Contents
Alternate Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface to Instructors
Letter to Students
P A R T
I
Getting Started: From Response to Argument
C H A P T E R
1
The Writer as Reader
Reading and Responding
Kate Chopin Ripe Figs
Reading as Re-creation
Making Reasonable Inferences
Reading with Pen in Hand
Recording Your First Responses
Identifying Your Audience and Purpose
Your Turn: A Writing Assignment
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Ripening”
The Argument Analyzed
Other Possibilities for Writing
C H A P T E R
2
The Reader as Writer
Developing a Thesis, Drafting and Writing an Argument
Pre-writing: Getting Ideas
Annotating a Text
More about Getting Ideas: A Second Story by Kate Chopin
Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing
Focused Free Writing
Listing
Asking Questions
Keeping a Journal
Arguing with Yourself: Critical Thinking
Arguing a Thesis
Drafting Your Argument
A Sample Draft: “Ironies in an Hour”
Revising an Argument
Outlining an Argument
Soliciting Peer Review
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Contents
Final Version of the Sample Essay: “Ironies of Life in Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story
of an Hour’”
A Brief Overview of the Final Version
Writing with a Word Processor
á Checklist: Writing with a Word Processor
Your Turn: Two Additional Stories by Kate Chopin
Kate Chopin Désirée’s Baby
Kate Chopin The Storm
A Note about Literary Evaluations
C H A P T E R
3
Reading Literature Closely: Explication
What Is Literature?
Literature and Form
Form and Meaning
Robert Frost The Span of Life
Reading in Slow Motion
Explication
A Sample Explication
Langston Hughes Harlem
Working Toward an Explication
Some Journal Entries
Sample Essay by a Student (Final Version): “Langston Hughes’ ‘Harlem’”
Explication as Argument
á Checklist: Drafting an Explication
Why Write? Purpose and Audience
Your Turn: Poems for Explication
William Shakespeare Sonnet 73 (That time of year thou mayst in me
behold)
Ben Jonson On My First Son
William Blake London
Emily Brontë Spellbound
Li-Young Lee I Ask my Mother to Sing
Alfred, Lord Tennyson Ulysses
C H A P T E R
4
Reading Literature Closely: Analysis
Analysis
Analyzing a Story from the Hebrew Bible: The Judgment of Solomon
Analyzing the Story
Other Possible Topics for Analysis
Analyzing a Story from the New Testament: The Parable of the Prodigal Son
Comparison: An Analytic Tool
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Two New Women”
Looking at the Essay
á Checklist: Revising a Comparison
Contents
Evaluation in Explication and Analysis
Choosing a Topic and Developing a Thesis in an Analytic Paper
Analyzing a Story
James Thurber The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
Working Toward a Thesis: Journal Entries
Developing the Thesis: List Notes
Sample Draft by a Student: “Walter Mitty Is No Joke”
Developing an Argument
Introductory Paragraphs
Middle Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraphs
Coherence in Paragraphs: Using Transitions
á Checklist: Revising Paragraphs
Review: Writing an Analysis
A Note on Technical Terminology
A Lyric Poem and a Student’s Essay
Aphra Behn Song: Love Armed
Journal Entries
A Sample Essay by a Student: “The Double Nature of Love”
á Checklist: Editing a Draft
Your Turn: Short Stories and Poems for Analysis
Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House of Usher
Virginia Woolf A Haunted House
Guy de Maupassant The Necklace
José Armas El Tonto del Barrio
Leslie Marmon Silko The Man to Send Rain Clouds
Elizabeth Bishop Filling Station
Elizabeth Bishop The Fish
Elizabeth Bishop One Art
C H A P T E R
5
Other Kinds of Writing about Literature
Summary
Paraphrase
What Paraphrase Is
The Value of Paraphrase
Literary Response
Writing a Literary Response
A Story by a Student: “The Ticket (A Different View of ‘The Story
of an Hour’)”
A Poem Based on a Poem
William Blake The Tyger
X. J. Kennedy For Allen Ginsberg
Rewriting a Poem
William Butler Yeats Annunciation
William Butler Yeats Leda and the Swan [1924]
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Contents
William Butler Yeats Leda and the Swan [1933]
Mona Van Duyn Leda
Parody
William Carlos Williams This Is Just to Say
Reviewing a Dramatic Production
A Sample Review by a Student: “An Effective Macbeth”
The Review Reviewed
C H A P T E R
6
Reading and Writing about Visual Culture
The Language of Pictures
Analyzing a Picture: Navajo Dancers Entertaining a Tourist Train
Notes and a Sample Essay by a Student
The Analysis Analyzed
Thinking about Dorothea Lange’s Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California
A Sample Documented Essay by a Student
Photographers on Photography
Lou Jacobs JR. What Qualities Does a Good Photograph Have?
An American Picture Album: Ten Images
P A R T
I I
Up Close: Thinking Critically about Literary Works
and Literary Forms
C H A P T E R
7
Critical Thinking: Asking Questions
and Making Comparisons
What Is Critical Thinking?
Asking and Answering Questions
Comparing and Contrasting
Analyzing and Evaluating Evidence
Thinking Critically: Asking Questions and Comparing—E. E. Cummings’s
“Buffalo Bill ’s”
E. E. Cummings Buffalo Bill ’s
Emily Dickinson: Three Versions of a Poem, and More
Emily Dickinson I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
Emily Dickinson I felt a Cleaving in my Mind—
Emily Dickinson The Dust behind I strove to join
Imaginative Play: Thinking about Three Poems
William Butler Yeats The Wild Swans at Coole
Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool
Andrew Hudgins The Wild Swans Skip School
Anonymous The Silver Swan
Contents
C H A P T E R
8
Reading and Writing about Essays
Types of Essays
The Essayist’s Persona
Voice
Tone
Pre-writing: Identifying the Topic and Thesis
Brent Staples Black Men and Public Space
Summarizing
Summary and Analysis
Preparing a Summary
Stating the Thesis of an Essay
Drafting a Summary
Writing Assignments
á Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Essays
Your Turn: Essays for Analysis
Langston Hughes Salvation
Louis Owens The American Indian Wilderness
May Sarton The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life
John Updike Observations
C H A P T E R
9
Reading and Writing about Fiction
Stories True and False
Grace Paley Samuel
Elements of Fiction
Plot and Character
Foreshadowing
Setting and Atmosphere
Symbolism
Narrative Point of View
Style and Point of View
Theme
á Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Fiction
Your Turn: Short Stories for Analysis
Nathaniel Hawthorne Young Goodman Brown
Anton Chekhov Misery
Eudora Welty A Worn Path
Isabel Allende If You Touched My Heart
Alice Elliott Dark In the Gloaming
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Contents
C H A P T E R
10
Thinking and Writing Critically about Short
Stories: Two Case Studies
Case Study: Writing about Ralph Ellison’s “Battle Royal”
Ralph Ellison Battle Royal
Booker T. Washington Atlanta Exposition Address
W. E. B. Du Bois Of Our Spiritual Strivings
W. E. B. Du Bois Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others
Gunnar Myrdal On Social Equality
Ralph Ellison On Negro Folklore
Ralph Ellison Life in Oklahoma City
Case Study: Writing about Flannery O’Connor
Flannery O’Connor A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O’Connor Revelation
Remarks from Essays and Letters
From “The Fiction Writer and His Country”
From “The Nature and Aim of Fiction”
From “Writing Short Stories”
On Interpreting “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”
“A Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable”
C H A P T E R
11
Looking at Pictures, Writing Stories
The Impulse to Tell Stories
Charles Baxter Music for Airports
A. S. Byatt Christ in the House of Martha and Mary
Your Turn: Picture to Story
C H A P T E R
12
Fiction into Film
Asking Questions, Thinking Critically, and Making Comparisons
Film as a Medium
Film Techniques
Shots
Sequences
Editing
Theme
Comparing Filmed and Printed Stories
Getting Ready to Write
Drafting an Essay
á Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Film
Suggestions for Further Reading
A Short Story and a Student’s Essay on the Filmed Version
Mary Wilkins Freeman The Revolt of “Mother”
Contents
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Enjoying Mother’s Revolution”
Your Turn: Thinking about Filming Fiction
C H A P T E R
13
Reading and Writing about Drama
Types of Plays
Tragedy
Comedy
Elements of Drama
Theme
Plot
Gestures
Setting
Characterization and Motivation
Organizing an Analysis of a Character
First Draft
Revised Draft
á Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Drama
Thinking about a Filmed Version of a Play
á Checklist: Writing about a Filmed Play
Your Turn: Plays for Analysis
A Note on Greek Tragedy
Thinking Critically about a Tragedy: Sophocles’s Antigonê
Sophocles Antigone
Susan Glaspell Trifles
Luis Valdez Los Vendidos
C H A P T E R
14
Thinking Critically about Drama
Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams’s Production Notes
The Screen Device
The Music
The Lighting
A Sample Essay by a Student
Preliminary Notes
Final Version of the Student’s Essay: “The Solid Structure of The Glass
Menagerie”
C H A P T E R
15
Reading and Writing about Poetry
Elements of Poetry
The Speaker and the Poet
Emily Dickinson I’m Nobody! Who are you?
