DNA BARCODING OF THE JELLYFISH:
MANAGEMENT OF A MARINE GLOBAL PEST
.Elham Maghsoudlou,
Khairun Yahya, Anita Talib, Sim Yee Kwang,
and SITI AZIZAH MOHD NOR
[email protected]; [email protected]
22nd Pacific Science Congress. Asia Pacific Science in the 21st
Century: Meeting the Challenges of Global Change
INTRODUCTION
Jellyfish ¾ are a member the phylum Cnidaria
¾ simple invertebrates and are mobile unlike all other member species of the phylum Cnidaria
¾ movements are usually subject to winds and currents of the ocean, although they are capable of vertical movement.
INTRODUCTION
Members of each class of jellyfish are generally recognizable from their overall appearance. Anthozoa: This groups mainly contains sea anemones and corals.
Cubozoa: Jellyfish that are known for the potency of their venom, like the box jellyfish, belongs to this group.
Hydrozoa: This group contains many different types of medusa as well as fire corals, siphonophores, etc.
Scyphozoa: This is the group that most jellyfish belong to.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Sun light
Jellyfish
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
• Food availability (zooplankton)
• Temperature
• Salinity and light
• Symbiotic zooxanthallae
( Purcell et al., 1999)
Reproduction
Planula
larvae
•Increase in temperature
and salinity
(Purcell et al., 2007)
•Increase in light intensity
(Loeb, 1973)
Strobilation
• Increase in
temperature causes
growth rates of
polyp colony to
increase
(Wilcox et al., 2007)
INTRODUCTION
• Human activities
- construction
- aquaculture
- euthrophication
- over fishing
- alien species
introduction
• Global warming and
climate change
Jellyfish
bloom
• Stinging swimmer
• Interference with
fishing operation
• Cause damage and
loss to fisheries
• Power plant
clogging
Effects
Causes
Purcell et al., 2007
INTRODUCTION
PREVIOUS STUDIES
Fenne (1997) recorded more then 10 species of Jellyfish
species in the coastal waters of Malaysia
¾ Acromitoides spp. ¾ Aurelia spp. ¾ Carybdea rastoni
¾Cassiopeia spp.
¾Catosylus spp. ¾Chironex fleckeri
¾Chiropsalmus quadrigatus
¾ Chiropsoides buitendijke
¾Cyanea spp. ¾Lobonema spp.
INTRODUCTION
Chuah et al., 2010
Jellyfish taxa in the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia
Jellyfish Family & Species Northern Straits of Malacca
Mastigiidae
Phyllorhiza punctata
Penang National
Park
Rhizostomeae
Stomolophus sp.
Middle Straits of Malacca
Chirodroipidae
Chiropsoidis buitendijki
Manjung
Carybdeidae
Carybdeid morbakka
Southern Straits of Malacca
Port Dickson
Pelagiidae
Chrysaora spp.
Phyllorhiza punctata
Chrysaora quinquecirrha
Jellyfish Species Recorded in the coastal waters of Straits
of Malacca
Phyllorhiza punctata
Phyllorhiza punctata
Phyllorhiza punctata
(juvenile)
Chrysaora sp.2
Phyllorhiza punctata
Chrysaora quinquecirrha
Carybdeid morbakka
Chiropsoidis
buitendijki
Chrysaora
quinquecirrha
Chrysaora sp.1
Stomolophus sp.
Chrysaora sp.1
Aurelia sp.
Chrysaora sp 1
Chrysaora quinquecirrha
Chrysaora sp.1
(reddish)
Chrysaora sp.2
Chrysaora sp.3
Stomolophus sp.
