperage
2. Fall in grill temperature
One of the manufacturers of such a device (Genie) is given below.
Option D: Location of equipments near the window AC
It was observed at a few places that file boxes and tables etc. were
placed very near to the window AC. This affects the performance of
the AC because they obstruct the air flow and the temperature
sensed by the thermostat. Even though the room temperature is
uncomfortable, the temperature sensed by the thermostat is lower
and results in the AC running for a shorter duration than required.
The occupant feels that the AC is not performing well and he
immediately changes the set point temperature to lower value
which leads to the energy wastage. So, care has to be taken to
ensure that no equipments are placed very near to the ACs.
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Annexure 6: Astronomical timer switch for street lighting
Astronomical time switch for switching on street lights,
advertisement hoarding lights, sign board lights at sunset time
& switching off at sunrise time without any light sensor. Sunset
& sunrise time is generated every day by microcontroller based
astronomical time switch using astronomic software for any
geographic location [latitude, longitude & time-zone]. With
twilight setting lights can be switched on earlier from sunset
time [for indoor lights] or delayed from sunset time [for
outdoor lights] by 0 to 60 minutes, similarly switch off will be
delayed [for indoor lights] or earlier [for outdoor lights] than
sunrise time. To save electrical power, partial lights can be
switched off at any set time late night after sunset, if required
can be switched on again early morning at any set time before
sunrise. If 2kw of light load is switched off for 6 hours every
night, it can save 360 units of electrical power every month.
Municipal, city corporation can use it for street lights.
Industries, commercial establishment & housing societies can
use it for compound & other lights. In case of power failure set
parameters are saved in memory & clock runs on internal
battery.
Figure A6.1 Astronomical time switch for street lighting
(Source: suppliers.jimtrade.com)
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Annexure 7: “Demonstration and Promotion of Solar
Photovoltaic Devices/ Systems in Urban Areas & Industry”
scheme of MNRE
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Annexure 8: RETScreen Worksheets for SPV based power
generation
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Annexure 9: Pre-feasibility study for setting up 25 MWp
(total) grid-connected solar PV power plant in Chandigarh
The Union Territory of Chandigarh, also known as the modern
India‟s first planned city, is located at latitude 30o40‟-30o46‟N,
longitude 76o42‟-76o51‟E and altitude 350 meter above sea level.
It is located on the foothills of the Shivalik ranges of Himalaya,
which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem.
Chandigarh is also the capital of the states of the Punjab and
Haryana, however, administratively, the city is under the
jurisdiction of the Central Government and hence classified as a
Union Territory. It has two satellite cities namely Panchkula
and Mohali. These three cities are also collectively known as the
Chandigarh Tri-city.
The Union territory of Chandigarh is going green by
incorporating sustainable development principles in its urban
planning and development. In a bid to promote sustainable
development , renewable energy utilisation, create awareness
about dangers of global warming and promote climate change
mitigation within its territory, the Chandigarh administration
has decided to develop it as „Solar City' by 2012. TERI has been
retained as consultant to prepare the Chandigarh Solar City
master plan.
As part of this activity, TERI has studied the possibility of
setting up 25 MW capacity solar photovoltaic power plant.
Chnadigarh is dependent on Central and State government run
power plants to meet its electricity demand. This plant, which is
proosed to be installed at multiple locations, would be
Chandigarh‟s first self owned power plant.
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134 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Figure A9.1 City map of Chandigarh
(Source: http://chandigarh.gov.in/)
Objective
The study report covers the pre-feasibility analysis for installing
solar PV power plants totalling to 25 MWp capacities in the city
of Chandigarh.
Solar radiation over Chandigarh
Chandigarh is located in the sunny belt of the country and
receives a good amount of solar radiation over the year. It has
been observed that the annual global over the cities is 1944
kWh/m2, while the annual diffuse radiation is 846 kWh/m2. As
the solar pannels are fixed on inclined surfaces and the angle of
inclination ia usually takes as equal to latitude of the location.
The global solar radiation over the inclined surface has been
estimated as 2155 kWh/m2 annaually. The sun-path diagram for
the location of Chandigarh is presented in Figure A9.2, which
indicates that the annual daylength is more than 10 hours.
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Figure A9.2 Sun-path diagram for Chandigarh (using ECOTECJ software)
Figure A9.3 presents the daily values of solar radiation on
horizontal and inclined surface in Chandigarh for one
represntative day of each month. The month-wise values of
solar radiation received by a surface on horizontal and inclined
surface are summarized in Table A9.1.
