ATESTABLEHYPOTHESIS:CREATIONANDEVOLUTION
by
Billie Lyn Jensen
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
© copyright, 2012, all rights reserved.
Cover art by Kelli Lucey
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Acknowlegdements
A special thanks to my husband, Thomas J. Jensen, who spent countless
hours listening to ideas and suggesting ways of presenting difficult concepts
without getting bogged down in the details.
To my children and grandchildren, who spent countless hours listening
and listening and listening…
To Eugenia Eshe for her helpful suggestions.
A particular thanks to Bette Daudu. Her patience and encouragement in
the editing process were blessings beyond measure.
Finally, a sincere thanks to all of you who have read these pages and
added valuable comments toward its readability.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Table of Contents
Acknowlegdements .................................................................................................................................................... 3
PartI.Concepts ..................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 1. Stereo-Topic Vision............................................................................................................. 8
TheHypothesis.......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter2.CommonTime ......................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter3.Not-So-CommonTime ......................................................................................................... 19
Chapter4.BeyondTime............................................................................................................................ 22
PartII:IntellectualDepth-Perception .................................................................................... 26
Chapter5.TwoTypesofDays ................................................................................................................ 27
ADefinitionofDays:................................................................................................................................................ 29
TwoAdditionalAssumptions:............................................................................................................................. 30
Chapter6.AnEvolutionaryEquation.................................................................................................. 32
Chapter7.HowManyYearsinaSuper-BigDay? ........................................................................... 35
Figure1.PatriarchBegatsinthe6thSuper-BigDay ................................................................................. 36
AnAside: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Option1:....................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Option2:....................................................................................................................................................................... 40
TheBiblicalEstimatefortheAgeofOurSolarSystemis........................................................................ 41
TheScientificEstimate,AgeofOurSolarSystem: ..................................................................................... 41
Chapter8.WhereinCreationAreWe? ............................................................................................... 43
Figure2.TheGeographicalTimePeriods...................................................................................................... 44
TheUnalignedTimelines ...................................................................................................................................... 46
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Chapter9.DealingwithaParadox ....................................................................................................... 52
Chapter10.WhereAreWe? .................................................................................................................... 58
Chapter11.Are-calculation.................................................................................................................... 66
ALittleSomethingtoThinkAbout: .................................................................................................................. 67
PartIII.RealityCheck ................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter12.IntheBeginning................................................................................................................... 70
Chapter13.TheFirstFiveSuper-BigDays ....................................................................................... 77
Chapter14.TheGardenofEden............................................................................................................ 86
Chapter15.What’sinaName? .............................................................................................................. 99
Chapter16.TheNoahFamily ...............................................................................................................104
Table2: Early6thSuper-BigDayEvolution...........................................................................................105
Chapter17.TheAbilitytoLaugh.........................................................................................................110
Chapter18.TheBottomLine ................................................................................................................117
Afterwords......................................................................................................................................123
Appendices .....................................................................................................................................126
AppendixA(ComputingSBDs).........................................................................................................................127
AppendixB(ComputingtheAgeoftheSolarSystem)...........................................................................130
AppendixC(Creation)..........................................................................................................................................134
AppendixCV(CosmicView) ..............................................................................................................................139
AppendixD(Derivations)...................................................................................................................................140
AppendixDAE(DevelopingAnEquation)...................................................................................................151
AppendixQ4(QuestionAboutThe4thSBD)...............................................................................................159
AppendixS(Shem) ................................................................................................................................................161
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
AppendixT(Tedious)...........................................................................................................................................166
AppendixY(Years)................................................................................................................................................173
AppendixYA(YearsAgo)....................................................................................................................................174
References ......................................................................................................................................175
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Part I. Concepts
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Chapter 1. Stereo-Topic Vision
Where did we come from? What or Who gave rise to human beings?
Institutions, like individuals, have their own methods for determining an answer to
this question:
•
The religious community sees our origins in the written word,
particularly as found in the book of Genesis.
•
The scientific community sees our origins in an examination of the
world around us.
Quite a lot of time and energy has been spent determining which of these
two methods is valid, but…what if God and Darwin are really friends? What if the
answer to both sides of the Creation/Evolution debate is a single solution that fits
these two separate points of view?
When we look at the world around us, we see things from two different
points of view every day. We are stereoscopic. Each eye receives a single, 2dimensional image and sends it to both sides of the brain where these two
separate images are then integrated into a single, 3-dimensional picture of our
world. Without the joining of these two images, we see two separate points of
view, each totally believable, but without any depth to either of them. (If you don’t
believe me, try closing one of your eyes.)
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
For over 150 years, the view points of Creation and Evolution have been
“at odds” with one another, each “eye” on the subject of our origins stubbornly
closed to the other “eye’s” point of view, and the result has been…well…flat.
The evolution of stereoscopic vision took a long time to accomplish. This
evolution involved a migration of our ancestors’ eyes from the sides of
their heads to a front, forward-looking position and an evolution of the
brain’s nerve cells in order to accommodate the subsequent overlapping
of these two separate images.
Is it possible to look at the origin of our species from two separate points
of view and see it, too, as a single, in-depth image? If so, we may have to use
our intellect (rather than an evolved, automatic eye-brain integration) in order to
synthesize the information of Creation and Evolution and become “stereo-topic”
in our intellectual viewpoint. In any case, a change in the way we understand
things may take some time…although, hopefully, not as long as stereoscopic
sight
If conscious participation is needed, it will take patience, a sense of
humor, a desire to see topics from more than one perspective, some common
sense, and—occasionally—an almost total disregard for fixed, immutable ideas.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
With regard to the topic of “our origins”, it seems prudent to point out that
the two groups of protagonists (i.e., the Creationists and the Evolutionists) have
more things in common than they may realize:
•
Both are looking for an answer to the same question: Where do we come
from?
•
Both groups tend to preserve the past.
In the scientific community, without this attitude we wouldn’t be able
to re-examine previous conclusions (like the early idea that our
earth was the center of the universe, for example). In the religious
community, without this attitude we wouldn’t still have the book of
Genesis in its near-to-original (but still translated) form to look at
and argue about some 35001 years after Moses claimed to have
received it from God.
•
Both groups have objects and ideas they consider to be carved in stone.
Fossils and The Ten Commandments are only two of them.
•
Both groups are dealing with change.
Scientists deal with the changing interpretation of a changing world,
while theologians deal with the changing interpretations of a variety
of languages.
111
The Moses time-period is usually stated as around 1440 B.C. for The Exodus
Moses having been born 80 years earlier.
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[Bible.ca]
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
In addition, there are somewhat similar changes that occur in both
arenas: just as an animal ancestor evolves into many species, so,
too, does a single word evolve into many variations of that word.
For example, mammals differentiated into monotremes, marsupials
and placentals; while the word deer differentiated into elk, moose,
raindeer, etc.
•
In spite of having to deal with change, neither scientists nor theologians
seem to like change.
It took scientists about 1300 years (between the time of Ptolemy
and Copernicus) to admit that the earth really wasn’t the center of
the known universe. [FamSci] It took the church about 1360 years
(between the 600 A.D. restriction that only Latin could used for the
Bible, to the Second Vatican Council of 1962-1964) to abandon the
concept that one single language, Latin, wasn’t the center of the
church.
•
The ways in which scientists and creationists examine certain problems
are similar.
Scientific arguments about the evolution of species often revolve
around interpretations of the remains of ancient fossils, while
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Biblical arguments among theologians often revolve around
interpretations of the remains of ancient texts.
•
The ancient remains of fossils and texts are relatively few, making both
sets of remains precious to those examining them.
•
Both scientists and theologians have difficulty adapting to change,
particularly ideological ones.
Because of the differences in their subject matter, scientists and
theologians have had to develop separate skill sets in order to interpret their
findings. Unfortunately, just as the specialization of species can result in the
inability to adapt to new surroundings, specialization of the mind can make it
difficult to adapt to new ideas.
Rather than starting with any preconceived ideas about Creation and
Evolution, let’s look at these subjects as if we are examining an unknown piece
of art…or…an unknown fossil. In fact, it will be helpful if we try and view the
information from both sources as if it all were simply…data. Then we’ll be in the
right mindset to examine the issues and to bridge the gap between them. The
fact is, regardless of any attempt to see things stereo-topically, without both
Creation and Evolution we will have no way to test the hypothesis found on the
following page.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
The Hypothesis
On the Creationists’ side,
IF
(1) (God exists2,
(2) speaks only the truth3, and
(3) gave that truth to Moses, as written in Psalm 90 4 and in the
Creation story found in the Book of Genesis;
AND
on the Evolutionists’ side,
IF
(4) scientists have been seeking the truth, and
(5) have correctly found the Theory of Evolution,
THEN
we should be able to find correlations between the truths of
Creation and truths of Evolution.
The initial reaction to such a hypothesis might cause some people to raise
an eyebrow and ask one particular question:
“How could the world have been created in 6 days?!”
2
All references to Biblical passages will be listed as footnotes. In this case, please reference
Exodus 3:13-15. All non-Biblical references will be indicated within the text and enclosed with
brackets.
3
Isaiah 45: 22,23; John 4:24.
4
The Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament, Psalm 90:1 and Psalm 90:4.
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I’ve yet to hear a satisfactory answer to the above question… at least, one
that satisfied my need for precision and testability. Therefore, this paper will
begin with a common sense look of the concept of “time”...even though it may
take a little…well…time…to present, because time isn’t as “straight forward” as
some might think.
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Chapter2.CommonTime
In a society that makes extensive use of schedules, the concept of time
might seem fairly straightforward. Some of us, particularly those of us in an urban
society, get up in the morning and go to bed at night according to a clock. We
may even go to work, eat our meals, attend meetings, and catch buses, trains,
and airplanes according to a clock. In fact, if we could, we might be born…and
even die by a clock. (Maybe we were…and maybe we will.) At any rate, it doesn’t
really matter if it is night or day; for many people, time seems to be determined
by a clock.
Over the years, however, the concept of time has changed. (It, like
evolution, seems to be a work in progress.) Rather than always being as rigid as
it may now seem, there was a time when people had to work very hard to define
the concept of one day, one month, and one year.
Our ancestors watched the shadow of the sun during the day and the
phases of the moon and the positions of the stars at night. As a result of their
observations and many years of contemplation, many of us now feel comfortable
defining one day as a single rotation of our planet Earth around its own axis, one
month as a single rotation of the moon around the Earth, and one year as a
single rotation of the Earth around the Sun. It might seen that there are very few
who would argue about these definitions, let alone question them: time seems to
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
be determined by the motion of heavenly bodies. Even so, the way that we
define time is unique to this one particular planet in this one particular solar
system. Time is relative.
First of all, it depends on the person doing the defining and is greatly
influenced by that person’s culture. On Earth there are a number of different
calendars, some based on the position of the sun, some on the position and
phase of the moon, and some based on a combination of both. Besides the
Gregorian calendar, there are the Hebrew, the Mayan, the Islamic, the Indian,
and the Chinese calendars, among several others.
Many people prefer to think of time as a single straight line which can be
divided into regular intervals, thereby creating a place to put all the events of our
lives. It’s a neatly organized system and can give a sense of stability to those
who might need or want it. Although this system cannot predict the future, it does
allow us to record the events of the past. On the other hand, straight-line time
isn’t for everyone. Some people think of time as being circular (e.g., the Mayan
calendar uses concentric rings as its organizational system [Maya]). Others view
time as a river. And some deny the existence of time altogether. Einstein
considered time to be the 4th dimension, i.e., the dimension coming after the first
3 dimensions of height, width, and depth.
Time also depends on the location of the person defining the concept: a
year to someone “living” on Pluto (even if defined as a single rotation of Pluto
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
around the sun) would certainly not be the same length of time as a year to
someone on Earth. And how would a person living on a planet with 9 moons (or,
perhaps, on a planet with no moons at all) determine the length of one month?
Any comparison of time between two entities and their different ways of
measuring time needs a way to convert from one of those time frames to the
other. For example, if we on Earth measure one year to be roughly 365.25 days,
then, we would say that Pluto revolves around the Sun every 247.92 Earth years.
[Starhawk]
If there is no good reason to do otherwise, an individual tends to tell
things from his or her own point of view. The fact is, we all view reality through
the “eyes” of who we are; so time, among other things, seems to be determined
by whomever is doing the "viewing."
In fact, even if we use today’s definitions of time, the lengths of an Earth
year and an Earth day have changed…over “time”. Depending on the approach
of individual scientists, if anyone had measured the length of one day around 900
million years ago, a single day had between 18 and19.2 hours in it [Sonett], 5 And
even if we assumed that the distance the Earth travels around the Sun hasn’t
changed over the years, a change in the length of one day will cause a
corresponding change in the number of days that make up one year. [Lathe]
5
The calendar used during Noah’s time indicates 360 days in a year.
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[Genesis 7:1 – 8:14.]
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Although neither of the above estimates for the number of hours in the
length of a single day (some 900 million years ago) should be treated as absolute
and unchangeable, the bottom line is: If our world once took around 18 or 19
hours to complete one rotation around its own axis, but now takes about 24
hours to do the same thing, then the world has “slowed down a bit” over the
years. Therefore, the concept of one “day” must ultimately be in a constant state
of “re-definement”.
In this universe, all things seem to to change: people, languages, houses,
stars…and even definitions. All things seem to experience time. Whether there is
an awareness of this experience is another matter, entirely.
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Chapter3.Not-So-CommonTime
A “timeline” is a chronological sequence of events. Many timelines can fit
into a 3-dimensional space. We are so used to this co-existence that we barely
notice it; but if we look closely at our surroundings, we will discover other
timelines embedded in the one that may seem the most familiar to us. In fact,
many of these timelines have “events” in common. For example, most (if not all)
seem to have a beginning, a middle and an end (i.e., a “coming into being time”,
a “growing time”, and an “end time”). However, the time that it takes to run
through individual timelines often differs.
