Linguistic tests
Compiled by Nasrin Abdi
1
Chapter one
The origins of language
1.
The term onomatopoeic is used to describe ......
a)words that (are believed to) echo natural sounds
b)the basis of the oral-gesture source
c)the physiological adaptation of humans for language
d)the episode in the Bible that speaks of the origin of language
2.
The vocal chords are situated in ...
a)the human brain
b)the larynx
c)the mouth
d)the pharynx
3.
. The function of language to pass on information is called ...
a)transactional
b)interactional
c)international
d)translational
4.
. The merit of the "yo-heave-ho" theory is that it ...
a)is less speculative than other theories
b)places the development of language in a social context
c)helps rediscover the original language
d)considers the laterilisation of the brain
5.
. The main problem when dealing with the theories of the origin of human language is that ...
a)there are so many
b)they are contradictory
c)they try to disprove the Bible
d)there is no evidence to prove them right
6.
The term lateralised is used to say that the human brain ...
a)is highly analytic
b)is big enough to have developed language
c)is both interactional and transactional
d)has two hemispheres
7.
Producing the words like: “buzz, boom, bang, splash and….”supports the theory of …………….
a)natural theory
b) echoing theory
c)physiological adaptation
d)oral - gestural theory
8. The theory which states that the origin of human speech concentrates on some of the physical aspects of humans which are not shared with other
creatures is called….
a)physiological adaptation
b)oral-gestural theory
c)bow-wow theory
d)ding-dong theory
9. .The analytic functions such as tool-using and language are largely confined to …….
a)right hemisphere
b)left hemisphere
2
c)both hemispheres
d)entire part of the brain
10.
.The theory of language origin which makes a link between physical gestures and orally produced sounds is called………….
a)yo-heave-ho theory
b)natural theory
c)divine source
d)oral gestural theory
11. Finding cases of children who have been discovered living in isolation and unable to use language rejects the theory of……………
a) Physiological adaptation theory
b)Biblical theory
c)divine source
d)b and c
12.
The theory which believes that language came from a holy source and it is gifted god is……..
a)natural theory
b)Biblical theory
c)oral-gestural theory
d)physiological adaptation
Chapter two
The development of writing
13. . The oldest cave drawings are about …...
a)200,000 years old
b)20,000 years old
c)2,000 years old
d)200 years old
14. Ancient cave drawings …...
a)are the oldest forms of writing
b)are precursors of writing
c)are early examples of logograms
d)prove that writing existed before spoken language
15. The …... writing system is an example of cuneiform writing.
a)Egyptian
b)Chinese
c)Sumerian
d)Greek
16. Ideograms are …...
a)as abstract as pictograms
b)more abstract than pictograms
c)less abstract than pictograms
d)not abstract at all
17. In …... writing, the symbol of one entity is also used to refer to the sound of that entity in other contexts.
a)hieroglyphic
b)Cuneiform
c)syllabic
d)Rebus
18. Cyrillic writing is …...
a)alphabetic
b)syllabic
c)cuneiform
d)based on pictograms
19. When symbols are used to represent words in a language, they are described as………….
a)Cyrillic alphabet
b)Logograms
c)ideogram
3
d)pictogram
20. .Jack, a little girl, painted a tree, a house and a river flowing by the house. Her painting is………..
a)interpretive
b)symbolic
c)indexical
d)iconic
21.
When the picture of a “sun” comes to be used for “heat” and “daytime” as well as for “sun” itself, we call it a(an)………..
a)pictogram
b)logogram
c)phonogram
d)ideogram
22.
It has been claimed that the Summerians used wedge-shaped marks on soft clay to form inscriptions. Their symbols are known as………….
a)logograms
b)Cyrillic alphabets
c)cuneiform
d)syllabic alphabets
In the process of ………….writing, the symbol for one entity is taken over as the symbol for the sound of the spoken word used to refer to
that entity.
a)syllabic
b)logograms
c)Rebus
d)alphabetic
23.
24.
when symbols come to be used to represent words in a language, they are described as examples of word-writing, or…
a)ideograms
b)logograms
c)Rebus writing
d)Cyrillic writing
25. The major disadvantage of ………..writing is that an extremely large number of different written symbols which exist within these writing
systems.
a)logographic
b)Rebus
c)Cyrillic
d)syllabic
26.
In a ……..writing system, each symbol may represent a vowel and one or more consonants.
a)logographic
b)alphabetic
c)Rebus
d)syllabic
27.
.Pictograms and ideograms are types of………representation.
a)phonetic
b)syllabic
c)iconic
d)Rebus
28.
.If ancient people drew pictures of snakes on the walls of a cave to aware the others , this kind of communication would be….
a)icons
b)symbols
c)indexical signs
d)morphemes
29.
In a /an………….system, the graphemes represent words like Chinese language.
a)alphabetic writing
b)idiographic writing
c)logographic writing
d)syllabic writing
30.
Which statement is false?
a) Cuneiform writing is symbolic writing.
b) Sumerians writings show a development from iconic to symbolic signs.
c)Old Persian also used cuneiform
d)In Rebus, a sign stands for the meaning not the sound of the spoken word.
31. . The spelling of written English was largely fixed ...
a)in the Roman period
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b)after the time of Egyptians
c)at the time of the invention of printing
d)at the time of the discovery of cave drawings
32. . ... has the longest continuous history of use as a writing system.
a)Egyptian
b)Chinese
c)Greek
d)English
33. . In logograms, the relationship between the symbol and what is represents is ...
a)arbitrary
b)easily recognisable
c)lateralised
d)wedge-shaped
Chapter three
The properties of language
34. The ability of human language to refer to things not present in the immediate environment is called ...
a)discreteness
b)diversity
c)duality
d)displacement
35. The relationship between linguistic form and meaning is ...
a)arbitrary
b)informative
c)non-directional
d)Onomatopoeic
36. It is said that only human beings can talk about things not present in the environment. This language property is called…….
a) arbitrariness
b) displacement
c) discreteness
d) cultural transmission
38-
. Human languages enjoy a unique property. They have a limited number of rules which can be applied more than once in generating
structures. This property is called………
a)displacement
b)explanatory adequacy
c)recursiveness
d)descriptive adequacy
39That users of the system are able to refer to events remote in space and time refers to a feature of human language known as…………
a)discreteness
b)displacement
c)duality
d)productivity
40Which of the following properties of language paves the way for the creation of science fictions?
a)arbitrariness
b)displacement
c)discreteness
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d)open-ended
41-
Among the properties of language, the one which relates to the fact that a language must be acquired or learned by each new generation
is……..