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136 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
8.0
2
Daily Solar Radiation (kWh/m)
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Global Solar Radiation (kW h/m2)
Global Solar Radiation on Latitude (kW h/m2)
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Diffuse Solar Radiation (kW h/m2)
Figure A9.3 Variation of daily Global and Diffuse solar radiation over Chandigarh
Table A9.1 Daily and monthly variation of solar radiation over Chandigarh
Month
Daily
Monthly
Global
Diffuse Solar
Global Solar
Global Solar
Diffuse Solar
Global Solar
Solar
Radiation
Radiation on
Radiation
Radiation
Radiation on
Radiation
(kWh/m2)
Latitude
(kWh/m2)
(kWh/m2)
Latitude (kWh/m2)
(kWh/m2)
(kWh/m2)
Jan
3.78
1.45
5.45
117.1
45.0
169.0
Feb
4.61
1.83
5.84
129.1
51.3
163.6
Mar
5.60
2.25
6.33
173.7
69.8
196.1
Apr
6.53
2.62
6.55
195.8
78.7
196.4
May
7.04
2.88
6.46
218.3
89.4
200.3
Jun
6.24
3.29
5.55
187.1
98.8
166.6
Jul
5.91
3.28
5.36
183.3
101.6
166.0
Aug
5.29
3.10
5.10
164.1
95.9
158.2
Sep
5.81
2.48
6.24
174.3
74.5
187.1
Oct
5.29
1.81
6.61
164.1
56.2
205.0
Nov
4.34
1.39
6.21
130.3
41.7
186.2
Dec
3.46
1.40
5.16
107.4
43.5
159.9
Climate of the city
Chandigarh is situated in the composite climatic zone of India;
hence summers are very hot and winters are cool. The annual
ambient average temperatures is obtained as 21-22oC. Figure
A9.4 presents the variation of ambient temperature and relative
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humidity throughout the year. The 20 year average rainfall for
Chandigarh is 1100.7 mm.
90.0
80.0
Relative Humidity (%)
o
Ambient Temperature (C)
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Ambient Temperature (oC)
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Relative Humidity (%)
Figure A9.4 Variation of annual average ambient temperature and relative humidity over Chandigarh
(Source: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/ )
Hence solar radiation and climatic parameters are
favorable towards solar PV based power generation in
Chandigarh. A brief technological overview of
commercially available solar technologies is given below.
Solar PV technologies
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) technology is primarily a solid-state
semiconductor- based technology, which converts a fraction of
the incident solar radiation (photons) in to direct electricity. PV
system can deliver electric energy to a specific appliance and/or
to the electric grid. Photovoltaic systems are flexible and
modular; hence the technology can be implemented on virtually
any scale size, connected to the electricity network or used as
stand-alone or off grid systems, easily complementing other
energy sources. PV offers several advantages viz. (i) hybrid with
other energy resources; both conventional and renewable, (ii)
off-grid or grid-connected systems (iii) flexibility towards
implementation and (iii) environmental advantages.
There are several ways of classifying the solar cell depending
upon the type of absorbing material used, manufacturing
technique /process adopted, type of junction formed. Solar cell
technologies may be broadly classified as:
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138 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
 Wafer based crystalline silicon solar cell technology It
consists of single crystal silicon (c-Si) solar cell and multicrystal silicon (mc-Si) solar cell
 Thin-film solar cell technology, which includes, Copper
Indium Diselenide (CIS) Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide
(CIGS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Amorphous silicon (aSi) etc. and,
 Emerging technologies such as thin-film silicon, Dye
Sensitized Solar Cells(DSSC), polymer organic solar cells, etc
have come up in recent times.
An overview of solar PV technologies is represented in Figure A9.5.
Solar cell
Wafer based Silicon
(Market share 90.6%)
Mono –
crystalline
Multi –
crystalline
New emerging
technology
Thin-film
(Market share 9.4%)
a-Si
Sheet / ribbon Si
Compound
semiconductor
(CdTe, CIS, CIGS)
Thin film
Crystallin
e Si
Dye
Sensitized,
polymer,
CNT etc
Figure A9.5 Classification of solar PV technologies
The highest efficiency achieved by the available c-Si solar
modules is much higher as compared to thin film solar
cells/modules. As far as the commercially attained efficiencies
for different cell technologies is concerned, the efficiency of
crystalline silicon solar modules is in the range of 13-16% where
as the thin film solar cells are in the range of 6-9%. Similarly as
far as the long term stability of solar modules are concerned, cSi module manufacturers can give warranty for 90% of its rated
power for 20 years and 80% of its rated power for 30 years from
the date of system acceptance whereas thin film modules with
only 10 years of warranty are available in the market.
Wafer based crystalline silicon solar cell technology
Wafer based solar cells are produced by converting a very thin
wafer (typically about 200 to 300 μm thick) of pure silicon
(>99.9% purity) into a semiconductor solar cells by doping it
with suitable N and P type materials. Wafer based solar cells
are of two types; mono crystalline silicon cells (c-Si) and poly or
multi-crystal silicon (mc-Si) solar cell
Mono crystalline solar cells
Mono crystalline solar cells are manufactured using silicon
wafers saw-cut from a single cylindrical crystal of silicon. Mono
crystalline silicon cell are the most efficient and durable among
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various solar cell technologies. These cells are commercially
available in efficiency range of 13 to 18%.
Poly crystalline solar cells
Poly crystalline solar cells are made from an ingot of melted and
recrystallised silicon. Poly crystalline silicon cells are cheaper to
produce than mono crystal solar cells. Some companies have
developed and commercialised new production techniques such
as Edge Fed Growth (EFG) which reduce the wastage of
material during wafer cutting and hence reduce the cost of
production. Poly crystalline cells are slightly less efficient than
mono crystalline cells. At present, cells with efficiencies in the
range of 13 to 16% are commercially available in the market.
Thin-film solar cells
A number of new solar cell technologies using other
semiconductor materials such as Copper Indium Diselenide
(CIS), Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS), Cadmium
Telluride (CdTe), are now commercially available. These solar
cells are manufactured by depositing thin film of the
semiconductor material on suitable metallic or non-metallic
substrate. These are, therefore, called as thin film solar cell
technologies.
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cells
Amorphous silicon cells are also manufactured using thin film
deposition techniques. Amongst the thin film solar cell
technologies, a-Si solar cells/modules are most widely used.
CIGS solar cells
CIGS solar cells are one of the most promising thin film
technologies due to their high-attained efficiency (around 19%)
with extended operational lifetime without significant
degradation. The efficiency achieved by commercially available
modules is in the range of 8-10%. These cells are expensive and
are currently used for space applications where less weight and
higher efficiency are most important.
CdTe solar cell
CdTe solar cell technology is one of the oldest thin film
technologies and the efficiency of commercially available
modules is in the range of 7-9%. However the limited
availability of base materials like Cd and the cost associated
with it and possible pollution of environment due to release of
Cd are some of the main limitations in using CdTe solar cells for
large scale use. Some European nations in particular have
strong reservations against use of any solar cell technology in
which Cd is used.
Some of the advantages of thin film solar cell/module over
wafer based solar module is its lightweight, ease in production
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technique and flexibility in depositing modules on various
substrates. Thus it allows the flexibility in the PV integration
into buildings.
Thin film solar cells are likely to be cheaper than wafer based
solar cells since their manufacturing processes are simple and
they use lesser materials as compared to wafer based solar cells.
However, these cells are less efficient and their performance
degrades during the use and hence these are not preferred for
large capacity systems.
New emerging technologies
Dye Sensitized solar Cell (DSSC), Organic Photovoltaic (OPVs)
using Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNT), polymer solar cells etc are
some of the emerging technologies and expected to be an
attractive alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells.
These can be printed on flexible foils and can be produced in
different shapes and thus can effectively be used by adding
them into window glass of a building. These are not yet
commercially available in open market.
Recommendation on selection of technology
If the extent of commercialization and maturity level of
different solar cell technologies in terms of its market
availability, commercially attained efficiencies, life and long
term stability etc is assessed, it is obvious that crystalline silicon
solar modules are preferred over thin film solar modules. Thinfilm solar modules can be considered for small scale
demonstration purposes in the building, keeping its lightweight,
flexible, aesthetic look into consideration.
Study of major solar photovoltaic plants of similar scales
reveals that crystalline silicon (either mono- or poly- or both) is
best option for such plant. As can be seen in further discussions
where design calculations for thin film technology cells were
also carried out, crystalline silicon is best technology
considering the constraint of area at site.
Grid connected solar PV systems
A recent development in renewable energy technology is gridinteractive or two way grid interconnection. If the system
generates more solar power than need of users, the excess is
exported back to the main grid. These systems use sophisticated
control equipment so that when the renewable energy system
produces more power than need, the excess power is fed back
into the grid. When the system doesn't produce enough power,
then one can get power from the grid. These systems are
popular for residential and domestic sectors, homeowners and
small businesses where a critical backup power supply is
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required for critical loads such as refrigeration, water pumps,
lighting etc.
Grid connected solar PV systems offer a unique opportunity
to silently and cleanly generate significant amounts of energy,
which are designed to operate in parallel with, and
interconnected, with the electric utility grid. A grid-connected
solar electricity system links several solar panels together
through an inverter to the power grid. No electrical storage
batteries are required, as excess electricity generated by the
solar panels. Figure A9.6 presents the schematic of a gridconnected solar PV power plant.
Figure A9.6 Schematic diagram of a grid connected solar PV system
Grid-interactive systems
A grid-interactive photovoltaic system is connected to the utility
grid. A specially designed inverter (s) is/are used to transform
the PV-generated DC to AC electricity at the grid voltage. Gridinteractive systems can be designed with or without battery
storage. The main advantage of this system is that the power
can be fed into the grid or can be drawn from the grid as and
when required. The proposed solar power system at the
Presidential Estate is grid interactive type without battery
storage.
A brief study of major photovoltaic plants was carried out by
TERI to assess the state of the art of technology. There are more
than 50 solar power plants of 1 MW and above capacity installed
in different countries and many more are under construction.
Grid connected megawatt capacity solar systems occupy major
market share in the world photovoltaic market.
A typical arrangement of grid interactive solar PV power
plant is shown in Figure 6. The main components of typical
solar PV grid interactive power plant are
 Solar modules or array
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 Interconnecting wiring
 Inverter or set of inverters to convert DC voltage of solar
module to AC voltage
 Step up transformer
 Control cum monitoring system
 Earthing, and lightening protection system
Normally the system operates in grid-connected mode, serving
the on-site loads or sending excess power into the grid. The
connection to the grid requires a special meter which can run
forwards and backwards (net metering) and if a feed in tariff is
paid an additional meter to measure PV production is needed.
Grid connected photovoltaic systems can be separated into
three main categories
1. Domestic photovoltaic systems: These are typically rated at
between 0.5 and 5kWp and are mounted on roof tops of
individual households. The domestic systems are usually
single phase connected to the domestic supply 220V.
2. Commercial or industrial roof top PV systems: These are
typically in range of 10 kW up to 100 kW and are installed
on roof tops of commercial and industrial buildings.
3. Large scale (1MW and above) SPV power plants: These are
installed either on ground area or on large roof tops as
independent power plants of more than 1 MW capacity.
MNRE has recently announced Generation Based Incentives
(GBI) for such systems. These systems offer economy of
scale and large scale production. Worldwide the current
trend is to install such type of systems.
Grid failure or non availability of grid during daytime due to
power cut is reality in countries like India. In such situation
solar power cannot be fed into the grid. To overcome this
situation a new combination of grid connected systems with
small battery bank is developed. During the periods of non
availability of grid the battery bank simulated the grid
conditions and solar system then can supply power to selected
critical loads. Such systems are being developed in India.
Simulation of grid-connected SPV power plant of the capacity of 25 MW
In order to estimate the performance of a grid-connected solar
PV based power plant of the capacity of 25 MW in the location
of Chandigarh, a simulation model has been developed using
internationally approved computer software named RETScreen.
RETScreen is an excel based software which calculated the
performance and commercial viability of renewable energy
technology projects. For SPV project evaluation is takes into
account the solar radiation availability and climatic conditions
of the place (Chandigarh in this case) and the model gives the
power output throughout the year. Table A9.2 presents the
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output and required area of a solar PV power plant of the
capacity of 1 MW using various commercially available solar PV
modules.
Table A9.2 Performance results of a SPV power plant of the the capacity of 1 MW
Solar cell
Efficiency
SPV power
Units generated
Area required
(%)
plant capacity
(kWh)
(m2)
Mono-Si
14.3
1 MW
1570935.0
6993.0
Poly-Si
technology
12.3
1 MW
1570935.0
8130.0
a-Si
5
1 MW
1674326.0
20000.0
CdTe
7
1 MW
1628943.0
14286.0
CIS
7.5
1 MW
1533823.0
13333.0
Spherical-Si
9.4
1 MW
1570935.0
10638.0
It can be observed that in order to install solar power plants of
the capacity of 25 MW through the best available solar cell
technology 174,825 m2 area is required. This power plant will
generate approximately 39,723,379 kWh (39.7 billion units)
of electricity annually in Chandigarh.
It is clear that the land requirement will depend on the type
of solar cell used. RETScreen model estimates the effective area
of solar cells. In order to estimate total required area the
shading between solar arrays is estimated. Usually it is taken as
1.6 times to the effective area. Hence the total area required for
installation of solar PV power plant is 279720m2 (approximately
69–70 acres).
Land use pattern of Chandigarh and selection of area
Chandigarh covers an area of approximately 114 km2 (i.e.
28169.9 acres). In addition 25.42 km2 additional hilly
catchments area is declared as Wildlife Sanctuary. Hence
less than 0.25 percent area of Chandigarh is enough for the
solar PV based power plant of the capacity of 25 MW. The land
is very costly in Chandigarh therefore it is not possible to get a
separate piece of land in the city. The land use pattern of
Chandigarh is presented in Figure A9.7.
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144 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
9.65%
9.96%
1.12%
64.82%
8.92%
5.04%
Total area:
114 sq. km.
Residential/commercial
Industrial
Public/Semi-public
Transportation
Agricultural & water bodies
Special area*
Figure A9.7 Land use pattern of Chandigarh
(Source: http://chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_stat_ab07.asp)
It has been observed that the residential and commercial
sectors account the maximum area of the city. This sector covers
an area of 73.9 km2, followed by agriculture & water bodies
(11.36 km2), industrial (5.75 km2), public/semi-public (10.71
km2) and transportation (1.28 km2) and around 9.65% (11 km2)
is categorized as special area. The area of the municipal
Corporation is 79.74 sq. km out of 114 sq. km.
Land cost is always a major share associated with the solar
PV based power plant. In order to make the approach viable in
Chandigarh the land has been identified within the existing plan
of the city. Chandigarh has 3245 hectares (8018.5 acres) under
forest and most of it is hilly.
Typically, each sector measures 800 meters by 1200
meters, covering 250 acres area. Out of a total area of 20,000
acres acquired for the of city development about 2000 acres are
meant for development of parks/gardens.
Hence taking in to account the financial viability it is not
possible to install a single unit of solar PV based power plant of
the capacity of 25 MW in the city. Therefore the segmented
approach of the power plant has been adopted and it is decided
that the size might be vary from 1 to 5 MW. The rooftop has not
been considered because Govt. of India (MNRE) is planning to
develop separate policy for roof top based solar PV power
plants; which might be grid-connected or off grid.
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Identified and potential areas
The areas identified for solar PV based power plants of
different capacity in the city along with recommended
size/capacities of solar PV power plants are presented in Table
A9.2. Only large gardens/parks (area > 18 acres) have been
considered for the analysis. The sizing and estimation of area
and annual cost has been carried out by using the best available
solar cell of the efficiency of 14.3%.
Table A9.2 Action plan of solar PV based power plant of the capacity of 25 MW in Chandigarh
(selection of the locations)
S. No.
Location
Sector
1.
Botanical Garden-1
Sector -1
88.0
2.0
5.60
6.4
2.
Botanical Garden-2
Sector -14
117.0
2.0
5.60
4.8
3.
Bougainvillea Garden
Sector -3
20.0
1.0
2.8
14.0
4.
Sector -23
22.7
1.0
2.8
12.3
Sector -10
90.0
2.0
5.60
6.2
6.
Bamboo Valley
Fitness Trail & Flower
Garden
Mango Garden
Sector -1
100.0
2.0
5.60
5.6
7.
Landfill area
Sector -38
45.0
5.0
14.00
31.1
8.
Leisure Valley
Sector -10
70.0
2.0
5.60
8.0
9.
Rajendra Park
Sector -1
400.0
5.0
14.00
3.5
10.
Zakir Rose Garden
Sector-16
42.07
1.0
2.80
6.7
11.
Shanti Kunj
Sector 16
18.0
1.0
2.80
15.6
12.
Shivalik Garden
Manimajara
18.0
1.0
2.80
15.6
1030.8
25 MW
69.98
6.8%
5.
Total
Total area
(acres)
acres
Recommended
size/capacity
(MW)
Area
required
(acres)
Percentage of
total area (%)
acres
The minimum size (i.e. capacity) of solar PV based taken as 1
MW. The GBI (Generation Based Incentives) scheme of
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is applicable only for
the solar power plants above the capacity of 1 MW. The power
plant of the capacity of 1 MW can be segmented in small plants
of minimum 250 kW capacity but they should at one location.
Hence small gardens and parks are not considered in the action
plan.
Above areas/ locations have been identified based on the
area availability and grid feasibility for power evacuation. It has
been observed that only 6.8 % of the area of these
gardens/parks is enough to install solar PV based power plant
of the capacity of 25 MW. For the landfill site maximum area is
taken into account for solar PV which was indicated by the
authorities. In other locations 7-15 percent of the total area is
targeted for different capacities.
Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh is managing about
1900 small and big Parks in the city. In addition some potential
location are also available in the city where solar PV based
power plants of different capacities might be installed are
outlined in Table A9.3.
