PORTABLE DRAGON FRUIT GRADE SORTER
(POWER SUPPLY AND STRUCTURE DESIGN)
NOOR RAFIZA BINTI RAMLI
May 2008
“I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply
the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
(Power Electronic and Drive)”
Signature
: …………………………………
Supervisor’s Name
: PN. ALIZA BINTI CHE AMRAN
Date
: …………………………………
PORTABLE DRAGON FRUIT GRADE SORTER
(POWER SUPPLY AND STRUCTURE DESIGN)
NOOR RAFIZA BINTI RAMLI
This Report is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for The Degree of
Bachelor in Electrical Engineering (Power Electronic and Drive)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
May 2008
ii
“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts
that have been cited clearly in the references.”
Signature
: ………………………………
Name
: NOOR RAFIZA BINTI RAMLI
Date
: ……………………………….
iii
Dedicated to my beloved parents …
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,
First and foremost, I would like to thank to Allah the Almighty for blessing me
to complete my Project Sarjana Muda 1 and 2. I would like to enlarge my appreciation to
my supervisor, Pn.Aliza binti Che Amran because of her kindness heart to accept me as
one of the student under her supervision. Special thanks also dedicated to her for all
comments, idea, and a guideline begin from the first day I start doing this project.
I would also like to thank to all my friends that always give support, opinion, and
advices for me to complete this report especially my project team members Nur Azlina
and Mohd Hidayat.
To my family especially my beloved parents; Hj.Ramli and Wan Zainun, I would
like to forward my obliged for their continuous support during my study period, their
patience and benevolence. Lastly, I would like to thank to everyone who has contributed
during my Project Sarjana Muda 1and 2. Your kindness and cooperation in completion
of my paper work is much appreciated.
Thank you very much!!!!!
v
ABSTRACT
This project focuses on building a Power Supply and Structure Design for Portable
Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter. This Portable Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter machine is an
automatic machine that used to sort the dragon fruits according to their standards, grade
and size. Sorting and grading process were done based on various criteria such as
weight, shape and size. This project combines the knowledge of electrical and
engineering drawing. This project is divided into three stages. The first stage is to design
an adaptor to supply the system from 240Vac. Also to propose the best structure or
design for the machine and then try to assemble the machine parts into one system using
SolidWorks software. Hence, by using the Portable Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter
machine, the human errors that always occurred in manual operations can be minimized
and most important of all, number of human labor is reduced thus making the production
more efficient and productive.
vi
ABSTRAK
Projek ini berfokus pada binaan unit sumber bekalan kuasa dan struktur-struktur binaan
mesin untuk Mesin Pengasingan Buah Naga Mengikut Gred Mudah Alih. Mesin ini
adalah mesin kawalan secara automatik yang digunakan untuk proses pengasingan buah
naga merujuk pada piawaian, gred, dan saiz. Proses mengasing dan menggred buah naga
berdasarkan pada beberapa ciri-ciri seperti berat, bentuk dan saiz. Projek ini
menggabungkan pengetahuan asas tentang elektrikal dan lukisan kejuruteraan. Projek ini
terbahagi kepada tiga peringkat. Pada peringkat pertama, merekabentuk pembekal kuasa
yang sesuai untuk membekalkan kuasa voltan serta arus yang cukup daripada 240 volt
AC kepada voltan DC yang berlainan bergantung kepada bahagian unit sistem tersebut.
Di samping itu, turut mengutarakan idea untuk struktur rekabentuk binaan mesin yang
terbaik dan menghimpunkan bahagian-bahagian mesin tersebut di dalam suatu sistem
menggunakan perisian SolidWorks. Dengan itu, dengan menggunakan Mesin
Pengasingan Buah Naga Mengikut Gred Mudah Alih, kesilapan yang sering dilakukan
oleh manusia dapat dikurangkan dan yang paling penting penggunaan tenaga kerja
manusia dapat dikurangkan. Demikian menjadikan pengeluaran buah naga lebih cekap
dan banyak.
vii
CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Project Objectives
3
1.4
Project Scope
4
1.5
Project Methodology
4
1.6
Thesis Outline
7
viii
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Introduction in Fruit Sorting System
10
2.3
Latest Technology in Sorting Fruit Process
12
2.3.1
OMI Pineapple Sorting Machine
12
2.3.2
Compac In Vision 5000 Blemish Sorting
13
2.3.3
AWETA GS: The Cup Grader
14
2.3.4
AWETA GS: computer cucumber sorting
15
machine
2.4
Example Existing Machine Design
16
2.4.1
Rotary Cylinder Sizer
16
2.4.2
Citrus Juice Extractors
16
2.4.3
The Cherry Kg Grader
17
2.5
Introduction to Linear Power Supply
18
2.6
Introduction to Full-wave rectifiers
19
converting ac-dc
2.7
2.6.1
The Bridge Rectifier
21
2.6.2
The Positive Half-cycle
22
2.6.3
The Negative Half-cycle
23
Introduction to Solidworks Design CAD
24
software
III
PORTABLE DRAGON FRUIT GRADE SORTER
3.1
Introduction
25
3.2
The Fruit Sorting System
25
3.3
System Concept and Algorithm
27
3.3.1
Station 1: Loading Process
27
3.3.2
Station 2: Sorting Process
28
3.3.3
Station 3: Storing Station
29
3.4
Design Phases for the Machine
29
ix
3.5
3.4.1
Formulation
30
3.4.2
Concept design
30
3.4.3
Configuration design
30
3.4.4
Parametric design
31
3.4.5
Detail design
31
The Linear Power Supply for the portable
31
dragon fruit grade sorter machine
3.5.1
0-30vdc stabilized power supply with
32
current control 0.002-3A
3.5.2
Technical Specifications-characteristics
32
3.5.3
Features
32
3.5.4
Circuit operation
33
3.6
Exalibur Low-noise High-speed precision
36
Operational amplifier
3.6.1
3.7
Introduction
Complementary Silicon Power Transistor
36
39
2N3055 (NPN)
IV
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF DESIGN ASPECT
4.1
Introduction
40
4.2
Design Specification
40
4.3
Design Concept and Design Comparison
41
4.3.1
First Concept
42
4.3.2
Second Concept
43
4.3.3
The Result Analyzing and Concept Evaluate
46
4.4
Analysis for the 12VDC power supply
47
4.5
Problem Occur From the Stabilized Power Supply
48
4.6
The Hardware Configuration of stabilized Power supply
51
x
V
CONCLUSION
5.1
Conclusion
52
5.2
Recommendation
52
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - G
54
56 - 83
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NUM.
TITLE
1.1
Difference types of dragon fruit weights and sizes
2
3.1
Fruit Grade Truth Table
28
PAGE
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NUM.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Hylocereus undatus
1
1.2
Hylocereus polyrhizus
1
1.3
Project methodology
5
2.1
Fruit sorting machine vision
10
2.2
User control console
11
2.3
CCD Camera and Weight Sensor
12
2.4
Channelizer
12
2.5
Apple weighting (Single Line Sorter)
14
2.6
Baggers interfaced to Compac 4 lane
14
2.7
Apple 8 lane pre-grade line with InVision 5000 Blemish grading
System
14
2.8
Fruit grading line
15
2.9
The cup grader
15
2.10
Cucumber sorting tray
15
2.11
Rotary cylinder sizer
16
2.12
Citrus Juice Extractors
17
2.13
The Cherry KG Grader
17
2.14
Diagram of Simple Series Power Supply
18
2.15
Basic diagram of rectifier conversion
19
2.16
Full-wave rectifier circuit using two-diodes
20
2.17
The Diode Bridge Rectifier
22
2.18
The Positive Half-cycle
22
2.19
The Negative Half-cycle
23
xiii
2.20
Full-wave bridge rectifier (a) alternative presentation
(b) Voltages and current
23
2.21
The Solidworks software user interface
24
3.1
Whole system
26
3.2
Loading Station
27
3.3
Five phases of design, emphasizing the crucial nature of design
problem formulation
29
3.4
Schematic diagram
34
3.5
Symbol for TLE2141
37
3.6
TLE2141 op-amp
37
3.7
Block Diagram of TLE2141
38
3.8
Power Transistor 2N3055 (NPN)
4.1
Design for first concept
42
4.2
Flowchart of the sorting process
42
4.3
Design for second concept
43
4.4
Front view of the design
44
4.5
Back view of the design
44
4.6
Top view of the design
45
4.7
Components part
45
4.8
Circuit for 12vdc motor
48
4.9
Waveform of 12VDC motor
48
4.10
Revised circuit for TLE2141 operational amplifier
50
4.11
Modified circuit for 0-30vdc stabilized power supply
50
4.12
The electronics components placed on the printed circuit board
51
4.13
Overall view of the stabilized power supply
51
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
NUM.
TITLE
PAGE
A
Gantt chart
56
B
Instruction to use the Solidworks software
58
C
Component List
66
D
Circuit for 0-30vdc stabilized power supply
68
E
Operational Amplifier (TLE2141)
70
F
Operational Amplifier (TL081)
74
G
Power Transistor 2N3055
82
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Malaysia is blessed with good tropical climate. Besides fruits, many crops
can be grown here like rubber, oil palm, paddy and cocoa. One of the most recent
newcomers in the Malaysian fruit industry is dragon fruits (Hylocereus polyrhizus).
After many trials and errors, dragon cultivation has made its way in the Malaysian
fruit industry. The local name for dragon fruit is „buah naga‟ or „buah mata naga‟.
The dragon fruit growing areas are in the states of Johor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan,
Pahang, Pulau Pinang and Sabah [4]. The fruit comes in three types, all with leathery,
slightly leafy skin which is white flesh with pink skin (Hylocereus undatus), red
flesh with pink skin (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and white flesh with yellow skin
(Selenicereus megalanthus)
[5]
. But only two types of variety can be grow in
Malaysia which is the red and white flesh. Figure below show the two variety types
of dragon fruit:
Figure 1.1: Hylocereus undatus
Figure 1.2: Hylocereus polyrhizus
2
Dragon fruits have different weights and sizes. Table 1.1 shows the different
weight and grade of the dragon fruit:
Table 1.1: Difference types of dragon fruit weights and sizes.
GRADE
WEIGHT
AA
601gm and above
A
451gm – 450gm
B
356gm – 450gm
C
350gm – 250gm
D
250gm and below
For this project its combines the knowledge of electrical and engineering
drawing in designing the Portable Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter. This project is to
design an automatic machine that used to sort the dragon fruits according to their
standards, grade and size. Sorting and grading process were done based on various
criteria such as weight, shape and size. This project is divided into three stages. The
first stage is to propose the best design for the Portable Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter
Machine in low cost but still effective. For the second stage, to design and assemble
the machine parts into one system using the SolidWorks software. For the last stage,
to design and develop an adaptor to supply the system from 240Vac to the desired
input value for the actuator, motor and sensors.
For the power supply design, a linear high quality power supply with a
continuously variable stabilized output adjustable at any value between 0 and
30VDC is build. The circuit also incorporates an electronic output current limiter that
effectively controls the output current from a few miliamperes (2mA) to the
maximum output of three amperes that the circuit can deliver. [9]
3
1.2
Problem Statement
In Malaysia, the fruit grade sorting is based on shape, weight, or size. Fruit
sorting is still in the initial stage and most of the sorting process still done manually.
Currently, the manual sorting is more popular and cheaper where the process is done
by a number of labors. Automatic fruit grading and sorting has not been implemented
widely for this type of fruit. The process is time consuming and error prone as human
labor efficiency and consistency will decrease with time. To overcome this problem,
the Portable Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter is proposed. Grading is done on several of
criteria like weight, shape, size and etc [6]. This machine is designed to overcome the
human error and reduce labor work in a short time and the design will not be fully
automated, but can sort the fruits in a short time with less number of labor works.
The main advantages of the present machine is it will facilitate automatic grading
and sorting of dragon fruit in a non destructive method. The purposed machine is
cheaper compared to other existing machines where robotic arms are used and cost
around RM500, 000 per unit depending on its performance.
1.3
Objectives
The objectives of the project that need to be accomplished are:
1)
To propose the best design for the Portable Dragon Fruit Grade Sorter
Machine in low cost but still effective.
2)
To design and assemble the machine parts into one system using the
SolidWorks software.
3) To design and develop an adaptor to supply the system from 240Vac to
the desired input value for the actuator, motor and sensors.
4
1.4
Scope
In this project, the scope is based on three main parts. The first scope for this
project starts with conducting research on information for example fruit grading and
sorting, to get the basic idea to design the sorting machine. The second scope is, after
find the best structure design for this project try to assemble the machine parts into
one system using SolidWorks software. Then for the last scope, it follows with
designing a power supply for the motor, actuator and sensors then simulate the
circuit using Proteus‟s Lite software. The power supply is then built and be part of
the sorter machine.
1.5
Project Methodology
In order to complete this project, a necessary project planning should be
arranged. For this project, there are several steps should be taken to achieve the
project‟s scope and objectives. Basically, Project Methodology defines the planning
process flow and principles that are essentials guide to produce a well planning
project. Besides, selected approach or methodology will be described the activities
that may do in every stage. The requirements that are requisite in this system will be
explained in project requirements and followed with project schedule and milestones.
The flow chart that describes the methodology for this project is shown in the
flow chart below:
Start
Literature review

Determine the objectives of the project.

Identifying problem and study the system.

Research about the project throughout resources
like internet and books.
Discussion among team members, supervisor and from
experienced person
5
Engineering Drawing Design
Power supply design
Find the best structure design
Simulate the circuit using Proteus software
Assemble the machine parts into one system
Construct
using SolidWorks software
the circuit
Troubleshooting
Build the structure design using suitable
Circuit operate
correctly?
material
Yes
End
Figure 1.3: Project methodology
1) Literature review
The first stage for completing the final year project is determining the
objectives of the project and identifying the problems for this project and
study the system. Besides, doing the research and finds information that
related to the project through out resources such as internet, books and etc.
By doing this literature review, the high understanding of the project can be
achieved
6
2) Discussion
After gather all the information and identifying the problem, discussion
among team members and supervisor is important. In this stage, supervisor
will give the explanation and guideline throughout the project.
3) Engineering Drawing Design using SolidWorks.
The next step is find the best design for the main structure of the machine and
then tries to sketch the design machine. The designs parts including sorting
system design, power supply, computer system and etc. Learn about
SolidWorks software and assemble the machine parts into one system.
4) Power supply design
Find the suitable circuit design for adaptor to supply the system from 240Vac
and simulated the design using Proteus‟s Lite software. After the simulation
is complete, the circuit for the power supply will be constructing along with
the troubleshooting process.
5) Build the machine structure
The design parts for the structure are complete and the machine structure
needs to be done. Doing some research among team members and supervisor
for choosing the best material for the structure.
6) Build the adaptor supply hardware.
By completing the simulation on Proteus‟s Lite, all the data and analysis had
been retrieved. The circuit is build using printed board.
7) Analyzed the results of simulation and hardware.
After complete the hardware, the output will be observed and analyzed so that
a comparison can be make to see any differences between the simulation and
actual output.
7
1.6
Thesis Outline
Chapter 1 is basically the introduction part of the project chosen. In this
chapter, the project background and problems statements will be discussed clearly.
Besides, elaboration on the project objectives and project scope will be explained in
details so that a better view of the project can be obtained. The project methodology
is the most important part that describes the flow of the project, also be mentioned
and elaborated in details in this chapter.
In chapter 2, the literature review of the project will be discussed. The
literature review is the method for collecting information regarding the machine, and
the result based on the information will be analysis and examine for the purpose to
know the benefit or the scarcity of the machine. In this section, it will be discuss
about the theory and concepts that is accordingly to the project in details. Also, it will
inform about the perspective and method that have been using in this project. The
information for this project according: 1) Introduction in fruit sorting and grading
system. 2) The latest technology in fruit sorting and grading process. 3) Example
existing design from the fruit sorting machine application.
In chapter 3, the methodology is the method and tools that used to achieve the
objective and the goal of the project. In this chapter, a few methods have been chosen
to get the good solution for all the problems in sorting the dragon fruit. This chapter
explains and elaborates about the methods, material and tools used to create this
project and reasons of choosing such methods and tools. Problems arises in the
methods used are also discussed.
In chapter 4, it will discuss about the design specification, design concept and
design comparison of the sketch design. The design specification is one of the
method need for designing a new product. In this chapter also will be discussed about
the 0-30VDc stabilized power supply experiments results and data collection. The
simulation and experimental results of the project will be analysis and discuss.
8
In chapter 5, the conclusion and necessary recommendation will be
highlighted. The recommendation that recommend by the author will be useful for
the final year project next semester.