Emily Dickinson Wild Nights—Wild Nights
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Contents
The Language of Poetry: Diction and Tone
Writing about the Speaker
Robert Frost The Telephone
Journal Entries
Figurative Language
Imagery and Symbolism
William Blake The Sick Rose
Verbal Irony and Paradox
Structure
Robert Herrick Upon Julia’s Clothes
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Herrick’s Julia, Julia’s Herrick”
The Analysis Analyzed
Christina Rossetti In an Artist’s Studio
Explication
An Example
William Butler Yeats The Balloon of the Mind
Annotations and Journal Entries
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Explication of W. B. Yeats’s ‘The Balloon
of the Mind’”
á Checklist: Explication
Rhythm and Versification: A Glossary for Reference
Meter
Patterns of Sound
Stanzaic Patterns
Blank Verse and Free Verse
á Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Poetry
Your Turn: Poems About People, Places, and Things
People
Robert Browning My Last Duchess
E. E. Cummings anyone lived in a pretty how town
Sylvia Plath Daddy
Louise Erdrich Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
Huddie Ledbetter De Titanic
Etheridge Knight For Malcolm, a Year After
Places
Basho An Old Pond
William Butler Yeats Sailing to Byzantium
James Wright Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm in Pine Island,
Minnesota
Yusef Komunyakaa Facing It
Derek Walcott A Far Cry from Africa
Anonymous Deep River
Things
William Carlos Wiilliams The Red Wheelbarrow
Walt Whitman A Noiseless Patient Spider
Mary Oliver Hawk
Contents
C H A P T E R
16
Thinking Critically about Poetry
Case Study: Writing about Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—
Emily Dickinson The Soul selects her own Society
Emily Dickinson These are the days when Birds come back
Emily Dickinson Papa above!
Emily Dickinson There’s a certain Slant of light
Emily Dickinson This World is not Conclusion
Emily Dickinson I got so I could hear his name—
Emily Dickinson Because I could not stop for Death
Emily Dickinson Those—dying, then
Emily Dickinson Apparently with no surprise
Emily Dickinson Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Religion and Religious Imagery
in Emily Dickinson”
P A R T
I I I
Standing Back: Arguing Interpretations and Evaluations,
and Understanding Critical Strategies
C H A P T E R
17
Arguing an Interpretation
Interpretation and Meaning
Is the Author’s Intention a Guide to Meaning?
What Characterizes a Sound Interpretation?
An Example: Interpreting Pat Mora’s “Immigrants”
Thinking Critically about Responses to Literature
Two Interpretations by Students
Robert Frost Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Sample Essay by a Student: “Stopping by Woods—and Going On”
Sample Essay by a Student: “‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ as a
Short Story”
Your Turn: Poems for Interpretation
John Milton When I Consider How My Light Is Spent
Robert Frost Mending Wall
William Wordsworth A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
T. S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
C H A P T E R
18
Arguing an Evaluation
Criticism and Evaluation
Are There Critical Standards?