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Table A9.3 Potential locations where solar PV based power plants can be installed
S. No.
Location
Sector
Total area
(acres)
1.
Bamboo Valley
Sector -23
22.7
2.
Bougainvillea Garden
Sector -3
20.0
3.
Bulbous Garden
Sector -23
3.6
4.
Cactus Garden
Near Panchkula
7.0
5.
Children‟s Traffic Park
Sector -23
12.5
6.
Dream Park
Sector-23
-NA-
7.
Forest area at Brick kiln Manimajra
8.
Garden of Annuals
Sector -44
5.50
9.
Garden of Fragrance
Sector -36
14.3
10.
Garden of Shrubs
Sector -46
6.61
11.
Hibiscus Garden
Sector -36
8.0
12.
Jawahar Park
Sector-9
-NA-
13.
Lake Reserve Forests
14.
Mini Rose Garden
Sector -24
15.
Moonlit Park
Sector-22
16.
Patiali-ki-Rao forests
17.
Pink Cassia Garden
Sector -29
6.0
18.
Poinsettia & Lxora Garden
Sector -11
5.73
19.
Rock Garden
Sector - 1
12.0
20.
Smriti Upvan
Sector- 1
-NA-
21.
Sukhna Choe Reserve Forests
956.6
22.
Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary
6451.9
23.
Terrace Garden
Sector 33
10.0
24.
Topiary Garden
Sector -35
6.0
13.7
260.9
3.5
-NA336.5
Apart from this the roof areas of car parking lots in the central
markets of all sectors can effectively used for this application.
The parking side of Sukhna Lake, rock garden, railway station is
also a very good area where a solar PV based power plant can be
installed.
Architectural design strategy: Solar Tree
TERI has proposed the concept of „solar trees‟ for those
locations where installation of solar PV based power plant on
ground is difficult. The preliminary designing has been carried
out using RETScreen and ECOTECH softwares. Figure A9.8
presents the basic approach of solar tree.
A system of “Solar Trees” raises the arrays to the level of
the height of existing mature tree is proposed solar “trees” are
omitted where natural existing valuable trees are preserved.
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Annexures
Figure A9.8 Schematic of „Solar tree‟
Each “Solar Tree” will be around 12 m in height so as to clear
all full grown natural trees and will have a platform of about 12
m x 12 m size on the on the top and this platform will have
octagonal shape. This platform will be used for mounting solar
modules. Figure A9.9 shows plan of four solar trees together.
These trees would be the basic building blocks of the proposed
solar PV system.
Figure A9.9 “Solar Tree” arrangement, plan showing four solar trees together
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Module orientation and mounting
Solar modules orientation and mounting is most important
aspect of any solar system. It is important to have module free
from shadow during the most hours of the day to maximise the
output.
In the proposed design, the modules will be mounted on
“Solar Tree” in the horizontal plane facing south direction with
an inclination of 280 to the horizontal. The inclination is equal
to the latitude of Chandigarh (300 N). This orientation
optimises the solar energy falling on the surface of the modules.
The distance between the rows of modules would be kept in
such a fashion that the modules would not cast shadows on each
other on Dec 23rd from 10 AM to 3 PM. It may be noted that the
sun‟s elevation in the sky is lowest on Dec 23rd and hence it is
selected as the design date.
The Figure A9.10 presents show the simulated position of
sun in the sky and shadow of modules at 9 AM and 10 Am on
Dec 23rd.
Figure A9.10 PV panels on a PV tree
January – December, no shadow on adjacent PV panels, from 10:00–15:00 hrs
January – November, no shadow on adjacent PV panels from 10:00–16:00 hrs
Power evacuation
The past decade has seen the emergence of solar PV as the
World‟s most dynamically growing renewable energy sources.
Up till now the solar PV have been used for off grid areas where
the extension of grid is not possible. Recently the advancement
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Annexures
of control systems and regulatory support the focus is shifting
from standalone mode to grid-connected system.
Power evacuation facility is essential for grid connected solar
PV based power plants. It has been noticed that the Chandigarh
city is surrounded by 66 KVA transmission line, while internal
parts of the city have 33 KVA line. The resedencial supply is
through 11 KVA transmission line. Hence grid connectivity is
not a barrier towards installing solar PV based plants inside the
city. Figure A9.11 presents the grid map of Chandigarh city. The
major issues associated with grid connected solar PV system
power evacuation are briefly addressed as following.
Figure A9.11 Grid map of Chandigarh city
Solar PV system Interconnection
Grid interactive PV system has the advantage of more effective
utilisation of generated power. However the technology
requirement of both from the utility and PV system side need to
be safeguarded for effective utilisation of system. Safety and
reliability of system could be accomplished through Power
conditioning unit (inverter) that may include maximum power
point tracker, and protection equipment.
