Gallipoli
THE LAST AEGEAN CONQUEST
ART91209
http://m.everguide.com.au/Events/Event/99136
In 1955 Nolan and his wife, Cynthia, moved to the
Greek island of Hydra at the invitation of George
Johnston and Charmian Clift. Inspired by his
reading of Robert Graves’s The Greek myths, and
Homer’s Iliad, Nolan began work on a Trojan War
series. At Johnston’s urging, he read Alan
Nolan's "Kenneth", painted in New York, 1958.
Moorehead’s New Yorker article which discussed
Polyvinyl acetate on hardboard. Courtesy the
the geographical proximity of Gallipoli and Troy
Australian War Memorial (ART19577)
and the similarities between these two famous
http://www.uq.edu.au/news/sites/uqnews.drupal.uq.edu.au/files/st
campaigns. As it happened, Moorehead was then
yles/large_portrait/http/uqnews.drupal.uq.edu.au/filething/get/275
92/21911.jpg%3Fitok%3Dpmx7dPOH
also living nearby, on the island of Spetsae,
completing what would become his best-selling
book on the Gallipoli campaign.
Meanwhile, Nolan’s own research had led him to the archaeological museum in Athens, where he became
fascinated by classical sculpture and the depiction of ancient Greek warriors on vases. Around this time he
also briefly visited Gallipoli and the site of ancient Troy. Little wonder that Nolan soon began to explore the
connections between Troy and Gallipoli in his art.[1]
www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/nolan/themes.asp
The twentieth century's wars were fought under the sign of Homer's epic. Rupert Brooke recited The Iliad
on the troopship to Gallipoli, and ecstatically anticipated a death that would eternalise his name.
http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2009/may/1257287723/peter-conrad/troy-revisited
There was a fever of excitement about the “Constantinople Expedition” among young men in England. ‘It’s
too wonderful for belief,’ Rupert Brooke wrote as he was setting out. ‘I had not imagined Fate would be so
kind…Will Hero’s Tower crumble under the 15-inch guns? Will the sea be polyphloisbic and wine dark and
unvintageable? Shall I loot mosaics from St Sophia, and Turkish Delight and carpets? Should we be a
Turning Point in History? Oh God! I’ve never been quite so happy in my life I think.Never quite so
pervasively happy; like a stream flowing entirely to one end. I suddenly realise that the ambition of my life
has been- since I was two- to go on a military expedition against Constantinople.’
Moorehead p109[3]
Brooke’s own war sonnets would soon be on everybodies lips:
Now God be thanked who has matched us with His hour,
And caught our youth, and awakened us from sleeping…
Blow out you bugles, over the rich Dead!
If I should die, think only this of me:
That there's some corner of a foreign field
That is for ever England.
Moorehead p109[3]
Tragically, Brooke developed sepsis from an infected mosquito
bite....and died on his way to the landing at Gallipoli. This was a
premonition of what was to become of this exultant mood.
At Gallipoli on April 25 romance and realism met on the
battlefield. As it always does, romance lost.
Carlyon p 103
“A voice had become audible, a note had been struck, more true, more thrilling, more able to do justice to the nobility of our youth in
arms engaged in this present war, than any other…
The voice had been swiftly stilled”
WINSTON CHURCHILL in a letter to The Times, April 26, 1915[3]
THE DECISION MAKERS
First Lord of the Admiralty, Sir Winston Churchill
At the head of this excitement rode the young man who looked like he was about to save the world.
The author of the Dardenelles scheme, Churchill [is described
as],...an adventurer more interested in ends rather than means
and inclined to see the war as an epic rather than a tragedy.
Young Winston is now 40. Smouldering eyes burn in a face that
is handsome but not kind. He has a fine mind and is full of
derring-do. He is also impetuous: detail is for clerks. He charms
and blusters; he is conciliatory and confronting; he has a gift for
rhetoric that so baffles his opponents that they think of what they
should have said hours after he has won them around. He
understands theatrics. He is on his way to becoming (as an
opponent once said of him) the greatest artist who ever entered
British politics."
Carlyon p23[2]
The Dardenelles was the vision of a young man, this would save
millions of lives, rescue Russia from tyranny, protect and
conserve the ascendency of Great Britain. A stoke of brilliance.
First Sea Lord, John Arbuthnot
"Jacky" Fisher
Involvement of the Royal Navy personified in the actions of
Admiral of the Fleet, "Jacky" Fisher.
The argumentative, energetic, reform-minded Fisher is often
considered the second most important figure in British naval
history, after Lord Nelson.
He had a huge influence on the Royal Navy in a career
spanning more than 60 years, starting in a navy of wooden
sailing ships armed with muzzle-loading cannon and ending
in one of steel-hulled battlecruisers, submarines and the first
aircraft carriers.
Fisher and Churchill were similar in personality, "both were
intelligent, eccentric and intolerant of humbug"
However, Churchill was relatively young; he wanted to do
something that would put him in the history books. Fisher
was so old he had served on the navies first ironclad ships;
he wanted to protect the place he already had in the history
books.
Carlyon p52[2]
Fisher originally conceded to Churchill's idea, but argued,
"But ONLY IF IT'S IMMEDIATE! However, it won't be!"
Carlyon p52[2]
Fisher becomes increasingly concerned for the safety of his ships...
Fisher and Kitchener argue about the navy's commitment.
Conflict of interest between Kitchener and Fisher eventually led to
Fisher's resignation.
Lord fisher resigns. "Kitchener became angry at learning of the recall
of the Queen Elizabeth; the navy was deserting the army at a critical
moment, he said. Fisher threw a tantrum on hearing this. The Queen
Elizabeth would come home that night or he would walk out of the
Admiralty. " p276
...found holed up in the Charing Cross Hotel" p275[2]
Lord Fisher and Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty,
after a meeting of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1913
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Fisher%26Churchill.jpg
Kitchener
Interests of the army personified with Kitchener
In 1914, at the start of the War, Kitchener became
Secretary of State for War, a Cabinet Minister.
"British people worship him...in the public mind he
is Wellington and Marlborough, part man, part god.
The one thing the British people know about
Kitchener is that he understands war better than
anyone else on earth" Carlyon p19[2]
David Lloyd George (British PM 1916-22), likened
Kitchener to 'one of those revolving lighthouses
which radiate momentary gleams of revealing light
far out into the surrounding gloom and then
suddenly relapse into complete darkness'" Carlyon
p19
One of the few to foresee a long war, he organised
the largest volunteer army that Britain, and indeed
the world, had seen ...appearing on recruiting
posters demanding "Your country needs you!"
Kitchener was reluctant to trust Churchill
"He cannot finesse and manipulate like Churchill.
He is not clever with words. His way of winning an
argument is to keep restating the same case..."
Carlyon p 22
*When Kitchener drowned in 1916 (on a ship that
hit a mine headed for Russia)...’a pall fell over the nation. To the people of the Empire he had been a
rallying point: ..he was going to get us through.[2]
ABOVE 1910: Field Marsha Lord Kitchener (1850 - 1916), inspecting the Victorian infantry in
Melbourne
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#First_World_War
Hamilton : the tragic hero
Appointed to command of the Gallipoli
operations by Kitchener was the British
general, Sir Ian Hamilton. Hamilton had
served with Kitchener for most of his
working life and was only two years apart;
yet, ...they have relationship "of a father
and son, headmaster and prefect" p24
As the “Commander of the Mediterranean
Expeditionary Force”, he is caught in the
same fever of excitement as Rupert
Brooke (whom he knew well).
Referred to as the poet-general, he was a
tragic choice for such a savage campaign.
Churchill had written of Hamilton some 15
years before,
‘He has a most happy gift for expression,
a fine taste in words, and an acute
perception for the curious which he has
preserved from his literary days.’
Rhodes Jamesp55[4]
Apart from speaking German and
Hindustani, he wrote all his memoirs in
French. He is an Edwardian gentleman.
After watching the landing at ANZAC from
HMS Queen Elizabeth, Hamilton wrote:
“They are not charging up into this Sari
Bair range for money or compulsion. They
fight for love – all the way from the
Southern Cross for love of the old country
and of liberty.”[5]
His optimism and Enthusiasm were unquenchable, even in the darkest hours, and were a great asset to
him, as a commander in chief and to the whole expedition, but the border between optimism and wishful
thinking is perilously narrow, and it was one that Hamilton too frequently crossed.
Eventually his command came under scrutiny, partly because of complaints circulated by the Australian
correspondent Keith Murdoch. Finally, on 15 October he was replaced; it was effectively the end of his
military career. His successor, General Charles Monro, recommended the evacuation of the forces from
Gallipoli.[4]
He was brave, sensitive and intelligent. But he was ill-suited for a campaign that demanded strong
leadership and was probably doomed from the start; he was not able to inspire his commanders and never
gained the confidence of his troops[5]
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlRruY4WRjw
A clip of General Sir Ian Hamilton from the 1934 film "Forgotten Men: The War As It Was". For ...
Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders
"There is a nice counterpoint [to Hamilton] in Von Sanders, who is cold and clear eyed. He arrives at the
peninsular and is immediately like a prosecuted who is preparing his brief. [a brief he had 4 weeks to
prepare for]
...Hamilton is a gentleman, Von Sanders is a technician"
Carlyon p83[2]
(February 17, 1855 – August 22, 1929) was a German general who served as adviser and military
commander for the Ottoman Empire during World War I. His father was a Jewish nobleman.[1] Like many
other Prussians from aristocratic families, he joined the military and rose through the ranks to Lieutenant
General. Like several Prussian generals before him... he was appointed the head of a German military
mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1913. For nearly eighty years, the Ottoman Empire had been trying to
modernize its army along European lines. Liman von Sanders would be the last German to attempt this
task.[6]
Otto Liman von Sanders, Hans-Joachim Buddecke, and Oswald Boelcke in Turkey, 1916
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S60853,_Buddecke,_Liman_von_Sanders_und_Boelcke.jpg
Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood
Commanding the inexperienced Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), Birdwood had been a
senior officer in Britain’s pre-1914 Indian Army.
Birdwood has been described as the ‘Soul of Anzac’. His Corps headquarters was located in the hills just
behind Anzac Cove and was open to Turkish shelling.[7]
When peering through a periscope at Qinn’s Post [regarded as the most dangerous sector of Anza], a
sniper hit the upper mirror and part of the bullit skidded along the top of Birdwood’s head. He briefly
collapsed, blood spurting freely. Pieces from the nickel jacket of the bullet were removed from the wound
six months later’
Carlyon p 264,
Such behaviour made him, unlike many generals, very visible to his men, and Bean summed up this aspect
of Birdwood: "Above all, he possessed the quality, which went straight to the heart of Australians, of
extreme personal courage."
[Charles Bean, The Story of Anzac, Vol 1, Sydney, 1941, p121]
‘Birdie’, as he was known to his close friends, greatly admired his Anzacs and claimed to have got on well
with men who rarely gave automatic
authority to anyone.
Birdwood later spoke of his admiration
for Australian troops and their egalitarian
approach to management. Years later he
recounted a favourite encounter with
some Australian soldiers, that when he
was walking along the beach at Gallipoli
in full regalia in the evening he came
upon two Australian soldiers walking in
the opposite direction. When they failed
to salute, the General stopped and said:
"Don't you know who I am.""No", they
replied. "What if I said I was General
Birdwood?""We'd say: Pluck that feather
off your hat, shove it up you arse, and fly
off like a bird would."
Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood swimming at Anzac Cove, May 1915.
[AWM G00401] http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/1landing/s_images/birdwoodswim.jpg
THE PLAN
The Gallipoli campaign was conceived by members of the War Council of the British Cabinet as a strategy
for breaking the trench warfare deadlock on the western front. In August 1914 German troops had invaded
France and neutral Belgium and dug in
along a line of trench defences for 760
kilometres from the Swiss border to the
English Channel. Allied attempts to
expel them by frontal assault had failed
with heavy losses.
The original idea of a naval attack upon
the Turkish defences of the Dardanelles
arose in January 1915 after an appeal
from Russia to its allies, Britain and
France, for assistance against Turkish
attacks in the Caucasus. First Lord of
the Admiralty; Winston Churchill,
searching for alternative theatres of
operations and a more aggressive role
for the British Navy, proposed a naval
'demonstration' using obsolescent
battleships to force the straits of the
Dardanelles and subdue Constantinople
(present day Istanbul).[8]
Sea access to Russia through the Dardanelles
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/469px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png
The straits of the Dardanelles are a strategically vital waterway linking the Mediterranean, through the
Bosphorus at Constantinople, to the Black Sea ports of the great rivers of heartland Russia and eastern
Europe. The Gallipoli Peninsula forms a natural gateway protecting the straits and their access to
Constantinople.
Churchill's plan was based on the premise that Turkey would quickly surrender once British warsiups stood
off Constantinople. Turkey's defeat would present many strategic rewards at little risk: it would assure the
security of the Suez Canal; the capture of the Dardanelles would open a warm-water supply route to
Russia; and a British victory would draw the unaligned Balkan nations into supporting an Allied advance
against the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary; on a new southern front.
Despite some reservations about the plan [particularly from the First Sea Lord, John Arbuthnot "Jacky"
Fisher ] and the imprecise nature of the objectives, the naval assault began on 19 February. Within a month
it had failed utterly. The fleet was unable to overcome the Turkish defensive rninefields and concealed
artillery batteries which protected the straits. One third of the Allied warships were sunk or disabled on a
single day, 18 March.[8]
Panoramic view of the Dardanelles fleet
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dardanelles_fleet-2.jpg/800px-Dardanelles_fleet-2.jpg
The original plan was now reversed by the War Council. The
intention had been for the army, in a subsidiary role, to occupy the
territory subdued by the navy. It was now proposed that the army
would make an amphibious assault upon the Gallipoli peninsula to
eliminate the Turkish land defences and open the Dardanelles for
the passage of the navy.
The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF), an army of
combined British, Dominion, Indian and French formations totalling
some 70,000 men (including 20,000 Australians training in Egypt),
was assembled [by Kitchener] under the command of General Sir
Ian Hamilton.[8]
Lieutenant-General William Birdwood, commanding the
inexperienced Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC),
comprising the Australian Division and two brigades of the New
Zealand and Australian Division, was ordered to conduct an
amphibious assault on the western side of the Gallipoli
Peninsula.[9]
Map of Gallipoli c.1915
http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/1landing/first-to-fall/images/map.gif
The landings were to be made at a number of places simultaneously with the object of seizing the southern
section of the peninsula from Cape Helles to the Narrows.
http://mapco.net/gallipmail/dailymail01.htm
The British 29th Division…[ was to make] the main landing at five beaches on the toe of the peninsula
around Cape Helles. They aimed to capture the dominating hill of Achi Baba and then advance from the
south on the Narrows forts assisted by naval gunfire support.
The two divisions of the Anzac Corps, commanded by General
William Birdwood… [was to make] a secondary landing near
Kabatepe, about 25 kilometres to the north.
The location chosen for the operation was between the
headland of Gaba Tepe and the Fisherman's Hut, three miles
(4.8 km) to the north.[9]
The landscape of the area was comprised essentially of
three ridges, all of which pivoted around the Sari Bair range,
the apex being Hill 971 (named after its bearing point). Carlyon
suggests, however, "We should be wary of this neatnes: it
brings too much order to shambles."
P 135 [2]
Landing at dawn after a naval gunfire bombardment, the first
troops were to seize the lower crests and southern spurs [the
second ridge] of Hill 971. The second wave would pass them to
capture the spur of Hill 971, especially Mal Tepe [the third
ridge]. There they would be positioned to cut the enemy's lines
of communications to the Kilid Bahr Plateau, thus preventing the
Turks from bringing reinforcements from the north to the Kilid
Bahr Plateau during the attack by the British 29th Division which
would advance from a separate beachhead further south-west.
The capture of Mal Tepe was "more vital and valuable than the
capture of the Kilid Bahr Plateau itself’[9]
Map illustrating the three ridges.
http://www.pap-to-pass.org/Anzac.jpg
Initial objectives for
the landing shown in
red; the dotted green
line is what was
actually achieved.
Darker tones indicate
higher ground.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anzac_landing_plan_April_25_1915.jpg
Birdwood planned to arrive off the peninsula after the moon had set, with the first troops landing at 03:30,
an hour before dawn...., the troops were to travel in naval and merchant ships, transferring to rowing boats
towed by small steamboats to make the assault.[9]
THE EXECUTION
After a further six weeks of preparation and delays and in the absence of clear directives from the War
Council, the Allied army assaulted the peninsula on 25 April
THE LAUNCH
It was a sight, this huge fleet of transports,
ploughing its way through a sapphire sea - a
spectacle that, perhaps, will never be seen again.
That this vast fleet was able to sail all those
thousands of miles, without an escort of any kind, is
an excellent proof of the splendid work the Navy has
done. Christmas day, 1914. Ellis Silas
http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/1landing/s_crusading/thePix/04.jpg
1. Troops on the battleships were woken at 1 am,
given a hot meal and a drink while the tows were being
got ready, and by 1.30 am were ready for mustering into
companies.[10]
2. At 01:00 on 25 April the British ships stopped at sea, and thirty-six rowing boats towed by twelve
steamers embarked the first six companies, two each from the 9th, 10th and 11th Battalions.[17] At
02:00 a Turkish sentry reported seeing ships moving at sea, and at 02:30 the report was sent to 9th
Division's headquarters.[30] At 02:53 the ships headed towards the peninsula, continuing until 03:30
when the larger ships stopped. With fifty yards (46 m) to go, the rowing boats continued using only
their oars.[31][32]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove
3. "The first wave [of rowing boats] was slowly gathered together in this way, enveloped by a sea mist
which clung to the water like a shallow blanket. Orders required the men to keep greatcoats stowed
in packs and wear tunics with sleeves rolled to the elbow so that flashes of white skin could give
easier identification during the dawn assault. Dressed so lightly, men were soon chilled to the bone;
nor could they move to restore circulation.
[troops also issued with caps rather than slouch hats. Some later removed the wiring from the upper
rim of the hat to make themselves look less conspicuous. Many of the same men were later shot by
friendly fire, mistakenly identified at a distance as Turkish troops]. [10]
4. The journey took just forty minutes but with nerves wound up to such a pitch, few had any sense of
time. To Cheney with the 10th, the journey seemed "like days", and to Lieutenant Aubrey Darnell
with the 11th, "to go on for ever"; the last hundred yards were for George Mitchell "a lifetime".
