Int J Ayu Pharm Chem REVIEW ARTICLE www.ijapc.com e-ISSN 2350-0204 Swarna Prashana– A Immuno-Booster in Ayurveda Satyawati Rathia1*, V. K. Kori2, Rajagopala S.3 and K.S. Patel4 1,2,3,4 Department of Kaumarbhritya, IPGT & RA, GAU Jamnagar Gujarat, India Abstract The word “Swarna Prashana” is a combination of two words – “Swarna” and “Prashana”. The term Swarna is a common word and refers to the noble metal Gold. Prashana refers to the act of eating or consuming or ingesting. Health is a condition when the individual is in complete accord with the surroundings, while disease is loss of ease to the body (dis-ease), so disease is opposite of health. In this broader sense, it includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behavior. Vyadhikshamatva is the strength to protect the body against diseases; it is also called body resistance. It depends on Bala, Balavardhakabhava, Prakrita Kapha and Ojas. There is great decrease in the quality of health status of humans from generation to generation; tolerance to allergic factors, tiredness and resistance to diseases has greatly diminished. For the health promotion and longevity of life span, Samskara, Lehana and Rasayana drugs, Swarna Prashana etc. are mentioned for children in Ayurveda. Keywords Ayurveda,Vyadhikshamatva, Swarna Prashana, Lehana Greentree Group Received 25/11/15 Accepted 17/01/16 Published 10/03/16 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 305 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem INTRODUCTION feeds is described in detail by Acharya Balyavastha(childhood) has been described Kashyapa who is considered as the pioneer in the texts of Ayurveda as a period of of Ayurvedic paediatrics4. Swarna Prashana minimal relative Bala(physical strength and having immunity) and hence children of this period Balvardhaka, Vrishya, Ayushyakara, and are considered to be more prone for various Grahapaha etc5. Swarna Prashana is very diseases. in popular cultural practice of India and is a physical strength and immunity are said to unique method of boosting immunity and be added factor for disease occurrence and intellectual power in children. A considerable decrease Medhavardhaka, Agnivardhaka, severity. Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defences to fight AIM infection, disease, or other unwanted To elaborate the various concepts of biological invasion, while having adequate Vyadhikshmtva. tolerance to avoid inflammation, allergy, 1 and autoimmune diseases . Immunization is To establish the efficacy and non- toxic profiles of Swarna Prashana. the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 typically by the administration of a vaccine . Materials related to Swarna Prashana with Vyadhikshamatvais the inherent or/and an action and other relevant topics have been acquired capacity of the body in preventing collected, from Charaka Samhita, Sushruta occurrence of a disease or in modifying the Samhita, Ashtanga Samgraha, Ashtanga course of an already manifested disease to a Hridya, Bhavaprakasha, Sharangdhar 3 milder extent . Vyadhikshamatva can be Samhita, Ras Shastra related books and explained in terms of protective available and preventive Information is also searched from various Pratibandhakatva) websites; articles were also thoroughly mechanism of body’s immune system. The screened for this review. Along with that, concept the work carried out by research scholars in the administration of various herbal drugs, ghee field of Ayurveda is also taken into preparations and gold as supplementary consideration. (Vyadhibalavirodhitva) (Vyadhyutpadaka of Lehanawhich depicts commentaries on these. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 306 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem Conceptual Study: in Ayurvedic classics which increase the Vyadhi Vyadhikshmtva of human being. The Vyadhi is defined as the state which Bala: mainly affects the body and reflects on the Bala is the power to exercise control over mind, subjected to pain and misery. Charaka the harmful activities of Dosha, which identified Vyadhi with Dukkha6 and resides in every Dhatu of the body. Bala Sushruta has defined it as that which proved forms in the body through three main to be a source of torment or pain to the sources; Sahaja, Kalaja and Yuktikrita18. Purusha7. Vyadhikshmtva depends on these three types Vyadhikshmatva: of Bala; Sahaja, Kalaja and Yuktikrita The word ‘Vyadhikshamatva’ is mentioned Sahaja Bala are present in body since birth by Acharya Charaka while explaining about with a favourable conditions, Kalaja Bala relation between Hita-ahita ahara and not present at birth but according to time and diseases. The author says that all Doshas are age increase and proper diet, life style and neither of equal strength nor all the bodies Rasayana are included in Yuktikrita Bala. have enough resisting power for diseases Balavardhakabhava: equally8. Chakrapani comments that it is the Balavridhikara Bhava is the factor which competency of an individual to prevent the positively affect both physical and immune onset of a disease or to resist the severity of strength an already manifested disease. The term explained below [19]:- Vyadhi is a synonym of disease and 1. of an individual which are Balavat Birth in a country where Kshamatva indicates the resistance or Deshe people tolerance of the body to fight against the Janma - strong Balavat Birth in a home of individual to prevent the onset of a disease Purushe naturally strong person or to resist the severity of an already Janma- diseases. Thus it is the competency of an 9 manifested disease. Concept of Bala , 2. 3. Balavat are naturally Birth in the period of Balavardhaka Bhava10, Oja11, Prakriti12, Kale Janma time Prakrita Shleshma13, Lehana14, Samskara - naturally gain strength Sukhascha Pleasant and moderate 15 Rasayana16 and Vajikarana17 are explained 4. when people ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 307 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 5. 6. Kalayoga - climate Bijaguna Excellence the is of two types Para Ojas: Ashta bindu Sampat - qualities of sperm and [eight drops] located in the Hridaya and ovum Apara Ojas: Ardhanjali, located in the 8. 9. qualities the Dhamani21. There are three signs of female Ojakshya; Visramsa, Vyapat and Kshya. of of reproductive system Tiredness, Ahara Excellence of ingested mentally disturbance, Sampat - food excessive sleeping are the symptoms of Sharira Excellence Sampat - physique Satmya Wholesomeness Sampat - various of the heaviness, physically and syncope, oedema Ojokshya22. Prakriti of Acharyas say that Vata Prakriti persons are factors more prone to diseases and Sama Prakriti responsible for health persons are always healthy23. It denotes that Excellence of the metal Vyadhikshmatva depends also on Prakriti: Sampat - faculty which is comes under Sahaja Bala. Swabhava Favourable Samsiddhi - of the nature Prakritka Kapha is Oza in body and Vikrita Youth Kapha is disease. Its all properties are same 10. Satva 11 of Kshetraguna Excellence Sampat - 7. disease. Chakrapanidatta described that Ojas 12. Yauvanam - deposition Prakritka Shleshma: 13. Samharsha - Cheerful disposition to Kapha24. Ojas: Agni: The meaning of the term Ojas can be It is responsible for life, colour (luster of the interpreted from its roots which carry the skin), similar meaning as that of Bala20. One of plumpness, complexion, Ojas (energy), this means, to bestow power and vitality and Tejas (gleam of the body), other varieties of the other means to keep the body tissues and Agni and Prana(vitality). If Agni is impaired organs in their optimum functional state. It by an imbalance by Dosha then metabolism implies that the Ojas is responsible for the will get affected, immune response and maintenance of the homeostasis in the body natural resistance will also be lowered25. and thus prevent manifestation of any Hita-Ahita Ahara: strength, health, enthusiasm, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 308 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem Hita Ahara is responsible to developed The purpose and object of Lehana Karma healthy Dhatus and final product of Dhatus look to prevent the diseases by establishing i.e. Ojas. So increases in Ojas or Bala due immunity and to promote the physical ultimately increase Vyadhikshmatva. On the and psychic strength. Health and disease are other hand, Ahita substance if taken dependent in Lehanaprakriya28. Swarna continuously Prashana described in this chapter along then leads to improper nourishment of Dhatus which result in with other lehayogas. decreasing Ojas and Vyadhikshamatva26. Samskara: Lehana: Samskaras are the important cultural events The word Lehana itself indicated its in an individual’s life from birth to death. consistency i.e. semisolid form. The drugs There for Lehana should always be mixed with Samskara is one of them; in which Madhu and Ghrita. Kashyapa has given combination of Madhu and Ghrita is given special emphasis on Lehana karma and a to the baby29. separate chapter called Lehadhyaya is in Karnavedhana: Sutra-Sthana. The children of a mother who It also comes under the Samskaras, done for are having no breast milk, deficient milk, or cosmetic value and protects the body from vitiated milk of parturient women (mother) untoward or of a wet –nurse of similar condition who Grahas30. have predominance of Vata and Pitta but not Rasayana Chikitsa: Kapha, who do not get satisfied with the The word Rasayanais made up of two breast milk and cry in spite of repeated Sanskrit sucking, children who do not sleep at night, Ayana(transportation in the body). Rasayana eat too much, pass scanty urine and faeces; are claimed to improve vitality, rejuvenate children who have increased digestive body power, though free from disease yet scraggy, prevent aging31. have delicate body part and emaciated, do Vajikarana Chikitsa: not pass urine and faeces even for three Vajikarana means the process of improving days; such type of children should be ‘Sukram’ in an individual of its depletion. prescribed Lehana27. Sukra is said to seat in the entire body with are 16 Samskaras. health words, tissues, Jatakarma complications Rasa improve (nutrition) immunity, like and and ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 309 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem the functions of Bala,Varna Upacaya(strength, and complectionand months then child Shrutadhara(remembers will be he hears what growth).Promotion of Sukram is said to be once)33. the promotion of Ojas which sustains Traditionally Swarna Prashana is done as immunity of the body, such Vajikara drugs cultural practice in India. Mainly after are of Guru, Madhura, Snigdha, Jivana, delivery raw gold is rubbed on a stone with Brumhana32. the help of little amount of water and is Swarna Prashana: administered along with Madhu and Ghrita. The word “Swarna a This process of administration for certain combination of two words – “Swarna” and period of time to achieve health and “Prashana”. The term Swarna is used for immunity. Properties of gold and its Gold and Prashana refers to the act of formulation, licking. describes mentioned in Charaka Samhita34. Some method of preparation, duration and effect researches have been carried out on Swarna of Swarna Prashana. It is mentioned that, Prashana. Dr. Sheetal S.- reported that keeping face towards east, gold should be significant results were observed in reducing rubbed on a washed stone with a little the bouts of cough (49%), duration of cough quantity of water. Then it should be mixed (40%), sleep disturbance (69.22%), Quality with Madhu and Ghrita and should be given of to the child for licking. With this Swarna Research work of Dr. Amruta Gaikwad- Prashana child develops Medha (memory), showed that Swarna Prashana acts as Agni (improves the digestive power), Bala equivalent immune-modulators as evidenced (strength), span), by triggering the response of immunological Punya system by a rise in the total proteins and (aphrodisiac), serum IgG levels36. Dr. Aniketh- concluded complexion), that Significant improvement in immunity Grahapaha(avoids away associated evils). If and intelligence of the children37. Significant Swarna Prashana is done for one month increase in the phagocytic activity in albino then child will be extremely intelligent, rats was found in Dr. Ajay Chavan’s study38. remains unaffected by diseases. If done for 6 Study of Dr. Vinarma Sharma- titled showed Acharya Mangalakara (virtuous), Varnya(fair Prashana” Kashyapa Aayushya (life (auspicious), Vrushya is sputum Brahma (43%), Rasayana dyspneoa is (65%)35. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 310 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem that “Toxicity Study of Suvarna Bindu longevity and combat the aging process in Prashana in Albino Rats” Result: “No signs humans. As Swarna is a metal, so direct of toxicity in albino rats39.” Dr. Jyothy KB- administration is difficult and standard dose reported that Swarna Prashana impact on format is difficult to maintain, now Swarna cell triple Bhasma is used. It is an ancient preparation antigens, potential therapeutic effects in of Ayurveda which is metalo-medicine in antiamnestic activity and immunstimulant powder form of nano to submicron size study39. particles, prepared from metals after many Anthropometrical measurements were found systematic processes to convert raw metal highly significant and raised IgG levels in into therapeutic form through the classical clinical study”40. Research work of Dr. process Anupriya- showed that Swarna Prashana is grinding with some herbal juices and other safe, non toxic, have immunomodulatory specified effect on prolonged regular use41. absorbed through sublingual route directly mediated activity in immunity against Pharmacological of repeated matters. incineration Nano particles and can into the blood stream. Therefore, it can be DISSCUSSION presumed Vyadhikshmatva is the competency of an particles may get absorbed through the individual to prevent the onset of a disease sublingual route directly into the blood or to resist the severity of an already stream, manifested disease. It depends on Bala, experimentally proved. Balavardhaka method, time of Bhava, Oja, Prakriti, that some though dose, it has not Its been preparation administration, administration Lehana Samskara mentioned in detail in classical Ayurveda Rasayana Chikitsa and Swarna Prashana. texts. Researches have proved on its These all are provide healthy human body efficacy, by protect from infections. Gold or Swarna immunomodulatory action and as a growth is considered as a one of those metals which and developmental enhancer in children. have good benefits on the body when Safety and efficacy study of Swarna consumed internally. It has been used to Prashana showed its safe, non toxic effect. enhance strength and potency, promote Research on immunomodulatory action Jatkarma and Bhasma Prakrita Kapha, Agni, Hita and AhitaAhara, Karma, age Swarna toxicity properties are profile, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Satyawati et al. 2015 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 311 [e ISSN 2350-0204] Int J Ayu Pharm Chem concluded that it has immunomodulatory effect on prolonged regular use. CONCLUSION Swarna Prashana is a comprehensive Rasayana Chikitsa, administered for the physical, mental, and intellectual power of the children. It is an immnunobooster for children. Researches have shown that there are no toxicity of Swarna Prashana. 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