William Faulkner
“Faulkner” redirects here. For other uses, see Faulkner making it easy for Murry to find work.[4] Thus, four days
(disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambigua- prior to William’s fifth birthday on September 21, 1902
tion).
the Falkner family settled in Oxford where he lived on
and off for the rest of his life.[3][5]
William Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːknər/, September 25,
1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel
Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote
novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and screenplays. He is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on
Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his
life.[1]
His family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal
grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline Barr (the black
woman who raised him from infancy) crucially influenced
the development of Faulkner’s artistic imagination. Both
his mother and grandmother were great readers and also
painters and photographers, educating him in visual language. While Murry enjoyed the outdoors and taught his
sons to hunt, track, and fish, Maud valued education and
took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught
her sons to read before sending them to public school
and exposed them to classics such as Charles Dickens and
Grimms’ Fairy Tales.[4] Faulkner’s lifelong education by
Callie Barr is central to his novels’ preoccupations with
the politics of sexuality and race.[6]
Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in
American literature generally and Southern literature
specifically. Though his work was published as early as
1919, and largely during the 1920s and 1930s, Faulkner
was relatively unknown until receiving the 1949 Nobel
Prize in Literature. Two of his works, A Fable (1954)
and his last novel The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer
Prize for Fiction.[2] In 1998, the Modern Library ranked
his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of
the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century;
also on the list were As I Lay Dying (1930) and Light in
August (1932). Absalom, Absalom! (1936) is often included on similar lists.
1
As a schoolchild, Faulkner had much success early on. He
excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and continued doing well through the third and fourth grades. However, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades
of his schooling, Faulkner became a much more quiet
and withdrawn child. He began to play hooky occasionally and became somewhat indifferent to his schoolwork,
even though he began to study the history of Mississippi
on his own time in the seventh grade. The decline of his
performance in school continued and Faulkner wound up
repeating the eleventh, and then final grade, and never
graduating from high school.[4]
Biography
Faulkner was born William Falkner in New Albany,
Mississippi, the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert
Falkner (August 17, 1870 – August 7, 1932) and Maud
Butler (November 27, 1871 – October 19, 1960).[3]
He had three younger brothers: Murry Charles “Jack”
Falkner (June 26, 1899 – December 24, 1975), author
John Falkner (September 24, 1901 – March 28, 1963)
and Dean Swift Falkner (August 15, 1907 – November 10, 1935). Soon after his first birthday, his family
moved to Ripley, Mississippi where his father worked as
the treasurer for the family-owned Gulf & Chicago Railroad Company. Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from
his father, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had
little confidence in Murry’s ability to run a business and
sold it for $75,000. Following the sale of the railroad
business, Murry became disappointed and planned a new
start for his family by moving to Texas and becoming a
rancher. Maud, however, disagreed with this proposition,
and it was decided that they would move to Oxford, Mississippi, where Murry’s father owned several businesses,
Faulkner also spent much of his boyhood listening to stories told to him by his elders. These included war stories shared by the old men of Oxford and stories told
by Mammy Callie of the Civil War, slavery, the Ku
Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Faulkner’s grandfather would also tell him of the exploits of William’s
great-grandfather, after whom he was named, William
Clark Falkner, who was a successful businessman, writer,
and a Civil War hero. Telling stories about William
Clark Falkner, whom the family called “Old Colonel,”
had already become something of a family pastime when
Faulkner was a boy.[4] According to one of Faulkner’s
biographers, by the time William was born, his greatgrandfather had “been enshrined long since as a household deity.”[7]
In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively. He did not write his first novel until 1925. His
literary influences are deep and wide. He once stated that
1
2
he modeled his early writing on the Romantic era in late
18th century and early 19th century England.[3] He attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) in Oxford, enrolling in 1919, and attended three semesters before dropping out in November 1920.[8] William was able
to attend classes at the university due to his father having
a job there as a business manager. He skipped classes often and received a “D” grade in English. However, some
of his poems were published in campus journals.[9][10]
When he was 17, Faulkner met Philip Stone, who would
later become an important early influence on his writing. Stone was four years his senior and came from one
of Oxford’s older families. He was passionate about literature and had already earned bachelor’s degrees from
Yale and the University of Mississippi. At the University
of Mississippi, Faulkner joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon
fraternity. There he was supported in his dream to become a writer. Stone read and was impressed by some of
Faulkner’s early poetry and was one of the first to discover
Faulkner’s talent and artistic potential. Stone became a
literary mentor to the young Faulkner, introducing him
to writers such as James Joyce, who would come to have
an influence on Faulkner’s own writing. In his early twenties, Faulkner would give poems and short stories he had
written to Stone, in hopes of them being published. Stone
would in turn send these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.[9]
1 BIOGRAPHY
serves as the headquarters of the Pirate’s Alley Faulkner
Society.[15]
During the summer of 1927, Faulkner wrote his first