5. As they closed on the peninsula, men
whispered jests, and on the surface there was a
sense of calm. "I am quite sure few of us realised that
at last we were actually bound for our baptism of fire
for it seemed as though we were just out on one of
our night manoeuvres in Mudros harbour," Margetts
was later to recall. But beneath the calm, all sensed
an excitement that was tense and electric. Set as they
were on a flat surface without a shred of cover and
incapable of evasive action, all knew that Turkish
shrapnel – even a single machine gun – could
scupper the first wave. All they could do was sit silent,
still, frozen, and let silence and darkness magnify
their fears.
A boatload of 6th Battalion soldiers on their way to land at Anzac Cove after leaving the
transport ship HMT Galeka at Gallipoli Peninsula
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/25/2882105.htm?site=brisbane
6. Mitchell tried to analyse his own feelings at the time but failed: "I think every emotion was mixed but
with exhilaration predominant." One 9th Battalion veteran later described how he had shivered and
trembled uncontrollably throughout the journey, nervousness and excitement equally mixed.
Blackburn, one of the scouts that day (and a future winner of the Victoria Cross), expressed it more
simply: "The 30 or 45 minutes to the shore were the most trying of the lot."
7. At 4 am, with landfall ten minutes away, the first glow of dawn allowed men to distinguish between
hills and sky. Bean spoke in 1919 of there having been "a brightening sky and a silken, lemoncoloured dawn breaking smooth grey behind the hills" when he briefed the artist Lambert on the
monumental painting of the landing he was commissioned to produce, while Norris described the
sea, in that first glow, as glistening "like a sheet of oil".
8. The Australian experience of Turkish fire varied. The tows of the 9th Battalion formed the southern
flank, landing the men along the south flank of the Ari Burnu peninsula. Salisbury, who was among
the forces, later gave Bean a detailed account: "It was not quite light but getting very close to it. A
very bright light appeared to the north. The first we heard when we were about twenty yards off the
beach was a single shot – then two or three. It sounded like a sentry group. Then it began very fast.
There was an exclamation, 'Hello! Now we're spotted.' It was a relief to hear the thing go. Here we
are. Now we are in it."
9. Opinion was less divided on how much firing there had been and where it had come from.
After many interviews, Bean's despatch eventually stated: "The Turks in trenches facing the Landing
had run but those on either flank and on the ridges above and in the gullies kept up fire on the boats
coming inshore."
Bean, however, didn't go along with men like Major Fortescue, who spoke of a solid mass of Turkish
bullets and a cacophany of bugle calls. "Neither then nor at any time later," Bean concluded, "was
the beach the inferno of bursting shells and barbed-wire entanglements and falling men that has
sometimes been described or painted." Turkish artillery, in particular, didn't start to fire shrapnel until
5.10am (some reports said 4.45 am), or about an hour after the first Australians landed.
10. Men's responses to being shot at for the first time varied, as described by Mitchell: "Some men
crouch[ed] in the crowded boat while others sat up nonchalantly. Some laughed and joked while
others cursed. I tried to scan the dim faces of our platoon and my section in particular. Fear was not
at home." One of Bean's anecdotes highlights the unexpected cheerfulness of men in a time of
extremity: "The 11th Battalion had been told by someone that bullets would sound like birds flying
overhead. The Turkish bullets, at short range, were anything but that, and one of the battalion's hard
cases, Private 'Combo' Smith, set the whole boat laughing by remarking to his neighbour, 'Snowy'
Howe 'Just like little birds, ain't they, Snow?'" As for the cursing, Stanley thought it worth mentioning
that "the language was awful". "Bloody", at this time, was the limit prescribed by custom for the
majority of Australians,
There were calm men too, and their example was priceless. Margetts told Bean: "A young
midshipman in our cutter stood up. It did one the world of good to see him standing up. He had a
great effect on our men. Four seamen had their heads well down in the boat and our men would
have taken their cue from them."
11. By this time most tows were about a hundred metres from the shore and the steamboats cast them
off. "Those at the oars rowed like men possessed," Darnell told his father. "Some were shot and
others took their place at once and not a word was uttered. Presently we grounded and, in an
instant, were in the water up to our waists and wading ashore with bullets pinging all around us."
Private Gordon's landing was less accomplished. Responding to a sailor's exhortation to "Hop out
and after 'em, lads", he promptly lost his footing on the slippery stones of the seabed, then fell a
second time as he stepped ashore because of the weight of his saturated uniform. Meanwhile,
Turkish bullets were killing and maiming in such a gratuitous manner that many men were deeply
disconcerted. Arthur Butler, the 9th Battalion's medical officer, recalled a calm midshipman handing
him his satchel, "as if he were landing a pleasure party" when he fell back into the boat, shot
through the head.
The Landing’ from Silas' book, Crusading at Anzac
http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/1landing/s_crusading/images/image08.gif
12. Boulders on the seabed could easily trip a man, while small pebbles and metal-shod army boots
were a slippery match for top-heavy soldiers in full marching order – as Sergeant Douglas Baker
found to his cost when he slipped and got a ducking. Nor were stones and boulders the only
hazards. "Looking down at the bottom of the sea, Nicholas wrote later, "you could see a carpet of
dead men who had been shot getting out of the boats". Private Eric Moorhead stepped on one of
those bodies "in the wash of the water's edge" when he came ashore.[10]
THE LANDING
The question of who was first ashore became another contentious issue soon after the landing. The
Sydney Mail proposed Joseph Stratford, a New South Wales man who had enlisted in Queensland's
9th Battalion and died during the first day. Lismore claimed the honour for its son and a school in
Queensland was named after him. But Duncan Chapman, another 9th Battalion man, claimed
priority in a letter dated 24 June 1915: "My boat was the first to land and, being in the bow, I was the
first man to leap ashore." Bean supported Chapman and mentioned Frank Kemp, a sergeant scout,
who corroborated the story. But since the tows landed on both sides of a peninsula with only the
dimmest glimmer of dawn to illuminate the scene, it is difficult to discover a solid basis for any claim
on this score.[10]
1. The Anzac force was landed at An Burnu, over a kilometre north of the intended landing site, on a
narrow front with their units bunched and intermixed, and facing a steep range of hills rather than
the open country they had expected. Amid the confusion on the beach, some officers managed to
gather groups of men and lead them forward into the rugged and unfamiliar country.[8]
2. Around 04:30[nb 3] Turkish sentries opened fire on the boats, but the first ANZAC troops were
already ashore….They were one mile (1.6 km) further north than intended, and instead of an open
beach they were faced with steep cliffs and ridges[11] up to around three hundred feet (91 m) in
height.[37] However, the mistake had put them ashore at a relatively undefended area; at Gaba
Tepe further south where they had planned to land, there was a strong-point, with an artillery battery
close by equipped with two 15 cm and two 12 cm guns, and the 5th Company, 27th Infantry
Regiment was positioned to counter-attack any landing at that more southern point.[38][39] The hills
surrounding the cove where the ANZACs landed made the beach safe from direct fire Turkish
artillery.[9]
3. The Anzacs were much luckier than many if the British that landed in Hellespont beaches south. On
both V and W' beaches the Ottoman defenders occupied good defensive positions and inflicted
many casualties on the British infantry as they landed. Troops emerging one-by-one from sally ports
on the River Clyde were shot by machine gunners at the Seddülbahir fort. Of the first 200 soldiers to
disembark, only 21 men reached the beach.[11]
At 'W' Beach, thereafter known as Lancashire Landing, the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the
defences despite the loss of 600 casualties from 1,000 men. The battalions which landed at 'V'
Beach suffered about 70 percent casualties. Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made among the
Lancashires at 'W' Beach. A further six Victoria Crosses were awarded among the infantry and
sailors at the 'V' Beach landing and three more were awarded the following day as they fought their
way off the beach.