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Contents
Morality and Truth as Standards
Other Ways of Thinking about Truth and Realism
Your Turn: Poems and Stories for Evaluation
Matthew Arnold Dover Beach
Anthony Hecht The Dover Bitch
Robert Frost Design
Ira Gershwin The Man That Got Away
Ambrose Bierce An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
Katherine Mansfield Miss Brill
C H A P T E R
19
Writing about Literature: An Overview
of Critical Strategies
The Nature of Critical Writing
Criticism as Argument: Assumptions and Evidence
Some Critical Strategies
Formalist Criticism (New Criticism)
Deconstruction
Reader-Response Criticism
Archetypal Criticism (Myth Criticism)
Historical Criticism
Psychological or Psychoanalytical Criticism
Gender Criticism (Feminist, and Lesbian and Gay Criticism)
Your Turn: Putting Critical Strategies to Work
Suggestions for Further Reading
P A R T
I V
A Thematic Anthology
C H A P T E R
20
Love and Hate
Essays
Sei Shōnagon A Lover’s Departure
Judith Ortiz Cofer I Fell in Love, or My Hormones Awakened
Louis Menand Love Stories
Andrew Sullivan The Love Bloat
Fiction
Ernest Hemingway Cat in the Rain
A Student’s Notes and Journal Entries on “Cat in the Rain”
Asking Questions about a Story
A Sample Essay by a Student: “Hemingway’s American Wife”
A Second Example: An Essay Drawing on Related Material
in the Chapter
Sample Essay by a Student: “Hemingway’s Unhappy Lovers”
Contents
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William Faulkner A Rose for Emily
Zora Neale Hurston Sweat
Case Study: Writing about Raymond Carver
Raymond Carver Mine
Raymond Carver Little Things
Raymond Carver What We Talk about When We Talk about Love
Raymond Carver Cathedral
Talking about Stories
On Rewriting
Michael Gerber and Jonathan Schwarz What We Talk about When We Talk
about Doughnuts
Poetry
Anonymous Western Wind
Christopher Marlowe Come Live with Me and Be My Love
Sir Walter Raleigh The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd
John Donne The Bait
William Shakespeare Sonnet 29 (When, in disgrace with Fortune
and men’s eyes)
William Shakespeare Sonnet 116 (Let me not to the marriage of true minds)
John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
William Blake The Garden of Love
William Blake A Poison Tree
Walt Whitman When I Heard at the Close of the Day
Walt Whitman I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing
Christina Rossetti A Birthday
Edna St. Vincent Millay Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor Drink
Robert Frost The Silken Tent
Adrienne Rich Novella
Adrienne Rich XI
Robert Pack The Frog Prince
Joseph Brodsky Love Song
Nikki Giovanni Love in Place
Carol Muske Chivalry
Kitty Tsui A Chinese Banquet
Drama
Wendy Wasserstein The Man in a Case
C H A P T E R
21
Gender Roles: Making Men and Women
Essays
Katha Pollitt Why Boys Don’t Play with Dolls
Scott Russell Sanders The Men We Carry in Our Minds . . . and How They Differ
from the Real Lives of Most Men
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Contents
Fiction
Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow Wallpaper
Richard Wright The Man Who Was Almost a Man
Bobbie Ann Mason Shiloh
Doris Lessing A Woman on a Roof
Gloria Naylor The Two
Alice Munro Boys and Girls
Poetry
Three Nursery Rhymes
What Are Little Boys Made Of?