novel set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, entitled
Flags in the Dust. This novel drew heavily on the traditions and history of the South, in which Faulkner had
been engrossed in his youth. He was very proud of his
novel upon its completion and he believed it to be a significant improvement from his previous two novels. However, when submitted for publication, it was rejected by
the publishers Boni & Liveright. This came as a huge
shock to Faulkner, but he eventually allowed his literary
agent, Ben Wasson, to significantly edit the text and the
novel was finally published in 1928 as Sartoris.[10][14]
In the fall of 1928, when Faulkner was thirty years old,
he began working on The Sound and the Fury. He started
by writing three short stories about a group of children
with the last name Compson, but Faulkner soon began
to feel that the characters he had created would be better suited for a full-length novel. Perhaps as a result of
his disappointment in the initial rejection of Flags in the
Dust, Faulkner had now become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel in a much more experimental style. In describing his writing process for this work,
Faulkner would later say, “One day I seemed to shut the
door between me and all publisher’s addresses and book
lists. I said to myself, Now I can write.”[16] After its comThe younger Faulkner was greatly influenced by the his- pletion, Faulkner this time insisted that Ben Wasson not
tory of his family and the region in which he lived. Mis- do any editing or add any punctuation for clarity.[10]
sissippi marked his sense of humor, his sense of the tragic In 1929 Faulkner married Estelle Oldham. His best man
position of Black and White Americans, his characteri- was Andrew Kuhn. Estelle brought with her two chilzation of Southern characters, and his timeless themes, dren from her previous marriage to Cornell Franklin and
including fiercely intelligent people dwelling behind the Faulkner intended to support his new family as a writer.
façades of good old boys and simpletons. Unable to join Faulkner began writing As I lay Dying in 1929 while
the United States Army due to his height (he was 5' 5½"), working night shifts in the University of Mississippi’s
Faulkner enlisted in a reservist unit of the British Armed boiler room. The novel would be published in 1930.[17]
Forces in Toronto.[11] Despite his claims to have done so, Beginning in 1930, Faulkner sent out some of his short
records now available to the public indicate that Faulkner stories to various national magazines. Several of his stowas never actually a member of the British Royal Fly- ries were published and this brought him enough income
ing Corps and never saw service during the First World to buy a house in Oxford for his family to live in, which
War.[12]
he named “Rowan Oak.”[18]
In 1918, Faulkner himself made the change to his surname from the original “Falkner.” However, according
to one story, a careless typesetter simply made an error. When the misprint appeared on the title page of
his first book, Faulkner was asked whether he wanted a
change. He supposedly replied, “Either way suits me.”[13]
Although Faulkner is heavily identified with Mississippi,
he was residing in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1925 when
he wrote his first novel, Soldiers’ Pay,[3] after being directly influenced by Sherwood Anderson to attempt fiction writing. Anderson also assisted in the publication of
Soldier’s Pay and of Mosquitoes, Faulkner’s second novel,
by recommending them both to his own publisher.[14]
The miniature house at 624 Pirate’s Alley, just around
the corner from St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans is
now the premises of Faulkner House Books, where it also
By 1932, however, Faulkner was in a much less secure
financial position. He had asked his agent, Ben Wasson to sell the serialization rights for his newly completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine for $5,000,
but no magazine accepted the offer. Then, MGM Studios offered Faulkner work as a screenwriter in Hollywood. While Faulkner was not a fan of film, he needed
the money, and so he accepted the job offer and arrived in Culver City California in May 1932. There
he worked with director Howard Hawks, with whom he
got along well, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting. Howard Hawks’ brother William Hawks became
Faulkner’s Hollywood agent. Faulkner would continue to
find work as a screenwriter for years to come throughout
the 1930s and 1940s.[14][18]
3
Faulkner served as Writer-in-Residence at the University
of Virginia at Charlottesville from February to June
1957 and again in 1958.[19] He suffered serious injuries in a horse-riding accident in 1959, and died from
a myocardial infarction, aged 64, on July 6, 1962, at
Wright’s Sanitorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.[3][5] He is
buried along with his family in St. Peter’s Cemetery in
Oxford, along with a family friend with the mysterious
initials E.T.[20]
The quality and quantity of Faulkner’s literary output
were achieved despite a lifelong drinking problem. He
rarely drank while writing, preferring instead to binge after a project’s completion.[26]
Faulkner is known to have had several extramarital affairs. One was with Howard Hawks's secretary and script
girl, Meta Carpenter.[27] Another, from 1949–53, was
with a young writer, Joan Williams, who made her relationship with Faulkner the subject of her 1971 novel,
The Wintering.[28]
When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December 1950 to
receive the Nobel Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–
1996) and they had an affair that lasted until the end of
1953. Else was the widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson
(1910–1950), reporter for Dagens Nyheter in New York
1943–1946, who had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and
introduced his works to Swedish readers. At the banquet
in 1950 where they met, publisher Tor Bonnier referred
to Else as widow of the man responsible for Faulkner being awarded the prize.[29]
William Faulkner’s Underwood Universal Portable typewriter
in his office at Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in Oxford as a museum
1.1
Personal life
As a teenager in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham
(1897–1972), the popular daughter of Major Lemuel and
Lida Oldham, and believed he would some day marry
her.[21] However, Estelle dated other boys during their
romance, and one of them, Cornell Franklin, ended up
proposing marriage to her before Faulkner did, in 1918.