After the landings, so few remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were
amalgamated into "The Dubsters".Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing, while of the 1,012
Dubliners who landed, just 11 survived the Gallipoli campaign unscathed.[11]
4. Men from the 9th and 10th Battalions started up the Ari Burnu slope, grabbing the gorse branches
or digging their bayonets into the soil to provide leverage.[44] At the peak they found an abandoned
trench, the Turks having withdrawn inland.[45][46] Soon the Australians reached Plugge's
Plateau,[47] the edge of which was defended by a trench, but the Turks had withdrawn to the next
summit two hundred yards (180 m) inland, from where they fired at the Australians coming onto the
plateau. [9]
Map of the actual
landing of the
covering force (3rd
Brigade, Australian
1st Division) at Anzac
Cove on April 25, 1915
during the Battle of
Gallipoli. The red
dotted lines are the
paths of the first wave
in the battleship tows,
the orange dotted
lines are the paths of
the second wave from
the destroyers' boats.
The red solid lines
mark progress of the
force after landing.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Anzac_covering_force_landing_April_25_1915.jpg
5. Among the first to fall was Captain William Annear, 11th Battalion, of Subiaco, Western Australia.
He was shot as he came up onto Plugge's Plateau after the hard climb from the beach. Charles
Bean described the scene:
The first Australians clambered out on to the small plateau … heavy fire still met the Australians
appearing over the rim of the plateau, and was sufficient to force the first men to take what cover
they could on the seaward edge … Captain Annear was hit through the head and lay there, the first
Australian officer to be killed.[12]
[Charles Bean, The Story of Anzac, Vol 1, 'The Landing at Gaba Tepe', Sydney, 1941, p.259]
http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/1landing/first-to-fall/index.html
There were two main fronts of attack:
1. Up the first ridge toward Hill 971. Australian soldiers got as far as Baby 700 and the Nek
Map of the Anzac battlefield at en:Gallipoli depicting the main plateaus and ridges.
Traced from marginal map in Ch.11, Vol. I
"The Story of Anzac" of the en:Official
History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 by
en:C.E.W. Bean.
Capt Joseph Peter Lalor climbed the south side
of the cliff alongside the Sphinx. He was the
grandson of Peter Lalor, who led the revolt of
the Eureka stockade, Ballarat 1854.
He had a moustache with waxed ends and a
sharp and intelligent face.He waded ashore at
Gallipoli that day, carrying his family sword that
during the day would be lost, found and lost
again. This was his last day also.
Carlyon p140.[2]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Anzac_plateaus_and_ridges.png
2. Up the second ridge toward 400 plateau
The
ANZAC positions on 400 Plateau on 25 April (red) and 26 April (black)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Map_of_400_Plateau_Anzac_landing.jpg
3. In the twisting ridges and ravines units soon became split up and cut off from each other. Enthusiasm
and inexperience drove many small groups to advance far from their main units-some got further inland
than any Australians would for the rest of the campaign, but hampered by lack of artillery support, they did
not hold these positions beyond that first day.
http://www.turkishpeople.com/tours/henk/anzac/3.html [8]
4. Not long after coming ashore the ANZAC plans were discarded, and the companies and battalions were
thrown into battle piece-meal, and received mixed orders. Some advanced to their pre-designated
objectives while others were diverted to other areas, then ordered to dig in along defensive ridge lines.
5. Although they failed to achieve their objectives, by nightfall the ANZACs had formed a beachhead, albeit
much smaller than intended. In places they were clinging onto cliff faces with no organised defence system.
Their precarious position convinced both divisional commanders to ask for an evacuation, but after taking
advice from the Royal Navy about how practicable that would be, the army commander decided they would
stay. The exact number of the day's casualties is not known. The ANZACs had landed two divisions but
over two thousand of their men had been killed or wounded, together with at least a similar number of
Turkish casualties. [8]
THE ENEMY
Unlike the largely inexperienced ANZACs, all the Turkish Army commanders, down to company
commander level, were very experienced, being veterans of the Italo-Turkish and Balkan Wars.[9]
One advantage that the Turkish Army had over the British supplied forces was their hand grenades, which
were not used by the British forces.[17][nb 4] The British also acknowledged that the Turkish snipers'
"marksmanship was generally superior" to that of the Allies.[9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_attack_on_Anzac_Cove
Only two companies of Turkish soldiers (about 160 men) opposed the initial landing at Ari Burnu, but they
took a heavy toll of the Australians. By mid-morning Turkish reinforcements were rushed to the sector The
battle then raged along the gullies and ridges with the front line swaying back and forth as each side sought
the advantage.
http://www.turkishpeople.com/tours/henk/anzac/3.html
The Ottoman defenders were too few to defeat the landing but inflicted many casualties and contained the
attack close to the shore. By the morning of
25 April 1915, out of ammunition and left with
nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on
the slopes leading up from the beach to the
heights of Chunuk Bair, the 57th Infantry
Regiment received orders from Kemal,
commanding the 19th Division: "I do not order
you to fight, I order you to die. In the time
which passes until we die, other troops and
commanders can come forward and take our
places".[92] Every man of the regiment was
either killed in action or wounded. As a sign of
respect, the 57th Regiment no longer exists in
the Turkish Army.[9]
After the landings, little was done by the Allies
to exploit the situation, and apart from a few
limited advances inland by small groups of
men, most troops stayed on or close to the
beaches. The Allied attack lost momentum
and the Ottomans had time to bring up
reinforcements and rally the small number of
defending troops.[9]
Lieutenant-Colonel Mustafa Kemal (left), whose actions as commander of the Turkish 19th Division
won him lasting fame.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Turkish_trenches_at_Gallipoli.jpg
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was later a revolutionary statesman, and
the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the
founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk
(meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934
and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish
parliament.[13]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg
THE INITIAL PHASE
The next three months until the end of July were spent largely in holding, consolidating and expanding the
Anzac enclave.
In early-May a force of 5,000 Anzac troops was sent by sea from Anzac to Helles to assist the British forces
to break out of the Helles position. The troops took part in a mid morning assault, organised by the British
General Hunter-Western.[8]
Nicknamed "Hunter-Bunter", Hunter-Weston has been seen as a classic example of a "donkey" general —
he was described by his superior Sir Douglas Haig as a "rank amateur", and has been referred to by one
modern writer as "one of the Great War's spectacular incompetents".[1] However, another historian writes
that although his poor performance at the battles of Krithia earned his reputation "as one of the most brutal
and incompetent commanders of the First World War" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylmer_Hunter-Weston
The 2nd Australian Brigade suffered 1,056 casualties and the New Zealand Brigade about 750 casualties in
this operation which achieved nothing.
Group portrait of the surviving members of D Company, 7th Battalion after
the Battle of Krithia. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/164938859?q&versionId=179786432
Back in Anzac, Australians lost a number of officers to sniping, including
the commander of the 1st Division, Major General William Bridges, who
was wounded while inspecting the 1st Light Horse Regiment's position
near "Steele's Post" and died of his injuries on the hospital ship Gascon
on 18 May.[14]
Sir William Throsby Bridges KCB CMG Commander of the Australian
Imperial Force and of the 1st Australian Division a senior Australian
military officer who was instrumental in establishing the Royal Military College, Duntroon
and who served as the first Australian Chief of the General Staff. He is one of only two
Australians killed in action in World War I to be interred in Australia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bridges_(general)
http://static.awm.gov.au/images/collection/items/ACCNUM_SCREEN/H15442.JPG
THE COUNTER OFFENSIVE
On 19 May the Turks launched a massive counter-attack on the Anzac line.
They committed their entire force of over four divisions ( about 42,000 men )
in an attempt to push the invaders into the sea. The Allies met them with
devastating machine-gun and rifle fire and naval gunfire support and the
attack became a slaughter. The Turks suffered about 10,000 casualties,
including 3,000 killed. Australian losses were 628, including 160 killed.[8]
The dead included a stretcher bearer, John Simpson Kirkpatrick (LEFT),
whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire,
became legendary amongst the Australians at Anzac and later resulted in his
story becoming part of the Australian narrative of the campaign.[124]
http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&docid=uq9q99VNcA10GM&tbnid=lssskVtHKJHIjM:&ved=0CAUQjBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anzacwebsites.com%2Fmanwithdonkey
%2Fjohn-simpson-kirkpatrick-450.jpg&ei=tSxZU-zaEcnGkQWV8ICACw&psig=AFQjCNE8-aE9cytSPS1AQ-2eCIcVETm99g&ust=1398439477357428
Ottoman losses were so severe that a truce was organised by Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May, to
bury the dead lying in no man's land.[125]
Four days later a formal armistice was arranged to bury the dead, putrefying in the summer heat.
Restrained fraternisation took place between the two sides with Turkish and Anzac soldiers exchanging
token gifts of photographs and cigarettes. The Anzacs thereafter developed an almost affectionate respect
for the Turkish soldiers, labelling them with nicknames, such as 'Johnnie Turk'.[11]
The intensity of the fighting and the close proximity of the Turkish trenches gave Anzac a human dimension
almost entirely lacking from the warfare of the Western Front.
After the defeat of the counterattack at Anzac in mid-May, the Ottoman forces ceased frontal assaults…
Operations at Anzac in early June returned to consolidation, minor engagements and skirmishing with
grenades and sniper-fire.[133]
The Anzac soldiers' tenacity and fortitude in adversity became legendary. Surviving on a monotonously
inadequate diet and with a constant shortage of water, they engaged the Turks with improvised weapons
such as periscope rifles and jam-tin bombs.
Digging and fatigues were carried out under constant enemy fire and all the heavy supplies, water,
ammunition and construction material, had to be carried from the beaches up the steep slopes to the front
line trenches. Even the few heavy artillery pieces which arrived on boats had to be pushed and dragged to
their firing positions by teams of men. This continual physical work put a great strain on men already
weakened by disease and malnutrition.
As the summer heat increased during June and July, the physical condition of the Anzac troops
deteriorated further. Plagues of flies infested the battlefield and men were tormented by lice, gaining only
temporary relief through regular bathing in the sea. Dysentery, diarrhoea and enteric fever were endemic
and the trickle of reinforcements barely kept pace with the constant wastage from death, wounds and
disease. By the end of July, the force was losing through illness the same number every fortnight as were
lost in the initial landing assault.[8]
With little apparent prosped of victory and the likelihood of escaping the peninsula only through sickness,
wounds or death, morale declined among the men. Many began to give up hope of ever seeing their
homeland again.
THE BIG PUSH: THE AUGUST OFFENSIVE
The failure of the Allies to capture Krithia, or make any progress on the Helles front, led Hamilton to pursue
a new plan to secure the Sari Bair Range and capture high ground on Hill 971 and Chunuk Bair.[145]
THE PLAN
1. The Allies planned to land two fresh infantry divisions from IX Corps,[11] at Suvla, 5 miles (8.0 km)
north of Anzac, which would then advance on Sari Bair from the northwest.[11]
2. At Anzac an offensive would be made against the Sari Bair range by advancing through rough and
thinly defended terrain, north of the Anzac perimeter. This would be achieved by an attack on "Baby
700" from the Nek by dismounted Australian light horsemen from the 3rd Light Horse Brigade,
3. In concert with the Nek, an an attack on Chunuk Bair summit by New Zealanders from the New
Zealand Infantry Brigade, who would traverse "Rhododendron Ridge", the "Apex" and the "Farm".
Hill 971 would be attacked by a combined force drawn from the Gurkhas of the 29th Indian Brigade
and the Australians of the 4th Infantry Brigade [led by Monash].11]
4. The offensive would be preceded on the evening of 6 August by diversions at Helles and Anzac to
draw Ottoman forces away from the main assaults at the peaks of Chunuk Bair and Hill 971. At
Helles, the diversion at Krithia Vineyard and at Anzac an attack on the Ottoman trenches at "Lone
Pine", led by the 1st Infantry Brigade,[11]
THE RESULT
1. The landing at Suvla Bay took place on the night of 6 August against light opposition; but the British
commander, Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford who remained on his boat), had limited his early
objectives and then failed to forcefully push his demands for an advance inland, with little more
ground than the beach being seized...which reduced the Suvla front to static trench warfare.[11]
On 15 August, after a week of indecision and inactivity, the British
commander at Suvla, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Stopford was
dismissed. His performance in command was considered one of the most
incompetent feats of generalship of the First World War.
Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford
http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/gw_stopford_01.jpg
2. The diversions at Krithia Vineyard became another costly stalemate. At Anzac an attack on the
Ottoman trenches at "Lone
Pine", led by the 1st Infantry
Brigade,[83] captured the
main Ottoman trench line
[152][153] The fighting at
Lone Pine was "some of the
fiercest" the Australians
experienced during the
campaign to that point.[53
The battle is remarkable in
that seven Australians won
the Victoria Cross on a
small stretch of ground on
the Turkish Gallipoli ridge –
with four going to a single
battalion in just 24 hours
The taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist, 1921
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg/800pxThe_taking_of_Lone_Pine_%28Fred_Leist%29.jpg
3. The New Zealand Infantry Brigade came within 500 metres (550 yd) of the near peak of Chunuk
Bair by dawn on 7 August but was not able to seize the summit until the following morning.[154]
4. This delay had fatal consequences for another
supporting attack on the morning of 7 August, by
the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade at the Nek,
which was to coincide with the New Zealander
attack from Chunuk Bair against the rear of the
Ottoman defences. The attack went ahead
regardless, ending in a costly failure, after the
opening artillery barrage lifted seven minutes early,
leaving the assaulting troops to attack alerted
Ottoman defenders on a narrow front.[155]
The charge of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade at the
Nek, 7 August 1915 by George Lambert, 1924.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_charge_of_the_3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade_at_the_Nek_7_August_1915.jpg/761px-The_charge_of_the_3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade_at_the_Nek_7_August_1915.jpg
Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander White would lead the
150 young Victorians of the first wave into the charge.At 4.30am Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander
White yelled the order "GO!" Of this moment Australian historian Charles Bean wrote," I shall never
forget that moment. I was making my way along a path from the left of the area and was passing not
very far away when tremendous fusillade broke out. It rose from a fierce crackle into a roar in which
you could distinguish neither rifle or machine gun
but just one continuous roaring tempest. One could
not help an involuntary shiver - God help anyone
that was out in that tornado"
https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/gecmilitary/P1VsZR0ZZDg
Final scene from Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli
based on the charge of The Nek
http://meganaust.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/cap075.jpg
5. An attack on Hill 971 never took place after the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and an Indian
brigade lost direction during the night. Attempts to resume the attack were easily repulsed by the
Ottoman defenders, at great cost to the Allies.[156]
6. The New Zealanders held out on Chunuk Bair for two days. They were led by the formidable
Lieutenant Colonel William George Malone. Tragically, when at last the long needed artillery support
came, in the form of naval guns, the range was miscalculated and Malone and most of his surviving
men were killed. Of 760 men in the New Zealand Wellington Battalion who reached the summit, 711
became casualties.[15]
The
Battle of Chunuk Bair, by Ion Brown
http://www.ionbrown.com/images/19.jpeg
When the survivors came down from the heights, ‘…they spoke in whispers and trembled violently;
some broke down and wept. [Rhodes James p286][4]
One survivor, Pvt Nicholson, described the colour of the earth on Chunuk
Bair as a dull or browny red. ‘And that was blood. Just blood”. [Carlyon p439][2]
Relief was provided by two New Army battalions from the Wiltshire and
Loyal North Lancashire Regiments. A massive Ottoman counterattack on 10
August, led by Mustafa Kemal, swept these two battalions from the
heights.[154With the Turkish forces having recaptured the vital ground the
Allies' best chance of victory was lost.[156]
7. The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21
August with attacks at Scimitar Hill and Hill 60. Control of the hills would
have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts but neither attack succeeded.[11]
Lieutenant Colonel William George Malone
http://www.anzacsite.gov.au/5environment/vc/images/bassett_012824.jpg
THE FINAL STAGE
With the failure of the August offensive went the last chance of success on Galipoli. Reinforcements were
desperately needed to make good the losses. The arrival of the brigades of the 2nd Australian Division in
August and September brought the Anzac garrison up to a strength of 37,000 men, crowding the congested
slopes and valleys with further living quarters and dugouts.[8]
Despite appalling living conditions and the constant fear of death,
the Australian sense of humour prevailed and was a great sense of
reassurance. Carlyon recounts, that at one stage earlier in
June,..the Turks would attack shouting “Allah’. The Australians
would often shout back: ‘Come on you Bastards.’ The Turks asked,
quite reasonably, whether bastard’ was an Australian god. Carlyon
p316[8]
Following the failure of the August Offensive, the Gallipoli campaign
drifted. Ottoman success began to affect public opinion in the
United Kingdom, with news discrediting Hamilton's performance
being smuggled out by journalists like Keith Murdoch and Ellis
Ashmead-Bartlett.[165] Disaffected senior officers such as General
Stopford also contributed to the overall air of gloom. Hamilton was
dismissed as commander shortly afterwards and replaced by
Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro.[11]
Mining and tunnelling now characterised the fighting at Anzac. Battle casualties were fewer but the wastage
due to disease, death and wounds increased dramatically.
The deteriorating weather gave a foretaste of the difficulties of sustaining a winter campaign on the
peninsula. In November storms and blizzards forced the evacuation of 16,000 troops (3,000 of them
Australians) suffering from frostbite and exposure.
Total evacuation of the force was now seen as the only
remaining option. From late-December to early-January the
remnants of the Allied force were evacuated in a secret
withdrawal operation which appeared as masterful as the original
amphibious assault had been lamentable.
. Troop numbers had been slowly reduced since 7 December
1915 and ruses, such as William Scurry's self-firing rifle,[180]
which had been rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan
attached to the trigger, were used to disguise the Allied
departure. At Anzac Cove troops maintained silence for an hour
or more, until curious Ottoman troops ventured to inspect the
trenches, whereupon the Anzacs opened fire.
A mine was detonated at the Nek which killed 70 Ottoman
soldiers.[181]
The Allied force was embarked, with the Australians suffering no
casualties on the final night,[178][182] but large quantities of
supplies and stores fell into Ottoman hands.[183]
Hundreds of horses and mules... which could not be embarked
were killed so as not to fall into Turkish hands,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign#Landings
The departing Anzac troops celebrated Christmas on Lemnos
island and on troopships returning to Egypt.
THE AFTERMATH

The failure of the landings had significant political
repercussions in Britain, which began during the battle.
Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Churchill
over the campaign. The crisis that followed after the
Conservatives learned that Churchill would be staying,
forced the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, to end his
Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government
with the Conservative Party.[216] The Asquith
government responded to the disappointment and
outrage over Gallipoli ... by establishing commissions of
inquiry into both episodes which had done much to
"destroy its faltering reputation for competence".[217]
The Dardanelles Commission was set up to investigate
the failure of the expedition, the first report being issued
in 1917, with the final report published in 1919.[1]
Following the failure of the Dardanelles expedition, Sir
Ian Hamilton, commander of the MEF, was recalled to
London in October 1915, ending his military career.[218]
Churchill was demoted from First Lord of the Admiralty
as a prerequisite for Conservative entry to the coalition
but remained in the Cabinet in the sinecure of
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,[219] before resigning in November 1915 and departing for
the Western Front, where he commanded an infantry battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers early in
1916.[11]
Winston Churchill commanding the 6th Battalion, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif

In November 1918, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the 7th Light Horse Regiments, from the
Anzac Mounted Division, were sent from Rafa to Gallipoli to "monitor Turkish compliance with the
terms of the Armistice".[228] The 900 troopers, sailed from Kantara in the transport ship Huntscastle
to Chanak, camping at Camburnu near Kilid Bahr during three winter months when they
reconnoitred the Peninsula, identifying graves and inspecting the Ottoman positions.[229] The
troopers returned to Egypt on 19 January 1919 less 11 who had died and 110 who were sick in
hospital.[230] Author Lindsay Baly later wrote that it was "a sad mistake to take worn-out men there
in such a season".[11]

Book launch - "Sidney Nolan: The Gallipoli series"
Speech by Michael Veitch at the launch of the Sidney Nolan: the Gallipoli series exhibition
“Over the course of several years and many, many wonderful conversations I had with George
McPhail, the topic of Gallipoli arose but twice. I wanted of course, to speak to him of nothing else,
but his exquisitely gentle deflection of the topic whenever I attempted clumsily to manoeuvre it in
that direction was both absolute and irresistible.
He told me but two things about the Gallipoli campaign, which he witnessed almost in its entirety
throughout 1915: the first thing was his answer to my question of ‘what did it look like?’, he said
simply, ‘all brown and green, with sudden things happening in the middle’. And to my exasperatedly
blunt query of, ‘what’s it like being in a battle’, he looked away for a moment, as I leant on a rake,
and said, ‘you know when you lean back on a stool a little too far, and for a brief moment, you think
you’re going to fall over? Well, a battle feels like that all the time’. That was all he said, but I think he
was a little ashamed having said that much, too.
http://www.awm.gov.au/education/talks/veitch-nolan-book-launch/
Gallipoli (1981)
Soundtracks
ADAGIO IN G MINOR FOR STRINGS & ORGAN
Composed by Tomaso Albinoni
Performed by Orchestre de Chambre Jean-François Paillard
R.C.A. Records
OXYGENE
Written by Jean-Michel Jarre
Polygram Records
THE PEARL FISHERS
Music by Georges Bizet
Performed by Leopold Simoneau and Rene Bianco
Polygram Records
TALES FROM THE VIENNA WOODS
Music by Johann Strauß (as Johann Strauss)
ROSES FROM THE SOUTH
Music by Johann Strauß (as Johann Strauss)
CENTONE DI SONATA No. 3
Music by Niccolò Paganini (as Paganini)
IT'S A LONG WAY TO TIPPERARY
Written by Jack Judge (as Judge) & Harry Williams (as Williams)
AUSTRALIA WILL BE THERE
Performed by Skipper Francis
Waltzing Matilda
(uncredited)
Written by A.B. 'Banjo' Paterson
If England wants a hand, well, here it is
(uncredited)
Written by Charles Vaude & Joe Slater
REFERENCES
[1]Sidney Nolan: the Gallipoli series | Australian War Memorial
[2]Les Carlyon , Gallipoli, Picador Australia, 2002
[3]Alan Moorehead, Gallipoli , London [England] 1956 : Hamish Hamilton
[4]Robert Rhodes James. Gallipoli
[Sydney 1965] : Angus and Robertson,
[5]Ian Hamilton - Australian War Memorial
[6]Otto Liman von Sanders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[7] General Birdwood - Gallipoli and the Anzacs
www.a
[8] Ashley Ekins,Head of Military History AWM
Galipoli campaign - Turkish People
[9]Landing at Anzac Cove - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[10] Gallipoli and the Anzacs | The Anzac landing at Gallipoli ...
[11] Gallipoli Campaign - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[12] First to Fall - Gallipoli and the Anzacs
- [13] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[14]William Bridges (general) - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
[15] Battle of Chunuk Bair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[16] Gallipoli (1981) - IMDb