There exist timelines for insects (some whose lives begin and end in a
single human year), stars (whose “lifetimes” consist of billions of years), and
bubbles which are “come into existence”, “grow bigger” and “pop out of
existence” in a few seconds. A more familiar timeline may be a dog’s lifespan:
except for puppyhood, it speeds along about 7 times faster than a human’s. In
fact, our entire universe is composed of many timelines. co-existing and
sometimes intermingling with one another.
Although it might seem like a flight of fancy, plants seem to experience
time differently than humans, too. In order to better understand Tree Time, there
must be a way of relating “Tree Time” to “Human Time (just as we related a Pluto
year to an Earth year).
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Therefore, let’s imagine that trees go about their business as if an entire
year, to us, is the occurrence of a single day, to them. This time-relationship can
be expressed as
1 year (Human Time) = 1 day (Tree Time).
Equation 1
In this scenario, the trees might wake up in the springtime, get their sap
moving, and put on their many shades of green clothing. In the summer, they
might feed themselves (or be fed), laze about, and wave “hi” and “bye-bye” to
whatever the wind chooses to bring along or take away. In the autumn, they
might ready themselves for bed by throwing their “leafy clothes” down on the
ground (much like some little children I know…); and, finally, in winter, they might
sleep…snug and warm beneath a blanket of snow.
If all of this seems a bit too fanciful, then we might ask ourselves why the
Israelites were told (by God via Moses) to give the land and its plants a Sabbath
every 7 years.
“Yahweh spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai; he said ‘Speak to the sons of Israel,
and say to them, “When you enter the land that I am giving you, the land is to
keep a sabbath’s rest for Yahweh. For six years you shall prune your vine and
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
gather its produce. But in the seventh year the land is to have its rest, a
Sabbath for Yahweh. You must not sow your field or prune your vine, or
harvest your ungathered corn or gather grapes from your untrimmed vine. It
is to be a year of rest for the land.”’6
This would make sense only if we used Equation 1, because every 7
“days” (for a “tree Sabbath”) would amount to every 7 years in human time. It
would seem that the Bible “invites” us to look at time in a variety of ways, as well
as from perspectives other than our own.
6
Leviticus 25:1-5.
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Chapter4.BeyondTime
According to Einstein, space and time are linked together. [Britannica] (He
called it space-time.) Assuming Einstein was correct, it seems reasonable that if
space is stretchable, then time is stretchable, too.
(Of course, it remains questionable that space can be stretched, but if we
believe that our universe has been “expanding” since the “Big Bang” and
that our universe is “space”, then expanding that space certainly seems a
lot like “stretching” it, to me…)
If space can be stretched, then a plane can be stretched…and if a plane
can be stretched, then a line can be stretch...and if that line happens to contain
chronologically-ordered events, then it is a stretchable timeline. If this pattern of
events is found on more than one timeline, then we have a pattern of events on
stretchable time. Perhaps, we should call this stretchable time “Rubber Band
Time”.
The use of Rubber Band Time can be illustrated by the following example:
Assume that a human fetus goes through all the same stages that have occurred
in the evolution of Homo sapiens. 7 If this assumption is true, then the patterns of
7
Believe it or not, after a world-wide seach in the early 1980s by librarians at the National
Institute of Health (NIH) Library, no such correlation could be found by the surprised researchers,
merely a mention of the need for such an investigation at a meeting of scientists in Switzerland.
many years before. Even so, the correlation of fetal development and eveolution seems to have
been taken for granted for a good many years now.
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a short human fetal period (i.e., about 9 months) should match the patterns of a
long evolution time period (let’s say, for the sake of demonstration, about 900
million years). In order to test this theory, we must somehow stretch out the fetal
patterns of these 9 months and compare them to the patterns in a much longer
evolution timeline. Since 9 months and 900 million years are two different
timelines with two different sets of data, we must have a way to compare the two.
Let’s assume that
9 months (Fetal-Time) = 900 million years (Evolution-Time) Equation 2
and see if a comparison can be made.
Envision a rubber band that has been cut, so that it can be laid out flat.
Then pretend that you could record all you know about fetal development and put
the data on the rubber band. The size of this rubber band, un-stretched,
represents 9 months of time. Now, find yourself a timeline of evolution…any size
timeline will do, as long as it represents the last 900 million years of evolution
and is longer than the rubber band.
Then the fetal rubber band timeline can be str-r-r-e-tched until it is the
same size as the evolution timeline. (If the evolution timeline is shorter than the
fetal timeline, you will have to shrink the fetal timeline, instead…or stretch the
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
evolution timeline so that the two timelines are the same size.) In this way, if a
month in the fetal rubber band timeline took up 1/9 of the rubber band’s length,
then after the rubber band was stretched or shrunk, a month would still take up
1/9 of the longer rubber band length. That is, the ratio of events before and after
stretching or shrinking remains the same.
When the fetal timeline and the evolution timeline are the “same size”,
pound nails into the ends of the rubber band timeline—so that it doesn’t shrink
back to its original size—and look at the two timelines, side by side. We now
have a workable way to compare the two timelines.
Is this kind of comparison actually possible? Yes, if we know enough
about fetal development and enough about evolution. Instead of stretching a
rubber band, we can use an equation—in this case, Equation 2, found in this
chapter—in order to make the timelines the same size.
Can we use the concept of Rubber Band Time to compare Creation and
Evolution? Again…yes, if we know enough about the first book of the Bible, as
well as enough about evolution and have a mathematical formula to link the two.
We may not have to stretch a rubber band, anymore, but we may have to stretch
our minds and our imaginations to get any further. Old ways of thinking are
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
sometimes too rigid to accommodate new ideas (sort of like old wine skins trying
to hold new wine.8)
What if we could line up the existence of dinosaurs with a particular event
in the book of Genesis...or the evolution of a particular species with the advent of
a particular patriarch? What if billions of years of geological changes in earth’s
history matched the Biblical delineations of these same events? It would be like
joining the 2 separate hemispheres of a single brain in order to solve one of life’s
most perplexing problems: the origin of our species…or, more appropriately, it
would be like taking the 2-dimensional image of creation and the 2-dimensional
image of evolution and using our minds to join them into a single in-depth 3dimensional image of the origins of our species.
8
Matthew 9:17.
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Part II: Intellectual Depth-Perception
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Chapter5.TwoTypesofDays
The question of “time” is fundamental to our understanding of the book of
Genesis because we need to figure out how many years are in that book…from a
human’s point of view. In fact, it may be that we will have to look at the time in
Genesis from at least 2 different perspectives; and we may have been given help
to do so since there appears to be 2 different perspectives with regard to the
story of Creation.
Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible indicates that Gen. 1:1 - 2:3 (i.e.,
“Genesis, chapter 1, verse 1” through “Genesis, chapter 2, verse 3”) consists of
an introduction, while the rest of Genesis is concerned with tracing the origins of
the family of Jacob. [ECB, 2003, pp. 32, 33] It is true that there seems to be two parts to
the book of Genesis. If the first chapter actually consists of a “bigger picture” than
the rest of Genesis, then it may be that
•
Gen. 1:1 – Gen. 2:3 is an “overview” of the entire 6-day Creation process
(plus one day of rest), at least, as far as our small corner of the universe is
concerned; and
•
Gen. 2:4 - Gen. 50:26 (i.e., the rest of Genesis) is an elaboration of the 6th
day of Creation (talked about in the “overview”), the day during which the
land creatures and humans were created. (See below.)
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6th Day of Creation
From the beginning
of man (i.e., from
Gen. 2:4)
…to the end of the
book of Genesis
(i.e., to Gen. 50:26)
If we look at Genesis in this way, it raises the possibility that there are at
least two different-sized days in this single book of the Bible: the length of days
in the first chapter of Genesis and a different-sized day in the rest of the book
(i.e., in Genesis, chapters 2:4 – 50:26).
Actually, this is not as strange as it may seem. The Hebrew word
translated a “day” is yom, and how it is used in Genesis seems to be
unique. It has been hotly debated over the years, but the arguments for a
sequential pattern rather than strictly deliminated amount of time seem the
most likely interpretation and supports the meaning of “extended period”
or “age”. [Whitefield]
So as not to get confused with the variety of lengths that a day might have, let’s
define our very own terms for keeping this straight, and see where it takes us.
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A Definition of Days:
•
Let each of the “6 days of Creation “(and the 7th day of rest) in Genesis 1:1
– 2:3 be defined as a “Super-Big Day” (SBD).
•
Let the size of the 6th SBD be determined by the number of years in
Genesis 2:4 – 50:26 (i.e., by the number of years in the rest of Genesis).9
Since we have assumed that God gave the book of Genesis to Moses,
then the time in Genesis is probably given from God’s point of view…but put into
terms that Moses could understand. After all, if one of my young children asked
me “Mommy, where did I come from?” I would try to tell the child the truth from
my own perspective but in terms that the child could understand; and any God of
mine would be expected to do no less. Why complicate the matter with DNA,
dinosaurs, plate tectonics, etc. when the child wouldn’t have a clue as to what I
was talking about…or a need to know about such things at that point in time,
anyway? (In fact, perhaps that’s why the Genesis stories that are told to children
are so…uncomplicated. Remember, we as a species were relatively young at the
9
This definition is merely a starting point; it may change, depending on the result of our
subsequent research.
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time of Moses, i.e., about 1400 BCE10, [Judaism101]…or about 2400 B.C. [Exodus],
depending on who you listen to. In fact, we still are.)
Two Additional Assumptions:
1. For the moment, assume that all SBDs involve the same amount of time, no
matter how we end up defining the terms time and day.
(Why? Because, over the millennia, the definition of time has changed and
I don’t want to deal with those changes right now…and…I’m betting that
you don’t, either!) 11
2. Assume that the Creation of humans is still ongoing and, thus, we are still
within the 6th SBD.
(Why? Because according to the Bible, on the 6th SBD, God said “Let us
make man in our own image, in the likeness of ourselves…And so it was.
God saw all he had made and indeed it was very good.”12 Call me cynical,
10
BCE: Before the Common Era; i.e., before the birth of Christ.
Anyone who believes in a logical, intelligent God should know right now that the additional
assumptions were made because of my own inadequacies, not some omnipotent Being’s.
12
Genesis 1:26-31.
11
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
but “all” does not seem “very good” yet. I just can’t believe that what I am
and what I see around me are examples of God’s finished products.)
In addition to these assumptions, in order to see if we can begin to
compare Creation and Evolution, we still need to answer the following questions:
“Can the world have been created in 6 Super-Big Days (6 SBDs)?”
and
“Just how many years, as humans view time, are there in these
hypothetical SBDs, anyway?!”
In order answer these questions, we first need to know how many years
are in the book of Genesis, chapters 2:4 – 50:26. Then, since we have assumed
that God gave Genesis to Moses and that the years in Genesis were probably
expressed from God’s point of view, we need a way to convert from God-time to
Human-Time. In other words, we need another equation.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Chapter6.AnEvolutionaryEquation
Common sense tells some of us that a day is composed of seconds,
minutes, and hours…not years (except, perhaps, for “Tree-Time” found back in
Chapter 3). Yet, according to Moses in the Old Testament—or, as it is sometimes
called, the First Testament—and according to the disciple Peter in the New
Testament, there are at least 2 ways to view time: God’s way and a human’s
way.13 In the following quote, both Moses and Peter imply that “one day”, to God,
is like a 1000 human years:
“…a thousand years in Thy sight are like a day that has just gone by…” 14
The above quote can be written mathematically as follows:
1000 years Human-Time (HT) = 1 day God-Time (GT),
Equation 3
In order to compare Creation and Evolution with regard to the amount of
time involved in our “development” means that we need to solve yet another two
problems:
13
In this paper, the concept of Human-Time refers to 24 hours in a day, 7 days in a week and
approximately 365.25 days in a year.
14
Psalm 90:4; 2 Peter 3:8.
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1. How many years—as we humans tell time—are in the 6th SBD and, thus, in
every other SBD?...and…
2. How much time has elapsed in the 6th SBD; that is, where are we in the 6th
SBD of our evolution?
When these two questions have been answered, we can then add
•
the amount of time in the first five Super-Big Days plus
•
the amount of completed (or elapsed) time in 6th Super-Big Day;
and this will give us the Biblical estimate of how long ago (in human terms) God
said
“Let there be light”, 15
that is, how long ago the Bible says our solar system was created. This number
can then be compared to the scientific age of our solar system, and depending
15
Genesis 1:3.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
on the outcome, we can either continue with the Creation/Evolution
comparison…or…go find another problem to ponder.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Chapter7.HowManyYearsinaSuper-BigDay?
Important days are often remembered by significant events such as births
and deaths. So it is with the book of Genesis…except that what we think of as
“births” are often referred to as “begats” in this first book of the Bible. It should
also be noted that in this paper, all males in Adam’s line of descent—i.e., in the
book of Genesis—are referred to as “patriarchs.”16
The relative time-distances between the patriarchs are determined by
when each one was begat.17 The 6th Super-Big Day of Creation, found in the
following Figure 1, is a graphic representation of those begat-times. The names
and events of the patriarchs Adam through Joseph occur during chapters 2
through 50 of Genesis; and these 23 patriarchs are the only names that will be
covered in this book. This “day of many births” has been described/translated as
having occurred on “day 6” of Creation,18 beginning with the animals and
culminating with humans, both male and female.
“God saw all that was created and it was good. And there was evening and there
was morning—the sixth day.”
16
In Judaism, only Abraham, Isaac and Jacob are referred to as the Patriarchs.
The times mentioned in Genesis are given in a “forward” direction (i.e., progressing from the
past toward the present): when Adam was 130 years old (GT) he begat Seth; when Seth was 105
years old he begat…etc.
18
Genesis 1: 24-27. [“The Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament”]
17
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Figure 1. Patriarch Begats in the 6th Super-Big Day
Adam
130 yrs (GT)
Seth
Enosh
Kenan
(Cainan)
Mahalalel
105 yrs (GT)
90 yrs (GT)
70 yrs (GT)
65 yrs (GT)
Jared
162 yrs (GT)
Enoch
65 yrs (GT)
Methuselah
187 yrs (GT)
Lamech
183 yrs (GT)
Noah
Nephilim
500 yrs (GT)
Shem
Flood
Arphaxad
Shelah
Eber
Peleg
Reu
Serug
Nahor
Terah
100 yrs (GT)
35 yrs (GT)
30 yrs (GT)
34 yrs (GT)
30 yrs (GT)
32 yrs (GT)
30 yrs (GT)
29 yrs (GT)
70 yrs (GT)
Abram
Sodom and
Gomorrah
100 yrs (GT)
Isaac
60 yrs (GT)
Jacob
Joseph
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
An Aside:
Recently, I had thought to modify the above graph because of new
information. Thanks to “The Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old
Testament and its translation of Genesis 5:32, Genesis 8:13, Genesis
11:10, and a bit of reasoning, the year of Shem’s “begat” could be
calculated as occurring when Noah was 502 years old instead of age
500.19 (See Appendix S, where “S” stands for “Shem” for the reasoning.)
However, I’ve chosen to leave this information out of my estimates
because there is more than one way to account for the discrepancy in
Noah’s age at the time of Shem’s “begat”, and until I know why this
discrepancy exists (if in fact, this level of discernment is possible), the
Genesis number in this book hasn’t been modified.
Normally, we would count up the total years between the patriarchal
“begats” in Genesis, chapters 2-50, in order to get the total number of God-years
in the 6th Super-Big Day. Unfortunately, one “begat” is missing: When did Jacob
“beget” Joseph? This will make it difficult to determine when the 6th SBD will end.
Since there is no explicit mention of Joseph’s “birth” in the book of
Genesis, should we “count” him as a part of the 6th Super-Big Day…or not? (This
19
In most cases, The Jerusalem Bible has been used as the preferred translation. For any
exceptions, the Biblical reference is noted.
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problem was a bit tougher than finding out when Noah begat Shem.) Eventually,
however—while working on a totally different problem—the time when Joseph
was somehow “brought into being” was solved. (See Appendix DAE, where
“DAE” stands for “Developing An Equation”.)
Unfortunately, there still exists an enigma: Why would there be a break in
an otherwise traditional manner of presenting the next generation? Was this a
matter of the translation of the text? Regardless of what may eventually be
discovered, it was because of this question that there are 2 options for
determining the number of God-years in the 6th Super-Big Day: Option 1 does not
include the time represented by Joseph and Option 2 does include Joseph.
These options will give us a minimum and a maximum size for the 6th
SBD…which, in turn, will be used to determine the minimum and maximum
amount of time since the Biblical beginning of our solar system. (See Appendix A
for the actual computations of what follows.)
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Option 1:
We can ignore Joseph entirely since he was not tied numerically to his
predecessors by a “begat”…a strange thing to happen in a book where every
other patriarch either begot or was begotten by someone. In other words, we can
use only the begats from the time of Adam up to the patriarch before Joseph, i.e.,
up to Jacob.20
Minimum Years in the 6th Super-Big Day
Option 1
th
The beginning of the 6 SBD =
The Creation of Adam
Assume that the beginning of Jacob’s life
th
numerically determines the end of the 6 SBD.
Counting up the “begat years” in Genesis represented by Option 1 (see Appendix
Y, where “Y” stands for “Years”) gives us a total time of 2106 God years. Using
Equation 3,
i.e., 1000 years (HT) – 1 day (GT)
Equation 3,
to convert from God-Time (GT) to Human-Time (HT) gives us the following (see
Appendix A, section (1) for the actual computation):
The Minimum Size of the 6th SBD = 2106 years (GT)
= 769,216,500 years (HT)
20
I could have used the years up to the end of Jacob’s life, but I opted for as true a minimum as
possible by counting only the years up to Jacob’s birth.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Option 2:
We can make use of the information from Appendix J, finding that Joseph
“came into being” when Jacob was 91 years old (GT) and that the book of
Genesis ends when Joseph died at the age of 110 years (GT).21 This would give
the years (in God-Time) from the beginning of Adam to the end of Joseph as
2106 + 91 +110 = 2307 years (GT), i.e., the maximum number of years for the 6th
Super-Big Day of Creation. (See Appendix Y.)
Maximum Years in the 6th Super-Big Day
Option 2
th
The beginning of the 6 SBD =
The Creation of Adam
Assume that the end of Joseph’s life numerically
th
determines the end of the 6 SBD.
Again, using Equation 3 to convert 2307 years God-Time into Human-Time
gives us the following (see Appendix A, section (2), for the actual computation):
The Maximum Size of the 6th SBD = 2307 years (GT)
= 842,631,750 years (HT).
Options 1 and 2 mean that there are between 769 and 843 million years (HT) in
one Super-Big Day of Creation, which is a significant amount of time when we
consider that dinosaurs disappeared only 65 million years ago (HT).
21
Genesis 50:26.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
In order to get a rough estimate for how long ago God said “Let there be
light.” 22 (and to see if any of this makes sense), let’s first assume that we are
near the end of the 6th SBD. This will allow us to approximate the age of our solar
system, without having to know where we actually are in the 6th SBD.
Since there is a minimum and a maximum to the size of a single SuperBig Day, there is also a minimum and a maximum for the total time span of 6 of
these SBDs. Therefore, the Biblical First Estimate for the birth of our solar
system is a human time-span between
“6 times the minimum” and “6 times the maximum” number of years in
one Super-Big Day,
or between (6 x 769,216,500) and (6 X 842,631,750) years ago. Therefore, we
have the following:
The Biblical Estimate for the Age of Our Solar System:
between 4,615,299,000 and 5,055,790,500 years ago (HT). 23
and according to scientists,
The Scientific Estimate, Age of Our Solar System:
between 4,550,000,000 and 5,000,000,000 years ago (HT). [Southwood, 2003,
p. 7], [Hawking, 1996, p.154]
22
23
Genesis 1:3.
Genesis 2-50 and Psalm 90.
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The range of the Biblical estimate is a bit wider than the scientific
estimate, but at least we know that the problem of a ‘Six-Day Creation’ can be
solved: It’s really about 6 Super-Big Days.
However, it’s important to remember that the Biblical estimate depended
on certain assumptions, which were deliberately set to its widest parameters:
1. the minimum elapsed time in the 6th SBD was set to the birth of
Jacob; and
2. that the maximum elapsed time in the 6th SBD was set to the
completion of the 6th Super-Big Day.
Apparently, “the Present” is somewhere inbetween these paremeters.
What we really need to do is to figure out exactly where we are in the
Biblical timeline, i.e., where “the present” time in history fits into the chronological
sequence of Biblical events? If we can do this, it will give us a better estimate for
the Biblical age of our solar system.
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Chapter8.WhereinCreationAreWe?
We now have a reason to look for correspondences between the “data” in
the book of Genesis and what we know about the evolutionary process. After all,
it’s one thing to see a correlation between Creation and Evolution in the overall
age of our solar system, but in order to give credence to this correlation, we must
see if the evolution of species has anything to do with what is found in the book
of Genesis. Unfortunately, this can’t be done until we can line up the Creation
timeline and the Evolution timeline…AND…we can’t line up the two timelines
until we figure out where/when modern day humanity occurs in the 6th SBD.
The fact is, we may know “where we are” on our own timeline (i.e., we
exist now!), but we do not know “where we are” on someone else’s timeline
(namely, God’s Creation timeline). The following Figure 2 represents the
“Geographical Time Periods” for the last 542 million years and is expressed in
Human Time (HT). It is in a form that most scientists will find familiar.24 The
phrase expressing a “million years ago” is abbreviated as “mya” for convenience.
24
Geological Time Periods are given in a “backward” direction. They measure time starting from
the present and move toward the past. For example, the dinosaurs disappeared at the end of the
Cretaceous time period which occurred 65 million years ago (mya).
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Figure 2. The Geographical Time Periods
Precambrian
542 mya (HT)
Cambrian
488.3 mya (HT)
Ordovician
443.7 mya (HT)
416 mya (HT)
Silurian
Devonian
359.2 mya (HT)
Carbonifero
us
299 mya (HT)
Permian
251 mya (HT)
Triassic
199.6 mya (HT)
Jurassic
145.5 mya (HT)
Dinosaurs
Cretaceous
65.5 mya (HT)
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
The Present
Time
44
Afr/S. Am.
split
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
In making the following Creation timeline, the years mentioned in Genesis
(i.e., the “begat times”) were left unchanged. That is, the use any conversion
formula was not used on the begat years. Later, the meaning and derivation of
each patriarch’s name was added to the picture. Why? Because, even words
come from somewhere. Species aren’t the only things that evolve with the
passage of time.
The derivation of a word traces the meanings of a word back to its origin.
This “origin” is called the “root” word. There are a string of meanings in a word’s
derivation because (as stated in Chapter 1) languages and translations of
languages change over time. The changes that occur within languages are much
like the evolution of species: each word of an old language evolves into many
meanings much like one ancestor out of the distant past evolves into many
offspring. (See Appendix C, where “C” stands for “Creation”, and Appendix D,
where “D” stands for “Derivations”.) 25, [Strong], [TINHEOT]
In order to understand the original meaning of an old document (such as
the book of Genesis), we need to understand the original meanings of the words
within that document.
25
In most cases, Strong’s Concordance has been used to trace words back to their origins, or
prime roots. Occasionally, “The Hebrew-English Concordance to the Old Testament” by
Kohlenberger III and Swanson has also been used. Later, I began investigating ancient Hebrew
pictographs, which allowed an even deeper understanding of the Biblical text; but this wasn’t a
part of the original research, so it hasn’t been included in this paper.
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The Creation and Evolution timelines (i.e., Figures 1 and 2) were put on
“the same time base” by using Equation 3 to change the geographical time
periods in Figure 2 from Human-Time into God-Time. These times were then
graphed onto the same kind of graph paper I had used for the Creation timeline.
Thus, I had two graphs: one that represented the 6th Super-Big Day of Creation
and another graph that represented hundreds of millions of years of Evolution,
both in forms that would allow a comparison of the two concepts of human
origins. This, in essence, duplicates the Rubber Band Time process.
In order to align these timelines, a person or an event had to be found
common to both timelines. If found, this alignment would then be used to
discover if other names (or the derivations of these names) and/or the events of
Creation had anything in common with the important events found in Evolution.
The Unaligned Timelines
The following Figure TUT (where “TUT” means “The Unaligned Timelines”
have been put on the same time base (i.e., the evolution timeline has been
shrunk according to Equation 3), but neither has yet been “nailed down” because
we have not yet found a common point between the two timelines.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Adam
Figure TUT
(The Unaligned Timelines)
Seth
Enosh
Precambrian
Kenan (Cainan)
Mahalalel
Jared
Enoch
Cambrian
Methuselah
Ordovician
Lamech
Silurian
Devonian
Noah
Carboniferous
Permian
Nephilim
Triassic
Shem
Flood
Jurassic
Peleg
Sodom and
Gomorrah
Dinosaurs
Nahor
Terah
Abram
Cretaceous
Isaac
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Afr./S. Am. split
Jacob
Joseph
The Present
47
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
The question Where are we? in a particular day (in this case, in the 6th
SBD) can be likened to the same question in a normal work week:
•
We may know the correct day (it’s the 6th day of the week);
•
we may even know the correct length of that day (let’s say that there are
24 hours in it); but
•
we still need to know where we “are” in the day, i.e., what time it is. (For
example, if it’s 10 p.m., we have completed 22 hours in that day.)
The question How much time has elapsed in the 6th Super-Big Day? can
be illustrated by the following:
6th Super-Big Day of Creation
th
The beginning of the 6 SBD
(The Creation of Adam)
th
Are we (Homo
sapiens) here?
Are we here?
The end of the 6 SBD
(Either Option 1 or Option 2)
Finding an alignment isn’t an easy task. Eventually, in a fit of frustration at
the amount of work and time that it was taking—and unable to see what was right
in front of me—I gave one of those timelines a good, swift kick! And (would you
believe it?) that timeline fell back to the floor and landed next to the other timeline
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
in a position that actually made some sense! What I saw at that time…though
not an exact alignment…gave some interesting “coincidences”:
•
Adam “fell” into the Precambrian time period of Earth’s history, a time of
cellular development, and the first evidence of animal life.
•
In fact, Adam “fell” within close proximity to the time of “…the earliest
evidence for animals,” found in a fossil dating to about 760 million years
ago. [Ng]
•
The Nephilim—or Giants—corresponded to the middle of the time of the
dinosaurs, i.e., during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods,
dating from about 250 to 65 million years ago (but, unfortunately, the time
span was too wide to narrow down anything).
•
Noah’s Flood came near the beginning of the Cretaceous time period
(about 145 million years ago), a time when a majority of the earth was
covered with low-lying seas.
•
The first mention of bird outside of the first chapter of Genesis 26
corresponded to the time of Archaeopteryx lithographica, also known as
"ancient wing from the printing stone," at approximately 150 mya. [Berkeley1],
[Talkorigins2]
26
Genesis 6:6,7.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
•
Peleg, who was given his name because “…in his time the world was
divided”, 27 seemed to correspond to the time when the continents of
Africa and South America finally split apart. [Nature]
•
Nahor, whose name means to snort…or…nostril (see Appendix D),
seemed to correspond to the development of cattle, pigs, and horses.
•
Abram (whose name was later changed to Abraham) seemed to roughly
correspond to modern man, i.e., Homo sapiens.
And, suddenly, there it was in the last bulleted item: Abraham, whose
name means father of a multitude, a person believed to have actually existed by
historians, scientists and all 3 monotheistic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam. Here was a person who might bridge the gap between the Creation and
Evolution timelines with
•
Abram/Abraham, representing either hominids or Homo sapiens on the
Evolution timeline and
•
Abram/Abraham, representing a single individual on the Creation timeline.
It was a professor from my old alma mater who asked a question, the
answer to which I had long since taken for granted but had somehow failed to
27
Genesis 10:25.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
explain: “How can one man, believed to have lived around 2000 B.C. be the
embodiment of Homo sapiens, when Homo sapiens came into existence long
before Abraham was born? Isn’t this a paradox?”
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Chapter9.DealingwithaParadox
Abram’s name was changed to Abraham when he was 99 years old, GodTime. Abram/Abraham’s life is not a single point on the Creation timeline. He
lived 175 years, a good long life even by today’s standards. This stretch of time is
composed of many points and must be represented by a line, rather than a point.
Ignoring the name-change for the moment, Abraham’s particular lifeline starts at
his birth (point “a”) and goes to his death (point “b”, perhaps). If we are talking
about the historical Abraham, he is believed to have lived and died around 2000
BC (i.e., about 4000 years ago in Human Time); but if we are talking about the
species he may represent (e.g., Homo sapiens), then he is still alive and well, at
least as indicated by the evolution timeline. Tricky business, eh? But, is it a
paradox? Can Abraham be both dead and alive…at the same time? (A better
question might be Can Abraham be both a human being and the ideal
representative of his species? at the same time.) As might be expected, it
depends on one’s point of view.
If it’s true that we are actually “stuck inside of” one of those timelines—like
being stuck inside the 2-dimensional pages of this book, for example—it would
indeed seem like a paradox, because we could not see the other timeline. (That’s
true if we’re stuck in any “point of view,” by the way.)
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Luckily, we are on the outside of these book-pages in a 3-dimensional
space, rather than stuck inside a 2-dimensional one. In fact, we are reading all of
this material and can look at both of the timelines simultaneously (particularly if
we turn back to Figure TUT, “The Unaligned Timelines” in the last chapter);
therefore, to us, the idea might be confusing, but outside the space in which the
two timelines exist and looking at what I call rubber band timelines, the paradox
doesn’t really exist. Even knowing this, how can we imagine—let alone see and
understand—coexisting timelines (like, for example, 2 different human timelines)
occupying the same 3-dimensional space when these timelines can only be
observed from a higher dimension or pictured via a fertile imagination.
This brings to mind a famous paradox of someone traveling back in time
and killing one’s grandfather. (The paradox: If the grandfather is dead,
then the grandchild would not exist and could not travel back in time to kill
him.) If a person could, in fact, leave the “present” timeline (say, timeline
A)—and actually does so—then he or she already doesn’t exist in on
timeline A! Therefore, the timeline has ALREADY been changed (and is
minus a grandchild, to boot), whether the supposed “grandfather” is killed
or not.
In fact, if it is possible to leave timeline A and if the grandchild still exists
(but not in timeline A), then he or she must exist “somewhere
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
else”…perhaps in an alternate timeline (say, timeline B) or in some other
dimension. And, it is from this “somewhere else” that the grandchild
enters an earlier date on timeline A. This implies that if it is possible to go
back in time, then there must either be more than one timeline floating
around or a place outside the timeline(s) where humans can go,
exist…and from where they can return.
Is time travel possible? Is there a higher dimension than our own and from
which lower dimensions can be observed? Is there a “place” outside of (or
between) timelines where time does not exist? These are questions that have
intrigued many people for many years.
If we could “rise above” our present state of 4-dimensional existence,
some of these questions might become clear; but unless that happens, we may
have to be content with visualizing the effect such ideas might have on our daily
lives.
In Rubber Band Time, any two timelines can be compared if one of them
is stretched or shrunk in order to match the size of the other. In order to compare
the chronology of events in the book of Genesis to some other timeline, we can
either shrink or stretch these events…or…we can shrink or stretch the events of
the other timeline. In either case, the end result will be two timelines of the same
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
size (thus allowing a comparison of the two), but not necessarily representing the
same amount of time.
If one of the two timelines happens to be the chronology of events in the
book of Genesis, then the Genesis timeline is said to represent “God-Time”
because we have assumed that “God” gave the book of Genesis to Moses.
Individual events in the book of Genesis can also be compared to some
other timeline by using Rubber Band Time. The events in Abram/Abraham’s life
took 175 years (God-Time) to unfold. If we “put” these events on a rubber band
and stretch that rubber band—by using Equation 3, re-stated below—those 175
years (GT) will cover approximately 64 million years (HT) on the evolution
timeline. How?
1 day (God-Time) = 1000 years (Human-Time)
Equation 3
Multiplying both sides of this equation by 365.25 does not change the “truth” of
the equation:
365.25 days (GT) = 365,250 years (HT).
Therefore,
1 year (GT)
= 365,250 years (HT).
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Multiplying both sides of this equation by the number of years (GT) in
Abram/Abraham’s lifetime does not change the truth of the equation, either.
Therefore, we have the final conversion:
175 years (GT)
= 175 x 365,250 years (HT)
= 63,918,750 years, to us.
By stretching one timeline and not the other, the births and deaths of one
will overlap the births and deaths of the other. Thus, Abraham can be dead in
one timeline (say, Timeline A), but alive in another timeline (say, Timeline B). Of
course, as mentioned before, in order to see both timelines—side by side— one
must not be stuck in either of the two.
If Abraham is indeed the link between Creation and Evolution, then even
though he is historically dead to us, he can still represent Homo sapiens in some
other timeline. Consequently, we must ask ourselves the following question:
What point, among many, in Abram/Abraham’s lifetime might correspond
to modern-day humanity? That is, how old was he (on the Creation
timeline) when he (possibly) corresponded to the evolution of Homo
sapiens (on the evolution timeline)?
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If we can determine his age at that point, then we can finally compare the time
before “that age” in the 6th day of Creation (i.e., in the 6th SBD) with our own
evolutionary past…thus, giving us the amount of “elapsed time” in the 6th SuperBig Day of Creation.
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Chapter10.WhereAreWe?
Abraham had at several major events in his lifetime:
•
he began his journey at age 75 (GT);
•
he had a son, Ishmael, at the age of 86 (GT)
•
he was involved in the covenant of circumcision at age 99 (GT);
•
his name changed at age 99 (GT);
•
he had a son, Isaac, at age 100 (GT)
Since Abraham lived 75 more years after the birth of Isaac, the number of
possibilities are mind boggling. Even so, the method for determining where we
are on the Biblical time period can be pictured as follows:
The 6th Super-Big Day
Abram at some particular
age
The beginning
of Adam
The beginning
of Jacob (Option 1)
Number of completed years
th
in the 6 Super-Big Day
Assume we are here.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
•
First, we make an assumption about where we are on the Biblical
Timeline.
•
Then we use that assumption to figure out how much time has elapsed on
the 6th Super-Big Day.
•
Then we draw a timeline using that information, and
•
compare this timeline to the evolution timeline and see if there are
similarities between the two.
It’s a painful, sluggish method, but one that works…if you pick your points
carefully, have plenty of time…and lots of luck. In the case of Abram/Abraham,
the number of possible points is finite, because only a finite number of events in
Abram/Abraham’s life warranted mentioning his age.
The following two timelines depict “the Present” at (1) Abram when he was
75 years of age and at (2) Abraham when he was 99 years of age. They’ve been
included as a matter of interest, but if you like looking at calculations, you can
find them in Appendix T (where “T” stands for “Tedious”). The important thing to
remember in these calculations is that, for the sake of doing comparisons, it
doesn’t matter when the 6th Super-Big Day ends. We are looking at the “time that
has elapsed”, not the time that hasn’t happened, yet.
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Figure A-75
738,170,250 ya (HT)
Adam
Precambrian
Seth
Enosh
Kenan (Cainan)
Mahalalel
Jared
Cambrian
Ordovician
Enoch
Methuselah
Silurian
Devonian
Lamech
352,466,250 ya
Super-Big Day 6
Carboniferous
Noah
Permian
Triassic
169,841,250 ya
Nephilim
Shem
The Flood
Arphaxad
Jurassic
160-150 mya Early Birds
133,316,250 ya
Cretaceous
97,156,500 ya
Afr./S. Am. split
Peleg
63,553,500 ya
birth
Abram’s Lifeline
Sodom and
Gomorrah
Nahor
Terah
Abram
Abram, 75 (GT)
27,393,750 ya
0 ya (HT)
Palaeocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Isaac
death
Jacob
The Present Time
Joseph
60
Dinosaurs
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Figure A-99
746,936,250 ya (HT)
Adam
Seth
699,453,750 ya
ya
Enosh
661,102,500 ya
ya
ya
628,230,000
ya
Kenan
(Cainan)
Mahalalel
602,662,500 ya
Precambrian
578,921,250 ya
Jared
Enoch
Methuselah
519,750,750 ya
Cambrian
496,009,500 ya
ya
ya
Ordovician
427,707,750 ya
Lamech
Silurian
Devonian
361,232,250 ya
Super-Big Day 6
Carboniferou
s
Noah
Permian
Triassic
178,607,250 ya
Nephilim
The Flood
Abram/Abraham’s
Lifeline
Jurassic
Shem
Arphaxad
Shelah
Eber
Peleg
Rue
Serug
Nahor
Terah
Abram
Abram, age 75
Isaac
Jacob
142,082,250
ya
105,922,500 ya
150 mya
Archaeopteryx
Cretaceous
Dinosaurs
Afr./S. Am. split
72,319,500 ya
36,159,750 ya
8,766,000 ya
0 ya
Abraham, age 99
(GT)
Palaeocen
eEocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene
The Present Time
Joseph
The time difference between Abram at age 75 and Abram/Abraham at age 99 is 24
years God-Time…or approximately 8.8 million years Human-Time. (See Appendix TA
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
(where “TA” stands for “Two Assumptions”.) Using Figure A-99 in, in conjunction with
Appendix D (to understand the evolution of Patriarch names), we can examine the
possible relationship of Abram/Abraham and the evolution of humankind in the following
way:
•
Abram was begat about 36 mya (HT).
•
The name Abram means father of a height…or to rise up.
Does Abram refer to some species that lived in a high place? On a hill or
ridge?…or perhaps, in trees? Or does this name refer to the predecessor of an
ape-like creature that stood up on two feet? Although there is a slight variation in
the following time estimates, both are listed in the spirit of completeness.
According to scientists,
“By around 30 million years ago, a form of primate that shared
characteristics of both monkeys and later apes is found in the fossil
record. This is a fossil know as Aegyptopithecus zeuxis.” [Primatology]
“Around 33 mya an early form of primate exists in the fossil record:
Aegyptopithecus, a tree-dwelling, fruit-eating animal with a full set of 32
teeth. It was found in Egypt, was called the Dawn Ape and is an important
link between earlier mammals and later apes.” [Archaeology]
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•
Abram began his journey (or, walk) at age 75 years (GT)…i.e., about 8.8
mya (HT) if Alignment A-99 is correct.
Was this the beginning of bipedalism (i.e., walking upright on 2 feet)?
There are several theories about the advent of bipedalism. Leakey favored a
theory put forth by Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry of the University of
California: that bipedalism was an advantage in a changing environment and
focused on the changes caused by the Great Rift Valley. [Leakey, 1994, pp.15-19]
Although Leakey thought that this rift took place around 12 mya, [Leakey, 1994, p.15],
recent findings imply that the broad uplift of East Africa occurred around 25 to 30
mya.[Ohio]
Since the earliest known hominid, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, dates to
about 6 or 7 million years ago, [Talkorigins3] this means that bipedalism could have
taken place any time between 30 mya and 6 or 7 mya. And, if that weren’t
enough, molecular evidence (i.e., a comparison of the structure of blood proteins
between species), places the occurrence of bipedalism at about 7 mya. [Leakey,
1994, p. 8], 28
(Molecular evidence is based on the idea that the further back in time
that 2 species split apart, the greater the number of differences (i.e., the number
28
It should be noted that molecular timing is still being perfected. That is, molecular estimates are
sometimes proven incorrect when new fossil evidence is found, thus necessitating readjustments
to the technique.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
of mutations) in the structures of their blood proteins.) Obviously, we have
plethora of choices!
•
At age 75, Abram set out from Haran and headed for the land of
Canaan.29
Since the place name Haran means hill, mountain (that is, a high place),
and the place name Canaan means lowland, Leakey may have been right.
•
The name Abraham means father of a multitude
and we are certainly many in number, and Abraham, in the historical sense,
was/is certainly Homo sapien.
In addition, the span of 8.8 million years (HT) between “Abram’s walk” and
“Abram’s name-change to Abraham” fits into the time span between bipedalism
and modern humanity, thus indicating that Abram—at age 75—may have
corresponded to a time (about 8 to 9 million years ago) when our ancestors first
stood up on two feet and quite literally began a journey of their own.
(Unfortunately, a time span of 6 to 30 mya would allow almost ANYTHING to fit
into it!)
29
Genesis 12:1-6.
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Still…of the two alignments A-75 and A-99, the second alignment,
A-99, gives the better fit between the Creation and Evolution timelines at this
time.
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Chapter11.Are-calculation
The first Biblical estimate of the age of our solar system was made by
assuming that “The Present” was at the end of the 6th Super-Big Day. Now, let’s
assume that “The Present” corresponds to Abram’s name-change to Abraham at
age 99 (GT) and re-compute the age of our solar system.
To do this, we must multiply the number of years in one Super-Big Day
times 5 (for each of the first 5 Super-Big Days of Creation) and, then, add to this
the number of completed years in the 6th SBD. (See Appendix B for the actual
calculations.) Since we still have 2 options for the size of one Super-Big Day, we
still have a minimum and a maximum for this time span.
According to the Bible and assuming Alignment A-99, the second estimate
for the beginning of our solar system is
between 4,593,018,750 years (HT) and 4,960,095,000 years ago (HT). 30
Again, according to scientists, the beginning of our solar system took place
between 4,550,000,000 and 5,000,000,000 years ago (HT). [Southwood, 2003, p.7],
[Hawking,1996, p. 154]
30
From the begat-years in Genesis 1-50, the equation in Psalm 90, and calculations found in
Appendix B.
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Not significantly different from the first estimate (found at the end of
Chapter 7); but the alignment is important for later comparisons between
Creation and Evolution. In fact, it makes me wonder if the Creationists and the
Evolutionists have been calling the same event by two different names—like
looking at white light through a prism and seeing two of its colors. If so, it also
begs the question How many more interpretations are there? in this rainbow we
call Genesis.
It should be noted, however, that at some other point in time (literally and
figuratively), we may see things differently, believe differently, or merely look at a
different piece of the puzzle. Therefore, neither Figure A-75 nor Figure A-99
should be considered “set in stone.” (After all, even fossils, which have that
distinction, are often misinterpreted.)