a)cultural transmission
b)discreteness
c)duality
d)productivity
42-
Among the properties of language, the one which relates to the fact that language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously
is……
a)arbitrariness
b)cultural transmission
c)discreteness
d)duality of structure
43-
Human language can be used to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment. This property is
called…………
a)arbitrariness
b)discreteness
c)displacement
d)productivity
44The term” productivity of language” means that……
a)people use their knowledge of rules to produce sentences
b)some people produce sentences while others understand them
c)the potential number of sentences in any human language is infinite.
d)language is stimulus –free
45In communication system, duality means….
a)having both phonological system and syllable construction in one system
b)having both phonological system and grammatical rules in one system
c)the property of having two levels of structure such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level
d)the elements of spoken language are sounds which convey meaning
Animal communication is generally considered to lack the property of ……….because animals cannot talk about things and events in
past and future time.
a)arbitrariness
b)discreteness
c)displacement
d)productivity
46-
47The existence of onomatopoeic words supports the origin of human speech based on………
a)natural sounds
b)physical adaptation
c)sounds and gestures
d)divine- source experiments
48All of the following are among the unique features of human language EXEPT……..
a)discreteness and duality
b)displacement and arbitrariness
c)critical period and communication
d)cultural transmission and productivity
49The fact that linguistic signals do not normally serve non linguistic functions is called….
a)reciprocity
b)specialization
c)vocal-auditory channel
d)non-directionality
One of the properties of human language is…………..which allows the users of language to talk about things and events not present in
the immediate environment.
a)complement
b)discreteness
c)arbitrariness
d)displacement
50-
………..refers the case where in a language we can have different meanings for the three words” tack”, ”act” and “cat”, yet in each
case, we use the same basic set of sounds.
a)cultural transmission
b)directionality
c)duality
d)specialization
51-
52-
The property of language that enables speakers to talk about entities that are not actually present in the immediate environment is
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called……..
a)displacement
b)arbitrariness
c)creativity
d)discreteness
53All languages are…………., that is speakers have the capacity both to produce and receive messages.
a)productive
b)analytic
c)reciprocal
d)duality
54-
The property of human language by which linguistic signals can be picked up by anyone within hearing, even unseen is referred to
as……..
a)specialization
b)displacement
c)reciprocity
d)non-directionality
55One of the unique properties of human language is ………
a)rapid –fade
b)specialization
c)reciprocity
d)duality
56Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of human languae?
a)duality
b)arbitrariness
c)discreteness
d)reciprocity
57-
The property of language which is linked to the fact that the potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite is
called……
a)duality
b)discreteness
c)displacement
d)productivity
58According to the property of ……., there is no natural connection between linguistic form and its meaning.
a)displacement
b)discreteness
c)creativity
d)arbitrariness
59Which property of language can be related to the fact that men can tell lies?
a)discreteness
b)displacement
c) cultural transmission
d)fixed reference
60Which of the following properties refers to our perception of the continuum of an utterance in terms of distinct sounds?
a)discreteness
b)arbitrariness
c)displacement
d)duality
61One of the features of animal language is……
a)discreteness
b)duality
c)arbitrariness
d)fixed reference
62-
Which of the following properties of language enables human beings to produce a very large number of sound combinations (e.g.:
words) which are distinct in meaning?
a)discreteness
b)arbitrariness
c)duality
d)displacement
63Which of the following properties is not a unique property of human language?
a)discreteness
b)non-directionality
c)displacement
d)arbitrariness
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64-
All languages have morphemes and construction, which make it possible to talk about the past and future as well as the present. this
specific characteristic of human language is labeled as………
a)openess
b)recursion
c)displacement
d)transmission
65Linguistic forms are described as arbitrary because there is generally…..
a)no natural connection between the form and its meaning
b)no real relationship between forms of languages
c)a fixed relationship between a word and its meaning
d)a phonetic representation related to number of words
66Special features such as ………..make human beings capable of producing sounds of language that no other animals can produce.
a)upright teeth and intricate muscles of lips
b)physical gestures
c)slanting outwards of teeth
d)small cavity above the vocal cords
67Cultural transmission contrasts……
a)recursion
b)openness
c)duality
d)innateness
68Which statement is irrelevant to the property of creativity?
a) Languages permit the expression of new meanings.
b)with a finite number of rules it is possible to come up with a non-finite number of meanings.
c)languages are not innate or instinctive
d)a friend can be expanded as a friends of mine.
69Which statement is false regarding the discussion of discreteness ?
a)minimal pairs differ in only one sound
b) Phonemes are meaning- distinguishing whereas allophones are not.
c) Given this property, animals cannot compare with humans.
d)Discreteness and duality are totally unrelated.
70Which statement is not a valid one?
a)An icon is a sign whose form has actual characteristics of its meaning .
b)Communication can be defined as the use of signs
c)A form without meaning can also be a sign.
d)language can be defined as a sign system.
71The relationship between form and meaning is ………that is, it is not possible to predict the meaning of a word form its form.
a)natural
b)unidentified
c)synchronic
d)arbitrary
72All languages are………that is speakers have the capacity both to produce and receive messages.
a)productive
b)analytic
c)reciprocal
d)instrumental
Chapter four
Animals and human language
73-
. The chimpanzee has ... of its basic genetics in common with humans.
a) 10%
b) 33%
c)50%
d)99%
74-
Noam Chomsky ...
a)carried out unsuccessful experiments with chimpanzees
b)was proved wrong by Terrace's experiments with a chimpanzee
c)claims that language is an innate ability unique to humans
d)was the name given by Terrace to one of his chimpanzees
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75- We say “Whao” to horses and they stop, we say “heel” to dogs and they will follow at heel, these evidences show that…..
a) Non-humans can understand human language
b) Animals produce a particular behavior in response to a particular sound-stimulus.
c) It is possible to train animals to produce the signals of another species.
d) a and c
76- Training some infant chimpanzees like “Gua” and “Viki” in a domestic environment with humans showed that…..
a) They could utter some words like “mama”, “papa” and cup which are human language signals and they could produce as much as a human child
could.
b) Non- human species do not have a physically structured vocal tract suitable for producing speech sounds.
c) Training animals in domestic environment can help them to utter language like human.
d) a and b
77- which of the following chimpanzees were trained through sign language?
a) Gua
b) Washoe
c) Nim Chimpsky
d) b and c
78- which of the following chimpanzees were trained through plastic shapes?
a) Lana
b) Sarah
c) Nim Chimpsky
d) Washoe
79- which of the following chimpanzees were trained through an artificial language(Yerkish)?