Estelle’s parents insisted she marry Cornell, as he was
an Ole Miss law graduate, had recently been commissioned as a major in the Hawaiian Territorial Forces, and
came from a respectable family with which they were
old friends.[22] Estelle’s marriage to Franklin fell apart
ten years later, and she was divorced in April 1929.[23]
Faulkner married Estelle in June 1929 at College Hill
Presbyterian Church just outside of Oxford, Mississippi.[24] They honeymooned on the Mississippi Gulf
Coast at Pascagoula, then returned to Oxford, first living
with relatives while they searched for a home of their own
to purchase. In 1930 Faulkner purchased the antebellum
home Rowan Oak, known at that time as “The Shegog
Place” from Irish planter Robert Shegog.[25] After his
death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, lived at Rowan Oak
until Estelle’s death in 1972. The property was sold to the
University of Mississippi in 1972. The house and furnishings are maintained much as they were in Faulkner’s day.
Faulkner’s scribblings are still preserved on the wall there,
including the day-by-day outline covering an entire week
that he wrote out on the walls of his small study to help
him keep track of the plot twists in the novel A Fable.
2 Writing
From the early 1920s to the outbreak of World War II,
when he left for California, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short stories. Such a body of work formed
the basis of his reputation and led to his being awarded
the Nobel Prize at age 52. Faulkner’s prodigious output,
mainly driven by an obscure writer’s need for money, includes his most celebrated novels such as The Sound and
the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August
(1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). Faulkner was
also a prolific writer of short stories.
His first short story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of his most acclaimed (and most frequently
anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily",
"Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". Faulkner set many of his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County[30] —based on, and nearly
geographically identical to, Lafayette County, of which
his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, is the county seat.
Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner’s “postage stamp”, and the
bulk of work that it represents is widely considered by
critics to amount to one of the most monumental fictional
creations in the history of literature. Three novels, The
Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known collectively
as the Snopes Trilogy, document the town of Jefferson
and its environs, as an extended family headed by Flem
Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the
general populace.[31]
Faulkner was known for his experimental style with
meticulous attention to diction and cadence. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent use
of "stream of consciousness" in his writing, and wrote
4
6 COLLECTIONS
often highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and
sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide variety
of characters including former slaves or descendants of
slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.
He donated part of his Nobel money “to establish a fund
to support and encourage new fiction writers”, eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, and
donated another part to a local Oxford bank, establishing a scholarship fund to help educate African-American
In an interview with The Paris Review in 1956, Faulkner teachers at Rust College in nearby Holly Springs, Mississippi. The government of France made Faulkner a
remarked:
Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur in 1951.
Let the writer take up surgery or bricklaying if he is interested in technique. There is
no mechanical way to get the writing done, no
shortcut. The young writer would be a fool to
follow a theory. Teach yourself by your own
mistakes; people learn only by error. The good
artist believes that nobody is good enough to
give him advice. He has supreme vanity. No
matter how much he admires the old writer, he
wants to beat him.
Faulkner was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for what are
considered “minor” novels: his 1954 novel A Fable,
which took the Pulitzer in 1955, and the 1962 novel, The
Reivers, which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer
in 1963.[2] He also won the U.S. National Book Award
twice, for Collected Stories in 1951[39] and A Fable in
1955.[40] In 1946 he was one of three finalists for the first
Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine Award and placed second
to Rhea Galati.[41]
The United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage
stamp in his honor on August 3, 1987.[42] It is noteworthy
Another esteemed Southern writer, Flannery O'Connor, that Faulkner had once served as Postmaster at the Unistated that “the presence alone of Faulkner in our midst versity of Mississippi, and in his letter of resignation in
makes a great difference in what the writer can and can- 1923 wrote:
not permit himself to do. Nobody wants his mule and
wagon stalled on the same track the Dixie Limited is roaring down.” [32]
As long as I live under the capitalistic system,
I expect to have my life influenced by the
Faulkner wrote two volumes of poetry which were pub[33]
demands
of moneyed people. But I will be
lished in small printings, The Marble Faun (1924) and
damned
if
I propose to be at the beck and call
A Green Bough (1933), and a collection of crime-fiction
of
every
itinerant
scoundrel who has two cents
short stories, Knight’s Gambit (1949).
to invest in a postage stamp.
