6/13/2014
iJET : Trip Brief
Iraq (Prepared on Jun 13, 2014 3:48:33 AM GMT)
TRAVEL ALERTS
KEY:
CRITICAL
WARNING
INFORMATIONAL
06/12/2014 - UPDATE 4: IS IS seizes Dhuluiya, Iraq June 12; Kurds take control of Kirkuk. More militant attacks likely. Avoid
Highways 1 and 2 north of Baghdad.
06/13/2014 - UPDATE 5: Kurds confront IS IS , IA launches airstrikes June 12. More militant attacks likely. Avoid Highways 1 and
2 north of Baghdad.
06/04/2014 - UPDATE 1: Flooding near Fallujah, Abu Ghraib, and Baghdad, Iraq recedes after dam reopened May 6. Further
flooding possible. Review flooding contingency plans.
06/11/2014 - Armed opposition groups expand their ability to mount major attacks in central Iraq and some areas south of
Baghdad. Limit unnecessary movement.
06/04/2014 - Hundreds of thousands of S hia' to converge on Karbala, Iraq, June 14 for birthday of 12th Imam. Violence possible;
avoid Karbala through at least June 17.
06/05/2014 - Officials watchful for polio activity in S yria and surrounding countries. Ensure up-to-date polio vaccination status
before travel.
BEFORE YOU GO: Iraq
S ee Detailed Report below for full information.
O ve rvie w: Iraq
Se curity
S ecurity Overview of Iraq
Civil Unrest: Civil unrest in Iraq.
Crime: Major crime issues in Iraq.
Kidnapping/Hostage S ituation: The kidnapping threat in Iraq.
Property S ecurity: Hotel security in Iraq.
S ecurity: Emergency numbers and embassy contacts in Iraq.
S ecurity S ervices: S ecurity services in Iraq.
Terrorism: The terrorist threat in Iraq.
He alth
Health Planning: Health considerations when traveling in Iraq.
Immunizations: Recommended immunizations for travel to Iraq.
Medical Facilities/S ervices: Medical facilities in Iraq.
Entry/Exit
Entry Regulations and Enforcement.: Customs information for entry into Iraq.
Exit Regulations and Enforcement.: Customs information for departure from Iraq.
Transportation
Air Travel: Air travel in Iraq.
Transportation: Ground transportation options in Iraq.
IRAQ WEATHER
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
Baghdad Airport:
CURRENCY
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1 Iraqi
1 US
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Jun 13
Jun 14
Jun 15
Jun 16
Jun 17
High: 102° F
(38° C)
High: 103° F
(39° C)
High: 108° F
(42° C)
High: 109° F
(42° C)
High: 111° F
(43° C)
Low: 84° F
(28° C)
Low: 81° F
(27° C)
Low: 85° F
(29° C)
Low: 87° F
(30° C)
Low: 87° F
(30° C)
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NAMES
1 Euro =
Dinar =
Dollar =
1.0000
0.0006
0.7388
Iraqi Dinar
1,595.4600
1.0000
1,178.6500
US Dollar
1.3536
0.0009
1.0000
Euro
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DETAILED REPORT
TRAVEL ALERTS
KEY:
CRITICAL
WARNING
INFORMATIONAL
06/12/2014 - UPDATE 4: IS IS seizes Dhuluiya, Iraq June 12; Kurds take control of Kirkuk. More militant attacks likely. Avoid
Highways 1 and 2 north of Baghdad.
Updated Information
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) militants continue to make territorial gains, seizing the town of Dhuluiya (map), 80 km (50 miles)
north of Baghdad June 12. The group is also in control of Suleiman Bek, 160 km (100 miles) north of the Iraqi capital. ISIS still controls
Tikrit, capital of Salah al-Din Province, but there are reports that Iraqi forces have launched air strikes to dislodge militants. In Samarra,
Iraqi forces are reportedly in control of much of the city, but there are reports of sporadic clashes. In Baiji, which hosts large oil refineries,
government forces are reportedly in control, but there are unconfirmed reports that ISIS militants have established positions outside the
city.
In Kirkuk, Kurdish Peshmerga forces are currently in control of key military installations in the city and patrolling the streets after Iraqi
military units reportedly abandoned their posts.
M eanwhile on the political front, the Iraqi parliament failed to reach a quorum and was unable to hold a vote to grant Prime M inister Nuri
al-M aliki emergency powers to impose curfews and restrict public movement.
ISIS continues to hold all of M osul, the capital of Ninawa Province, which it seized on June 10. By many accounts, some 500,000 people
fled M osul and the surrounding areas during the ISIS assault, many of whom have traveled into the regions controlled by the Kurdistan
Regional Government (KRG). Several new refugee camps are being set up there.
Additional violence related to ISIS activity and government offensives to counter the group is highly likely in the coming days. Clashes are
not expected in the Kurdistan Region; however, expect increased security in KRG-controlled areas, including the cities of Arbil and
Sulaymaniyah. Security may be compromised south of Baghdad as security forces and volunteers head north to confront ISIS.
Background and Analysis
Parliament's inability to gather enough lawmakers to even hold a session underscores the disunity of the political landscape in the midst of a
major ISIS offensive. It is unclear when parliament may try to reconvene to provide al-M aliki with emergency powers. Faced with
numerous battleground defeats and reports of troop desertions, Iraqi security forces are calling for volunteers; Shia' militias are the most
likely to respond to the call, increasing the sectarian nature of the conflict.
ISIS still continues to style itself as an Islamic "state" and is attempting to control an area spanning the Syria-Iraq border, allowing it access
to weapons and fighters from the Syrian conflict. It has held the Syrian city of Raqqa since 2013 and has established government
institutions there. It has also maintained strongholds in parts of Fallujah and Ramadi in Anbar Province, Iraq, where the border with Syria is
extremely porous. On June 10, in addition to attacking M osul, ISIS escalated its offensive in Syria's Deir ez-Zour Governorate, located
between Raqqa, Syria, and Iraq's Ninawa Province, moving it closer toward a contiguous area of control. ISIS control of such a broad region
would almost certainly make Iraqi government efforts to counter the group substantially more difficult.
Advice
Avoid the area around M osul, Tikrit, Samarra, Kirkuk, and Baiji. Consider avoiding Highway 1 from Baghdad to M osul and Highway 2
from Kirkuk to Baghdad. If operating in the southern part of the Kurdistan Region, expect traffic disruptions as refugees arrive. M aintain a
low profile; limit exposure to government buildings, security installations, and crowded public areas that could be potential bombing targets.
M aintain contact with your diplomatic mission.
For additional information on security conditions in the country, please see iJET's alert Security Situation - Iraq.
06/13/2014 - UPDATE 5: Kurds confront IS IS , IA launches airstrikes June 12. More militant attacks likely. Avoid Highways 1 and
2 north of Baghdad.
Updated Information
As of early June 13, rumors of an attack on Baghdad International Airport (BGW) were circulating. iJET will provide updated information if
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the attack is confirmed.
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) militants continued to make territorial gains, seizing the town of Dhuluiya, 80 km (50 miles)
north of Baghdad (map), and temporarily taking the town of Jalula in Diyala Province June 12. Kurdish Peshmerga forces clashed with ISIS
to try to dislodge them from Jalula and ISIS has reengaged the Peshmerga in Kirkuk. The Kurdish M inister of Peshmerga survived a
bombing targeting his convoy in that city.
The Iraqi Air Force launched airstrikes in Tikrit and M osul in an effort to dislodge insurgents from those cities. Additional aerial attacks on
ISIS positions are likely. Unconfirmed but widely circulated reports have stated that Iran has deployed three battalions of elite Quds Forces
troops to help Iraqi forces retake Tikrit and to protect Baghdad and the Shia' holy cities of Karbala and Najaf.
ISIS is also in control of Suleiman Bek, 160 km (100 miles) north of the Iraqi capital. Iraqi forces are reportedly in control of much of
Samarra, but clashes are continuing. Government forces are reportedly in control of the city of Baiji and its refinery - the largest in Iraq;
however, unconfirmed information indicates that ISIS militants have established positions outside the city in Salah ad Din Province.
M eanwhile, on the political front, the Iraqi parliament failed to reach a quorum and was unable to hold a vote to grant Prime M inister Nuri
al-M aliki emergency powers. M aliki's party announced late June 12 that he would try to gain those powers through the judiciary.