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Power conditioning equipment
The Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) used for grid interactive is
to directly convert the input power to A.C, single phase or three
phases depending on the kind of inverter used. It doesn‟t
require the charge controller but it requires a facility to regulate
the amount of power extracted from the array (Maximum power
point controller). Maximum Power Point Tracking Control
system is capable of constantly obtaining the maximum output
according to the quantity of available solar radiation. The MPPT
feeds the maximum DC Power generated from PV array to the
Inverters.
Inverters are used for converting Direct current to
Alternating current. Inverter output depends on the inverter
power, for small power of some 100 W the voltage is 12 or 24 V
or even more for higher powers are required. According to
working principle different kind of inverters such as central,
string or module inverters are used in large applications. The
most common configuration, however used in PV system are
“Master slave” criteria in which the succeeding inverters are
switching On only when enough solar radiation is available or in
case main inverter is malfunction.
Isolation between AC and DC (High Tension transformer)
It is necessary to prevent the direct current flowing from PV
system to the utility network. Installing an isolating transformer
at the output side of inverter that isolates the DC circuit and the
AC circuit can do this. However in this case, a transformer of
commercial voltage and frequency increases the size and weight
of entire inverter system. In addition, inverters of transformer
less system are commercially available in which a circuit for
detecting DC component superimposed on AC circuit and a
grounding detection circuit in the DC circuit is required.
However, size and weight can be minimized because the
transformer is omitted from the PV system.
Inverter start-up and stop operation for normal operation
To start up the operation of grid connected photovoltaic system,
voltage and frequency of the utility‟s network must be with in
the specified range and solar PV system must generate power in
the presence of solar radiation. As a result, most of the inverters
start operation after checking out the frequency condition with
in the operational range at the utility‟s network, monitoring the
DC output from PV systems and then performing the check and
waiting for few seconds to several minutes. In addition most of
the commercially available inverters stop operation
immediately if the voltage condition at the utility network
deviates from operational range.
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Financial details
It is widely accepted that because of high upfront capital cost,
per unit cost of power generation from solar PV is higher than
not only conventional sources of energy but some of the
renewable energy sources based electricity as well. Although the
cost of solar PV has reduced by the factor of ten in last one and a
half decade or so it is still an expensive technology. This high
upfront cost coupled with comparatively low operating
efficiencies becomes the major barrier in wide scale
implementation of the technology especially in developing
countries like India.
Solar system cost
The solar system costs are dependent on two major parameters
 Module prices
 Inverter prices and
 Module area required which in turn decides the quantity and
costs of mounting structures, cabling etc which are directly
proportional to the number of modules and their
efficiencies. Thus although it is advisable to have high
efficiency modules to reduce the balance of system (system
components other than module) costs, their availability and
prices are also crucial. Typically module costs are about 60
to 70% of the system costs.
 In spite of high costs the current market for solar
photovoltaic stands at over 11 billion dollar and has resulted
in the decrease of the cost per peak watt reduced to Rs 150
to 200 in 2007 from Rs 3500 to 4000 in1980‟s.
Conventional solar PV power plant
Costs of solar PV systems in India has been following
international trends in past few decades and with the recent
announcement of commissioning of large scale manufacturing
plants in India, it is anticipated that cost of solar PV will come
down significantly over the years due to economies of scale.
Despite the fact solar PV cost is reducing every year, solar PV
is not economically comparable to other sources of power
generation sources. The estimated cost of power generation
from solar PV in India is in the range of Rs 15-20/kWh
depending on size of the system.
Solar PV power plant based on „Solar Trees‟
Considering the current market prices for imported modules of
185 Wp capacity from Germany which are in the range of Rs
250 to 300 per Wp, proposed system having 3.8 MWp capacity
would costs around Rs 147 crores (Rs 1470 million). The cost of
solar system of 1 MWp capacity would be around Rs 29 crores.
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152 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Highlights: Generation based incentives scheme of MNRE
MNRE is actively promoting the establishment of grid
connected solar power plants of large capacity (megawatt scale)
by providing generation based incentives for the first time. The
purpose is to develop and demonstrate the technical
performance of grid-interactive solar power generation so as to
bring down the cost of the grid connected solar systems. The
silent features of the incentive schemes are as following;
a. MNRE may provide, via IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency), a generation based incentive of
maximum Rs 12 per kWh to the eligible projects, which are
successfully commissioned by 31st December 2009. This
will be done after taking into account the power purchase
rate (per kWh) provided by the SERC (State Electricity
Regulatory Commission) or a utility for that project.
b. Any project that is commissioned beyond the above date
would be eligible for a maximum with a 5% reduction and
ceiling of Rs 11.40 per kWh.
c. Further the incentive will continue to decrease, as and when
the utility signs a PPA (power purchase agreement) for
power purchase at a higher level. The proposal annual
escalations agreed with the utility, as in force, should be
reflected in the PPA.
d. The incentive approved for a project may be available for a
maximum period of 10 years from the date of approval and
regular power generation from the project. This will be
subject to the condition that the utility under consideration
continuous to purchase power from the grid-interactive
power plant.
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Annexure 10: Budget estimates for implementation of different
activities to make Chandigarh as a Solar City
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155 Annexures
Budget for solar city Chandigarh Project
Sector (s)
Proposed
measures
Targets
824500 lit per day
capcity systems in
Solar water
2009-10. Increase
heating systems
of 5% in installed
capacity every year
Residential
Role of the
CREST/Chandigarh
Administration
2009-10
20010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2.Providing subsidy 13367500
support in initial
phase (first 100000 lit
capacity systems
13367500
13367500
13367500
25735000
25735000
25735000
25735000
25735000
50470000
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
1500000
1500000
1500000
1500000
1.Promotion and
awareness creation
Promote use of
efficient LPG
stoves and
efficient cooking
devices such as
microwaves
Achieve 10%
reduction in
projected LPG
consumption as
compared to BAU
Awareness creation
Promote use of
alternate lighting
systems such as
SPV systems in
villages to
reduce kerosene
consumption
Targets can be
decided by CREST
after survey of
requirements
Awareness creation.
Subsidy for five years
1500000
for say 1500 Solar
Home Systems
Promote use of
10 MWp capacity
roof top solar PV
systems by 2018
systems
Budget for CREST (Rs)
Subsidy support for
first 10 MWp capacity
systems of upto
5kWp capacity each
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156 Master plan to make Chandigarh a Solar City
Commercial/
industrial
Including
municipal
services
Promote energy
conservation
through
promotion of
energy efficient
devices (CFL, air
conditioners,
microwaves,
washing
machines, TV,
etc)
Promotion of
energy efficiency
through
awareness
creation
Replacement of
existing ballasts
by efficient
ballasts in all
street lights
Replacement of
booster water
pumps in
drinking water
schemes with
energy efficient
pumps
Awareness creation,
specific support
1500000
schemes for CFL and
Air conditioners?
1500000
1500000
1500000
1500000
achieve 10% share Promotional schemes
of energy efficient and awareness
2500000
devices in the city creation
2500000
2500000
2500000
2500000
Investments/ financial
support to CMC
100% replacement
(Chandigarh
36666667
of ballasts
Municipal
Corporation)
36666667
36666667
Replacement of
250 nos of pumps
of each 10 HP
capacity
Investments/ financial
1750000
support to CMC
1925000
2117500
2329250
2562175
Promotion of
solar water
100000 lit per day
heating systems
capacity systems in
in industries,
three years
hotels, hostels
etc
Subsidy and
awareness creation ,
providing soft loans / 562500
reduction in electricity
bills/ cess for others
562500
562500
562500
At least 50% of the
Promotion of
new building are
energy efficient certified under
green buildings GRIHA or similar
rating systems
Implementation of
Schemes through
facilitation and cost
sharing schemes
2500000
2500000
2500000
Increased use of
these devices in
the city
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2500000
2500000
157
Power
generation
Awareness
creation
Annexures
Promotion of
roof top systems
in commercial Total 10 MWp
/government,
capacity solar
institutional and systems
industrial
buildings
Financial support to
the utility for
purchase of power at 100000000 100000000 100000000 100000000 100000000
higher rate/
preferential tariff
100000000
100000000
100000000 100000000 100000000
25 MWp power
Solar PV power
plants in phased
plant
manner
Subsidy support /
Capital investments /
100000000 200000000 200000000 300000000 300000000
preferential tariff /
Soft loans
400000000
400000000
400000000 200000000
To set up Solar City
Cell to develop,
implement and
Establishment of monitor various
'Chandigarh
schemes, to
Solar City Cell' coordinate the
development of
Chandigarh as
Model Solar City
Funding , creation
and establishment of
2500000
the cell and monitor
its working
2500000
2500000
2500000
Awarenes
creation fo all
schemes,
Awareness creation
development of
solar city park
and exhibitions
Develop and fund
awareness
creation/promotional
schemes (included in
the above)
T E R I Report No. 2008RT03
2500000
2500000
2500000
2500000
2500000