This, sir, is my resignation.[43]
3
Criticism
Faulkner’s work has been examined by many critics from
a wide variety of critical perspectives. The New Critics 5 Bibliography
became very interested in Faulkner’s work, with Cleanth
Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Main article: William Faulkner bibliography
Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner.
Since then, critics have looked at Faulkner’s work using other approaches, such as feminist and psychoanalytic
methods.[14][34] Faulkner’s works have been placed within
the literary traditions of modernism and the Southern Re6 Collections
naissance.[35]
4
Awards
The manuscripts of most of Faulkner’s works, correspondence, personal papers, and over 300 books from his
working library reside at the Albert and Shirley Small
Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia,
where he spent much of his time in his final years. The
library also houses some of the writer’s personal effects
and the papers of major Faulkner associates and scholars
such as his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random House editor Albert Erskine.
Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature for “his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.”[36] It was awarded
at the following year’s banquet along with the 1950 Prize
to Bertrand Russell.[37] Faulkner detested the fame and
glory that resulted from his recognition. His aversion was
so great that his 17-year-old daughter learned of the No- Further significant Faulkner materials reside at the
bel Prize only when she was called to the principal’s office University of Mississippi, the Harry Ransom Center, and
the New York Public Library.
during the school day.[38]
5
7
Audio recordings
[9] Coughlan, Robert.
The Private World of William
Faulkner. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
• Yoknapatawpha Pronunciation by Falkner
• 'Ole Miss 1949 Nobel Prize acceptance speech and
excerpts from As I Lay Dying, The Old Man and A
Fable, plus readings by Debra Winger (“A Rose for
Emily”, “Barn Burning”), Keith Carradine (“Spotted Horses”) and Arliss Howard (“That Evening
Sun”, “Wash”). Winner of AudioFile Earphones
Award.
• William Faulkner Reads: The Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, Selections from As I Lay Dying, A Fable, The Old Man. Caedmon/Harper Audio, 1992.
Cassette. ISBN 1-55994-572-9
• William Faulkner Reads from His Work. Arcady Series, MGM E3617 ARC, 1957. Faulkner reads from
The Sound and The Fury (side one) and Light in August (side two). Produced by Jean Stein, who also
did the liner notes with Edward Cole. Cover photograph by Robert Capa (Magnum).
• From 1957–1958, William Faulkner was the University of Virginia’s Writer in Residence (the first).
There are audio recordings of his time at the University of Virginia, and they have now been made
available online at Faulkner at Virginia
8
See also
[12] Watson, James G. (2002). William Faulkner: SelfPresentation and Performance. Austin: University of
Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292791510.
[13] Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los
Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: pp.
63–64. ISBN 0-86576-008-X
[14] Hannon Charles “Faulkner, William” The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. Jay Parini. 2004 Oxford University Press, Inc. The Oxford Encyclopedia of
American Literature: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press.
[15] “Pirate’s Alley Faulkner Society Featuring Words & Music”. Wordsandmusic.org. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
[16] Porter, Carolyn. William Faulkner. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 0195310497, p. 37
[17] Parini, Jay (2004). One matchless time : a life of William
Faulkner (1. ed. ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p.
142. ISBN 0060935553.
[19] Blotner, J. and Frederick L. Gwynn, (eds.) (1959)
Faulkner in the University: Conferences at the University
of Virginia, 1957–1958.
• Center for Faulkner Studies
[20] Jennifer Ciotta. “Touring William Faulkner Oxford, Mississippi”. Literarytraveler.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
References
[21] Parini (2004) pp. 22–29
[1] Obituary Variety, July 11, 1962.
[2] “Fiction”. Past winners & finalists by category. The
Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
[3] MWP: William Faulkner (1897–1962) at Ole Miss.edu.
[4] Minter, David L. William Faulkner, His Life and Work.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980
ISBN 0801823471
[5] William Faulkner – Biography at Nobelprize.org
[6] Sensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Love: The Women Who
Shaped His Art, A Biography. Yale University Press, 2010.
ISBN 0-300-16568-4
[7] Coughlan, Robert.
The Private World of William
Faulkner. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, 1953, p.38
[8] “University of Mississippi: William Faulkner”.
miss.edu. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
[11] Scrivener, Leslie (June 9, 2013). “U of T Back Campus
Debate Invokes William Faulkner, Morley Callaghan”.
Toronto Star.
[18] Williamson, Joel. William Faulkner and Southern History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993
ISBN 0195101294.
• Faux Faulkner contest
9
[10] Porter, Carolyn. William Faulkner. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 0195310497
Ole-
[22] Parini (2004) pp. 36–37
[23] Padgett, John (November 11, 2008). “Mississippi Writers’ Page: William Faulkner”. The University of Mississippi. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
[24] Parini (2004) p. 139
[25] Peek, Charles A. (1999). A William Faulkner encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 335. ISBN 0-31329851-3.
[26] “Was Faulkner an alcoholic?". William Faulkner: Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
[27] Parini (2004) pp. 198–199
[28] Parini (2004) pp. 309–310
[29] En kärlekshistoria i Nobelprisklass, Dagens Nyheter, January 9, 2010.
6
10
[30] The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949: Biography Nobelprize.org.
[31] Charlotte Renner, Talking and Writing in Faulkner’s
Snopes Trilogy, ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLE,
The Southern Literary Journal , Vol. 15, No. 1 , Fall
1982.
[32] Levinger, Larry. “The Prophet Faulkner.” Atlantic
Monthly 285 (2000): 76.
[33] This book shares a title with The Marble Faun (1860), one
of the novels of Nathaniel Hawthorne.
[34] Wagner-Martin, Linda. William Faulkner: Six Decades
of Criticism. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Press, 2002 ISBN 0870136127.
[35] Abadie, Ann J. and Doreen Fowler. Faulkner and the
Southern Renaissance. Jackson, MS: University Press of
Mississippi, 1982 ISBN 1604732016.
[36] “The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949”. Nobelprize.org.
Retrieved July 25, 2009.
[37] “The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949: Documentary”. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
[38] Gordon, Debra. “Faulkner, William”. In Bloom,
Harold (ed.) William Faulkner, Bloom’s BioCritiques.
Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 2002 ISBN
079106378X
[39] “National Book Awards – 1951”. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-31. (With essays by Neil Baldwin and Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 50- and
60-year anniversary publications.)
[40] “National Book Awards – 1955”. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-31. (With acceptance speech
by Faulkner and essays by Neil Baldwin and Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 50- and 60-year anniversary
publications.)
[41] Jeremiah Rickert. “Genre Fiction”. Oregon Literary Review 2 (2). Archived from the original on February 21,
2008.
[42] Scott catalog #2350.
[43] “William Faulkner Quits His Post Office Job in Splendid
Fashion with a 1924 Resignation Letter”. Openculture.
September 30, 2012.
EXTERNAL LINKS
• William Faulkner: Novels 1936–1940 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 1990)
ISBN 978-0-940450-55-4
• William Faulkner: Novels 1942–1954 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 1994)
ISBN 978-0-940450-85-1
• William Faulkner: Novels 1957–1962 (Noel Polk,
ed., with notes by Joseph Blotner) (Library of
America, 1999) ISBN 978-1-883011-69-7
• William Faulkner: Novels 1926–1929 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 2006)
ISBN 978-1-931082-89-1
• Malcolm Cowley, editor The Portable Faulkner, The
Viking Press, 1946. ISBN 978-0-14-243728-5
• Sensibar, Judith L. The Origins of Faulkner’s Art.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. ISBN 0292-79020-1
• Sensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Love: The Women
Who Shaped His Art, A Biography. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-30016568-5
• Sensibar, Judith L. Vision in Spring. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. ISBN 0-292-78712-X.
• Blotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. New
York: Random House, 1974. 2 vols.
• Blotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. New
York: Random House, 1984.
• Margaret Kerr, Elizabeth, and Kerr, Michael M.
William Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha: A Kind of Keystone in the Universe. Fordham Univ Press, 1985
ISBN 0-8232-1135-5, ISBN 978-0-8232-1135-7
• Fowler, Doreen, Abadie, Ann. Faulkner and Popular Culture: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha. Univ.
Press of Mississippi, 1990 ISBN 0-87805-434-0,
ISBN 978-0-87805-434-3
• Liénard-Yeterian, Marie. 'Faulkner et le cinéma',
Paris: Michel Houdiard Editeur, 2010.ISBN 9782356-920379
Bibliography
• Parini, Jay (2004). One Matchless Time: A Life of
William Faulkner. New York: HarperCollins. pp.
22–29. ISBN 0-06-621072-0.