¾ Sim et al. (2009) studied the monthly
distribution and abundance of jellyfish
species in the coastal waters of Penang in
Malaysia
¾ Six species were recorded. The dominant
species was Chrysaora sp.1
o Phyllorhiza punctata,
o Chrysaora sp.1
o Chrysaora sp.2
o Chrysaora sp.3
o Nemopilema sp.1
o Nemopilema sp.2
OBJECTIVES
• To clarify the taxonomic status of jellyfish species in the coastal waters of the Straits of Malacca by using DNA barcoding COI gene MATERIALS & METHODS
Langkawi
Northern Straits of Malacca
Penang National Park
Middle Straits of Malacca
Manjung
¾ Three locations
o Langkawi , Kedah
o Penang National
Park, Penang
o Manjung, Perak
MATERIALS & METHODS
Penang National Park, Penang
Penang National Park, Penang
(modified from Google Earth 5.0.11733.9347)
Penang National Park
Penang Island
Sampling route
1km
RESULTS
Chrysaora spp.
Chrysaora sp. 1 Chrysaora sp. 2
Chrysaora sp. 3 Chrysaora sp. 2 Chrysaora sp. 4 RESULTS
Photo captured@laboratory
CEMACS,USM
Chrysaora sp.1
(Ribbon jellyfish/Sea nettle)
Bell Shape
‐ Saucer‐shaped bell
‐ Nearly hemispherical
‐ Radially symmetrical
Surface texture
‐ Smooth and soft
Bell top
‐ Nearly semi spherical
Bell edge
‐ Slightly crinkled in petaloid
form
Presence of bell edge marginal tentacles
‐ Yes
Bell section (septa)
‐ Octant (eight sections)
RESULTS
Photo captured@laboratory
CEMACS,USM
Chrysaora sp.2
(Ribbon jellyfish/Sea nettle)
Colour variation in Chrysaora spp.
Chrysaora sp.1
Colour
‐Creamy white
Pattern mark
‐Inconspicuous opague white dots interspersed around the bell
Chrysaora sp.2
Colour
‐Translucent white
Pattern Mark
‐Distinct orangish red dots interspersed around the bell
Chrysaora sp.3
Colour
‐Creamy white
Pattern Mark
‐Encircled by a ring of dark brown petal shaped marginal membrane
RESULTS
Photo captured@laboratory
CEMACS,USM
Chrysaora sp.3
(Ribbon jellyfish/Sea nettle)
Number of oral arms ‐4
Layer of oral arms ‐Extended straight beneath the bell and encircle mouth opening
Shape of oral arms ‐Ribbon‐like oral arms are long, flat and ended with ruffled edges
Presence of tentacles at the tip of oral arms
‐ No, but fine tentacles emerge from between the petaloid edges of the bell
Maximum bell diameter & weight
‐ 23cm & 0.43 kg
RESULTS
Mukahead
Manjung
Langkawi
• Chrysaora
sp. 1,2,3,4
• Chrysaora
sp. 1,4
• Chrysaora
sp. 1,2,3,4
• Cassiopea
sp.
• Phyllorhiza
punctata
• Phyllorhiza
punctata
RESULTS
Within and between mean genetic distances (CO1)
C.sp. 1
C.sp. 3
C.sp. 2
C.sp. 4
C. sp. 1
0.009
C. sp. 3
0.007
0.002
C. sp. 2
0.009 0.009 0.009
‐
C. sp. 4
0.010 0.012
0.009
‐
Chrysaora
sp. MD
0.188
0.190
0.187
0.184
Chrysaora
sp. MD
‐
Within morphotype = 0.2% – 0.9%, between morphotypes = 0.7% – 1.2%
RESULTS
Within and between mean genetic distances (16S)
sp2
sp4
sp1
sp3
sp2
sp4
0.00
0.00
0.00
sp1
0.00
0.00
0.00
sp3
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
Chrysaora 0.16
quincerriha
0.16
0.16
0.16
Chrysaora
quincerriha
0.00
RESULTS
NJ tree of 16 s RNA gene
Chrysaora sp1
Chrysaora sp3
Chrysaora sp2
Chrysaora sp4
Phylloriza punctata
Cassiopea sp
NJ tree of co1 gene
Chrysaora sp1
Chrysaora sp2
Chrysaora sp3
Chrysaora sp4 Phylloriza punctata
DISCUSSION ~
Inter‐species population genetic variation in other Chrysaora
studies for COI
Dawson and
between 7.8 –
Jacobs
14%
Dawson and Jacobs
(2001; Holland et
(2001); Holland et al.
al., 2004)
(2004)
Schroth
et al
Bayha
(2005)
.(2002)
Keith M. Bayha
(2005)
10 – 20 %
10
– 40%
10% >
>10%
A SINGLE Chrysoara SPECIES ! DISCUSSION ~
Inter‐species population genetic variation in other Chrysaora
studies for 16SrRNA
Dawson and
between 7.8 –
Dawson and Jacobs
Jacobs
14%
(2001); Holland et al.