A Little Something to Think About:
According to the Bible, God knows us even when we are in the womb.31
Therefore, If Abraham does, indeed, represent Homo sapiens and if God actually
knew Abraham BEFORE Homo sapiens were “born”, then we might have an
inkling of when Homo sapiens actually got started. Since Homo sapiens have a
gestation period of 266 days (HT), God would have seen Abraham 266 days
31
Jeremiah 1:5.
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(GT) before the species represented by Abraham was born. According to
Equation 3:
1 day (GT) = 1000 years (HT)
Equation 3
and
266 days (GT) = 1000 x 266 years (HT) = 266,000 years (HT).
Thus, the beginning of Homo sapiens would have begun about 266,000
years (HT) before the Historical Abraham was born. And…since it is generally
thought that historical Abraham lived about 4000 years ago, i.e., at around 2000
B.C, then Homo sapiens must have begun about 270,000 years ago (HT)…i.e.,
266,000 ya plus 4,000 ya.
According to Dr. Dorit and colleagues at Yale University, “A survey of
genetic information contained in the Y chromosomes of modern day men
suggests that Homo sapiens descended from a single group of male ancestors…
about 270,000 years ago…” [Dorit]
(Although the observation is interesting, exact numbers in the science
community are often disputed and should be taken as estimates. In any
case—and if you haven’t already guessed—going back and forth between
timelines can cause serious reality problems…therefore, I do not advise
trying this…particularly at home alone.)
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Part III. Reality Check
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Chapter12.IntheBeginning
Deep Time—as far as this particular solar system is concerned—begins
about 4.6 billion years ago (bya). Since we now have a possible alignment
between the Creation and Evolution timelines in the relatively “recent” period of
our past (i.e., between about 750 mya and now), let’s use the alignment A-99 to
check changes in “Deep Time” in order to see if our current alignment is
consistent with the early changes of our planet. Why? Because the result of
something (even the current status of humanity) is not the start of
something…and I prefer to begin at the beginning.
Renowned primatologist Jane Goodall addressed the question What does it
mean to be human? quite insightfully in her book Reason For Hope: A Spiritual
Journey. Her study of chimpanzees in Tanzania's Gombe Preserve forever
altered the very definition of "humanity." She writes:
“Traditionally, a story begins at the beginning. But what is the beginning? Is it
the moment when I was born…?…or should we start earlier…the fertile egg
that was biologically, magically, transformed into a baby? But that, really, is
not the beginning. For the genes that were handed down to me by my parents
were created long, long ago…So should the story begin with my parents…?
Or perhaps we should go back to the first truly human creature that was born
of ape-men parentage, or back to the first little warm-blooded mammal? Or
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
should we go back and back through the mists of unknown time to when the
first speck of life appeared on planet earth?...”[Goodall, 1999, p. 1]
According to people whose job it is to study fossils, rocks, biology and other
sciences that relate to evolution, if we could go back to those very early days of
Earth’s history, we probably would not recognize the place. In fact, if we
managed to survive the heat, we still would not be able to breathe without some
kind of breathing apparatus because the atmosphere did not start accumulating
oxygen until about 2 bya.[Southwood, 2003, p. 23] Yet, it was in this oxygen-free
(anaerobic) atmosphere that life seems to have begun.
Fossil evidence confirms that there was life as early as 3.5 bya—though
certainly not oxygen-breathing life. In fact, cyanobacteria now have the distinction
of being the oldest known fossils, dating back to that time. [Berkeley4] Cyanobacteria
are a form of prokaryota, or type of cell that lacks a nucleus, and is believed to be
the earliest form of life, but there is no clear consensus of when and how that life
began.
Since the Precambrian Period covers such a large amount of time, it has
been divided up into lots of smaller chunks of time periods. (For those who are
interested in such things, the main delineations of the Geological Time Periods,
from oldest to most recent, are as follows: Hadean, Archaean, Paleoproterozoic,
Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic Periods—where the last period of the
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Neoproterozoic is now known as the Vendian, or Ediacaran). Each time period
indicates distinct and significant change to our world.
Table 1, which will follow shortly, was created in order to compare the
sizes of the individual Super-Big Days of Creation with the individual sizes of the
scientific delineations of geographic time periods. It should be noted that at this
particular stage of analysis, this was a comparison of numbers only; it was used
in order to better understand a possible alignment between the Creation and
Evolution Timelines. A comparison of the contents of these timelines would come
later.
The numbers in the column labeled “Creation” were calculated using the
book of Genesis and Psalm 90 (using Equation 3). The actual calculations can
be found in Appendix B, section (1), which details the use of
Option 1: the minimum size of one Super-Big Day
(i.e., approx. 769 million years)
and
Alignment A-99: the completed years in the 6th Super-Big Day
(i.e., approx. 747 million years)
These assumptions can be pictured as follows:
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Assume the Minimum Years in the 6th Super-Big Day (about 769 million yrs.)
Abraham (at age 99)
The beginning of the day =
The Creation of Adam
Assume we are here!
(The Present = Alignment A-99)
The end of the day =
The Creation of Jacob
th
(about 747 million completed years in the 6 SBD)
The above scenario was used because it gave the best fit when comparing
the Biblical SBD numbers to the scientific delineations of the solar system’s early
time periods (i.e., the time from 4.6 billion years ago to about 750 million years
ago. This comparison is shown in Table 1, below.
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Table 1:
Comparison between Divisions of Precambrian Time Periods and
Creation’s Super-Big Days
U. of CA, Berkeley
[Berkeley3], 32
Appendix B, Option 1
Geological Time periods
Creation
Hadean Period:
4.5 – 3.8 bya
Super-Big Day 1:
4.6 – 3.8 bya
Archaean Period:
3.8 – 2.5 bya
Super-Big Day 2:
3.8 – 3.1 bya
Super-Big Day 3:
3.1 – 2.3 bya
Paleoproterozoic:
2.5 – 1.6 bya
Super-Big Day 4:
2.3 – 1.5 bya
Mesoproterozoic:
1.6 bya – 900 mya
Super-Big Day 5:
1.5 bya – 747 mya
Neoproterozoic:
900 – 543 mya
Super-Big Day 6:
747 mya – present
(Vendian:
Phanerozoic Eon:
650 – 543 mya)
543 – present
The pictorial representation of these numbers can be found in Figure T1, which
follows.
32
In science, the range of numbers defining particular time periods are constantly being
reevaluated. The Berkeley Time Periods have also undergone slight modifications since this
[Berkeley3a]
paper was written.
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Creation Super-Big Days
(SBDs) (Minimum)
Figure T1
Hadean
Period
4.6 bya (HT)
Super-Big
Day 1
Beginning of
Solar System
3.8 bya
SBD 2
Achaean
Period
3.1 bya
SBD 3
Geological
Time Periods
Paleoproterozoic
Period
2.3 bya
SBD 4
Mesoproterozoic
Period
1.5 bya
SBD 5
Neoproterozoic
Period
747
Phanerozoic
Eon
mya
Super-Big
Day 6
Present
SBD 7
75
769 million yrs
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Considering the number of years involved, and the fact that both of these
columns are meant to indicate specific changes in the development of this world,
the numbers seem to agree fairly well. However, in order to make any nonnumerical comparisons, we may have to redefine how we look at “the
beginnings” of things. When did life begin? When did animals begin? In fact, in
each of these cases, what does it mean to begin? Is it when we recognize
something that exists in the same form as it is today? Or—as Jane Goodall
pondered—are things a bit more complicated than that?
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Chapter13.TheFirstFiveSuper-BigDays
The following information includes additional comparisons of the Creation
highlights—found in Genesis, chapter 1—with those things that have been
gleaned from various scientific sources. There are some contradictions in the
numbers given by various scientists—as might well be expected, given the time
frames involved—but they have been included in the spirit of completeness,
again. The bulleted items below contain direct quotes from the indicated sources.
33
Super-Big Day 1
Between 4.6 and 3.8 bya
“Now the earth was a formless void. There was darkness over the deep, and
God’s spirit hovered over the water. God said ‘Let there be light.’ ” 34
•
Our solar system came into existence between 5.0 and 4.6 bya. [Hawking, 1994,
p. 154], [Southwood, 2003, p. 7]
•
4.6 bya our sun was shining 20 to 25 percent less brightly than today.
Evidence from the geologic record indicates an abundance of the
33
Unfortunately, the reference of “The Stanford Report 2004” has been taken off the internet
since this paper was published; but it can be found by searching the Stanford Report web page
and searching for “Rocks tell tale of warm early atmosphere” by Dawn Levy.
34
Genesis 1:1-3.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Methane probably was present as well,
but that greenhouse gas does not leave enough of a geologic footprint to
detect with certainty. Molecular oxygen was not around, indicate rocks
from the era, which contain iron carbonate instead of iron oxide.
[StanfordReport, 2004]
•
During the time period 4.4 – 4.0 bya, all water was held in atmosphere as
vapor because of high temperatures. [Physicalgeo]
•
By 4.2 bya: land begins to form. [Physicalgeo]
Super-Big Day 2
Between 3.8 and 3.1 bya
“God said, ‘Let there be a vault in the waters to divide the waters in two…God
made the vault, and it divided the waters above the vault from the waters
under the vault.” 35
•
During the time period 4.0 – 3.3 bya, oceans formed and water vapor
clouds were in lower atmosphere. [Physicalgeo]
•
3.8 billion years ago, 2 asteroid storms pelted the moon and Earth. [Ng,
March 2011]
35
Genesis 1:6-8.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
•
By 3.8 billion years ago, the ocean floor bed was forming. (This floor bed
is currently the Isua Supracrustal Belt in Greenland.) [DiscoverM, January 2008]
•
By 3 bya the world was warm enough for liquid water. [StanfordReport, 2004]
•
Rocks from 3.2 – 3.5 bya indicate that continents removed the
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide from an early atmosphere that may have
been as hot as 70 degrees Celsius (158 Fahrenheit). At this time the Earth
was mostly ocean. It was too hot to have any polar ice caps.[StanfordReport,
2004]
Super-Big Day 3
Between 3.1 and 2.3 bya
“God said, ‘Let the waters under heaven come together into a single mass,
and let dry land appear.’ And it was so….God said, ‘Let the earth produce
vegetation…”36
•
About 3 bya, maybe 10 or 15 percent of the Earth's present area in
continental crust had formed.[StanfordReport, 2004]
•
The “Titan Effect” occurred on earth at about 2.7 to 2.8 bya…creating a
haze akin to that which today is present in the atmosphere of Saturn's
36
Genesis 1:9-11.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
moon Titan. The Titan Effect removed methane from the atmosphere and
the haze filtered out light.[StanfordReport, 2004]
•
Fossilized "organic mats" of the land microbes were found in soil that has
been dated at between 2.6 billion and 2.7 billion years old, more than
twice as old as any previously found evidence of life on land…The fossils
represent organisms called cyanobacteria, which use sunlight to generate
oxygen from water and atmospheric carbon dioxide. [Nai]
•
By 2.5 billion years ago, an enormous amount of new continental crust
had formed -- about 50 to 60 percent of the present area of continental
crust. [StanfordReport]
•
From 2.5 – 1.5 bya, the atmosphere begins to change, building up oxygen
from oxygen-based plants like algae. [Physicalgeo]
•
The Great Oxidation Event occurred between 2.5 and 2.3 bya. [Nature]
•
A rising abundance of chromium in the banded iron formations, starting at
2.48 bya indicates links between life and the growth of continents.
[Sciencedaily]
Super-Big Day 4
Between 2.3 and 1.5 bya
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“God said, ‘Let there be lights in the vault of heaven to divide day from night,
and let them indicate festivals, days and years. Let them be lights in the vault
of heaven to shine on the earth.”37
Currently, there is no indication that during this time period the sun, moon
and the stars were created. On the contrary, it is generally thought that these
heavenly bodies were created during or before the solar system’s first SuperBig Day.
o Is it possible, however, that a change in the Earth’s atmosphere
allowed the sun, moon and stars to become visible during this
time? (See Super-Big Day 3 for the Titan Effect and a change in
Earth’s atmosphere.)
o Or…do we have yet another, bigger timeline where each day is 3
billion years long? (See Figure CV below, where “CV” stands for
“Cosmic View”, for this possible scenario.) It enables a comparison
back to the “Big Bang” and implies that one week on this timeline
equates to 21 billion years, a week that ends about 7.4 billion years
from now. A recent study in the theory of stellar evolution suggests
that the Sun will run out of fuel in about 7.5 billion years from now.
37
Genesis 1:14-16.
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[UniverseRe]
It is hoped that additional research will shed more light on
the subject…No pun intended.38
38
th
See Appendix Q4 (where “Q4” stands for “Questions regarding the 4 Day”). for additional
th
questions about the 4 Super-Big Day.
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Figure CT (Using A-99)
COSMIC DAYS
13.7 bya
Cosmic Day 1
CREATION’S SUPER-BIG DAYS
3 billion yrs
Beginning of
Universe
4.6 bya (HT)
Super-Big
Day 1
Beginning of
Solar System
10.6 bya
3.8 bya
CD 2
SBD 2
7.6 bya
3.1 bya
CD 3
SBD 3
4.6 bya
2.3 bya
SBD 4
770 million yrs
Cosmic
Day 4
1.5 bya
SBD 5
1.6 bya
The Present
CD 5
748
CD 6
mya
Super-Big
Day 6
7.4 billion years
The Present
CD 7
SBD 7
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Super-Big Day 5
Between 1.5 bya and 747 mya
“God said, ‘Let the waters teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above
the earth within the vault of heaven.”39
•
Sometime between 2.5 bya and 540 mya, multi-celled, soft-bodied marine
organisms (metazoans) evolve. [SDNHM]
•
Eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) seem to have evolved between 2.1 –1.5
bya. [Berkely9], [GWU]
•
The Mesoproterozoic, 1.6 bya – 900 mya, is thought to be the Era when
cells discovered sex…an Era of apparently critical, but still poorly
understood changes in the chemistry of the sea, the sediments of the
earth, and the composition of the air. [Essayweb]
•
Fossil evidence suggests the diversification of major clades began about
800 mya. [PNAS]
•
The Neoproterozoic sun, 900 (or 1000) mya to 542 mya, was weaker by
approximately 6%. [Palaeos]
•
During the Neoproterozoic, a world-wide glaciation known as “snowball”
Earth was followed by an ultra-warm "greenhouse" world… which
probably triggered the evolution of multicellular animal life. The crash in
39
Genesis 1:20.
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population size accompanying a global glaciation would be followed by
millions of years of comparative genetic isolation in high-stress
environments…a favorable scenario for genomic reorganization and the
evolution of new body plans. There is clear evidence that this sequence
happened more than once, perhaps as many as four times between 750
and 580 million years ago. [Hoffman]
The latest time period (between 750 and 580 mya) mentioned in the above quote
brings us back to the events of Super-Big Day 6 and to the story that began in
The Garden of Eden.
Super-Big Day 6
Between 747 mya and the present
“God said, ‘Let the earth produce every kind of living creature…Let us make
man in our own image.”40
40
Genesis 1:24-26.
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Chapter14.TheGardenofEden
When I was young, I was told that everything in the world fell into one of 3
Kingdoms: Plants, Animals, and Minerals. Period. Needless to say, life was less
complicated in those days. For better or for worse, things have changed. (For
one thing, the Mineral Kingdom seems to have “bitten the dust,” at least as far as
the classifications of Kingdoms are concerned.) Apparently, there are now 3
Domains of life and 3, 4, or more Kingdoms. [Berkeley5] But, who knows? By the
time this book’s been read, even that may have changed.
The 3 Domains are given as Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota, where
Archaea and Bacteria do not have nuclei. In terms of evolution, it is believed that
“no one of these groups is ancestral to the others.” [Berkeley5]
The Eukaryota Domain (those cells which do have nuclei) includes the 4
Kingdoms that have nuclei: animals, plants, fungi and protists—the last of which
is a “catch-all”, meant to include whatever is a eukaryote, but is not an animal,
plant, or fungi. Humans are a part of the Eukaryota Domain and the Animal
Kingdom.
“The oldest accepted prokaryote fossils [i.e., fossils of cellular organisms
that do not have a distinct nucleus] date to 3.5 billion years [Berkeley];
Eukaryotic fossils date to between 750 million years and possibly as old
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as 1.8 billion years. Multicellular fossils, purportedly of animals, have been
recovered from 750 mya rocks in various parts of the world.” [Javaux],
[S.Afr.J.of.Sc]
According to Alignment A-99 (found in Chapter 10) and Table 1 found in
Chapter 12), the 6th Super-Big Day probably began around 747 mya. Also,
according to Genesis 1:24-26, it was during the 6th Super-Big Day that God made
animals, including human beings. Therefore, the 747 mya estimation of Adam’s
appearance seems to agree with the 750 mya dating of the animals fossils
mentioned in the above quote from the Javaux and the South African Journal of
Science. Even so, 750 million years was a long time ago and not much is really
known about that time period.41 Scientists—just like the rest of us—are still in the
process of sorting out what it means to begin. It is also important to realize that
the beginning of something doesn’t mean the end product of something.
Therefore, the beginning of land animals does not mean that they were yet ready
to come up out of the water and onto the land (anymore than the beginning of
each one of us, in a “watery” womb, means that we were ready to be born).
41
See reference
[S.Afr.J.of.Sc.]
for a new animal fossil dating 760 mya.
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So, what was going on around 750 mya? Was this the advent of animal
life, as indicated above...a time of experimentation in a variety of reproductive
systems? Was it the beginning of sexual reproduction that exists in both plants
and animals...or, perhaps, the advent of multicellular life forms?
There are many factors that might have allowed the development of
cellular life, and I don’t pretend to know them all, let alone understand them. But
it seems to me that, at the very least, those cells would have needed a food
supply (or, available energy), a way of getting that supply, a way of making use
of the energy once it was obtained, and then…a way of either…living forever…or
of passing whatever “life-giving information” they had on to a next generation.
Also, even if those cells were able to accomplish all of the above, they
would still need some way to survive the whims of a world that went right on
changing…sometimes, just after they had finally figured out how to survive the
way things were! Sound familiar? It would be nice to know how the early cells
made it through their crises, but we can only conjecture, hypothesize…or just
plain guess. Nothing is set in stone…except, maybe, fossils (and the 10
commandments); but even with these, we don’t always know what we are
actually looking at. Therefore, the remainder of this chapter should be taken in
the spirit of piecing together the known and the unknown, hoping to come up with
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something that seems reasonable, given what little facts we have “on the table”
at this time.
For example, just about the time when things were beginning to look up
for these very, very early life forms and they were becoming abundant, their food
supply was beginning to diminish (perhaps, because the food in the “primordial
soup” in which they are believed to have lived was being depleted), and their
atmosphere was beginning to be polluted with, of all things, oxygen! In general, it
is thought that the change in Earth’s atmosphere was accomplished by that early
form of bacteria called cyanobacteria. These critters were aquatic and
photosynthetic, meaning they lived in the water and used sunlight to make food.
Thanks to these little guys, not only do we now have an oxygen atmosphere, but
the entire plant kingdom, as well. [Berkeley4] Obviously, bacteria are not always bad
things to have around.
Unfortunately, although those early cells produced oxygen as a byproduct,
this byproduct wasn’t good for them. (After all, we produce carbon dioxide, but it
isn’t healthy for us to breathe it.) Those early cells had developed in an
atmosphere without oxygen, so the oxygen turned out to be toxic to them. (They
were helpful and of great importance, but they weren’t necessarily smart.)
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Also, the greater their numbers, the more food that was needed to sustain
them. Naturally, the food supply decreased. Consequently, what with smaller and
smaller amounts of food and less and less useable atmosphere, many of those
early life forms died. This would probably have been the end of the story, but life
has a certain, stubborn tenacity. A few of those cells were able to change; a few
managed to adapt and move on.
Scientists think that some of those early cells either engulfed (i.e., “ate”) or
were invaded by something that turned out to be useful. However, instead of
digesting that “something” and turning it into a short-term solution for energy—as
most other self-respecting cells at that time might have done—those “engulf-ers”
developed a working relationship with the “engulf-ees” and developed a longterm solution. (When two entities develop a working relationship with one another
and one of the two entities is inside the other, this relationship is called
endosymbiotic.)
Another great contribution of cyanobacteria, other than production of
oxygen, is the development of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the reason that
plants can make food for themselves; they are actually cyanobacteria in plant
cells. Sometime in the late Proterozoic, or in the early Cambrian, cyanobacteria
began to take up residence within certain eukaryote cells, making food for the
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eukaryote host in return for a home.[Berkeley4] This particular time span (also known
as the Vendian time period) occurred between 650 and 543 mya.
Using the alignment in Figure A-99, let’s assume that Cain and Abel, who
(in the current vernacular) “raised plants and animals”42 actually means (in an
evolutionary context) that they “gave rise to” plants and animals… perhaps, in the
form of their cellular predecessors…with animals having more “in their favor”
than plants, apparently. These predecessors would have been in existence
sometime between 747 – 700 mya (i.e., before the time of Seth in Figure A-99).43
Since Seth replaced Abel44 and, therefore, replaced Abel’s “animal” line of
descent, then Seth probably gave rise to the type of cellular animals from which
we, eventually, evolved…between 700 and 661 mya.
At about the same time that chloroplasts were evolving, another
endosymbiotic relationship emerged. This time, however, the entity—that was
either engulfed by…or fled into another cell—would become known as a
mitochondrium.
The chloroplasts, which can be found in plant cells, helped to make food, via
photosynthesis.
42
Genesis 4:2,3.
Genesis 4:1-6.
44
Genesis 4:25.
43
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The mitochondria, found in both plant and animal cells, helped increase the
energy-efficiency of food, via a type of “cellular respiration.”
Mitochondria also play a central role in the performance of cell death.
[GenomeBio]
In a way, the mitochondria remind me of the Garden of Eden story and
about the fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil: You see—as
was mentioned earlier—around 2 bya, the atmosphere continued to become
more and more “polluted,” what with all the oxygen being produced by
photosynthesis. How and when mitochondria evolved is still a mystery, but at
some point in time, the mitochondria that were ingested (but not digested) “knew”
how to make use of the oxygen that was polluting the air. Even though we need
oxygen in order to live, oxygen was, and still is, a “killer.” Because of its toxicity to
those early cells, oxygen caused the first and greatest extinction in the history of
this world…and continues to “kill” today, because it is still toxic to the cells in our
own bodies.
Although we are now “addicted” to its use, oxygen is believed to be the
major cause of aging in humans, and aging tends to shorten one’s lifespan
(which is why “anti-oxidants” are a part of the current health fad).
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Also, like the fruit that was passed from Eve to Adam, mitochondria can only
be passed from one generation to the next via the female line. In addition, since
mitochondria are found in both plants and animals, they must have been a part of
the predecessor(s) of these two groups (or Kingdoms) before they split apart.
Therefore, it may not have been a coincidence that the Garden of Eden
transgression took place before plants and animals were “raised” by the next
generation (i.e., before Cain and Abel…and Seth).
(It is also interesting to note that, according to Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary, Tenth Edition (1997), the word transgress is defined as to pass
beyond or go over (a limit).)
Certainly, the endosymbiotic relationship between cells and mitochondria was a
passing beyond some limitation. However, if you’re one of those people who likes
to hold a grudge about the Garden of Eden “fruit”…which could very well have
been mitochondria passed from a female cell to that cell’s male counterpart
about 750 million years ago…I suggest that you either count your blessings…or
stop breathing…because without mitochondria, we—as we exist today—wouldn’t
even be here to discuss the little “buggers.” (I have a feeling I’ll use this sentence
more than once in my lifetime…)
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No matter what may have happened at some very early time period, the
ingestion of mitochondria provided a solution to the food problem on the cellular
level (just as the ingestion of some kind of fruit—in a more current timeline—
might provide a solution to hunger on the more familiar mouth/stomach/ human
level). This made it possible for those early life forms to move beyond their
previous limitations, thus providing time for life—as it was, way back then—to
come up with additional options.
According to scientists, “The earliest fossil evidence of animals dates from
the Vendian Period (650 to 544 million years ago)…” [FSU]; however, since fossils
from this time period are rare, whatever produced them had to be in great
abundance before the fossils were produced. Therefore, it seems reasonable
that the evolutionary change in animal life occurred earlier, perhaps as early as
700 mya.
In other words, the idea that Adam and Eve gave rise to Cain, who “gave
rise to” plants, and to Abel, who “gave rise to” animals …with plants holding sway
for awhile…seems plausible. Then Seth came along to replace Abel45 at about
699 mya (HT).46 Was Seth a new type of animal that gave rise to animals in the
human line of descent? I don’t know; but
45
46
Genesis 4:25-26.
See Appendix YA.
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“…during the Cambrian Period47…an explosion of new forms began the
evolutionary radiation that produced most of the major groups, or phyla,
known today.” [FSU]
Many scientists believe that this explosion of life forms occurred because
of the evolution of sexual reproduction. Perhaps that is why the story of Adam
and Eve is reminiscent of a variety of ways to reproduce. In fact, although we
sometimes forget that both plants and animals can reproduce sexually, if Adam
and Eve were in existence before plants and animals first split apart via Cain and
Abel (then via Cain and Seth), then the evolution of sexual reproduction would
have to apply to both lines of descent…which, of course, they do. The following
lists a few examples of types of reproduction that may have been in the Garden
of Eden story:
•
The taking of Adam’s rib and growing a new organism (Eve) seems a lot
like “budding”…among other things.
•
“Passing the fruit” is like passing nucleic material (as well as passing
mitochondria).
•
47
And, of course, sexual reproduction is just that: sexual reproduction.
The Cambrian period goes from 542 to 488.3 million years ago.
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There is another aspect of the Adam and Eve story that I find intriguing:
According to Dr. Kenneth Towe of the Smithsonian Institute, the oxygen levels
600 mya may have helped collagen (i.e., a type of covering for a cell) to evolve.
[Towe]
The timing of this is still being hotly debated, however. For example, a quote
from E. Soloman and K.S.E. Cheah on collagen evolution indicates that
“Collagen was first introduced by animals approximately 700 mya. Every
extant vertebrate and invertebrate species studied contains this
protein…this molecule has played a central role in providing structural
support.” [Soloman]
Collagen is found only in animals.
“All phyla of the animal kingdom, including sponges, possess collagen, a
triple helix of protein that binds cells into tissues. The walled cells of plants
and fungi are held together by other molecules, such as pectin. Because
collagen is not found among unicellular eukaryotes, even those forming
colonies, it is one of the indications that animals arose once from a
common unicellular ancestor.” [EB]
In fact, collagen is used as a cellular skin. The evolution of this molecule made it
possible to put coverings on a previously-naked cells…sort of like putting
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coverings on Adam and Eve after their “transgression” of stepping beyond some
previous limitation during the time of cellular development.48
The occurrence of wearing “skin”49 occurs before the occurrence of Cain
and Abel. Therefore, if Cain is the forerunner of plants and if we believe that this
reference to “skin” does, in fact, represent collagen, then this particular trait was
certainly not passed along to him.
If Abel had this trait, he may have passed it along to those animals that he
gave rise to…if, in fact, he had any descendents whatso ever. Seth, on the other
hand, was made “in the likeness” of Adam50 and made to replace Abel.51
Therefore, Seth would have been able to pass along this trait to his descendants.
If Figure A-99 is correct, he was also begat at the right time: “Collagen was first
introduced by animals approximately 700 mya” [Soloman] and Seth was begat
around 700 mya, given any of the Creation/Evolution alignments in this paper.52
It’s interesting to note that the evolution of collagen depended on an increase in
the percentage of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere to 2%, which also occurred
sometime around 750 – 600 mya. [Learner]
Speaking of Cain and Abel, the “mark of Cain” reminds me of the mark on
a very big tree in my back yard.” One of the tree’s limbs had been cut off, but the
48
Genesis 3:7.
Genesis 3:21.
50
Genesis 5:3.
51
Genesis 4:26.
52
See Appendix YA.
49
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tree had not been killed. Instead, around the mark grew a multitude of new
branches.
“ ‘If anyone kills Cain, sevenfold vengeance shall be taken for him’. So
Yahweh put a mark on Cain to prevent whoever might come across him
from striking him down.”53
Does the “sevenfold vengeance” mean that if one plant is cut down, then
seven more will grow in its place? Or if one limb is cut off, then seven more
branches will replace it? If so, this does not bode well for my attempts at weeding
the garden…
53
Genesis 4:15.
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Chapter15.What’sinaName?
We know very little about the life that existed during evolutionary-Adam’s
time. Biblically, however, we know that Adam’s name meant “an
individual”…perhaps referring to a “single cell” in the evolutionary scheme of
things. Thinking and learning about something that happened about 750 million
years ago is much more difficult than thinking and learning about something that
happened a relatively short time ago. It exists in the dim, early recesses of our
existence and seems too far removed from ‘now’ to comprehend; but time is a
funny thing…
*
*
*
I was waiting for someone in the book store of a Theological Seminary,
and I happened to see a book about the language used in the biblical story about
the Garden of Eden. The year was sometime between 1980 and 1983. (As usual,
I had no money on me, so I couldn’t buy it.) As I recall, it was written by a female
scholar, either living, working, or studying in Israel. I wish I could remember her
name and that I had a copy of that book…because, although I only had a brief
time to leaf through the pages, what she wrote made a lot of sense to me…and I
shall repeat some of it, correctly, I hope, in the next paragraph. I am only sorry
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that it has taken so long to thank her for her contribution to the thoughts found in
these pages.
The use of the word man varies considerably in Genesis, chapter 2. Man
is a translation of the Hebrew word adam. Sometimes, it is capitalized;
sometimes, not. Apparently, before the rib was “taken” to form woman, the
use of the word man was without gender, meaning instead, something
similar to earth being or earth creature. Later, it implied human being, and
still later, a specific human being. In fact, it was not until after the rib was
taken that the word for man (adam) was male in gender and the word for
woman was female.
Looking at the derivation of a word in Strong’s Concordance, each word is
given a letter and a number. The letter “H” implies “Hebrew” and the number can
be used to trace a word back to its origin, or “root” word. The derivation of the
word adam as it is used in Gen. 2:23 is as follows:
The Hebrew word [H120], adam was formed from the dust of adamah,
a Hebrew word [H128] which means ground, earth.
It denotes mankind, man, human being.
Both ground and man come from the same root word [H119] , which
means red, ruddy, to show blood,
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Perhaps, this one word—adam—which for a long time has been translated
simply as man, could just as easily have held within itself an entire sentence.
Looking back on its derivations, for example, it might be saying Human beings
come from the red earth.
Did you know that there was actually a time in Earth’s history when the
earth was red? This red earth is called “the banded iron deposits” or “red beds,”
and it can be seen as thin layers of ferric hydroxide, interleaved with thin layers
of chert, that is, silica oxide, or quartz.
As was mentioned earlier, languages “evolve” over time. In the English
language, the farther back in time we go, the more general is the meaning of a
particular word. For example, a long time ago, moose, reindeer, elk, antelope,
gazelle, etc. were all referred to as “deer,” a general term that would later
become refined, as well as redefined. In fact, the farther back we go, the deeper
we get in the etymology of a word.
It’s a lot like looking at layers of earth. Usually, the deeper you go, the
older the layer. (That’s why scientists name certain time periods “Lower” or
“Upper”. The “Lower Cretaceous” is older than the “Upper Cretaceous”.)
The oldest layers of earth are not often seen unless the upper layers are
eroded away (as in the Grand Canyon) or uplifted by the collision of plate
tectonics (as in the Rocky Mountains or the Himalayas).
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Ideas also must either be eroded away or come into collision with one
another before we can see what formed them in the first place. So it is with
Creation and Evolution. The collision of these two concepts…these two “belief
systems”… had to happen before an uplifting of ideas could occur.
We have assumed that God gave the book of Genesis to Moses. If this
assumption is true, then Moses would have been very careful to NOT change
what he had been given. (In Moses time, any “god” was not to be “messed with”!)
On the other hand, some changes may have occurred in subsequent years.
At some point in time, the book of Genesis was certainly written down, but
it may also have been passed along as a spoken tradition. If the assumption that
it was written by Moses is correct, then it was probably written between1400 BC
and about 1380 BCE (HT).[Jewfaq] It was eventually translated into other languages
before coming to us in the form that we can understand (in this case, English). If
we think of the words that we read as the top level of a language that has been
evolving over thousands of years, we begin to see why we must look deeper into
this strata in order to uncover its original meaning. The deeper we dig, the older
the meaning…and the closer we get to the original intent of those words,
uncovering a memory, perhaps, of what it once meant.
Unfortunately, we still know very little about the events of evolution that
occurred in the far distant past. At this point in time, it can only be viewed in the
most general of terms. It is much easier to look at more recent evolutions than
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those that has occurred hundreds of millions of years ago. Therefore, the next
chapter skips further into the 6th Super-Big Day and takes a look at events
around the time of Noah. 54
54
In a later book, “Noah in a Cellular World: Mitosis”, the author makes use of ancient Hebrew
pictographs in order to understand how the book of Genesis relates to extremely small timelines.
It was found that the smaller the timespan, the greater are the number relationships found
between science and religion.
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Chapter16.TheNoahFamily
Noah’s name means to cause to rest, where the root word relates to an
absence of spatial activity and presence of security, a very womb-like
description.55 According to Alignment A-99, Noah was begat about 361 mya and
lived for a VERY long time. His sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth were begat about
179 mya (HT) and, apparently, are still living today, at least with regard to the
Evolution Timeline. So…what do we know about evolution between 361 and 180
mya (HT)?
“The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 359.2 to 299 million years
ago56…[and] one of the greatest evolutionary innovations of the
Carboniferous was the amniote egg…The amniote egg allowed the
ancestors of birds, mammals, and reptiles to reproduce on land by
preventing the desiccation of the embryo inside.” [Berkeley6]
If you are changing your life style from a water creature to a land creature,
then this certainly represents an absence of spatial activity (like…floating around
in the sea) and the presence of security (like…sitting inside an egg on dry land,
where you had a better chance of not being eaten). The amniotic egg allowed
55
See Appendix D.
Dates from the International Commission on Stratigraphy's International
Stratigraphic Chart, 2009
56
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water animals to come up out of the sea and inhabit the land because their
embryos, via the egg, carried their “water” with them.
In a very real sense, the embryos lived inside of their own egg-shelled
water-worlds. Perhaps, Noah had something to do with the development of “the
egg”…or the sack within it. As strange as this may seem, Noah was certainly
begat at the right time for this particular perspective: Alignments A-75 and A-99
give Noah a “begat-date” of between 361 and 352 million years ago (HT).57
The links between reptiles and mammals date from the Carboniferous and
the Permian periods…or, from about 350 to 250 mya, [Talkorigins] and it is believed
that mammals evolved from egg-laying reptiles between 199.6 and 145 mya.
[Berkeley7], 58
If Figure A-99 is correct, this time period occurs within Noah’s lifetime.
Lest all these dates seem to get tangled in our minds, a much neater
presentation can be found in Table 2, below. It shows the links between early in
the 6th SBD and evolution’s counterparts.59
Table 2:
Early 6th Super-Big Day Evolution
(Using Figure A-99 and Appendix YA)
57
See Appendix YA.
This can be disputed with Lahn’s research concerning the Y chromosome and the development
of mammals at around 300 mya. However, a fossil found in China, Juramaia sinensis, dates the
earliest mammal fossil at 160 million years ago.
59
See Appendix YA.
58
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760 mya Oldest animal fossil date.
747 mya. Eve formed from bone.
The first mention of female.
[S.Afr.J.of.Sc.]
750 mya. Fossil, Quadrireticulum palmaspinosum,
showing evidence of biomineralization (i.e., the
ability to produce bone)
[Cohen]
700 mya Seth
650 mya Oldest animal fossil.
361 mya. Noah was begat.
Gen. 5:28-30 “'Here is one who will give
us, in the midst of our toil and the
labouring of our hands, a consolation
derived from the ground that Yahweh
cursed'."
[Mayloof.Rose]
360 – 268 mya Development of amniotic egg,
allowing the evolution of land animals to occur.
[Waikato]
Earliest date: about 320 mya.
The amniotic egg allowed a developing animal to
carry its own water onto land and not to become
desiccated by the process.
nd
Noah’s wife is 2 female mentioned
in the book of Genesis.
320 - 240 mya Evolution of mammalian sex
[Lahn2]
chromosomes, male and female.
300 mya Supercontinent Pangaea forms.
286-248 mya Major transition of mammals evolving
[Waikato1]
from one line of reptiles began.
195 mya First true mammal (fossil found in China)
[NewsHarvard]
179 mya Shem was begat. Ham,
Japheth were begat around the same
time
Shem’s wife, Ham’s wife, and
Japheth’s wife are mentioned.
[Berkeley7]
180-160 mya Placental/marsupial split.
160 mya Juramaia sinensis, earliest mammal fossil
[Nature1].
All mammals have X and Y (female and male)
chromosomes.
[Berkeley1]
First mention of bird since Gen. 1
150 mya archaeopteryx (early bird).
142 mya Noah’s Flood
145.5 ± 4.0 mya: Cretaceous; shallow seas covered
much of the world.
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With regard to the types of mammals, we find that in today’s world,
mammals fall into three major groups.
•
Placental mammals (as in humans) develop entirely inside the female.
Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes are exchanged between the developing
embryo and the mother through a placenta. An umbilical cord connects
the embryo to the placenta. After birth, the umbilical cord drops off leaving
a scar we call the belly button.
•
Marsupial mammals (as in kangaroos) give birth to immature young who
then make their way to a pouch in which they continue to develop until
able to cope with life outside the pouch.
•
Monotremes, or egg-laying mammals (such as platypus and echidna), use
the heat of the sun to warm their eggs until they hatch.
Noah begat 3 sons. One of them, Shem, was begat approximately 179
mya (HT).60 Was Noah the common ancestor of today’s 3 types of mammals? A
consideration of Shem, Ham, and Japheth as representatives of these mammals
means a return to Strong’s Concordance and the origins of their names:61
Shem [H8035] seems to come from the root
60
61
See Appendix YA, Alignment A-99.
See Appendix D.
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to mark or brand, hence an external mark to distinguish one thing or
person from another.
Ham [H2526] means
hot as in warmth produced by the sun, body.
Japheth [H3315] means
opened , which is apparently related to a verb to make open, spacious,
wide, and may be related to something immature or simple.
All in all, not a bad lineup for the 3 types of mammals if one thinks of
Shem’s external mark as the mark of a placental mammal’s belly button…Ham’s
warmth produced by the sun, body with the incubation of an monotreme’s
egg…and Japheth’s opening related to something immature with a marsupial’s
pouch.
In addition, according to a paper in Science, by Rich, T. H., et al. 2005, it
is believed that the separation of monotremes from other mammals happened
early (perhaps early Jurassic), or about 210 mya. The earliest mammal fossil
may have occurred about 170 mya, but this is still controversial.[Austincc]
A recent fossil found in China, Juramaia sinensis, represents one of the earliest
mammals known to have existed and is believed to have lived about 160 mya.
[Nature1]
Such a find is extremely rare because only a small percentage of
organisms ever become fossils, and then only a small number of fossils are ever
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found. This tiny fossil has had a big impact on current thought regarding the
evolutionary split between marsupials and placentals. It is now believed that
these two types of mammals split apart sometime between 180 mya and 160
mya. [Berkeley7], 62
(As an aside, since egg-laying monotremes evolved around 210 mya and the
earliest bird did not show up until around 150 mya (and since a chicken is a bird),
we finally have an answered to an age old question: Which came first? The
chicken or the egg? ANSWER: The egg! )
62
See also the dating of Shem in Appendix YA.
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Chapter17.TheAbilitytoLaugh
Just when you think you can quit what you’ve been doing, you learn to
laugh at you own naiveté. The following comments demonstrate why nothing is
really set in stone when comparing Creation and Evolution.
Although the investigation of laughter has been around awhile (see “The
Mechanisms of Human Facial Expression, by Duchenne de Boulogne, published
in 1862), recent research indicates that laughter should be taken into account
when looking at evolution.
It has been hypothesized that laughter evolved between 2 and 4 million
years ago and that there are (at least) two types of laughter: Duchenne and nonDuchenne. [NCBI.1]
Duchenne laughter involves the muscles that raise the corners of the
mouth AND the eye muscles that raise the cheeks and form the “crows
feet” around the eyes. This type of laughter seems to be associated with a
distancing of the laugher with/from the emotions of stress or grief (i.e., it
seems to help cope with stress or grief).
Non-Duchenne laughter involves only the muscles that raise the corners
of the mouth. This type of laughter does not seem to help in the lessening
of stress or grief.
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Additionally, it is believed that Duchenne laughter evolved before non-Duchenne,
because studies have shown that
“Duchenne laughter activates ancient brain circuits involved with play and
positive emotions in all primates and indeed most mammals. Only nonDuchenne laugher activates areas of the brain associated with our
advanced cognitive abilities.” [Wilson, 2007, p.177], [Sciencedaily2]
Figure A-99 places modern humans at Abraham’s 99th “birthday”, but the
first mention of laughter in the book of Genesis also takes place when Abraham
was 99 years old. If that first laugh took place 2 to 4 million years ago, then the
A-99 alignment is off by 2 to 4 million years.
According to Genesis, Abraham “laughed” when he heard that Sarai (later,
to be called “Sarah”) and he were to become parents in their old age.63 According
to the Jerusalem Bible commentary, this first expression of laughter—found in
Gen. 17:17—“was a sign not so much of unbelief as of surprise”…, rather, “his
mention of Ishmael, [as his] present heir-apparent…is an implicit request for
63
Genesis 17:15; Genesis 17:17.