10 External links
• William Faulkner on the Web
• Teaching Faulkner
Citations
• William Faulkner: Novels 1930–1935 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, ed.) (Library of America, 1985)
ISBN 978-0-940450-26-4
• William Faulkner at the Mississippi Writers Page
• Jean Stein vanden Heuvel (Spring 1956). “William
Faulkner, The Art of Fiction No. 12”. The Paris
Review.
7
• Nobel Prize in Literature Acceptance Speech (text
and audio)
• Faulkner and Love: The Women Who Shaped His
Art, A Biography on his two “mothers”, his wife,
and their Jim Crow world.
• (Audio) William Faulkner reads the 1949 Nobel
Prize acceptance speech and excerpts from As I Lay
Dying, The Old Man and A Fable.
• William Faulkner biography, quotes, multimedia, &
teacher resources
• Faulkner Link to Plantation Diary Discovered, the
diary of Francis Terry Leak and their connection to
the work of William Faulkner
• Hisao Tanaka, “Two American Dreamers in
Faulkner’s Fiction” Hiroshima Interdisciplinary
Studies in the Humanities, Vol.2 page.28-37
• William Faulkner at Find a Grave
8
11
11
11.1
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text
• William Faulkner Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Faulkner?oldid=650863417 Contributors: Eloquence, Mav, Koyaanis Qatsi, LA2, Youssefsan, Danny, Phil Bordelon, SimonP, Olivier, DennisDaniels, Frecklefoot, Infrogmation, Tubby, Kwertii, Shoehorn, Vudujava, Llywrch, Gabbe, Paul A, Goatasaur, Ams80, Ahoerstemeier, Den fjättrade ankan, SeanO, Glenn, Jschwa1, John K, Jod,
Wfeidt, Norwikian, Dwo, Carson, Jengod, Dcoetzee, Dino, RickK, Johnboy, Andrewman327, Cjmnyc, Tpbradbury, Mir Harven, Anupamsr, Rbellin, Mksmith, Robbot, Donreed, Postdlf, Pingveno, FredR, Sverdrup, Flauto Dolce, Meelar, LGagnon, UtherSRG, Modeha,
Mandel, SoLando, Fortunado, Dina, Giftlite, Nunh-huh, Tom harrison, Obli, Everyking, Bkonrad, No Guru, Supergee, Gamaliel, Rajatp,
Varlaam, Ssd, Solipsist, George Kaplan, MCKenny, Bnp, Andycjp, Antandrus, Jossi, Karol Langner, Brooker, Rdsmith4, DragonflySixtyseven, GeoGreg, Neutrality, Joyous!, Mschlindwein, HamYoyo, Mike Rosoft, D6, Sdicht, DanielCD, Noisy, Discospinster, Silence,
Ahkond, Mani1, Mr. Billion, Putrescent stench, Omnibus, Lankiveil, Bobo192, Robotje, Cmdrjameson, .:Ajvol:., Jag123, Pokrajac, Alexs
letterbox, Slambo, Cunningham, Vanished user azby388723i8jfjh32, JesseHogan, Mareino, Merope, Knucmo2, Jumbuck, Storm Rider,
Alansohn, Andrewpmk, ABCD, Calton, Hoary, BryanD, XLR8TION, Ksnow, JLeland, Bbsrock, Birdmessenger, Sciurinæ, TheAznSensation, Axeman89, Jweed, Varungarde, Tintin1107, Defixio, Pcpcpc, Stemonitis, Mário, ^demon, MONGO, AnaZ, Macaddct1984, Wayward, Palica, Dynamax, Dysepsion, Graham87, Sparkit, Rachel1, Cuchullain, Johnhpaulin, Nimocks, Kbdank71, Dvyost, Noirish, Koavf,
Lugnad, Wooddoo-eng, Durin, The wub, Yamamoto Ichiro, Titoxd, FlaBot, Naraht, Musical Linguist, Nivix, CarolGray, Ewlyahoocom,
RobyWayne, Jrtayloriv, R Lee E, TeaDrinker, Preslethe, Alphachimp, Ldnew, Irregulargalaxies, DVdm, Korg, VolatileChemical, Mr.