(2001; Holland et
(2004)
al., 2004)
Schroth
Schroth et al. (2002)
et al
Bayha (2005)
.(2002)
CollinsM.
et al. (2005)
Keith
Bayha
(2005)
10 – 20 %
5 –1032 %
– 40%
> 5 % 5.4 – >10%
46.8%
A SINGLE Chrysaora SPECIES ! DISCUSSION
¾ THE INVADERS!!!
¾ Jellyfish in this region identified as species originally described from the Northern Hemisphere. Chrysaora sp. Chrysaora quinquecirrha is native to Atlantic Sea (Graham, 2001).
~ common in the world ocean
~ has been documented by :
Graham (2001) in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Suchman & Brodeur (2005) in the west coast of United States
Brodeur et al. (2008) and Zavalokin et al. (2008)
in the Bering Sea
Purcell et al. (2009) in the Arctic Ocean
~ physical appearance resembles Chrysaora quinquecirrha as described by Mayer (1910)
~ most abundant at sampling stations.
DISCUSSION
Phyllorhiza punctata
~ indigenous to the tropical western Pacific Ocean (Graham et al., 2003)
~ distributed from Australia to Japan (Heeger et al., 1992)
~ might be a new or cryptic species of eastern Australia locality
~ possesses similar physical appearance compared to Phyllorhiza punctata
with the locality of eastern Australia
~ potentially invasive as reported in Abed‐Navandi & Kikinger (2007) and Bolton & Graham (2004).
Phyllorhiza punctata of eastern Australia
DISCUSSION
Chiropsoidis buitendijki has much similarity to Australian box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri
Carybdeid morbakka is affiliated to Hawaiian box jellyfish, Carybdea alata.
CONCLUSION
¾ Highlights the taxonomic problem in
morphological identification of jellyfish
¾ The likelihood of jellyfish invasiveness into
the Malaysian waters is very high
¾ Many
more
species
still
remain
undiscovered and have not been identified
yet – alien or otherwise
¾ DNA barcoding of Jellyfish will provide
molecular documentation that is imperative
in the management of pest species
RECOMMENDATION
Constant monitoring is critical to assess the
abundance and distribution of jellyfish
species in the Straits of Malacca and
occurrence
of
non‐native
species
introduction which would have adverse
effect on the indigenous community
structure, biodiversity & tourism industry
Species identification
• elongated shells in variable shapes, even within the species itself
•The lower (left) valve formed a deep, cup‐shapped
•upper (right) valve is opercular and could have denticles
Plate 1: Morphological features of oysters (Siddiqui & Ahmed, 2002).
Crassostrea iredalei
Crassostrea belcheri
• differentiated by adductor muscle scar colour ‐ Visootiviseth et al. (1998) C. madrasensis (EU007463.1)
Hap27(L-Mg-Pce-St)FJ948069
Hap31(L-Pce)FJ948071
99
Hap92(St)
Hap16(S)FJ948057
72
79
Hap25(L)GU591431
Presumed C. iredalei
0.001
100 Hap40(M)GU591442
Hap77(R)
Crassostrea sp.
C. ariakensis (EU007506.1)
0.01
Presumed
C. belcheri
Acknowledgement
™ This study was funded by Universiti Sains
Malaysia
™ We would like to thank the Penang National
Park authority for the sampling permission
around the coastal waters of Penang National
Park
™ The boatman and sampling crews are thanked
for their effort during the sampling
™ Assistance from Dr. Micheal N. Dawson,
University of California and Dr. Lisa‐ann
Gershwin, James Cook University in species
identification is greatly appreciated
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION