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The Human Body: An Orientation
Objectives:
Chapter 1
1. How are anatomy and physiology
defined?
2. How are anatomy and physiology
related?
3. What are the levels of structural
organization that make up the human
body and how are they related?
A. Anatomy
B. Physiology
• Study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts and their
relationship to one another.
• Gross anatomy- large, easily observed
structures
• Microscopic anatomy- structures too
small to be seen with the eye
• Study of how the body and its
parts work or function
• Many subdivisions
oEx: neurophysiology- study of the
nervous system and its functions
C. Relation
• Parts of the body work
together as a whole
• Structure determines function
D. Levels of Structural Organization
Smallest to largest:
• Chemical(atom)
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ system
• Organism
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Chemical
• Atoms form molecules
o Water, sugar, proteins, lipids
Tissues
• Similar cells that have a common
function
• 4 basic types
o Epithelial –cover and protect
o Connective- bind
o Muscle- movement
o Nervous- communication
Organ Systems
• Group of organs working together
to accomplish a common
purpose
• Example: digestive systemesophagus, stomach and small
and large intestines
Cells
Smallest units of LIVING things
• Vary in size and shape according
to function
• Made up of organelles
Organs
• Two or more tissue types that perform
a particular function
• Complex functions become possible
• Example: small intestine- digests and
absorbs food and contains all 4 types
of tissue
Organism
• All systems making up the living
body
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Questions
Name the levels of structural
organization from largest to smallest.
How are anatomy and physiology
related?
E. Organ System Overview
• There are 11
organ
systems in the
human body.
2. Skeletal System
Support
Movement
Protection
Hematopoiesis (RBC
production)
• Mineral and fat storage
Bones, cartilage, ligaments and
joints
•
•
•
•
Objectives:
4. What are the organ systems of the
body?
5. What are the major functions of each
organ system.?
6. Be able to classify by organ system all
organs discussed.
7. Identify organs shown on a diagram or
torso.
1. Integumentary System
• Waterproofs, cushions, protects
• Excretes waste
• Regulates temperature
• Nerve receptors
• Vitamin D production
Skin, hair and nails
3. Muscular System
• Movement
• Heat regulation
Muscles
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4. Nervous System
• Control system
• Response to stimuli
• Activates muscles and
glands
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
and sensory receptors
6. Cardiovascular System
• Pumps and transports blood
• Carries oxygen, carbon
dioxides, nutrients and
wastes
Heart and blood vessels
8. Respiratory System
• Supplies oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Nasal passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs
5. Endocrine System
• Controls body
processes (growth,
reproduction, food use
by cells)
• Produces hormones
Pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroids, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas, pineal,
ovaries or testes
7. Lymphatic System
• Returns leaked fluid to
the blood
• Cleanses blood
• Houses immunity cells
Lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, spleen and tonsils
9. Digestive System
• Breaks down food
• Absorbs nutrients and water
• Eliminates waste
Oral cavity, esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, rectum
Also liver, pancreas and gall
bladder
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10. Urinary System
• Removes nitrogenous
waste
• Maintains water and
electrolyte balance
• Regulates acid-base
levels in blood
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
and urethra
11. Reproductive System
• Produces offspring
Male: testes, male urethra
Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
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