SmartyPants, Pepso, YurikBot, Borgx, RobotE, Todd Vierling, S.Camus, RussBot, Musicpvm, Stephenb, Rsrikanth05, Cryptic, Stephen
Burnett, DragonHawk, Calsicol, LaszloWalrus, FritzG, Nick, Vizjim, Tony1, Aaron Schulz, JJBunks, Bota47, Asams10, Nlu, Rizla, Pegship, Zain, Homagetocatalonia, Open2universe, Ninly, Teiladnam, Nikkimaria, Merishi, [email protected], Mikhail Simkin, ASmartKid, Rande M Sefowt, CWenger, Mais oui!, Curpsbot-unicodify, Bridgman, Iago Dali, Luk, Tsm1128, Tbjerre, Attilios, SmackBot, Nick Dillinger, Zazaban, Pgk, C.Fred, Jacek Kendysz, Davewild, Delldot, Swerdnaneb, Nscheffey, Edgar181, Septegram, Gilliam,
Carl.bunderson, Juve2000, Amatulic, Chris the speller, Madmedea, Thumperward, PrimeHunter, O keyes, Sadads, CSWarren, TheDrunkard, DHN-bot, Cassivs, Colonies Chris, Xbxg32000, Scwlong, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Dumpendebat, Jajhill, Zvar, Edivorce,
Mipchunk, Seduisant, Gandabinda, RFD, Downwards, MilitaryTarget, JohnHinsdale, WaldoJ, Davidhein, Ttau, LeerokLacerta, Curly
Turkey, Thistheman, Will Beback, Klothekid, SashatoBot, BrownHairedGirl, Molerat, Soap, John, GeoffreyVS, Soulsrocker, JHunterJ,
Shamrox, BillFlis, Drinky Crow, Beetstra, Ehheh, Oo7akbnd, Jmanoman, DatKy, MTSbot, Scorpion0422, Lunisneko, Bolt Vanderhuge,
Christian Roess, Iridescent, Dekaels, Shoeofdeath, Lazlototh, Vocaro, Blehfu, Hokeman, Supertigerman, Tawkerbot2, Joey80, SillyRyno,
Geremia, Agathman, Drinibot, Burkedavis, ShelfSkewed, Ken Gallager, Chicheley, Ministerpumpkin, Funnyfarmofdoom, AndrewHowse,
Cydebot, Beek man, Registered user 92, Aristophanes68, Xxanthippe, MWaller, ST47, Lugnuts, NRZarrugh, Hibou8, Chrislk02, Diarmada, Dustinomorales, Hawesinsky, Krungadoren, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Colin4C, Pajz, TonyTheTiger, Mad Scientist, Docbp87, Headbomb, John254, Bardon Dornal, Massimo Macconi, E. Ripley, Escarbot, Mentifisto, Robert Waalk, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Luna Santin,
Obiwankenobi, Seaphoto, Miesling, Ownlyanangel, Lyricmac, Modernist, WileyPublishing, Aheaslip, Elaragirl, Arx Fortis, Roy Johnson,
Fairlane75, JAnDbot, Gondola, MER-C, Dsp13, Hello32020, Midnightdreary, Andonic, Beaumont, .anacondabot, Promking, FaerieInGrey, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Leofstan, P64, Xn4, JamesBWatson, Lifeontheplains, Tedickey, Willfaulkner, Caracas 2000,
Corporal Tunnel, KConWiki, BrianGV, Catgut, Animum, Torchiest, Exiledone, Greg Daniels, Wayne Miller, Arnesh, Ratherhaveaheart,
Dpapic, BakerFranke, MartinBot, Derf sewot67, Lydia Larkin, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, MLNorman, Bongomatic, Numbo3, 8th Ohio Volunteers, Msengineer1977, Libroman, 0991, Darkspots, Evn ashe, JayJasper, Bilbobee, FerventDove, Eonas the Monotheist, Rosenknospe, SJP, Juliancolton, CF90, Donmike10, Andy Marchbanks, Yankeedoodledandy, Wilhelm meis,
GrahamHardy, Idioma-bot, BraveFoot, Lights, VolkovBot, L.A.Nutti, Piatrok, WOSlinker, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Downeyr, Clamchowder, A4bot, GcSwRhIc, Nevets403, Thomas1617, Canaima, Jackfork, LeaveSleaves, Raymondwinn, Ilyushka88, Bearian, S2grand,
Gene06825, Myersdtm, Falcon8765, Softlavender, Gimbrinel, AlleborgoBot, Logan, Milowent, EmxBot, Williesnow, Seaalm, SieBot,
PeterCanthropus, Felixtrumble, BotMultichill, Jauerback, Gerakibot, Jsc83, SE7, June w, WRK, Keilana, Happysailor, Elcobbola, Jasgrider, AK1591, Monegasque, Hiddenfromview, Oxymoron83, Mikeblew, Techman224, JasonDUIUC, Gs32794, Kumioko (renamed),
Presidentman, Mangledorf, NazgulsInc, Doktorschley, LarRan, Auwie, Slothrop87, Sfan00 IMG, Tanvir Ahmmed, De728631, ClueBot,
Dvl007, Jackson66, Strongsauce, NickCT, Jackollie, Wikievil666, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s Wraith, Denisebk, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Drmies, Blanchardb, Treethorn, Cam234duh, Pointillist, Osomite, DragonBot, Jeanenawhitney, Excirial, Gnome de plume,
AuthorAuthor, Hokiefreak92, Sun Creator, Rimbaud 2, TheRedPenOfDoom, Dekisugi, 6afraidof7, JDPhD, Insunchong, Phynicen, Bellwether BC, Florin zeitblom, SoxBot III, NinetyCharacters, Darkicebot, Jonathanwallace, Boleyn, Codemastercode, Little Mountain 5, SilvonenBot, Mifter, Tee2008, JK Cromwell, Thisisspelledcorrectly, Noctibus, ZooFari, Johnkatz1972, Airplaneman, Belfunk, Sawyer0413,
Addbot, Spaceisthehigherground, Correct217, Dreamer1231990, Sashafresh, Friginator, Colibri37, Montgomery '39, Tom Ketchum, Dunbarx, Ronhjones, Bender21435, Fish frii, Rmd69, Fieldday-sunday, Flamedown, Download, D.c.camero, Shortybaby, Neonorange, Favonian, JGKlein, 5 albert square, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, Sionnach1, Gail, AussieLegend2, MissAlyx, Bear300, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Fraggle81, J Deem, Gongshow, QueenCake, SwisterTwister, Phlyght, AaRH, Bhambilly, Paralympic, Boleyn2, Piano non troppo, Ntjp99,
Materialscientist, BasilSorbie, Citation bot, Clnewman2001, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, 4twenty42o, Jeffrey Mall, Davshul, Eagleeyez83,
GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, RivRubicon, GenevieveofVA, Mattis, Petros000, Sandcherry, Likesdaddies, 30deliciousyears, Thehelpfulbot,
Haldraper, Hushpuckena, Artimaean, Anna Roy, Everyothernamewastaken, Hslibrarygal, Tumblehome, Shawzee, Unitanode, Drafan9098,
RawrCuppyCake, James Bryan Dixon, Colm Schrader, Yeshua Tolle, Propman1, Bluespapa, Machold, Faulkner4321, Pinethicket, Grammarspellchecker, Adlerbot, Mrwick1, 10metreh, Alidev, RedBot, HarringtonSmith, Mjb1193, Aardvarkzz, FoxBot, TobeBot, Wolfehhgg,
Bookstore36, Paopp, Abie the Fish Peddler, ThinkEnemies, Rwood128, Letterwing, GeneralCheese, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Mtirrell38, J L Shakespeare, ExistentialBliss, S-DIAZWK, DotKuro, Taro-Gabunia, Wikipelli, BluFolk, Ida Shaw, Illegitimate Barrister, Fæ,
ElationAviation, DisinheritedKnight, Flyingshaper, VWBot, Smirnoff171, Cosmicsailor, Accotink2, Sir Max Perkins, UTimons, Jbergste,
Masque of Red Death, Bill william compton, William Cuthbert Faulkner, ClamDip, Andretg, Elviswigglebottom, Kinkreet, Sonicyouth86,
ClueBot NG, Dictfix, NapoleonX, Serasuna, AllexGER, Joefromrandb, Stantonesque1, Twainman, Djodjo666, O.Koslowski, WikiPuppies,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Fireman102, Titodutta, Calidum, Lenagrove3, Erinnoelle, BG19bot, Shethewriter, Shanghai88, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, FiveColourMap, Altaïr, Jimserchak, Glacialfox, Kaddourasalim, Josephfouche, Harrison 1979, Crecio, ChrisGualtieri,
GoShow, ThePaulanator, Eb7473, Dexbot, Editor3871, Makecat-bot, Thomas Picton, Blew1000, Wywin, Andrew8899, Lekoren, Magnolia677, OccultZone, Gelophile, Filedelinkerbot, 11scottie, Mountaindew776, TurningPages, SoSivr and Anonymous: 929
11.2
11.2
Images
9
Images
• File:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: http://www.openclipart.org/cgi-bin/navigate/education/books (note: the link no longer works since reorganization of the OpenClipArt website). Original artist: Original author: AJ Ashton (on OpenClipArt). Code fixed by verdy_p for XML
conformance, and MediaWiki compatibility, using a stricter subset of SVG without the extensions of SVG editors, also cleaned up many
unnecessary CSS attributes, or factorized them for faster performance and smaller size. All the variants linked below are based on this
image.
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Nobel_Prize.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png License: ? Contributors:
Derivative of File:NobelPrize.JPG Original artist:
Photograph: JonathunderMedal: Erik Lindberg (1873-1966)
• File:TheFaulknerPortable.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/TheFaulknerPortable.jpg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: own work, http://www.southsideartgallery.com Original artist: Gary Bridgman
• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
11.3
Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0