a) Lana
b) Sarah
c) Nim Chimpsky
d) Washoe
80- Which of the following animals were trained to use some signals to cross the opaque barrier and getting a fish snack as a reward?
a) Buzz and Doris
b) Hans
c) Gua
d) Lana
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Chapter five
The sounds of language
81-
. The initial sounds in the words bat, pat and mat are all …...
a) voiced
b) bilabial
c) stops
d) voiceless
82-
The initial sounds in the words thin and there are …...
a) voiced
b) voiceless
c) dentals
d) alveolars
83-
. The initial sounds in the words tip, dip, zoo, so and nut are all …....
a) alveolars
b) velars
c) fricatives
d) voiced
84-The initial sounds in the words too and so differ in …....
a) place of articulation
b) manner of articulation
c) voice
d) nasalisation
85-The initial sounds in the words we and yes are sometimes called ……..
a) vowels
b) flaps
c) glottal stops
d) semi-vowels
86-The vowel in heat is a …….
a) high front vowel
b) mid central vowel
c) high back vowel
d) low front vowel
87-
The first vowel in award is a ……..
a) high front vowel
b) mid central vowel
c) high back vowel
d) low front vowel
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88-The vowel in large is a .......
a) high front vowel
b) mid central vowel
c) high back vowel
d) low back vowel
89-In producing ..., we move from one vocalic position to another.
a) semi-vowels
b) diphthongs
c) central vowels
d) schwa
90-The initial consonant in pub is a ...
a) voiceless bilabial stop
b) voiced bilabial stop
c) voiceless bilabial fricative
d) voiced bilabial fricative
91-. The initial consonant in key is a ...
a) voiced velar fricative
b) voiceless alveolar fricative
c) voiced alveolar stop
d) voiceless velar stop
92-. The initial consonant in veil is a ...
a) voiced labiodental fricative
b) voiceless labiodental fricative
c) voiced dental fricative
d) voiceless labiodental fricative
93-
The sound [s] in English is phonetically described as voiceless……
a) alveolar fricative
b) alveopalatal fricative
c) alveolar affricate
d) velar
94-
the phoneme /p/ in English can be characterized as……..
a) [-voice, +bilabial, +stop]
b) [-voice, +velar, +stop]
c) [-voice, +labiodental, +fricative]
d) [+bilabial, +voice, +stop]
95-
Which one of the following sound segments would have the features [-vocalic, -consonantal]?
a) [h,w,y]
b) [I, e, o]
c) [l,r]
d) [p, b, t]
96-
Which of the following sets lack a voiced bilabial sound?
a) [d, s, b]
b) [d, m, t]
c) [z, r, p]
d) [g, s,b]
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97-
Which of the following words does NOT end in a voiced sound?
a) begged
b) lathe
c) maze
d) touched
98-
Liquids such as “l” and “r” are sometimes called syllabic because they………
a)are [+voiced] sounds
b) are [+consonantal] and [-vocalic]
c)are produced like vowels
d)function like vowels
99-
The vowels in the words “fight” and “boil” are considered…
a)both as monophthongs
b)both as diphthongs
c)first as a diphthong and second as a monophthong
d)first as a monophthong and second as a diphthong
100- Which of the following clusters do not appear in the final position in Farsi of English?
a)[dt]
b)[gz]
c)[rd]
d)[ts]
101- /p/ in English can be characterized as……….
a)[+bilabial, +voice, +stop]
b)[-voice, +labiodental, +fricative]
c)[-voice, +velar, +stop]
d)[-voice, +bilabial, +stop]
102- In British English , the consonant ………….appears both at the beginning and at the end of the words.
a)[r[
b)[ ]
c)[t]
d)[h]
103- The speech sound produced with a lowered velum or soft palate is called……
a)nasal
b)palatal
c)velar
d)uvular
104- If the vocal cords are kept wide apart, air expelled with energy will produce audible…………., and effect that is often used as an [h] sound in
languages.
a)affricate
b)glottal friction
c)palatal sound
d)plosive
105- The final sound of drags is……..
a)voiced, alveolar fricative
b)voiceless alveolar fricative
c)voiced alveolar affricate
d)voiceless palatal affricate
106- The vowels in the words “fight” and “boil” are considered …..
a)both as monophthongs
b)both as diphthongs
c)first as a diphthong and second as a monophthong
d)first as a monophthong and second as a diphthong
107- Which of the following clusters do not appear in the final position in Farsi or English?
a)[dt]
b)[gz]
c)[rd]
d)[ts]
108- The sounds of a language are organized into a system. The study of this system is known as……
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a)phonetics
b)phonology
c)phonemics
d)phonotactics
109- The study of how speech sounds are made is called……….phonetics.
a)acoustic
b)articulatory
c)physical
d)auditory
110- What is the general term used to describe the sounds produced when the vocal cords are drawn together?
a)[-voice]
b)[-tense]
c)[+voice]
d)[+tense]
111- The sounds [t] [d] [t][s] [z] have different features but they are all classified as………
a)alveolars
b)alveopalteals
c)glottals
d)dentals
112- The study of fine distinctions in pitch, loudness and duration of sounds of different languages and dialects constitute the field of …….
a)generative phonology
b)acoustic phonetics
c)phonemics
d)articulatory phonetics
113- Which of the following sounds can be characterized as being mid, back, rounded vowel?
a) [e]
b)[u]
c)[o]
d)[u]
114- The muscles of the vocal tract are tense in the articulation of all the following sounds except for…..
a)[p]
b)[f]
c)[z]
d)[h]
115- Which of the following represents a bilabial set of sounds?
a)/f/,/v/,/t/
b)/t/,/d/,/n/
c)/p/,/b/,/m/
d)/m/,/n/,/g/
116- When the velum is lowered and airflow is allowed to flow out through the nostrils, the sound produced is called a …….
a)fricative
b)nasal
c)lateral
d)liquid
117- The study of the most concrete, directly observable aspect of language, i.e., sounds is called….
a)phonetics
b)phonology
c)phonemics
d)morphophonemics
118- Which of the following words lacks a dental sound?
a)bathe
b)thick
c)teen
d)tooth
119- Which of the following words lacks a labiodental sound?
a)north
b)photo
c)laugh
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d)save
120- Sounds produced by some form of complete closure of the airstream and then letting it go abruptly are called….
a) fricatives
b)obstruents
c)glides
d)stops
121- Sounds produced with the ….are called velars.
a)back of the tongue against the velum
b)front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge
c)tongue at the very front of the palate
d)tongue tip behind the upper front teeth
122- Each phonetic feature represents one of a number of activities actually carried out in the…………when a speech sound is produced.
a)vocal tract
b)pharynx
c)oral cavity
d)larynx
123- The study of physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air is called….
a)acoustic phonetics
b)auditory phonetics
c)articulatory phonetics
d)phonology
124- The word ………ends with a voiceless sound.
a)wall
b)washed
c)dead
d)thin
125- Which of the following sounds are considered as semivowels and what are they called?
a)[w] and[y], glided
b)[w] and [y], liquids
c)[l] and [r], liquids
d)[l] and [r], glides
126- ………..phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made.
a)acoustic
b)auditory
c)linguistic
d)articualtory
127- When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as
……..
a)voiceless
b)voiced
c)vowels
d)consonants
128- The field of study devoted to the investigation of sound waves is known as ……..phonetics.
a)physical
b)systematic
c)articulatory
d)acoustic
129- Which of the following words has the following articulatory description?
“ voiceless alveolar stop + mid front tense vowel + voiceless velar stop”
a)dog
b)drop
c)group
d)take
Chapter six
14
The sound patterns of language
130-
The vowel in seen, as opposed to the vowel in seat, is usually ...
a) open
b) voiced
c) nasalised
d) deleted
131-
The words ... form a minimal pair.
a) site and side
b) not and knot
c) leaf and leaves
d) bed and breakfast
132-
The words ... form a minimal pair.
a) friend and friendship
b) food and feet
c) tough and dough
d) fit and foot
133-
The occurrence of more than one consonant at the beginning or the end of a syllable is known as ...
a) a consonant cluster
b) the coda
c) elision
d) the onset
134-
Assimilation and elision ...
a) frequently occur in careful speech
b) are features of everyday speech
c) are to be avoided
d) usually occur in consonant clusters
135-
A phoneme is ...
a) the smallest meaningful unit of language
b) the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language
c) a variation of the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language
d) the physical realization of the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language
136- . If the production of a sound is accompanied by a particularly strong stream of air we speak of ...
a) assimilation
b) aspiration
c) approximants
d) affective filter
137- Which of the following pairs would be treated as minimal pairs?
a) bell-heel
b) bun-pen
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c) fat-pat
d) pat-ban
138- A phoneme is …………
a) phonemic segment
b) a meaning- distributing sound
c) any sound of a language
d) the same as an allophone
139- An allophonic difference indicates a change in …………
a) dialect
b) meaning
c) pronunciation
d) spelling
140- Which of the following pairs constitutes a minimal pair?
a) bat-bowl
b) mean-met
c) peal-pill
d) maid-said
141- Since the vocal tract of every human being is the same as that of other human beings………
a)all people are capable of producing any sound in any language
b)all people can produce a limited number of sound segments
c)we imitate the communicative competence of others
d) We can distinguish the sounds produced by speakers of any language.
142- Which one of the following pairs would be treated as a minimal pair?
a) fail- fake
b) lose-lost
c) made-mat
d) strong-strange
143- A rule such as “Nasal consonants are voiced” is a ………..rule.
a) distinctive
b) constitutive
c) phonological
d)redundant
144- Each of the meaning distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a(n)………
a)phoneme
b)allophone
c)morpheme
d)phone
145- The physical realization of a phoneme is called a(n)………
a)sound
b)allophone
c)morpheme
d)voice
146- The crucial distinction between phonemes and allophones is that substituting one………..while it is not the case for the other.
a)phoneme for another changes the style of speech.
b)allophone for another changes the part of speech.
c)allophone for another does not change the meaning.
d)phoneme for another does not change the pronunciation.
147- The………..representation of morphemes are provided in the lexicon.
a)structural
b)phonetic
c)descriptive
d)phonemic
148- The most common phonological rule is assimilation and by assimilation we mean phenomenon in which ….
a) a phoneme changes to another phoneme
b) some feature of a sound segment changes to become identical to a feature in a neighboring segment
c) a vowel changes to a consonant
d) a voiced phoneme changes to a voiceless phoneme
16
149- The phase “ last year” is often pronounced “las year”. What phonological process is that?
a)assimilation
b)insertion
c)dissimilation
d)elision
150- The difference between the pronunciation of the plural morpheme in the English words “cats” and “dogs” is an example of ………
a)vowel insertion
b)progressive assimilation
c)vowel harmony
d)assimilation
151- The feature [stress] describes the……..
a)relative pitch at which a syllable is produced
b)prominence of a syllable
c)patterns of pitch changes occurring during a phrase
d)duration of quantity of a sound
152- Stress, intonation, and length are called…….features.
a)phonetic
b)syllabic
c)suprasegmental
d)tone
153- The suprasegmental feature of ………..has to do with the boundary between words, phrases, or sentences.
a)stress
b)intonation
c)rhythm
d)juncture
154- ………..are sounds produced when the airflow is completely obstructed during speech.
a)affricates
b)stops
c)fricatives
d)liquids
155- The field of science devoted to the study of the sound waves of language is called………
a)phonology
b)articulatory phonetics
c)acoustic phonetics
d)auditory phonetics
156- Which sentence is not correct?
a)stop sounds plus affricates develop fricatives
b)stop sound plus fricatives develop affricates
c)fricatives escape through a narrow constriction
d)a combination of two categories produce affricates
157- When velum is raised…..
a)nasal sounds are produced
b)stops and fricatives cannot be developed
c)nasal sound cannot be produced
d)fricatives and affricates are not produced
158- When the velum is lowered …….
a)no nasal sounds can be produced
b)nasal sounds and most consonants are produced
c)nasal sounds and fricatives are produced
d)stops, fricatives and affricates cannot be produced
159- The flow of air through the nose develops …..
a)stop sounds
b)nasal sounds
c)affricates
d)fricatives
160- Which of the following items contains a palatal sound?
a)home
b)rain
17
c)year
d)thus
161- When the………….is closed completely, very briefly, and released , the resulting sound is called a glottal stop.
a)vocal cords
b)glottis
c)alveolar ridge
d)larynx
162- If you combine a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some frication, you will be able to produce the…..
a)fricatives
b)diphthongs
c)glides
d)affricates
163- The ………….are different phones that “represent” or are derived from one phonemes.
a)allophones
b)phonemes
c)phonetics
d)phonology
164- Which of the following items represents a minimal pair in Englsih?
a)move-dove
b)fat-salt
c)bite-might
d)rain-mine
165- ……….is a single but complex sound, beginning as a stop but releasing into a fricative.
a)nasal
b)glide
c)reduced vowel
d)affricate
166- Which statement is false regarding suprasegmental features?
a)suprasegmental qualities spread over more than one phone
b)stress is the loudness or intensity of the airstream
c)stress and intonation are related to pitch
d)tone is not employed in English
167- Which statement is not true?
a) The velum or soft palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
b)the velum is open when it is down.
c)If the velum is down the airstream is directly fully orally.
d)The vocal tract is divided into oral cavity and nasal cavity.
