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The Second Industrial Revolution
6
GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY
Pullman’s Company Town
In 1880 George Pullman, the manufacturer of
Pullman sleeping cars for railroads, built a
company town near Chicago, Illinois. The
town, which he named after himself, featured a
factory and rail lines, as well as housing and
other services for employees. In 1894 the town
became the focus of one of the most bitter
labor disputes in American history. Examine
the maps and answer the questions that follow.
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| | | | ILLIN
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Pullman and the Chicago Area
N
to Minneapolis
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Athletic
Course
Public
Arcade
Square
Market House
Stable
Dock
Dock
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Housing
Dock
LEGEND:
| | | | | railroad
factory rail spur
Pullman
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\ \ \ \ to Detroit/
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\ \ Cleveland/
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\
New York
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to Pittsburgh/
Philadelphia/
New York
ILLINOIS
Church
School
\
to Kansas City
Playground
Chicago
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
to Omaha/
\
San Francisco \ \
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\
Gasworks
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Lumberyard
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Milwaukee
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MICHIGAN
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Dock
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Pullman
Cargo
Works
Hotel
Theater
Lake Michigan
WISCONSIN
INDIANA
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N
to
St. Louis to
Memphis
Adapted from map “The Lower Great Lakes Region,
1830–1870” from History of the United States, vol. 2, by
Thomas V. DiBacco et al. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton
Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission of McDougal
Littell.
Scale (for Chicago area map): 1 inch = 94 miles
Geography Activities
Chapter 6 11
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Chapter 6, Geography Activity, Continued
1. Where was the town of Pullman located?
2. On which side of town was the production area? Why might a railroad town have
needed a lumberyard?
3. Where was the housing? What areas and buildings in the town were likely to be
accessible to all of the residents and workers?
4. What rail line served Pullman? How else might supplies and finished products have
been shipped in and out of town?
6. Critical Thinking: Human Systems Initially, the town of Pullman was considered a
model of enlightened management. Why might George Pullman have decided to
build such a town? Examine the map for evidence of planned order and control and
explain why workers might have found such an environment to be restrictive.
ACTIVITY
Research to learn more about the town of Pullman or about another company town
from this era. Then draw four postcards that represent life in a company town.
12 Chapter 6
Geography Activities
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
5. During the Pullman strike of 1894, sympathetic rail workers shut down many of the
rail lines around Chicago. What effect does the map indicate this action might have
had on the nation’s transportation system?
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ACTIVITY
Answers will vary. Remind students that they
should not cut materials from books or magazines that they do not own. Students may
invite another class to view their work and
make presentations about what they learned.
CHAP TE R 4
GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 4
1. Indian Territory
2. North Carolina, Tennessee, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas
3. Alabama, Mississippi; Florida, Texas
4. in the western portion of the region;
because the population was less dense,
much more land was available for ownership, and plantation agriculture was not
well established
5. Critical Thinking: Places and Regions
Farm tenancy was most common in areas
that had large plantations before the Civil
War. The rise of the Cotton Kingdom had
encouraged the relocation of slaves to the
South and West as large plantations were
established in Georgia, Alabama, and
Mississippi. The demise of slavery
required new organizations of land and
labor to permit continued traditional
farming. The map shows the heaviest
concentration of tenant farms was in
areas that had relied most heavily on slave
labor before the war.
ACTIVITY
Answers will vary depending on the photograph or illustration chosen by students.
2 Answer Key
Students should discuss such things as living
conditions, livelihood, and the emphasis on
education or cultural life.
CHAPT E R 5
GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana
New Mexico; Oklahoma
The Indians had much less land.
less than half
Critical Thinking: The World in Spatial
Terms Answers will vary. American
Indians were spread across the West
because they wanted to remain near their
traditional lands. Also, most tribes were
not used to living in close proximity to
others, and some were traditional enemies. The reservation system also
allowed the government to keep the
groups apart, limiting their chances of
staging an uprising. Furthermore, frontier settlers would probably have
objected to a large parcel of land being
set aside for Indians.
ACTIVITY
Students will find the major reservations in
the same basic locations, with some boundary
changes. Some reservations, such as the large
one in southern Oregon in 1894, do not exist
today. There are also one or two today that
did not exist in 1894, such as the large Papago
Reservation in southern Arizona. Oklahoma
contains much less Indian land than it did in
1894.
CHAPT E R 6
GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 6
1. just south of Chicago, on Lake Michigan
2. the north; The lumberyard was probably
designed to supply lumber for car construction and for railroad ties, although it
could have been used for buildings as
well.
3. on the south side of town; public buildings and areas including a hotel, theater,
public arcade square, stable, school,
Geography Activities
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
cult, as demonstrated by Grant’s fourmonth advance along the west side of the
Mississippi River. Other students may
believe that the victory came fairly
quickly, since Grant fought and won five
battles in seventeen days before beginning
the siege. Grant’s strategy appears to have
been sound, and he showed great patience
in circling the swamps and defeating various Confederate forces during his
approach.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
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church, market house, playground, and
an athletic course
4. the Illinois Central; by boat, using the
docks
5. It was very disruptive because Chicago
was the major rail hub in the Midwest,
connecting cities, industries, and agricultural areas in the East and West. Shutting
down the rail lines had a disastrous effect
on commerce and communication.
6. Critical Thinking: Human Systems
Pullman and other factory owners built
company towns because they considered
them an efficient use of resources, consolidating factory operations and workers in
one easily controlled space to make production more efficient. He also assumed
that supplying workers’ basic needs and
keeping them dependent on the company
would ensure stability in his operation. An
examination of the map suggests a number
of indications of planned order and control. The single church may represent a lack
of choice in terms of religion, just as the
existence of only one theater may indicate
limited choices of entertainment. In addition, workers lived in company housing
instead of choosing their own accommodations. Workers may have found this
arrangement to be restrictive because of the
lack of choices available in terms of living
arrangements, religious expression, and
entertainment facilities.
ACTIVITY
Answers will vary depending on the choices
made by students. Students may concentrate
on the positives (many people with common
interests and lifestyles living closely together)
or negatives (the conditions of housing, education, and labor).
C H A P TE R 7
GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 7
1. Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn; New Jersey
2. approximately 13.5 mi. long and 2 mi.
wide; Irish, Italian, Austrian, Russian,
German; Irish
Geography Activities
3. the northwest
4. an air shaft; a fire escape on each floor
5. two; no; there are four kitchens and parlors on each floor, as well as four doors
that open to the public hall, indicating
that there were probably four apartments
6. Critical Thinking: The World in Spatial
Terms Each family would have around
625 sq. ft. of living space. The tenement
apartments would have been very
crowded for families, and two families
would have had to share a bathroom.
Tenement life may have fostered a sense
of community because immigrants lived
in close contact with others who shared
their nationalities, cultures, and languages.
ACTIVITY
Answers will vary depending on the immigrant group that the student chooses.
CHAPT E R 8
GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 8
1. Massachusetts and Rhode Island
2. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
New York
3. Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Arkansas, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina; 0–19%
4. Its level of urbanization was 20–39% in
1870. It was 60–79% in 1920.
5. There was an increase in urbanization
between those years.
6. Critical Thinking: Human Systems No,
not all urban areas consist only of populated areas. Students should recognize that
the level of urbanization depends on the
definition of urban. Here it is determined
by the source of the map, which in this
case is the Census Bureau. The definition
can cover a wide possible range of people
per square mile. Students should also reason that the Census Bureau’s definition of
“urban” in 1920 might be different than
the definition today. For instance, communities today called suburban would
have been considered urban areas in 1920.
Answer Key 3