Georgie Porgie
The Milk Maid
Anonymous Higamus, Hogamus
Dorothy Parker General Review of the Sex Situation
Rita Dove Daystar
Robert Hayden Those Winter Sundays
Muriel Rukeyser Myth
Theodore Roethke My Papa’s Waltz
Lucille Clifton wishes for sons
Sharon Olds Rites of Passage
Frank O’Hara Homosexuality
Shel Silverstein A Boy Named Sue
Tess Gallagher I Stop Writing the Poem
Julia Alvarez Woman’s Work
Maud Meehan Is There Life After Feminism
Marge Piercy A Work of Artifice
Drama
Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House
Case Study: Writing about Barbie and Gender
Anonymous Beauty and the Barbie Doll
Kevin Leary Barbie Curtsies to Political Correctness
Meg Wolitzer Sex and the Single Doll
Yona Zeldis McDonough What Barbie Really Taught Me
Marge Piercy Barbie Doll
Denise Duhamel Buddhist Barbie
C H A P T E R
22
Innocence and Experience
Essay
Maya Angelou Graduation
Fiction
James Joyce Araby
Langston Hughes One Friday Morning
Contents
xvii
John Updike A & P
Liliana Heker The Stolen Party
Toni Cade Bambara The Lesson
Poetry
William Blake Infant Joy
William Blake Infant Sorrow
William Blake The Echoing Green
Gerard Manley Hopkins Spring and Fall: To a Young Child
A. E. Housman When I Was One-and-Twenty (A Shropshire Lad # 13)
E. E. Cummings In just—
Louise Glück The School Children
Louise Glück Gretel in Darkness
Drama
Case Study: Writing about Shakespeare’s Hamlet
A Note on the Elizabethan Theater
A Note on the Text of Hamlet
William Shakespeare The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Ernest Jones Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex
Anne Barton The Promulgation of Confusion
Stanley Wells On the First Soliloquy
Elaine Showalter Representing Ophelia
Claire Bloom Playing Gertrude on Television
Bernice W. Kliman The BBC Hamlet: A Television Production
Stanley Kauffmann At Elsinore
Will Saretta Branagh’s Film of Hamlet
C H A P T E R
23
Identity in America
Essays 0
Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence
Anna Lisa Raya It’s Hard Enough Being Me
Andrew Lam Goodbye, Saigon, Finally
Fiction
Isaac Bashevis Singer The Son from America
Amy Tan Two Kinds
Louise Erdrich The Red Convertible
Katherine Min Courting a Monk
Poetry
Emma Lazarus The New Colossus
Thomas Bailey Aldrich The Unguarded Gates
Joseph Bruchac III Ellis Island
Edwin Arlington Robinson Richard Cory
0
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Contents
Aurora Levins Morales Child of the Americas
Gloria Anzaldua To Live in the Borderlands Means You
Jimmy Santiago Baca So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans
Langston Hughes Theme for English B
Pat Parker For the White Person Who Wants to Know How to Be My Friend
Mitsuye Yamada To the Lady
Drama 0
August Wilson Fences
Case Study: Writing about American Indian Identity
An Argument for America
Anonymous Arapaho My Children, When at First I Liked the Whites
Anonymous Arapaho Father, Have Pity on Me
Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney The Indian’s Welcome
to the Pilgrim Fathers
Robert Frost The Vanishing Red
Wendy Rose Three Thousand Dollar Death Song
Nila northSun Moving Camp Too Far
Sherman Alexie On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City
Representations—Visual and Verbal—of Pocahontas
John Smith John Smith Saved by Pocahontas
Miss Baker Last Wish of Pocahontas
George P. Morris Pocahontas
Moses Y. Scott Pocahontas
Paula Gunn Allen Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John Rolfe
John D’Entremont Review of Disney’s Pocahontas
C H A P T E R
24
Art and Life
A Note on Connections between Literature and the Other Arts
Six Quotations about the Arts
Your Turn: Responding to the Arts Essays
Essays
Oscar Wilde Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray
Pablo Picasso Talking about Art
Willa Cather Light on Adobe Walls
Ralph Ellison On Bird, Bird-Watching, and Jazz
Fiction
B. Traven Assembly Line
James Baldwin Sonny’s Blues
Alice Walker Everyday Use
Poetry
Edward Hirsch Fast Break
W. F. Bolton Might We Too?
Contents
Walt Whitman That Music Always Round Me
William Wordsworth The Solitary Reaper
John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn
Archibald MacLeish Ars Poetica
Paul Laurence Dunbar The Quilting
Nikki Giovanni For Saundra
Louise Glück The Mountain
Case Study: Writing about Literary Visions (Word and Image)
Thinking and Writing about Poems and Pictures
A Sample Essay by a Student: Tina Washington, Two Ways of Looking
at a Starry Night
Word and Image
Jane Flanders Van Gogh’s Bed
William Carlos Williams The Great Figure
Adrienne Rich Mourning Picture
Cathy Song Beauty and Sadness
Mary Jo Salter The Rebirth of Venus
Anne Sexton The Starry Night
W. H. Auden Musée des Beaux Arts
X. J. Kennedy Nude Descending a Staircase
Greg Pape American Flamingo
Carl Phillips Luncheon on the Grass
John Updike Before the Mirror
Wislawa Szymborska Brueghel’s Two Monkeys
C H A P T E R
25
Law and Disorder
Essays
Henry David Thoreau From Civil Disobedience
George Orwell A Hanging
Martin Luther King Jr. A Call for Unity
Case Study: Writing about the Sacco-Vanzetti Trial
Columbia Encylopedia Sacco-Vanzetti Case
Bartolomeo Vanzetti Remarks to a Reporter
Ben Shahn Drawing with Vanzetti’s Words
Bartolomeo Vanzetti (adapted by Selden Rodman) Last Speech to the Court
Katherine Anne Porter Afterward
Countee Cullen Not Sacco and Vanzetti
Edna St. Vincent Millay Justice Denied in Massachusetts
Fiction
Six Very Short Stories
Aesop A Lion and Other Animals Go Hunting
John [?] The Woman Taken in Adultery
Anonymous Three Hasidic Tales
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Contents
Franz Kafka Before the Law
Elizabeth Bishop The Hanging of the Mouse
Ursula Le Guin The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Case Study: Writing about Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery”
Shirley Jackson The Lottery
Manuscript Materials
The Typescript and the Letter by Gustave Lobrano
Galley Proofs
Shirley Jackson Biography of a Story
Encyclopaedia Britannica Scapegoat
Five Short Statements about the Theme in Jackson’s “The Lottery”
Two Interpretations by Students
Poetry
Anonymous Birmingham Jail
A. E. Housman The Carpenter’s Son
A. E. Housman Eight O’Clock
A. E. Housman Oh who is that young sinner
A. E. Housman The laws of God, the laws of man
Edgar Lee Masters Judge Selah Lively
Claude McKay If We Must Die
Jimmy Santiago Baca Cloudy Day
A P P E N D I X
A
Remarks about Manuscript Form
Basic Manuscript Form
Corrections in the Final Copy
Quotations and Quotation Marks
Quotation Marks or Underlining?
A Note on the Possessive
A P P E N D I X
B
Writing a Research Paper
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is
Primary and Secondary Materials
Locating Materials: First Steps
Other Bibliographic Aids
Taking Notes
Two Mechanical Aids: The Photocopier and the Word Processor
A Guide to Note-Taking
Drafting the Paper
Focus on Primary Sources
Documentation
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetical Citations, and a List of
Works Cited (MLA Format)
Contents
A P P E N D I X
C
New Approaches to the Research Paper:
Literature, History, and the World
Wide Web
Case Study on Literature and History: The Internment
of Japanese Americans
Literary Texts
Mitsuye Yamada The Question of Loyalty
David Mura An Argument: On 1942
Historical Sources
Basic Reference Books (Short Paper)
Getting Deeper (Medium Paper)
Other Reference Sources (Long Paper)
Too Much Information?
Electronic Sources
Encyclopedias: Print and Electronic Versions
The Internet/World Wide Web
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web
á Checklist: A Review of Using the WWW
Documentation: Citing a WWW Source
MLA General Conventions
á Checklist: Citing WWW Sources
Additional Print and Electronic Sources
Search Engines and Directories
Print Directories
Print Articles on Literature, History, and the WWW
Evaluating Websites and Materials
A P P E N D I X
D
Literary Research: Print
and Electronic Resources
The Basics Moving Ahead: Finding Sources for Research Work
Literature—Print Reference Sources
Other Reference Resources
Bibliographies
Literature—Electronic Sources
Other Useful Sites on Authors
History—Reference and Bibliography Sources
WWW Sites for History
Periodicals—Print and Electronic Sources
For General Bibliography in the Humanities
For Evaluating Point of View, Content, and Intended Audience
of Sources
Other Resources
What Does your Own Institution Offer?
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Contents
A P P E N D I X
E
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Terms
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems 0