ISIS continues to hold all of M osul, the capital of Ninawa Province, which it seized on June 10. Around 500,000 people are reported to
have fled M osul and the surrounding areas during the ISIS assault, many of whom have moved into areas controlled by the Kurdistan
Regional Government (KRG).
Ongoing clashes between ISIS and the Peshmerga increase the probability of ISIS carrying out bombings in the Kurdistan Region (KR);
however, ISIS is unlikely to risk directly engaging the Peshmerga on their home territory. Violence is possible on the Arab side of the border
near the KR. Expect increased security in KRG-controlled areas, including the cities of Arbil and Sulaymaniyah.
Additional violence related to ISIS activity and government offensives to counter the group is highly likely in the coming days. Security
may be compromised south of Baghdad as security forces and volunteers head north to confront ISIS.
Background and Analysis
Parliament's inability to gather enough lawmakers to even hold a session underscores the disunity of the political landscape in the midst of a
major ISIS offensive. It is unclear when parliament may try to reconvene to provide al-M aliki with emergency powers. Faced with
numerous battleground defeats and reports of troop desertions, Iraqi security forces are calling for volunteers; Shia' militias are the most
likely to respond, increasing the sectarian nature of the conflict.
ISIS still continues to style itself as an Islamic "state" and is attempting to control an area spanning the Syria-Iraq border, allowing it access
to weapons and fighters from the Syrian conflict. It has held the Syrian city of Raqqa since 2013 and has established governing bodies there.
It has also maintained strongholds in parts of Fallujah and Ramadi in Iraq's Anbar Province, where the border with Syria is extremely
porous. On June 10, in addition to attacking M osul, ISIS escalated its offensive in Syria's Deir ez-Zour Governorate, located between
Raqqa, Syria, and Iraq's Ninawa Province, moving it closer toward a contiguous area of control. ISIS control of such a broad region would
almost certainly make Iraqi government efforts to counter the group substantially more difficult.
Advice
Avoid the areas around M osul, Tikrit, Samarra, Kirkuk, and Baiji. Consider avoiding Highway 1 from Baghdad to M osul and Highway 2/3
from Kirkuk to Baghdad. If operating in the southern part of the Kurdistan Region, expect traffic disruptions as refugees arrive. M aintain a
low profile; limit exposure to government buildings, security installations, and crowded public areas that could be potential bombing targets.
M aintain contact with your diplomatic mission.
For additional information on security conditions in the country, please see iJET's alert Security Situation - Iraq.
06/04/2014 - UPDATE 1: Flooding near Fallujah, Abu Ghraib, and Baghdad, Iraq recedes after dam reopened May 6. Further
flooding possible. Review flooding contingency plans.
Updated Information
On M ay 6, Iraqi forces bombed part of the Fallujah Dam and regained at least partial control of the area nearby. Local tribes have reopened
the operational portion of the structure, and some water is flowing through the damaged portion. Floodwaters in Fallujah, Abu Ghraib,
Baghdad, and the surrounding areas are receding.
The military's having bombed part of the dam will make it a less attractive target for ISIS and other armed opposition groups. However, the
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Iraqi Army's ability to hold territory in and around Fallujah continues to be limited, raising the possibility that the dam will soon be back
under insurgent control. The threat of a direct offensive on Baghdad by armed insurgent groups is still present.
Background and Analysis
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) militants took control of the Fallujah and Tharthar dams (map) in early April; the militants kept the
dams closed more than usual, contributing to flooding in Fallujah, Abu Ghraib, and northern neighborhoods of Baghdad.
Advice
If operating in Abu Ghraib or Baghdad, review flood contingency plans.
06/11/2014 - Armed opposition groups expand their ability to mount major attacks in central Iraq and some areas south of
Baghdad. Limit unnecessary movement.
This security situation is applicable to all of Iraq except the Kurdistan Region consisting of Duhok, Sulaymaniyah, and Arbil provinces.
S ummary
Violence has been escalating in Iraq since early 2013, spurred by persistent political and sectarian conflict. Bombings and attacks on
security forces are the most common forms of violence, with inter-militia clashes and sectarian killings also growing in frequency.
The armed militant group, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), continues to grow its ability to launch major, high-casualty complex
attacks, as well as multiple coordinated car bombings and attacks on small groups of security forces. Complex assaults are most likely in the
area south of the Kurdistan Region and north of Baghdad. M ilitants typically take major targets, such as government buildings and military
installations, and often hold hostages and areas of territory for several hours before retreating under heavy government counter-attacks.
While strongest in Eastern Anbar Province, where ISIS and their allies have controlled parts of Fallujah and Ramadi since the start of 2014,
the group has also carried out high-casualty bombings as far west as Diyala Province and in provinces south of Baghdad. Its reach may
continue to expand.
Bombings
M ilitants often attack soft targets, such as crowded marketplaces and religious sites, as well as buildings and personnel belonging to the
Iraqi government and its security forces. In addition to large attacks, ISIS often targets individual families and businesses that have resisted
the group by joining government security forces, or, particularly in M osul, refusing to pay ISIS protection money. M ilitants also
frequently target ethnic and religious minorities.
Detonating two or more bombs in succession is a common tactic. The first explosion draws security forces and crowds to the scene;
subsequent bombings increase the casualty count. Violence regularly spikes during religious holidays; insurgents have historically timed
attacks to coincide with Sunni and Shia' M uslim holy days. Expect street closures and increased security after bombings.
Background and Analysis
Sunni-Shia' tensions have caused persistent problems in Iraq since the height of sectarian violence in 2006-2007. Recently, consolidation of
power and perceived sectarian policies by Shia' Prime M inister Nouri al-M aliki have heightened Sunni and Kurdish mistrust of the
government, galvanizing sectarian, recently weakened, or dormant militias. In 2012, government attempts to arrest high-ranking Sunnis,
including fugitive Vice President Tariq al-Hashemi and former Finance M inister Rafia al-Issawi, further increased tensions and inspired a
long-running Sunni protest movement, predominantly within western Anbar Province. Security forces forcibly dismantled Sunni protest
camps in early 2014, leading to a significant escalation of violence within the province and elsewhere. The government has largely avoided
making concessions to Sunnis, and instead has co-opted several Sunni tribal leaders, creating competition between pro- and anti-government
Sunni tribes. The government's policies toward Anbar and the funding and arms available to ISIS through the conflict in neighboring Syria
have allowed ISIS to propagate its anti-government message and gain control of several small, but strategic, towns in western parts of the
province.
Advice
Avoid travel without adequate security support, such as armored vehicles and armed guards. Exercise extreme caution near potential targets
for insurgent attacks, including government offices, police and military installations and checkpoints, religious sites, markets, and transport
centers. If an attack occurs, avoid the site until authorities have completely secured the area, and it becomes clear no further attacks are
imminent. M aintain contact with your diplomatic mission.
06/04/2014 - Hundreds of thousands of S hia' to converge on Karbala, Iraq, June 14 for birthday of 12th Imam. Violence possible;
avoid Karbala through at least June 17.
Event: Shia' pilgrimage for Birth of Imam M ahdi
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Date: June 14
Location: Karbala and main pilgrimage routes to the city
Impact: Increased security; possible militant attacks
S ummary
Hundreds of thousands of Shia' pilgrims will converge on the city of Karbala (map) June 14 to observe the birth of the 12th Imam, Imam
M ahdi. M any of the pilgrims are likely to gather in Baghdad and other cities before proceeding to Karbala in groups, many of them on foot.
Visitors from outside Iraq are likely to arrive at Najaf International Airport (NJF).
Expect greatly increased security, including a curfew and possibly a vehicle ban. Violence is extremely likely before, during, and possibly
after the event. In the past, militants have targeted pilgrims for attacks from wherever they gather when forming groups in other cities to
until they return to their homes outside Karbala.
Background and Analysis
This holiday, also known as Al-Shabaniyah, commemorates the birthday of the 12th Imam, M uhammed ibn al-Hassan al-M ahdi, and is one
of Shia' Islam's most important holidays. Shia' pilgrimages are favorite targets of Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI); the group and other Sunni
militants frequently target Shia' religious processions as part of a campaign to inflame sectarian tensions.
Advice
Avoid nonessential travel to Karbala. Exercise extreme caution near Shia' gatherings across Iraq. Expect crowding at NJF before and after the
pilgrimage.
Resource
Najaf International Airport (NJF): www.alnajafairport.com
06/05/2014 - Officials watchful for polio activity in S yria and surrounding countries. Ensure up-to-date polio vaccination status
before travel.
S ummary
Global health authorities have confirmed 89 cases of wild-type polio in 2014, compared to 45 cases during the same period of 2013.
However, confirmed cases always significantly under-represent the extent of an outbreak. For every known infection that causes paralysis,
there are typically at least 200 mildly symptomatic cases that go undiagnosed.
As of June 4, 2014, officials have reported the following:
Country Year-to-date 2014 Year-to-date 2013 Total in 2013 Date of onset of most recent case
Iraq
2
0
0
April 7, 2014
Syria
1
0
35
Jan. 21, 2014
Background and Analysis
Reintroduced wild poliovirus activity in Syria in 2013 represented the first reported polio activity in Syria since 1999. The majority of
these cases occurred in Deir ez-Zour Governorate, but Aleppo, Edleb, and Hasakeh governorates were also affected. Ongoing conflict in
Syria has severely crippled the healthcare infrastructure in the country, and may impact the ability of health officials to contain the
suspected polio cases. Refugees from Syria have led to a number of suspected infections in surrounding areas, and genetic testing of the one
identified infection in Baghdad linked that case to Syria, as well, despite a lack of known epidemiological link to Syria or Syrian refugees.
These events highlight the persistent threat of polio reintroduction that exists until polio has been eradicated worldwide. Global polio
activity has decreased significantly over the past three years, but endemic transmission in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria constantly
threaten to export the disease to other nations. Reintroduced polio outbreaks in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia in 2013 further emphasized
the risk of polio reintroduction.
Polio is highly infectious and can spread rapidly through fecal material. One in 200 cases leads to irreversible paralysis. Among those
victims, 5-10 percent die when respiratory muscles become involved. The risk of paralysis increases with age. There is no specific
treatment for polio.
Advice
Be sure to receive a precautionary polio booster before travel to areas recently affected by poliovirus activity, as even mildly symptomatic
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or asymptomatic people are infectious.
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Iraq
Overview of Iraq
Location: Central M iddle East
Time Zone: GM T +3
Iraq is bordered by Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf, and Kuwait to
the south, Jordan and Syria to the west, Iran to the east, and
Turkey to the north.
Iraqi Kurdistan is an autonomous part of Iraq, located in the
northern part of the country. It has its own government, the
Kurdistan Regional Government, and its own capital, Erbil. The
region gained its autonomy in 1970 as a result of an Autonomy
Accord with the government of Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan is considered
to be much safer for visitors than the rest of Iraq.
Map of Iraq
Climate
Its climate is mostly desert, with mild to cool winters and dry,
hot summers. The northern regions along the Iranian and Turkish
borders are mountainous and experience cold winters with
occasionally heavy snows. The temperature in the summer
averages above 40 C (104 F) for much of the country and can
frequently exceed 48 C (118 F). Winter temperatures typically
range from 15 to 19 C (59 to 66 F) in the day, down to 2 to 5 C
(35-41 F) at night. Sand and dust storms occur during the summer
months, bringing uncomfortable conditions for a day or two.
Infrastructure
Iraq's largest airport, Baghdad International Airport (SDA), is located approximately 16 km (10 miles) west of downtown Baghdad.
Taxis are available for hire at the airport, but it is recommended to have trusted transportation waiting upon your arrival. Erbil
International Airport (EIA) is one of two airports serving the Kurdish-controlled region in northern Iraq. EIA is approximately 7 km (4
miles) northwest of Erbil and 323 km (200 miles) north of Baghdad. Taxis that run 24 hours a day and free shuttle buses are readily
available from the terminal.
Telecommunications in Iraq were severely disrupted by the 2003 invasion. The government is making efforts to rebuild domestic and
international landline communications, but service is still below that of most countries. Landline telephone service is unreliable in many
areas of the country. There are few working landline phones in cities outside Baghdad, and calling from Baghdad to other cities is
usually impossible.Limited mobile phone service is available in Baghdad and other areas. Reception quality is poor for both local and
international calls. M obile phones have become essential for conducting business in Iraq, but back-up satellite phones are highly
recommended because of the limited service area and poor reception of mobile phones.
Thuraya satellite phones may be purchased in Baghdad. Satellite phones can only be used outdoors while pointing the antenna in the
direction of the satellite. Antennas that are placed on a roof and allow a satellite phone to be used inside a building are also available in
Baghdad. Satellite phones offer GSM global positioning, giving the exact longitude and latitude of your location. The coordinates can be
sent to other phones. This is a useful feature if you will be traveling in remote areas, where there is a possibility of becoming lost or
needing help.
Internet service is available through Internet cafes, but broadband Internet service to homes and businesses is very limited.
Official Languages
M odern Standard Arabic and Kurdish are the two official languages of Iraq, with Assyrian and Turkmen as recognized regional
languages. M odern Standard Arabic is used primarily in education and for official purposes. M ost Iraqis understand M odern Standard
Arabic, but the Iraqi dialect is most commonly used and understood throughout the country. Kurdish is more commonly spoken in the
northern region of Iraq.
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Religion
Islam is the predominant religion in Iraq; 97 percent of the population is M uslim, with Shia' constituting 60-65 percent and Sunni 32-37
percent. There is a small Christian minority.
S ocial Customs
Iraqi customs and social conduct are conservative by Western standards. Iraqis take interest in the lives of neighbors, co-workers,
friends, and acquaintances to a degree that Westerners often find intrusive and nosy. Inquiries about age, salary, weight, and marital
status are normal, as are questions about how much a person paid for his home, vehicle, clothing, watch, or other items. M arried
couples without children will be questioned at length about when they plan to start their families.
It is considered bad luck to compliment a person's beauty, intelligence, family or possessions, without adding "M a-sha-Allah," an
expression meant to prevent harm from befalling what you have just complimented. Avoid complimenting a person's possessions with
too much fervor, lest the person feel obligated to give you the praised object.
Attire
Western-style apparel is common in some areas of Baghdad, but unaccompanied women should wear loose trousers and long sleeves to
minimize sexual harassment. Both men and women should cover legs and shoulders and avoid tight or revealing clothing when visiting
rural areas or religious sites. Shorts and Western-style bathing apparel may be worn at hotel swimming pools.
Iraqi women tend to wear black, head-to-toe veils in public, often covering even the hands and face. M en usually wear a white shirtdress called a dishdasha. Both Iraqi men and women usually wear sandals. For ceremonial occasions men wear a robe-like garment over
the dishdasha called a thob.
Westerners should attempt to blend with locals. Dark haired males are advised to grow facial hair and buy local clothing in earth tones
to blend in. Fair haired males should consider wearing a local headdress to avoid standing out. Women should cover their hair and
purchase local clothing, especially an abaya (the black cloak worn by most Iraqi women). Bright colored clothing, baseball caps,
sunglasses, safari vests, and cargo pants are rarely worn by locals and will thus quickly identify visitors as foreigners.
Taboo Behavior
Exercise extreme caution when taking pictures or videotaping in Iraq. Civilians generally find photography suspicious and offensive,
and Iraqi police may arbitrarily confiscate your camera and film or tape.
Greetings
Greetings in Iraq usually involve lengthy handshakes, kisses on the cheeks (only between persons of the same sex) and repeated
inquiries about the status of a person's health, family, and business affairs. Unless the social affair is a very large party or meeting, you
should stand and greet everyone except children and servants. It is rude to begin a conversation with a friend, acquaintance or business
associate without greeting him/her and asking about his/her health and family.
M ale-Female Interactions
Greeting someone of the opposite sex enthusiastically may be misconstrued as flirtation. Public displays of affection between men and
women are extremely offensive and should be avoided. Seemingly harmless actions such as holding hands can invite harassment from
bystanders. Refrain from photographing women without their permission. M en should not approach or start conversations with
unknown Iraqi women. M ale visitors should announce their presence before entering friends' homes in order to give women an
opportunity to veil themselves. M en should not exhibit too much friendliness or interest if they are ever introduced to female family
members of Iraqi friends. M en should not initiate handshakes or kisses on the cheeks with Iraqi women, particularly if they are veiled
or gloved. Allow women to initiate greetings if they wish. Iraqi women are usually escorted by a close male relative when in public for
cultural and security reasons.
Females should avoid greeting or sustaining eye contact with male strangers, as such gestures are widely interpreted as flirtation.
Platonic friendships between men and women are very rare in Iraq. If a female is traveling with a man, Arab men will generally address
the man, even if it is the woman who initiates conversation. This is out of respect for the woman, who will probably not be ignored if
she joins the conversation. Women should not smoke in public, as Arab women who smoke in public are often prostitutes.
Western and other non-Iraqi men should exercise extreme caution in the unlikely event that an Iraqi woman makes a romantic overture.
Unless the man in question is a M uslim who intends to propose marriage to the woman (in which case he should ask the permission of
her father or eldest male family member first), he should steer clear. A public dating relationship with the woman is socially
unacceptable, and a clandestine relationship, if discovered, could result in violent attacks by the woman's male family members.
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SECURITY
5
S ecurity Rating for Iraq:
Sub-Ratings
Overall Rating:
5
Very High
C rime
1
2
3
4
5
5
Security Services 5
C ivil Unrest
4
Terrorism
5
Kidnapping
5
Geopolitical
5
S ecurity Overview of Iraq
Since the US military withdrawal from Iraq in December 2011, violence and instability continue to plague the country, with the
exception of the semi-autonomous Kurdish north.
Civil unrest is common in Iraq. Demonstrations sometimes erupt over domestic and regional political disputes, sectarian
differences, labor issues, electricity shortages, fuel shortages, and lack of security. Demonstrations and protests may occur at any
time and turn violent. Avoid all large demonstrations and rallies.
Iraq's crime rate is very high, as police do not have the resources to combat criminal elements. Violent crimes, such as murder, rape,
assault, home invasions, and armed carjackings are common. Unattended cars will likely be stolen, and unguarded homes and
businesses are likely to be looted. Avoid walking anywhere alone or at night. Assume that all assailants are armed.
Kidnapping is a significant threat to individuals of all nationalities.
Iraqi forces have struggled to maintain security without the presence of a large US military force.
Emergency and security services are still in recovery stages. Basic medical services and care are under-equipped and over-stretched
due to the constant strain of conflict. Iraqi security services are also ill-equipped, over-stretched, and corrupt. Travel to Iraq is still
dangerous. If travel is necessary, contact your embassy and travel with an armed convoy at all times while in the country.
While overall violence has decreased from its worst in 2006-2007, when Iraq was nearly pushed into full-scale civil war, bombings,
shootings, and other attacks occur on a daily basis. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), despite being weakened, still has the ability to carry
out high-profile, mass-casualty attacks.
Cities frequently targeted by AQI include Baghdad, M osul, Baquba, Taji, Hit, and Kirkuk. The most frequent kinds of attack
include suicide bombings, vehicle bombings, roadside bombings using improvised explosive devices (IEDs), convoy assaults, and
rocket fire. AQI aims to discredit the Iraqi government, reignite ethnic strife between the Arabs and Kurds, and reignite sectarian
strife between Sunni and Shia' Iraqis. Use extreme caution near government offices, security installations, markets, mosques, and
other crowded sites.
Civil Unrest: Civil unrest in Iraq.
Incidents of violent civil unrest are common in Iraq. Demonstrations sometimes erupt in protest of domestic political disputes,
labor issues, electricity shortages, fuel shortages, and lack of security. Some degree of violence usually occurs during protests in the
Baghdad area. Large gatherings of any kind, including protests, are also high-risk targets for car bombings and suicide attacks
perpetrated by militants.
Protests occasionally erupt in Basra, but are rare elsewhere in southern Iraq. Various Shia' groups or political factions occasionally
demonstrate outside their rivals' headquarters, usually sparking clashes or gunfire.
Protests in the semi-autonomous Kurdish region in northern Iraq are rare, but have occurred in response to calls for political
reforms and an end to corruption. M ost protests are largely peaceful, but there have been sporadic instances of violence.
Crime: Major crime issues in Iraq.
Iraq's crime rate skyrocketed following the April 2003 overthrow of former president Saddam Hussein. Violent crimes such as
murder, rape, kidnapping, assault, home invasions, and armed carjackings have become common. Petty crimes such as theft from
hotel rooms, pickpocketing, and theft from cars are also common. Absolutely avoid walking anywhere alone or at night. Victims of
crime have little recourse, as Iraqi police have limited ability to investigate crimes. Foreigners should not bring expensive jewelry or
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other unnecessary valuables to Iraq. When not being used, cash and passports should be stored in a safe or a locked box secured to
the floor.
At least two forms of photo identification are required to enter Iraqi government buildings; persons entering these buildings will be
searched several times. Citizens of foreign countries should be very careful to avoid carrying identification that reveals their
citizenship; if they are kidnapped, they will likely be singled out for particularly harsh treatment and possibly execution.
Accordingly, a residence permit from another country, a work ID issued in Iraq or other similar forms of identification are
preferable.
Greater Baghdad (including Baghdad, Babil, Diyala and Wasit provinces)
Baghdad has one of the highest crime rates in the world. Sexual assaults targeting unaccompanied women are common. Theft of all
kinds is widespread. Property not guarded or outside of a secure area (including vehicles, generators, light fixtures, air conditioning
units, patio furniture, bicycles, and other items) will likely be stolen. Key areas to avoid in the city of Baghdad are Al-Sadr City
(northeast Baghdad) and Dora (southeast Baghdad). Also avoid the predominantly Sunni areas of west Baghdad from the airport
north toward the city limits and west toward Abu Ghraib, including the neighborhoods of M ansour, Adl, Al-Andalus, Khadra, AlM utanabi, Hamra, Firdos, Ghazaliya and Yarmuk. In the greater Baghdad area, the area just south of Baghdad (between
M ahmudiya, Yusufiya, Latafiya and Iskandaria), known as the "triangle of death," is a hotbed for banditry, carjacking, kidnapping,
and organized crime. Avoid these neighborhoods.
Western Iraq (including Al-Anbar, S alah ad Din and Ninawa provinces)
Smuggling of insurgents, weapons, and other contraband is rampant along the Syrian border. Organized gangs and tribal groups
dominate the area, and violence can spill over from the conflict in Syria. Security has been improving; however, banditry and
carjackings at illegal checkpoints remain commonplace, particularly in outlying areas.
Northern Iraq (including Arbil, Dahuk, As-S ulymaniyah and At-Tamim provinces)
Violent and petty crimes are not significant problems in areas of northern Iraq administered by the Kurdish Regional Government
(KRG). Nevertheless, normal safety precautions should be taken, as the area is still relatively unstable compared to Western
standards. Corruption is prevalent in dealings with the KRG, including when crossing borders and bidding on contracts. Securing
appointments with Kurdish officials requires bribery, although generally on a smaller scale than with Iraq's central government.
S outhern Iraq (including Najaf, Qadisiya, Karbala, Dhi Qar, Maysan, Muthanna and Basra provinces)
Crime is widespread in southern Iraq due to especially weak Iraqi security. Other than sexual assaults, most violent crimes tend to
be politically motivated. Banditry is extremely common in outlying areas; bandits typically steal cars after robbing motorists, and
occasionally kidnap the cars' occupants.
Corruption
Corruption exists at all levels of Iraqi society and is prevalent in Iraq. Allegations of corruption within the Iraqi government and
security forces have surfaced. Lack of transparency surrounding decision making, investigations into military misconduct, and
awarding of contracts, contributes to an uncertain business environment.
Because unemployment and low salaries are so prevalent in Iraq, many people rely on bribes and tips to survive. Accordingly,
visitors should expect to tip for even small services rendered, such as providing directions, carrying bags, or for help securing a
translator or driver.
Extortion
Businesspersons of all kinds routinely pay protection money to local leaders or militiamen to ensure the safety of their personnel
and facilities. Persons who do not pay often find that their facilities are targeted for bombings or robberies. Foreign
businesspersons should consider hiring a knowledgeable, well-connected local or "fixer" to handle such transactions to ensure that
sufficient funds are paid to the appropriate people.
Carjacking
Attacks on vehicles occur both day and night in Iraq; armed carjackings have become extremely common. Cars should never be left
unattended outside secured areas. Insurgents masquerading as police have repeatedly set up false checkpoints in Baghdad and
elsewhere, robbing and occasionally murdering those who stop. But failure to stop at a checkpoint - legitimate or otherwise - will
almost certainly provoke gunfire. Approach checkpoints slowly, leaving hands visible and avoiding sudden movements. Be calm
and polite when dealing with Iraqi security forces.
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S exual Harassment
While in Iraq, foreign female travelers or expatriates should not leave secured areas without a security escort. Thousands of rapes,
attempted rapes, and other sexual assaults have taken place since the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. Women who are clearly
Westerners should cover their hair and dress modestly at all times. Avoid making eye contact with Iraqi men, as it can be perceived
as flirtation.
S cams
Scams, fraud, corruption and extortion of all kinds are prevalent in Iraq.
Currency Scams
The introduction of the new Iraqi dinar has curbed currency counterfeiting. Nonetheless, expatriates should familiarize themselves
with cash security features to avoid being given fake currency.
Carry sufficient local currency, in a range of denominations, to pay for inexpensive items on the street with an amount as close as
possible to the stated price. Shop owners, drivers and other workers will often claim not to have change. Always try to use the
local currency received in exchange at a bank, hotel, or official money exchange bureau.
Property Scams
Records of all kinds were destroyed during the chaos and looting that followed the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in April
2003. Accordingly, when buying property from someone it can be difficult to determine if the sale is legitimate. Buyers should
verify from numerous impartial sources that the seller owns the property he is attempting to sell, and should obtain detailed
receipts and keep copious records of all business transactions.
Kidnapping/Hostage S ituation: The kidnapping threat in Iraq.
Both locals and foreigners have historically faced a very high threat of kidnapping in Iraq. The overall kidnapping rate for
expatriates, however, has trended downward as the overall security situation in Iraq has improved. The kidnapping threat for local
Iraqi personnel on the other hand has stayed high. Criminal or political kidnappings remain a significant threat nationwide as
persistent unemployment, corruption and the inability of the country's security forces to implement the rule of law have created an
ideal environment for abductions.
Greater Baghdad
M ost foreign kidnap victims in Iraq have been snatched in predominantly Sunni areas of west Baghdad and in the area known as the
Sunni triangle (north of Baghdad).
Western Iraq
Kidnapping used to be a very serious problem in western Iraq, but it has become less so as the security situation in the area has
improved. The kidnappings in this area have targeted Jordanian and Turkish truck drivers, as few other foreigners are willing to
operate in the area.
S outhern Iraq
The kidnapping rate in southern Iraq has always been lower than in other parts of the country. However, the kidnapping threat to
local Iraqi personnel and expatriates remains high. Reporting on kidnapping incidents is poor, especially for local Iraqi personnel,
and a significant number of these abductions may go unreported. Assailants regularly use illegal vehicle checkpoints to kidnap
personnel. Off-duty Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) or militia members wearing ISF uniforms may even man these illegal checkpoints.
Northern Iraq
Kidnapping is rare in Kurdish areas.
Property S ecurity: Hotel security in Iraq.
Iraq's hotels are frequent targets for attack. Avoid any hotel that does not have security measures such as concrete blast walls,
checkpoints and security guards. Hotels in Baghdad are the safest in the country. If possible, avoid staying overnight in other cities
and in hotels on major roads, particularly those on the corner of a major road and a small side street. These are particularly
vulnerable to car bombings.
Try to choose a room away from a major road or open area that may be vulnerable to car bombs or rockets. M ake sure windows
have been taped with M ylar to prevent flying glass in case of an explosion. Try to sleep away from windows. Always keep your
hotel door locked. Never open your door to a stranger. Plan at least two emergency exit routes immediately after moving into a
hotel. Keep slip-on shoes and clothes near your bed in case you need to leave the room quickly during the night. If anything is
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stolen, complain immediately and forcefully. M any hotel owners are afraid of losing guests and will likely try to assist you. Check
the reputation of the hotel's staff by asking other guests if stealing is a problem.
Baghdad Hotels
In Baghdad, the Sheraton and Palestine hotels on Al-Sadoun Street by Ferdos Square are two of the largest and most heavily
fortified. They house many foreign businesspersons, journalists, security personnel and some military personnel. They are
virtually immune to car bombs and are protected by several checkpoints, barbed wire and concrete blast barriers. They have,
however, been attacked by rocket-propelled grenades on numerous occasions (mostly causing minor injuries and property damage).
The large Hamra Hotel and four smaller hotels are located on a secured block in the Jadriyah neighborhood near the University of
Baghdad. There are two entrances to the block, both of which are protected by police officers who search each vehicle as it enters.
The block is patrolled by Iraqi police and Australian soldiers, who have a nearby base. Hotels in the Karrada district, used by both
Westerners and Arabs, have been frequently targeted with car bombs. These smaller hotels have less security than the larger, better
known hotels and are therefore a softer target.
Baghdad Rental Housing
It is possible to rent homes or apartments for several months or a year in Baghdad. Prices fluctuate considerably and are negotiable.
Rental homes in the secured International (Green) Zone are the most expensive. There are various small foreign companies that can
help arrange housing for foreigners. If you choose to rent a house, expect to pay a considerable amount of cash up front, if not the
entire rent. Be careful when choosing a house to make sure you are renting from the true owners. M any squatters took over the
homes of people who fled during the war. The squatters have been known to rent out the homes, but the tenants have been evicted
when the owners returned.
S ecurity: Emergency numbers and embassy contacts in Iraq.
Useful Numbers
The local emergency response number in Iraq is 130.
Country Code: 964
After-hours US Embassy line: +964-770-443-2594
When first arriving in Iraq, seek out the local numbers for Iraqi emergency services. In case of an emergency, contact local security
services or your embassy.
Contact information for select embassies in Iraq. Due to persistent security problems in Iraq, some embassies may
change locations or close without warning.
Embassy of Australia
China - Embassy
International Zone
Baghdad
Phone: 964-790-191-2315
Iraq
Phone: 964-1-538-2103/4
Consular emergencies: 61-2-6261-3305
Embassy of France
102, Street 55, n7
Abu Nawas
Baghdad
Iraq
Phone: 964-718-1996/7
Embassy of the Russian Federation
House 4, Zuqaq 5, M ahala 605
Al-M outanabbi, Baghdad
Phone: +964-1-541-4749
Embassy of the United S tates
Al-Kindi Street
International Zone
Baghdad
Iraq
Phone: 0760-030-3000 (local)
964-770-443-1286 (International)
Embassy of the United Kingdom
International Zone
Convention Center
Baghdad
Iraq
Phone: +964-790-192-6280
For a comprehensive listing of embassy locations in this destination, see: www.embassiesabroad.com/embassies-in/Iraq.
Personnel should familiarize themselves with the location and contact details of other foreign embassies in case their country's
embassy closes due to an emergency or some other unexpected circumstances. Another embassy can often provide assistance in
such cases.
S ecurity S ervices: S ecurity services in Iraq.
Iraq Security Forces (ISF) can be categorized into two main groups, those military forces that are controlled by the M inistry of
Defense (Army, Special Forces, Navy and Air Force) and those police and paramilitary forces that fall under the control of the
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M inistry of the Interior (Iraqi Police Service, National Police, the Department of Border Enforcement, and the Facility Protection
Service).
Iraqi security forces maintain a large presence in most major urban areas, particularly around sensitive locations, to limit potential
terrorist activity. Security checkpoints are manned at all times, and Iraqi security forces usually respond quickly to incidents.
However, Iraqi police and military units are still not as organized or capable as security forces in most Western counties.
Terrorist activity is a major security issue in Iraq, and the country's security forces struggle to prevent attacks, particularly in the
aftermath of the US military withdrawal in December 2011. The Sunni extremist group Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) has carried out
numerous mass-casualty high-profile attacks since the US departure, underscoring the belief that the ISF is unable to main stability
and security. The group has also actively targeted security forces, security installations, checkpoints, and recruiting centers. In
addition, several attacks targeting highly secure sites, including the parliament, have occurred, creating persistent concerns that
some in the ISF may be in collusion with AQI.
In addition, the ISF are ill equipped to provide emergency assistance or to investigate crimes. Few Iraqi ISF officers speak English.
Victims of crimes should seek advice from their local embassy.
Foreign visitors and expatriate personnel should avoid police stations and police recruiting centers, which are regularly targeted for
terrorist attacks.
Terrorism: The terrorist threat in Iraq.
Terrorism continues to be a major concern in Iraq. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), now called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), is the
most high-profile terrorist group in the country. ISIS, along with its affiliates under the umbrella organization Islamic State of Iraq
and al-Sham (ISIS), have taken responsibility or been blamed for some of the worst attacks and bombings since the US military
withdrawal. AQI has been known to target security installations, checkpoints, police stations, army recruiting centers, and
government facilities. AQI also targets civilian soft targets such as crowded markets, restaurants, Shia' enclaves, and Shia' religious
festivals.
Historically, the group's operations have increased during the holy month of Ramadan. ISIS is most active in parts of the northern
provinces of Ninawa and Salahadin; the central provinces of Baghdad, Diyala, and Wassit; and the western province of Al-Anbar.
The group has also been known to carry out major operations in the southern provinces of Basra, Karbala, and Al-Najaf, mostly
during Shia' pilgrimages.
ISIS has demonstrated the ability to carry out coordinated attacks in multiple locations throughout the country, underscoring that it
is still a significant force despite having had several of its leading commanders killed or captured. The group often employs car
bombs or suicide attackers. A common tactic by the
group is to activate two or more bombs in succession; the first explosion draws security forces and crowds to the scene, and
subsequent bombs increase the casualty count.
There are several smaller militant groups. M ultiple Shia' militias sometimes clash in Shia' areas of Baghdad and Basra. The northern
part of Arab Iraq (not the KRG) sees frequent clashes between ISIS and other militia groups and smaller attacks on security forces.
HEALTH
Health Planning: Health considerations when traveling in Iraq.
Health S ecurity Assessment Rating (HS AR)
Country Health
Physical
Chronic
Outbreak
Infrastructure S ecurity/Transportation Disease Levels S tatus
Health
Rigors
Mental Health
Parameters
Overall
Rating
Iraq
4.6
4
4
3.9
4.70
2.8
2.8
The iJET HSAR system is based on a weighted formula. Ratings of 1 represent a location with generally low risk. Ratings of 5
represent a location with very high risk for health concerns. For more information, see the iJET Advice Sheet, iJET Health Security
Rating Explanation under Health Planning in GCC.
Disease
How Transmitted
Comments
Traveler's
diarrhea
Traveler's diarrhea is commonly
caused by bacteria, but can also
The most common illness in travelers. An antibiotic can be prescribed to be
used in case diarrhea develops, or in some cases, as prophylaxis against
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be caused by parasites and
viruses. Contaminated food and
water pose the greatest risk.
traveler's diarrhea.
Typhoid
Transmitted by contaminated
milk, water and food. Food can
be infected directly by water that
is used in washing and
preparation and by human
carriers. Raw shellfish from
contaminated waters are likely to
be infected
Causes fever, malaise and acute gastrointestinal symptoms - constipation,
diarrhea and/or abdominal pain. Vaccination is only 50-80 percent effective
so it is important to carefully select what you eat and drink. Symptoms
develop within three weeks of exposure. Seek prompt medical attention.
Untreated, typhoid may be fatal in 12-30 percent of cases. M ost common
during the summer months.
Hepatitis A
The causative virus is commonly
transmitted through food, water
or milk contaminated by fecal
material.
Known as infectious hepatitis, an acute inflammation of the liver. The
prevalence of Hepatitis A in Iraq is high. Hepatitis A is the most common
vaccine-preventable disease in travelers, but once a person has Hepatitis A,
there is no specific treatment. The case fatality rate exceeds 2 percent among
those over 40 years of age and may be 4 percent for those aged 60 years or
more
Cholera
Through ingestion of food or
water contaminated with fecal
material.
Several serious outbreaks have occurred in association with recent conflicts.
M alaria
Through the bite of an infected
mosquito.
Iraq has been declared M alaria Free by the WHO, and the US CDC states
that there is no malaria transmission in Iraq. However, UK officials state that
there is very low risk M ay-November in the rural northern area of Iraq at
altitudes lower than 1,500 meters (4,921 feet).
Cutaneous
leishmaniasis
(CL) and
Visceral
leishmaniasis
(VL)
Through the bites of sand flies.
Dogs are frequent carriers of the
infection.
Greatest risk is during the summer (M arch-October) in both rural and urban
areas. Incubation period for CL may be up to six months so symptoms may
not appear until traveler has returned home. Officials reported many
hundreds of cases of CL among U.S. troops returning from Iraq. An increased
risk of VL, which involves internal organs exists in the southern governates;
doctors have reported several cases of VL among troops in Iraq. The
incubation period for VL can be more than a year.
Sand fly fever
Through the bite of a sand fly.
Greatest risk between April and November in rural areas.
Schistosomiasis Through contact with parasitic
larvae that penetrate the skin.
Found only in fresh water. Avoid wading in rivers.
Leptospirosis
Use protective clothing when working in wet areas.
Through contact with or
ingestion of water contaminated
with the urine of animals.
M eningococcal Through inhalation of an infected Infections occur worldwide associated with poor and overcrowded areas;
meningitis
droplet, or direct mouth-toincreased risk in urban areas M ay-June.
mouth contact.
Tuberculosis
Through the air by coughing and
sneezing.
Rabies
Through the saliva of an infected M ost cases are due to dog bites. Avoid stray dogs.
animal, usually by a bite. Degree
of risk to the traveler is largely
dependent on activities and level
of exposure to infected animals.
Crimean-Congo Through a tick bite or
Hemorrhagic
contaminated tissue or blood
Fever
from infected people or animals.
Travelers planning an extended stay should have pre-departure PPD skin
test. Whenever possible, avoid crowded public spaces.
Human disease is severe, with about a 30 percent death rate.
Food and Water S afety
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Consider all water in Iraq contaminated. Tap water, even boiled, should not be used for drinking or cooking. Showering and washing
dishes in tap water is considered safe in cities. Local water supplies are limited and contaminated with raw sewage, pesticides and
industrial waste. Sewage treatment plants are not well maintained and suffer from frequent power outages, which may allow sewage
to seep into water supplies.
Drink only Western brands of bottled water. Ensure that food is properly handled and prepared. Wash raw produce before eating.
Consider avoiding raw meat dishes and unpasteurized dairy products, which frequently harbor bacterial and parasitic pathogens.
Consider avoiding street vendors and unregulated food establishments, which often have sub-standard hygiene standards.
Other Health Risks
Risk of exposure to chemical and radiological contamination may be prevalent in some areas as disposal of hazardous materials in
the past has not been optimal. Consult a doctor four to six weeks before travel about vaccinations and check that routine
immunizations are up to date.
HIV Testing Requirements
HIV Testing Requirement Comment
Required
Required for all visitors.
Updated Jan. 3, 2014
Immunizations: Recommended immunizations for travel to Iraq.
Up-to-date routine immunizations, including tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (chickenpox),
polio and influenza, are important for all international travelers, regardless of destination. For those age 65 and older, asthmatics,
and smokers, pneumococcal vaccine is also important. (See the iJET Advice Sheet Vaccinations for All International Travelers
under Immunizations in GCC.)
You can protect yourself from other diseases by making sure to avoid insect bites, especially mosquito and fly bites, and by being
careful to make prudent food and beverage choices.
Country-S pecific Immunizations
Immunization Comments
Hepatitis A
Two-dose series recommended for all travelers to Iraq. The prevalence of hepatitis A is high.
Hepatitis B
Three-dose series. Due to high levels of violence, there is relatively high risk for personal injury and blood
exposure; hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all. Hepatitis A/Hepatitis B is also available in a combined
vaccine.
Typhoid
One-dose vaccine or oral four-capsule sequence.
Cholera
Cholera vaccines are available in some countries (not US) and may be useful for the traveler who may not
have access to treated, boiled, or bottled water.
Rabies
If you might be exposed to wild animals or infected domestic animals. Pre-exposure: three-dose series. Postexposure treatment still required for animal bite or contact.
Yellow Fever Vaccination
Required for travelers arriving from or having passed through an endemic country.
In addition to vaccines, prescription medications can be important.
Travelers can carry an antibiotic to be used in case traveler's diarrhea develops, or in some cases, as prophylaxis against traveler's
diarrhea. A quinolone antibiotic - such as ciprofloxacin - or azithromycin or rifaximin is generally prescribed. Check with your
healthcare provider.
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Malaria in Iraq
Iraq has been declared M alaria Free by the WHO. No indigenous cases have been reported in Iraq since 2009. However, UK health
officials state that there is very low risk M ay-November in the rural northern area of Iraq at altitudes lower than 1,500 meters
(4,921 feet).
Updated Jan. 3, 2014
Medical Facilities/S ervices: Medical facilities in Iraq.
M edical care in local hospitals and clinics in Iraq is poor. Ambulance availability is poor. Visitors should confirm their access to
M ulti-National Forces in Iraq or other Western medical facilities in the country. Foreign personnel should also determine if their
insurance policies include emergency evacuation and cover injuries incurred in "war zones."
Hospitals in Iraq
Civilian hospitals and clinics face critical shortages of medicine, medical equipment and supplies. M any hospitals consist of little
more than beds with bare mattresses and antiquated IV drip bottles. Although conditions are slowly improving with increasing
training programs and telemedicine in some areas, overall, hospitals are understaffed, and doctors and nurses often lack updated
training. Sanitation is poor. Equipment is generally not sterilized and infection control is non-existent.
Patients are expected to supply basic provisions including needles, dressings for wounds, sutures, painkillers, antibiotics and IV
drips. Patients often leave local hospitals in worse condition than when they arrived; accordingly, visitors in need of immediate
medical attention should ask their hotels to arrange emergency treatment or seek help from a coalition military hospital.
M ilitary hospitals, including one at the US headquarters in the Green Zone in Baghdad, may help civilians. The Italian Red Cross
also operates a top-notch emergency room and burn care center at their hospital in the M edical City neighborhood of Baghdad next
to the M inistry of Health.
Al Sadoun Street near the Palestine and Sheraton hotels, near the Karada neighborhood of Baghdad, is known as the area to find
doctors, dentists and opticians. However, most have outdated training and their services are not recommended.
Pharmacies
Travelers to Iraq who require medication should bring enough, including general antibiotics, anti-diarrheas and general pain relievers,
to last the duration of their trip.
Pharmacies in Iraq provide a wide range of medications, all without prescription. If you buy medicine from a pharmacy in Iraq,
select a brand made in Jordan or Western countries. Check all safety seals and expiration dates. Expired and counterfeit medicines
are occasionally sold.
Recommended English-speaking Pharmacies in Baghdad
Al-Skaiklee Pharmacy
al-Kindi St., in the Karkh M unicipality
Phone: 964-1-541-3811
Hours: 1100-1400 and 1800-2100
Closed on Fridays and Iraqi holidays.
Hunnudi Pharmacy
Karada Inside St.
Phone: 964-1-719-0989
Hours: 0930-1400 and 1430-1630
Closed on Fridays and Iraqi holidays.
Ambulance S ervices
Civilian ambulances serving local Iraqi hospitals are available, but they should only be used in extreme emergencies when no other
transportation is available. Since ambulances are not often afforded the right of way - particularly in Baghdad's gridlocked streets they will not usually reach a hospital faster than any other vehicle.
There is no reliable way to call for an ambulance, but ambulances generally respond to bombings and other violence. Direct them to
coalition forces or a military hospital rather than to local hospitals. If at a local hospital, find a doctor to arrange your
transportation to a military medical facility.
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Occasionally, coalition forces will transport wounded or sick civilians out of the country by helicopter if aircraft are available.
Expect to be charged for this service. Transport to Jordan or Kuwait by vehicle will take at least 12 hours.
ENTRY/EXIT
Entry Regulations and Enforcement.: Customs information for entry into Iraq.
Entry Customs Information
Item
Duty-Free Limit
Tobacco 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars, or 250 grams (8.8 ounces) of tobacco
Alcohol Wine or spirits not exceeding 1 liter (33.8 ounces)
Perfume 500 milliliters (16.9 ounces) of perfume (2 small bottles)
Gifts
Typically not valued greater than USD 30
Prohibited Imports and Exports
Electrical Appliances for other than personal use
Firearms, ammunition
Souvenirs in quantities of commercial value
Fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, and milk products
Literature or media considered obscene, indecent, or pornographic
Live animals
Entry Documentation
For entry-exit information specific to your nationality, visit https://worldcue.ijet.com/tic/tools/TimaticPassport.action for a
complete listing of requirements.
Iraqi missions in a traveler's home country offer a single entry visa for travel to Iraq. A multiple entry visa is also available, but can
take up to two months to acquire. HIV/AIDS blood tests are compulsory for multi-entry visas. Neither visa is available upon
arrival in Iraq. If HIV tests are done in your home country, the local Iraqi Embassy will have to notarize the certificate to make it
acceptable for Iraq. Severe bureaucratic delays may be encountered when obtaining all travel documents and entry/exit rules may
change with little notice.
Official Visa Information
Passport
Visa
Documents for Onward Travel
Valid 6 months
beyond intended
stay
Required Round-trip ticket or other proof of
continuation of travel beyond Iraq
Vaccinations
International certificate of vaccination for yellow fever
required if arriving from infected area within five days
If you are traveling with a child, it is advisable to carry documentary evidence of your relationship to the child. M any governments
have initiated special procedures at entry/exit points in an effort to prevent international child abduction. Having such
documentation on hand, even if not required, may facilitate entry/departure.
Entering and exiting Iraq from Iran, Saudi Arabia and Syria should be avoided if possible. Due to suspected terrorist infiltration into
Iraq from these countries, individuals at these crossing are subject to increased scrutiny. Only a limited number of border crossing
stations are open with Iran, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Border crossing points are manned by Iraqi officials with support from
coalition forces.
Immigration officials in the Kurdistan Regional Governorate (KRG) have routinely allowed US citizens and other foreign nationals
to enter Iraq without a valid visa. KRG-issued "visas" are not valid outside of the KRG. Foreign nationals will not be permitted to
travel within Iraq with a KRG-issued document. In addition, it is difficult for foreign nationals to obtain residency authorization
outside the KRG without first obtaining a valid Iraqi visa.
HIV Testing Requirement
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Required under certain circumstances. See Health Planning - Iraq for more information.
Exit Regulations and Enforcement.: Customs information for departure from Iraq.
All travelers must obtain an exit visa from a local police station or the M inistry of Interior Residency Office before departure. The
visa usually takes anywhere from 24 to 72 hours to acquire after you turn your passport into the M inistry of Interior; it is valid
for 10 days once stamped. If you do not have an entry visa or your visa expired, you will have to pay a fine upon receiving the exit
visa. Visitors who arrived via official aircraft but depart on a commercial flight will also have to pay a departure fee at the airport.
Iraqi law prohibits nationals and foreigners from exporting more than USD 10,000 in cash out of the country. Exporting more than
100 grams of gold is also prohibited.
TRANSPO RTATIO N
Air Travel: Air travel in Iraq.
While Iraq still remains dangerous and unpredictable, significant improvement in the security environment has permitted a limited
number of commercial flights to operate in-country. Flights to Iraq can be canceled at the last moment without notice. Although
there have not been any recent attacks on civilian aircraft, the threat still exists. Aircraft continue to take off and descend in
corkscrew patterns to avoid being struck by missiles.
Iraq's largest airport, Baghdad International Airport (S DA), is located approximately 16 km (10 miles) west of downtown
Baghdad. It serves as the hub for commercial airliner Iraqi Airways and as the main airport for US military operations in Iraq.
Airport facilities include restaurants and a currency exchange. Taxis are available for hire at the airport, but it is recommended to
have trusted transportation waiting upon your arrival.
Security within the complex maintains the standards of most international airports. The terminal area is secured by a force of 500
Iraqi and private security professionals, decreasing the likelihood of terrorist attacks on flights departing from Baghdad. The
highway leading to the International Green Zone from SDA is controlled by a heavy military presence and attacks are rare. Expect
long waits and thorough vehicle searches at checkpoints leading to and from the airport.
Two airports serve Kurdish-controlled northern Iraq. The first, Arbil International Airport (EIA), is approximately 7 km (4
miles) northwest of Arbil and 323 km (200 miles) north of Baghdad. The new terminal opened in 2010 and its facilities include
restaurants, a medical center, and car rental. Taxis that run 24 hours a day and free shuttle buses are readily available from the
terminal. For more information, visit: www.erbilairport.net
The second, As-S ulaimaniyah International Airport (OS O), is approximately 15 km (10 miles) northwest of As-Sulaimaniyah.
Facilities include a currency exchange and medical facilities. Taxis are available from the airport, though it is suggested to have
reliable transportation waiting at the airport upon your arrival. For more information, visit www.sulairport.net.
The northern Kurdish-controlled regions of Arbil and As-Sulaimaniyah are considered to be among the more stable regions within
Iraq. Despite this, violence does persist and has the potential to escalate quickly. Security at these airports may not have the same
standard as most international airports due to their smaller size.
Mosul International Airport (OS M) is approximately 7 km (4.5 miles) south of central M osul. OSM reopened to commercial
traffic in December 2007. Due to continued violence in M osul, domestic and international flights out of the airport remain limited.
Basra International Airport (BS R), the second-largest airport in Iraq, is approximately 15 km (9.5 miles) northwest of central
Basra. A hotel and bank are available at the airport. While the security situation at BSR has improved substantially, it is still under
high risk of being mortar or rocket attacks.
Iraq has several smaller domestic airports in Iskandariya, Baquba, Karbala, Khan Beni Saad, Kirkuk, Tal Afar, Tikrit, and Umm
Qasr.
Airlines
Iraqi Airways (IA) is Iraq's national airline. The carrier flies mostly to the M iddle East, Europe, and Asia. It is based out of SDA.
Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJ), Austrian Airlines (OS), Bahrain Air (2B), Gulf Air (GF), Turkish Airlines (TK), and M CA Airlines
(M CA) are some of the international carriers in Iraq, providing service mainly to Europe, the M iddle East, and Asia.
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Chartered air services such as Air Serv, Flying Carpet (7Y), and Dokan Air are available to fly into many of the airports in Iraq.
They are typically used by humanitarian organizations.
Transportation: Ground transportation options in Iraq.
Road travel to or from Iraq can be extremely dangerous. Robbery, kidnapping and murder are serious threats along Iraq's roads and
near border areas. If possible, fly to all destinations in Iraq and use rotary wing aircraft to fly between major cities and neighboring
countries. Overland travel to/from the county should only be attempted with an armed convoy and only if no other travel options
are available.
Driving
Driving in Iraq is extremely dangerous. Iraqi motorists often drive at excessive speeds, tailgate and force other drivers to yield the
right of way. They typically ignore traffic lights, rules, and regulations. Driving at night is especially dangerous due to the lack of
streetlights, careless driving habits, and increased threat of attack.
Travel to/from Jordan
The security situation on the highway between Amman and Baghdad deteriorated seriously following the US invasion in 2003, but
has improved as the overall security situation in the country has also improved. However, deadly attacks on supply convoys and
military vehicles still occur, despite the marked security advances in Al-Anbar Province.
Travel to/from Kuwait
Overland travel from Kuwait to Iraq is difficult due to corruption, bureaucratic hurdles and persistent insecurity. In addition, many
Kuwaiti taxis cannot cross into Iraq. Use a small, inconspicuous car if traveling to Iraq from Kuwait. Ask business associates for
recommendations regarding trustworthy drivers that can cross into Iraq and current security conditions along the route.
The highway from Basra to Baghdad also remains dangerous. Highway robberies, roadside bombings and insurgent attacks occur
almost daily. Since 2003, several foreigners have been killed while traveling between Baghdad and Basra.
Travel to/from Turkey
Tensions between Turkey and Iraq over the presence of Kurdish PKK guerillas in northern Iraq have made land travel between the
two countries difficult and security conditions in the border area unpredictable. The Turkish army invaded northern Iraq in
February 2008 because of the PKK, which uses bases in the area to stage attacks in Turkey. Turkey has also regularly bombed
suspected PKK bases in the Kandil M ountains along the border. Using this route is not recommended. If, however, you intend to
cross from Turkey into Iraq, plan for a long drive from the nearest major Turkish airport, which is in Ankara, about 1,000 km (621
miles) away. Expect an overnight stay in the Turkish border town of Diyarbakir before crossing into Iraq. Once in Iraq, expect tight
security, which will significantly delay any land travel to locations in northern Iraq.
The highway connecting M osul and Baghdad is not secure. Insurgents routinely target military and civilian vehicles. Foreigners,
including citizens of the US, France, South Korea and Japan, have been gunned down while stopped along the road connecting
M osul and Baghdad. Roadside bombs are common. The highway passes through Tikrit, former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's
hometown.
Security
The security environment in Iraq remains fluid. Security forces remain focused on basic law and order functions, and have not
devoted significant resources to enforcing traffic laws. Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), kidnapping, and vehicle ambushes
remain significant and evolving security concerns in many parts of Iraq. If possible, travel by aircraft or helicopter to minimize
your exposure. If travel by land is unavoidable consider using an armored convoy and a vetted security provider. Be aware that
Iraqi drivers usually ignore traffic signals and often drive erratically or at high speeds.
IEDs, kidnapping, and vehicle ambushes remain significant security concerns. IEDs are often hidden along roadsides or in medians,
and are detonated by remote control, tripwire, or when a vehicle breaks a laser beam. M otorists who see signs of recent digging - a
possible indication that explosives have been planted - should take a detour or turn around immediately. Another sign of a
potentially imminent attack is if loiterers in the area appear to be filming the area. (Terrorists and insurgents often film attacks and
later post the videos on Web sites.) M otorists who see pipes or wires connected to anything on the roadside should also take a
detour or turn around immediately.
Driving in the middle of the road puts more distance between vehicles and bombs planted in the median, on the roadside or in
parked cars. Explosives are often concealed in trash, dead animals or other roadside debris, and detonate when vehicles hit them.
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Another form of roadside bombing involves throwing grenades or other explosives off overpasses as vehicles drive beneath. One
way to minimize the risk of such attacks is to swerve sharply under bridges (taking into account the presence of other vehicles) or
to avoid bridges altogether if anyone is on the overpass.
Ambushes usually start with a roadside bombing, a checkpoint, or an obstacle - such as a car that appears to be disabled - and are
followed by small arms fire on trapped vehicles. M otorists should avoid blocked roads whenever possible. If you suspect an
ambush, drive down the wrong side of the street, through medians or over sidewalks to avoid the situation. Kidnappings are also
common at vehicle checkpoints and after carjackings.
M ilitary personnel and Iraqi police regularly open fire on vehicles that fail to stop at checkpoints or approach checkpoints too
quickly. Insurgents posing as police have repeatedly set up false checkpoints in Baghdad and elsewhere, robbing and occasionally
murdering those who stop. Failing to stop at a checkpoint - legitimate or otherwise - will almost certainly provoke gunfire.
Approach checkpoints slowly, leave hands visible, and avoid sudden movements. Be calm and polite when dealing with Iraqi
security forces, but do not volunteer more information than you are asked to provide.
Do not stop for stranded or injured motorists. If they have been attacked, their attacker is likely still in the area. M any foreigners
have been gunned down or followed and later killed after stopping to buy food and water or to take a break by the roadside.
M otorists should also steer clear of military vehicles, the occupants of which may open fire on cars that drive too close.
Additionally, military vehicles are often targets for terrorist attacks.
Public Transportation
Taxis, buses, and trains are available in Iraq; however, visitors are highly discouraged from using any forms of public transportation
in the country. Some taxis in the country are metered, but if not, negotiate prices prior to departure. Local and inter-city buses are
generally in poor conditon, with irregular service and frequently changing routes. The rail system in Iraq has been repaired and
improved in recent years, though it is still below Western standards.
Security
Although the security situation in Iraq is showing signs of improvement, it is still extremely dangerous to travel in most places
throughout the country. Buses and taxis are available for public use; however, due to the imminent threat of terrorism against all
forms of public transportation, refraining from using them is is strongly recommended. Security conditions in the country are
dangerous and ever-changing. If traveling on the ground, travel in armored vehicle convoys guarded by armed guards.
Disclaimer
Travel information in this document and in the included links is provided by iJET Intelligent Risk Systems. While iJET constantly monitors
the changing world situation and strives for accuracy and timeliness, this information is provided to you on an "as is" basis, and your use of
this information is at your own risk.
© 2014, iJET International, Inc.
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