168- ……………is the issue that separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
a)larynx
b)tongue body
c)glottis
d)palate
18
Chapter seven
Words and word-formation processes
169-
The process of inventing a totally new term to add a word to a language is known as .......
a)coinage
b)neologism
c)derivation
d)calque
170-
One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process known as …….
a)coinage
b)borrowing
c)blending
d)backformation
171-
Words such as fingerprint or bookcase belong to the word-formation process known as ……..
a)Borrowing
b)Compounding
c)Calque
d)Analogy
172- Words such as fax or flu belong to the word-formation process known as …….
a)Blending
b)Clipping
c)Backformation
d)Conversion
173-
Words such as boyish or unhappy belong to the word-formation process known as ...
a)Blending
b)Compounding
c)Derivation
d)Conversion
174- In English there is a tendency that under certain conditions words such as “gasoline”. “Advertisement”, “professor” are reduced to “gas”, “ad”,
“prof”, respectively. This process is called……
a)acronym
b)back-formation
c)conversion
d)clipping
175-
The words such as “photo” and “bus” are cases of………
a)back-formation
b)compounding
c)blending
d)clipping
176-
“Suitcase” is the result of…….
a)back-formation
b)calque
c)loan-translation
d)compounding
19
177-
The new English words “smog” and “gasoline” are instances of the word-formation process of……..
a)blending
b)borrowing
c)compounding
d)coinage
178-
Which of the following does not belong to the basic processes of word formation?
a)assimilation
b)compounding
c)derivation
d)inflection
179-
……….is a modified type of coining in which a word is formed as an imitation of some natural sound.
a)back-formation
b)calque
c)loan-translation
d)onomatopoeia
180-
The reduction of long words to shorter ones is carried out in the process of…….
a)clipping
b)calque
c)coinage
d)compounding
181-
When a lexical item takes on a new special meaning in addition to its original meaning. This process is referred to as…..
a)blending
b)borrowing
c)coining
d)narrowing
182-
Which of these sets of lexical items exhibit a derivational process?
a)red, redden
b)big, bigger
c)work, working
d)child, children
183-
With regards to the process of word formation, “Math” is an example of ……
a)clipping
b)acronomy
c)blending
d)extension
184-
The word “televise” is an example of………….process.
a)conversion
b)back formation
c)derivation
d)clipping
185-
Which word is not the result of compounding?
a)takeover
b)greenhouse
c)earthquake
d)politeness
186- The word “motel” is a relatively new word in English taken form “motor+hotel” .which kind of new word formation has been applied to produce
this word?
a)clipping
b)conversion
c)blending
d)acronym
187- The word “gasohol” which is used for a product made of “ gasoline ” and “alcohol” is produced as a result of ………..
a)clipping
b)borrowing
c)compounding
d)blending
188- The word “skyscraper” represents an example of ……….in the process of word formation.
20
a) calque
b)coinage
c)compounding
d) blending
189-
The word “televise” and “edit” are examples of………
a)conversion
b)derivation
c)back-formation
d)clipping
190-
Change in the function of a word is generally known as……..
a)clipping
b)back formation
c)conversion
d)derivation
191- Which of the following words is not the product of the process of blending?
a)gasohol
b)smog
c)brunch
d)hotel
192-
One of the least common processes of word formation in English is………….
a)coinage
b)borrowing
c)compounding
d)derivation
193- The most common word formation process in the production of English words is ……….
a)compounding
b)borrowing
c)derivation
d)conversion
194-
The invention of totally new terms in a language is called…..
a)calque
b)conversion
c)clipping
d)coinage
195- The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term is present in the process called…..
a)coinage
b)calque
c)blending
d)clipping
196- The reduction of a word of more than one syllable to a shorter one, often in casual speech, is carried in the process of…
a)back-formation
b)conversion
c)calque
d)clipping
197-
Which of the following vocabulary items is not considered as an example of the compounding process in English?
a)earthquake
b)politeness
c)takeover
d)greenhouse
198- The word formation process of…….involves creating new vocabulary by translating the morphemes of foreign language into native morphemes.
a)extension
b)shortening
c)calque
d)coining
199- In the process of …., there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
a)blending
b)compounding
c)extension
21
d)borrowing
200-
Acronyms are formed from……….
a)the initial letters of a set of other words
b)words taken over from other languages
c)words whose functions have changed
d)more than one syllable words reduced to shorter forms
201- Two ways of……..words and phrases are the creation of acronyms and applying the back-formation process.
a)narrowing
b)shortening
c)clipping
d)coining
202-
Which of the following words can be considered as an example of back-formation
a)Plane(airplane)
b)edit(editor)
c)brunch(breakfast/lunch)
d)textbook(text/book)
203-
Which of the following is an example of clipping?
a)smoke and fog….smog
b)emotion…….emote
c)paper(n)…….to paper(v)
d)fanatic…….fan
204-
A new word is currently used namely [futsal] which is a reduced form of football and salon .This process is technically called……
a)coinage
b)acronym
c)compounding
d)blending
205-
UN which stands for United Nations is a(an)…….
a)acronym
b)calque
c)extension
d)onomatopoeia
206- Forming a word from the first letter or letters of each word in a phrase like “SOGS” or “UNICEF” is…..
a)abbreviation
b)narrowing
c)acronym
d)extension
207-
The most systematic process of word formation in English is …….
a)compounding
b)derivation
c)inflection
d)morphology
208-
Derivational affixes differ with respect to the ……
a)clarity of generalization
b)roots with which they combine
c)idioms they express
d)rules which they describe
209-
According to the passage, some compounds have……
a)idiomatic meanings
b)different root morphemes
c)a number of words
d)combined meanings
210-
A special type of borrowing as a process of word formation is described as “ calque ” , or…….
a)coinage
b)loan-translation
c)blending
d)clipping
22
Chapter eight
Morphology
211-
A morpheme is ……..
a)the smallest unit of language with a meaning of its own
b)the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language
c)another word for a syllable
d)an element of language that is attached to a word
212-
The form tourists consists of ……... morpheme(s).
a)one
b)two
c)three
d)four
213-
The form undressed consists of ….... morphemes.
a)one bound, one free
b)one free, two bound
c)one bound, two free
d)three bound
214-
The word the is a ….... morpheme.
a)free lexical
b)free functional
c)bound inflectional
d)bound derivational
215-
The last morpheme in helpless is a ... morpheme.
a)free lexical
b)free functional
c)bound inflectional
d)bound derivational
216-
English has about …….... inflectional morphemes.
a)8
b)28
c)48
d)88
217-
The last morphemes in older and teacher are both ……... morphemes.
a)bound
b)inflectional
c)derivational
d)functional
23
218-
There are ….... morphemes in The girl's wildness shocked the teachers.
a)7
b)9
c)11
d)13
219- ………..affixes never change the category (part of speech) of the base morpheme.
a)inflectional
b)lexical
c)derivational
d)pre-lexical
220- The definition of a / an……..is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”.
a)allomorph
b)morpheme
c)phoneme
d)allophone
221- Articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, conjunctions and prepositions constitute a class of words which is called………
a)content words
b)function words
c)open-class words
d)empty words
222-……….can stand alone as an independent word in a phrase.
a)inflectional morpheme
b)bound morpheme
c)derivational morpheme
d) free morpheme
223- The English word “unhappiness” consists of ……..
a) a bound morpheme and two free morphemes
b)three bound morphemes
c)a bound and two roots
d)a free morpheme and two bound morphemes
224- Which of the following is a functional morpheme?
a)because
b)book
c)men
d)two
225- The morpheme “ly” in the word “scholarly” is an example of………
a)derivational suffix
b)derivational infix
c)inflectional suffix
d)inflectional infix
226- The morpheme “ish” in the word “childishly” is an example of …..
a)derivational infix
b)derivational suffix
c)inflectional suffix
d)inflectional infix
227- A morpheme which is capable of being used independently but cannot be separated into smaller forms that also occur independently is called a
……..
a)bound morpheme
b)free morpheme
c)prefix
d)suffix
228- According to linguists,…….is the concrete representation of a morpheme….
a)allophone
b)allomorph
c)phonemic realization
d)phonetic feature
24
229- Which of the following statements is not true?
a)inflectional affixes tend to be fully productive.
b)inflectional affixes are less productive than derivational ones.
c)derivational affixes are partially productive.
d)derivational affixes always precede inflectional affixes
230- Take the following data into consideration: “credible” versus “incredible”, and “possible” versus “impossible”. In the above data, there are……
a)four morphemes and two allomorphs
b)two morphemes and two allomorphs
c)four independent morphemes
d)five independent morpheme
231- Which of the following is true?
a)morphologically complex linguistic units are always semantically complex.
b)morphological units are identical to semantic units
c)simple linguistic units may not be abstracted
d)simple words may be semantically complex.
232- Which of the following words does not contain an inflectional suffix?
a)taken
b)quickly
c)pieces
d)John’s
233- When ……morphemes are attached to words , the derived word will have a different word-class than the root.
a)free
b)bound
c)inflectional
d)derivational
234- Ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verbs are referred to as ……
a)bound
b)lexical
c)inflectional
d)derivational
235- The morpheme “er” in the word “smaller” is a …….morpheme.
a)lexical
b)functional
c)derivational
d)inflectional
236- Which of the following words consists of a derivational morpheme, and an inflectional morpheme?
a)usefulness
b)impoliteness
c)indivisible
d)disagreed
237- Which of the following words contains an inflectional affix?
a)repaint
b)taken
c)massive
d)narrowly
238- The minimal units of syntax in a language are called…..
a)phonemes
b)words
c)allophones
d)morphemes
239- Infixes are special kinds of affixes which are inserted…..
a)within the root
b)between a prefix and a root
c)before a prefix
d)between two root morphemes
240- The indefinite article in English is a(n)……morpheme.
a)lexical
25
b)inflectional
c)functional
d)derivational
241- The field of morphology is concerned with the study of …….
a)phonemes
b)word order
c)allophones
d)forms
242- Which of the following represents a set of free morphemes?
a)pre, ex, dis
b)foolish, funny, feeling
c)writer, adviser, player
d)girl, happy, book
243- Which of the following words does not contain an inflectional affix?
a)jumped
b)pieces
c)quickly
d)John’s
244- The study of the origin and development of words is called……
a)morphology
b)etymology
c)philology
d)morphophonemics
245- The word “internationally” has…….bound morpheme(s).
a)three
b)one
c)two
d)four
246- Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns belong to the category of…….morphemes.
a)derivational
b)lexical
c)functional
d)inflectional
247- Which of the following are inflectional morphemes?
a)yellow, book, door
b)s, er, ing
c)but, when, on
d)pre, ex, dis
248- Since the early days of grammatical study, words have been grouped into word classes traditionally labeled the “………”.
a)word varieties
b)parts of speech
c)allophonic variation
d)minimal pairs
249- Look at the following words: blowing, cats, unhappy, disaster, contamination. Which one of the morphemes is derivational?
a)-ing
b)disc)und)-tion
250- We can propose ………..as the actual forms used to realize morphemes.
a)allomorphs
b)morphs
c)allophones
d)acronyms
chapter nine and ten
phrases and sentences: grammar and syntax
26
251-
Which of the following is not proposed as a characteristic of human language by T- G grammar?
a) All languages are reciprocal
b) All languages are productive
c) All languages involve displacement
d) All languages are different.
252-
The capacity of the grammatical rules to be applied more than once in generating a structure is called……
a)recursiveness
b)reciprocity
c)deep structure
d)surface structure
253-
One of the properties of grammar which refers to its capacity of being applied more than once in generating structure is called………
a)reduplication
b)recursiveness
c)TG
d)explicitness
254-
Which of the following expressions would not be generated by this phrase structure rule: NP Art( adj )N?
a)American English
b)a new student
c)a radio
d)the tall boy
255-
Which of the following sentences are not generated by the following rules:
1. S
NP VP
2.VP V(NP)(PP)
a) Mehdi wrote a letter to his father.
b) My brother cries.
c) My sister is clever.
d) Your father bought a present.
256-
Which of the following expressions would not be generated by the given set of phrase structure rules? NP
a)long ruler
b)small girl who came
c)the boy who came
d)the tall boy
(Art) Adj N (S)
257- Which of the following constituent analysis is correct for the sentence: “Mary and his father talked to the teacher”?
a)
Mehdi and his father
talked to
b)
Mehdi and his father
talked
the teacher
to the teacher
c)
Mehdi
and
his father
talked to
d)
Mehdi
and
his father
talked
the teacher
to the teacher
258-
The constituent structure and the constituent types of which the sentence is composed are called…….
a)constituent rules
b)phrase structure rules
c)structural description
d)structural change
259-
In a tree diagram a node is a…?
a)transformational rule
b)syntactic category
c)transformational movement
d)branching point
260-
Constituent structural rules and lexicon ……..
a)constitute the base component
b)are the elements of surface structure
c)transform deep structures into surface structures
d)are exemplified by relativization and adjective inversion
27
261-
The structure rules and the lexicon constitute the……. Constituent
Component in chomskyan grammar
a)base
b)syntactic
c)semantic
d)phonological
262-
Generalizations about the surface structure of sentences in a language are expressed in the form of ………………….. rules
a)transformational
b) phrase-structure
c) generative
d)pragmatic
263-
The set of principles according to which words are combined into sentences in a language is calls the
a)grammar
b)syntax
c)semantics
d)pragmatics
of the language
264-
Which of the following does not belong to chomskyan linguistic principles?
a)competence vs. performance
b)deep vs. surface structure
c)parole vs. langue
d)phrase structure vs. transformational rules
265-
A passive sentence and its active equivalent have ………………..
a)a nonlinear sequence of constituents
b)the same deep structure
c)totally different meanings
d)the same level of structural ambiguity
266-
Which one of the following sentences is ambiguous?
a) Growling lions can be frightening
b) Jumping horses can be frightening
c) That vegetable is too hat to eat
d) The pilot decided on a procedure
267-
Which of the following sentences has lexical ambiguity?
a) Old men and women are not expected to go to the war front.
b) The shooting of hunters was terrible.
c) The bank is near here.
d) Visiting relatives can be fun.
268-
Which of the following sentences is ambiguous?
a) Jim loves his son more than his wife.
b) Nobody can find you here.
c) John is too angry to talk.
d) Who did you say arrived late?
269-
Which of the following sentences are both lexically and structurally ambiguous?
a) I saw him walking by the bank.
b) Visiting professors might be boring.
c) Dick finally decided on the boat.
d) Old men and women are hard to live with.
270-
The term “………..” refers to a sentence or a type of sentence which may have two or more meanings.
a)synonymy
b)hyponymy
c)ambiguity
d)paraphrase
271-
In ………,two or more sentences have the same meaning.
a)synonymy
b)ambiguity
c)paraphrase
d)assimilation
272-
The phrase “ French history teacher” is an example of……..
28
a)structural ambiguity
b) polysemy
c) homonymy
d)derivational ambiguity
273-
Transformational rules are which ….
a)change or move constituent in structures
b)change or move lexical items in structures
c)generate lexical items
d)generate sentences
274-
Which sentence is true about transformations?
a) some transformations are obligatory.
b) Transformations generate lexical items.
c) Transformations can generate sentences.
d) All transformations should be ordered with respect to one another.
275-
The movement of a word within a sentence to the front position is referred to as…….
a)reflexivizaton
b)topicalization
c)pronunciation
d)derivation
276-
Linguistic competence is……….
a)the conscious knowledge about sounds of language
b)the linguist’s approach to the study of language.
c)the use of language in daily life
d)the subconscious internalized knowledge about sounds, meaning, and syntax
277-
Human beings must know some finite set of principles or rules which produce the infinite number of …….
a)functions in a society
b)ideas in their communication
c)sentences in their languages
d)words in all languages
278-
In linguistic description, the asterisk (*) is used to indicate ...
a)dangling modifiers
b)double negation
c)gross reference
d)ungrammatical forms
279-
The words large and daily belong to the word class of ...
a)adjectives
b)adverbs
c)prepositions
d)conjunctions
280-
The words very, suddenly or then belong to the word class of ...
a)pronouns
b)adverbs
c)prepositions
d)conjunctions
281-
The words but and although belong to the word class of ...
a)adjectives
b)pronouns
29
c)adverbs
d)conjunctions
282-
The words who and me belong to the word class of ...
a)conjunctions
b)adverbs
c)pronouns
d)prepositions
283-
The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ...
a)recursion
b)surface structure
c)synchronic linguistics
d)syntax
284-
The particular type of grammar that was developed by Noam Chomsky is known as ...........
a)Immediate Constituent Analysis
b)the Prescriptive Approach
c)the Grammar-Translation Method
d)Generative Grammar
285-
The phrase old men and women is ...
a)structurally ambiguous
b)lexically ambiguous
c)unambiguous
d)ungrammatical
Chapter eleven
Semantics and Pragmatics
286-
When describing the meaning of words in terms of +animate, -human etc. we describe …..
a)semantic features
b)semantic roles
c)lexical relations
d)prototypes
287- The ... meaning of the word December is 'the twelfth month of the year'
a)conceptual
b)associative
c)metaphorical
d)collocational
288- Words which are very closely related in meaning (such as answer and reply) are ...
30
a)homonyms
b)synonyms
c)antonyms
d)hyponyms
289- Penguin is a ... of bird.
a)homonym
b)synonym
c)hyponym
d)prototype
290- The words ... are non-gradable antonyms.
a)quick and slow
b)fair and unfair
c)rich and poor
d)true and false
291- The words so and sew are
a)hyponymy
b)homophony
c)homonymy
d)co-hyponymy
292- The tendency of one word to occur in the company of another word (such as fresh and air) is referred to as ...
a)metonymy
b)polysemy
c)collocation
d)prototypes
293- Words the meaning of which depends on the physical context (such as here or yesterday) are referred to as ...
a)indirect speech acts
b)co-text
c)deictic expressions
d)presuppositions
294- What a speaker thinks is known by the hearer without explicitly saying so can be described as ...
a)constancy under negation
b)indirect speech act
c)presupposition
d)anaphora
295- The verbal ties and connections which exist within a text are said to constitute that text's ...
a)coherence
b)cohesion
c)invisible meaning
31
d)place deixis
296- Besides quantity and quality, …... constitute the maxims of the co-operative principle.
a)schema and script
b)cohesion and coherence
c)relation and manner
d)deep structure and surface structure
297- Whenever we speak we make unconscious assumptions about the knowledge that we share with listeners such assumptions which affect our use of
language are called
a) conversational principles
b) presuppositions
c) logical structures
d) language universals
298- The statement the king of Greece is on a visit to u s presupposes that
a) Greece is a monarchy
b) king of Greece is visiting the us
c) king of Greece loves visiting the us
d) the queen of Greece is also visiting the us
299- The unconscious assumptions that we share with our listeners are called
a) logical structures
b) language universals
c) performatives
d) presuppositions
300- Work in semantics deals with
meaning.
a)characterization of speaker
b) characterization of word
c)description of sentence
d) description of grammatical
301- The sentence “The fish told me the truth.”,is
a)both grammatical and semantic
b)semantic but ungrammatical
c)semantically odd but syntactically well- formed
d)syntactically odd but semantically well -formed
302- The sentence: “My cat realizes that I’m an honest man” is
a)propositionally unacceptable
b)grammatically anomalous
c)structurally ill formed
d)semantically ill formed
303- What are the deictic expressions in the following sentence: “They will talk to me about this when its too late?”
a)they ,will ,to ,me
b)they ,me ,this ,it
c)will ,me , about ,too
d)will ,to ,me., is
304- The sentence, “The hamburger ate the man.” is
a)syntactically ambiguous
b)semantically odd
c)phonologically ill formed
d)grammatically well formed
305- Generally work in the field of
deals with the description of word and sentence meaning
a)semantics
b)syntax
c)pragmatics
d)lexicon
306- In the sentence “He is expected to come here now.” the deictic expressions are
a)come here and expected
b)he here and now
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c)is expected and come
d)to here and now
307-
features are the basic features involved in differentiating the meaning of each word in language form every other word
a)morphological
b)syntactic
c)semantic
d)phonological
308- Features such as [human],[young],[old]and [female] are referred to as
features.
a)morphological
b)syntactic
c)pragmatic
d)semantic
309- Which of the following sentence does not contain any deictic expression?
a)The students were discussing the topic
b)They will have to do that tomorrow
c)They are not here now
d)I like working here
310- The co text of a word is the
a)set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence
b)word that can be used instead of that word
c)set of words that have the opposite meaning
d)physical context in which the word is used
311- When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as………
a)homophony
b)homonymy
c)hyponymy
d)synonymy
312- The expression”bark (of a dog vs. of a tree) is a case of ………
a)antonymy
b)homophony
c)polysemy
d)synonymy
313- The relationship between “melted” and “melt” is similar to the one between ………….and…………..
a)darken and dark
b)flatten and flatted
c)frozen and freeze
d)redden and red
314- The word “ mouth” in “mouth of the river” and “ a man’s mouth” would represent an example of…..
a)homophony
b)homonymy
c)hyponymy
d)polysemy
315- Which of the following pairs is called hyponymy?
a)dead-alive
b)daffodil-flower
c)liberty-freedom
d)big-small
316- Antonyms such as “small-big”, happy-sad, quick-slow” different from the sets such as “dead-alive, above-below, female-male” The former are called…….and
the latter…….antonyms.
a)gradable-nongradable
b)lexical-nonlexical
c)nongradable-gradable
d)synonyms-nonsynonyms
317- The forms “know” and “no” are example of….
a)allophones
b)homophones
c)homographs
d)homonyms
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318- The lexical relationship between “furniture” and “chair” is similar to the one between…..
a)”carrot” and “plant”
b)”college” and “educational establishment”
c)”fruit” and “banana”
d)”potato” and “vegetable”
319- Which of the following pairs represents an example for gradable antonyms?
a)short-tall
b)dead- alive
c)present-absent
d)pass- fail
320- Two words that share all but one of their semantic features in common are called………
a)antonyms
b)homonyms
c)homographs
d)co-hyponymys
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1- a
2-b
3-a
4-b
5-d
6-d
7-a
8-a
9-b
10-d
11-d
12-b
13-b
14-b
15-c
16-b
17-d
18-a
19-b
20-d
21-d
22-c
23-c
24-b
25-a
26-d
27-c
28-a
29-c
30-d
31-c
32-b
33-a
34-d
35-a
36-b
37-c
38-c
39-b
40-b
41-a
42-d
43-c
44-c
45-c
46-c
47-a
48-c
49-b
50-d
51-c
52-a
53-c
54-d
55-d
56-d
57-d
58-d
59-b
60-a
61-d
62-c
63-b
64-c
65-a
66-a
67-d
68-c
69-d
70-c
71-d
72-c
73-d
74-c
75-b
76-b
77-d
78-b
79-a
80-a
81-b
82-c
83-a
84-b
85-d
86-a
87-b
88-d
89-b
90-a
91-d
92-a
93-a
94-a
95-a
96-c
97-d
98-d
99-b
100-a
101-d
102-c
103-c
104-b
105-a
106-b
107-a
108-c
109-b
110-c
111-a
112-c
113-c
114-c
115-c
116-b
117-a
118-c
119-a
120-d
121-a
122-a
123-a
124-b
125-a
126-d
127-a
128-d
129-d
130-c
131-a
132-d
133-a
134-b
135-b
136-b
137-c
138-b
139-c
140-c
141-a
142-a
143-d
144-a
145-b
146-c
147-d
148-a
149-d
150-b
151-b
152-c
153-d
154-b
155-c
156-a
157-c
158-d
159-b
160-c
161-b
162-d
163-a
164-c
165-d
166-c
167-c
168-a
169-a
170-b
171-b
172-b
173-c
174-d
175-d
176-d
177-a
178-a
179-d
180-a
181-d
182-a
183-a
184-b
185-d
186-c
187-d
188-a
189-c
190-c
191-d
192-a
193-b
194-d
195-c
196-d
197-b
198-c
199-a
200-a
201-b
202-b
203-d
204-d
205-a
206-c
207-c
208-b
209-a
210-b
211-a
212-c
213-b
214-b
215-d
216-a
217-a
218-c
219-a
220-b
221-b
222-d
223-d
224-a
225-a
226-b
227-b
228-b
229-b
230-c
231-b
232-b
233-d
234-b
235-d
236-d
237-b
238-d
239-a
240-c
241-d
242-d
243-c
244-b
245-a
246-c
247-b
248-b
249-a
250-b
251-d
252-a
253-b
254-a
255-c
256-c
257-b
258-c
259-d
260-a
261-a
262-b
263-b
264-c
265-b
266-b
267-c
268-a
269-a
270-c
271-c
272-a
273-a
274-a
275-b
276-d
277-c
278-d
279-a
280-b
281-d
282-c
283-d
284-d
285-a
286-a
287-a
288-b
289-c
290-d
291-b
292-c
293-c
294-c
295-b
296-c
297-b
298-a
299-d
300-c
301-c
302-d
303-b
304-b
305-a
306-b
307-d
308-d
309-a
310-a
311-c
312-b
313-c
314-d
315-b
316-a
317-b
318-c
319-a
320-a
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