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reassurance.” [JB, p. 33], 64 Sarah laughed at hearing that she and her husband
would have a child in their old age.65
Sarah conceived and bore a son a year later, and Abraham named his
son Isaac, which means “he laughs”.66 Abraham was 100 years old and Sarah
was 90 when Isaac was born. The deliberate “naming” of Isaac (as laughter)
implies a more cognitive ability than the earlier laugh that sought reassurance.
We can change 2 million years (HT) to God Time by again using the
following:
1000 years (HT) = 1 day (GT)
Equation 3
Multiplying both sides of the above equation by 2000 gives
(2000) x (1000 years (HT)) = (2000) x (1 day (GT))
2,000,000 years (HT)
= 2000 days (GT)
= 5.48 years (GT)
If
2 million years (HT) = 5.48 years (GT),
then
4 million years (HT) = 10.96 years (GT).
64
Jerusalem Bible, p. 33; Gen. 18:12; Gen. 18:15.
Genesis 18:12.
66
See Appendix D.
65
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In a nut shell, if the time for the evolution-of-laughter times is correct, then
the alignment in Figure A-99 is off by between 5.48 years (GT) and 10.96 years
(GT)…or, roughly 5 to 11 years (GT). This would take us into Isaac’s time, as far
as a common point between the Creation and Evolution timelines is concerned.
Isaac at about age 10 is favored 67as the common point between the
creation and evolution timelines because of recent developments in the analysis
of DNA. It is now believed that at around 4 million years ago, humans split off
from chimpanzees [NCBI.3] and that both humans and chimpanzees demonstrate
laughter. If laughter was first heard on or before Abram was 99 years old, then it
must have been the earlier form of laughter ( Duchenne laughter) while true
laughter came in the form of Isaac…whose name means “laughter”. Therefore,
the following timeline, I-10 (for Isaac at age 10) shows the current match-up
between creation and evolution.
67
If our “common point is off by 11 years, then Abraham at age 99 plus another 11 years means
the common point is when Isaac is approximately 10 years old…actually 9.951 years old (GT).
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Figure
I-10
Adam
Seth
Enosh
Kenan
(Cainan)
Mahalalel
Jared
Enoch
Methuselah
750,936,250 ya
(HT)
703,453,75
0 ya
ya
665,102,50
0 ya
ya
632,230,000
ya
ya
606,662,50
582,921,250
ya
0 ya
ya
ya
523,750,750 ya
ya
500,009,500 ya
ya
ya
ya
431,707,750 ya
Lamech
Super-Big
Day 6
Precambria
n
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
365,232,250 ya
Carbonifer
ous
Noah
Permian
Triassic
Nephi
lim
Floo
d
Abram’s
Lifeline
182,607,250 ya
Shem
Arphaxad
Shelah
Eber
Peleg
Rue
Serug
Nahor
Terah
Abram
Abram, age 75
Isaac
Flood: 146,812,750
ya
Jurassic
150 mya
Archaeopteryx
Cretaceous
Afr/S. Am.
split
109,922,500 ya
76,319,500
ya
40,159,750
ya
12,766,000 ya
4,000,000 ya
Palaeocen
eEocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Isaac, at age 9.951 (GT)
Jacob
The Present
Time
Joseph
114
Dinosaurs
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene
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Figure I-10 doesn’t make much of a difference in the overall scheme of
things…especially, the farther back in time we go…but it does illustrate why a
continuous watch must be kept on scientific developments.
For example,
“The authors of the scientific paper describing the two new dinosaur finds
are Sereno, Jeffrey Wilson of the University of Michigan and Jack Conrad
of the University of Chicago…
These finds provide fresh evidence about when Africa, Madagascar,
South America and India finally split from each other as a result of
continental drift. Before these discoveries, abelisaurids were virtually
unknown on Africa, leading some to suggest that Africa had split off first
from the southern landmass Gondwana, perhaps as early as 120 million
years ago. The new fossils indicate that Africa and other southern
continents that formed Gondwana separated and drifted apart over a
narrow interval of time, about 100 million years ago.” [UChicago], [Geo]
This new information indicates that the timing of the continental split corresponds
to the timing of Peleg in either Figure I-4.5 or Figure I-10.68
68
Peleg’s name was given because “in his time the earth was divided.
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Aside from the evolution of laughter, there are at least two other possibilities to
consider when comparing creation to evolution:
•
In science of botany, the appearance of flowering plants on earth occurred
between 145 and 150 million years. [Universe], [Sciencedaily3], According to Alignment
I-10, Noah’s flood occurred at 146,812,750 years ago and ended 1 Godyear later. At that time, a rainbow appeared. This appearance of color over
the land would have occurred at about 146 million years ago. Does this
have anything to do with flowering plants or is it a coincidence?
•
In the area of Christian religion, the attempted sacrifice of Isaac has
always been associated with the crucifixion of Jesus. The age of Isaac
when Abraham offered him as sacrifice is unknown, but is believed to
have occurred between the time when Isaac was weaned and before his
mother, Sarah, died. In other words, Isaac must have been between 5 and
35 years old. Was Isaac 10 years old when Abraham said “God himself
will provide the lamb for the burnt offering”69, thus heralding in “the firstborn of God’s new creation”70 just 2000 years ago, i.e., just 2 days ago, in
God-Time?
Both of the above need additional research.
69
70
Genesis 22:8.
Colossians 1:15.
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Chapter18.TheBottomLine
In Chapter 1 of this book, the following hypothesis was presented:
The Hypothesis
On the Creationists’ side,
IF
(1) God exists,
(2) speaks only the truth, and
(3) gave that truth to Moses, as written in Psalm 90 and the
Creation story found in the Book of Genesis;
AND
on the Evolutionists’ side,
IF
(4) the scientists have been seeking the truth, and
(5) have correctly found the Theory of Evolution,
THEN
we should be able to find correlations between Creation and
Evolution.
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In the investigation of a correlations between Creation and Evolution (and
with a 4 million year variance among the 3 most likely alignments, A-99. I-4.5 and
I-10), the following observations have been made:
1. There is a correlation between the Big Bang, the 6 Super-Big Days of
Creation and the life cycle of our sun.
2. There is a correlation between the Biblical and scientific age of the solar
system.
3. There is correlation of time between the divisions of the Precambrian time
periods and the Super-Big Days of Creation.
4. There is a correlation between the events occurring during the
Precambrian time periods and the events occurring during the first 5
Super-Big Days of Creation.
5. There is a correlation between the fruit in the Garden of Eden and
mitochondria.
6. There is a correlation between the timing of Adam’s rib and early fossil
evidence of biomineralization capabilities.
7. There is a correlation between timing of Adam and Eve receiving clothes
and the development of collagen.
8. There is a correlation between the appearance of Adam and Eve and the
development of sexes for plants and animals.
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9. There is a correlation between the timing of Seth and the first animal
fossils.
10. There is a correlation between the timing of Noah, the meaning of Noah’s
name and the evolution of the amniotic egg.
11. There is a correlation between the timing of the Nephilim (whose name
means “giant”) and the occurrence of dinosaurs.
12. There is a correlation between the timing of the first mention of bird in the
6th SBD (during Noah’s time) and the existence of the archaeopteryx (or
the first known bird, “ancient wing from the printing stone”) in evolution.
13. There is a correlation between the evolution/timing of the 3 types of
mammals and Noah’s 3 sons Ham, Japheth, and Shem.
14. There is a correlation between the 3 types of mammals and the meaning
of the names of Noah’s 3 sons.
15. There is a correlation between Noah’s Flood and the beginning of the
Cretaceous time period, i.e., the time period when the earth was covered
by low lying seas.
16. There is a correlation between the timing of Peleg (whose name was
given because “in his time the earth was divided”) and the final splitting
apart of Africa, South America and India.
17. There is a correlation between Nahor (whose name means “to snort”) and
the evolution of pigs, cattle and horses. The oldest known evidence of a
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hoofed animal, Kharmerungulatum vanvaleni appears in the Late
Cretaceous time period.71, [Livescience]
18. There is a correlation of Abram’s begat-time and an early form of primate,
Aegyptopithecus.
19. There is a correlation between the development and timing of the
evolution of bipedalism with Abram’s journey at age 75 and the meaning
of Abram’s name (from a prime root “to rise up”).
20. There is a correlation between the evolution of laughter and the laughter
of Abraham’s and Sarai.
21. There is a correlation between the two types of laughter, Duchenne and
non-Duchenne, and the spontaneous laughs of Abraham and Sarai and
the deliberate naming of Isaac. [NCBI.1]
22. There is a correlation between the splitting apart of chimpanzees and
humans with the development of laughter.
23. There may also be a correspondence between the rainbow after Noah’s
flood and the evolution of flowers.
24. There may be a correlation between the attempted sacrifice of Isaac
(possibly at age 10), the reassuring comment by Abraham,
71
As a reminder, the Late Cretaceous is sometimes referred to as the Upper Cretaceous. Upper
refers to the upper layers of earth that are associated with more recent periods in earth’s history.
The Late Cretaceous means in the second half of the Cretaceous time period, i.e. closer to 65.5
mya (the end of the Cretaceous) rather than to 144.4 mya (the beginning of the Cretaceous).
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“God himself will provide the lamb for the burnt offering”, 72
and the eventual sacrifice of Jesus.73
A closer look at the Creation/Evolution numbers with respect to the two
most likely alignments can be found in Appendix CandE.
It is my belief that the previous correlations overwhelmingly support the
hypothesis. Therefore, I also believe there can be at least a tentative truce
between the two points of view of Creation and Evolution, even though the
hypothesis needs to be re-assessed as our knowledge about both of these
viewpoints continues to grow.74
Advancement in any field of study takes time. Biblically, we are still
learning about the language of early Biblical texts. We do not have any original
manuscripts of the books in the Bible. All are copies of copies. Apparently, the
first translations of the Hebrew Bible took place 3 centuries before Christ.[Umc]
72
Genesis 22:7.
Colossians 1:15.
74
All scientific estimates on the evolution of species found in Figures A-75, A-99, I-4.5 and I-10
are works in progress (i.e., as our knowledge grows, new alignments may emerge.)
73
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Scientifically, Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species was printed in 1859,
over 150 years ago, but its importance wasn’t realized for another 70 years.
[Davidson]
We now know that an evolution of species cannot take place without an
evolution of DNA. This particular area of research is still in its infancy, but each
day brings new insights. Eventually, we may not have to wonder why there are
23 patriarchs in the book of Genesis and 23 male chromosomes in human DNA.
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Afterwords
In the preceding pages, we have looked at a comparison of Creation and
Evolution with regard to a single equation: a time conversion based on Psalm 90.
There are other equations to consider, other timelines and other ways to interpret
the book of Genesis. All of the following interpretations use the same sequence
of events that are in the book of Genesis (i.e., the same patterns), but these
events are either stretched or shrunk into longer or shorter timelines (i.e., they
are treated as Rubber Band Time).
In addition to a change in time, the interpretations depend on the structure
of grammar within the language. For example, if we look at only the peoplenames in the book of Genesis, then these names might also have the following
interpretations:
1. the historical record of a tribe; the Israelites, from about 4000-2000 B.C.
(i.e., the church’s traditional interpretation of the book of Genesis);
2. the evolution of species/animals, from about 750 mya to the present
(discussed throughout this paper), including Male/Female evolution (Table
2);
3. fetal development, from conception to birth (38 weeks/266 days)…from
Adam to Exodus (“hinted at” in Chapter 4 of this paper. “Beyond Time”);
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4. evolution of humanoids, from the advent of “human consciousness” to the
present, from about 2.5 mya – present;
If we look on a macroscopic level,
5. we might find a Cosmic View involving the creation and evolution of stars
(hinted at in Figure CV, A-99, starting at the Big Bang and ending with the
demise of our own sun);
If we look on a microscopic level,
6. we might see evolution on a cellular scale; from single cells to multicellular forms, either from about 750 mya – present…or in the first few
hours of the development of a zygote.
On the other hand, if we look at only the place-names (and their
derivations), starting with Abram’s journey, we might add yet another interesting
dimension to our understanding:
7. the essential steps of an individual’s spiritual journey, starting from that
point when we decide to humble ourselves and turn toward God.
There are probably more ways to look at these passages than the ones
listed above. The problem is…so many people have been trying for so long to
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prove that their way is the right way, they have come to believe that their way is
the only way.
If we think of the book of Genesis as “light” coming through a window and
that each one of us filters that light in some way or other, we may begin to realize
that understanding all that lies within its pages isn’t simply a matter of “black and
white.” Our beliefs “color” what we see.
For a long time we were taught that a rainbow had only seven colors, but if
we didn’t put limitations on where one color ended and another color began, we’d
find that there are many more colors than what we were taught as children. More
importantly, if we stopped insisting that only one of those colors was the “real
light” and stopped arguing over which interpretation is “correct”, we might come a
bit closer to the true meaning of the book of Genesis…and begin to wonder why,
in Heaven’s Name, all these interpretations seem to work.
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Appendices
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Appendix A (Computing SBDs)
From Psalm 90, we get the following:
1 day God-Time (GT) = 1000 years Human-Time (HT)
Equation A
There are 365.25 days in one year (HT). Multiplying both sides of this equation
by 365.25 doesn't change the initial relationship.
365.25 days (GT)
= 365.25 x 1000 years (HT)
1 year (GT)
= 365,250 years (HT)
Equation A*
Assume we are dealing with as least 2 different time scales in Genesis:
•
Genesis, chapter 1 is composed of Super-Big Days (God-Time)
•
Genesis, chapters 2-50 specifies the number of years (GT) in the 6th
Super-Big Day (via the addition of the begat-years).
(1) Using Option 1, as in Chapter 7 (How Many Years in a Super-Big Day?)—
that is, using only the begats from the beginning of Adam to the beginning of
Jacob’s life—implies that there are 2106 years (GT) in Genesis 2 – 50.
Multiplying both sides of Equation A* by 2106 gives the following:
2106 years (GT)
=
2106 x 365,250 years (HT)
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=
769,216,500 years (HT)
=
1 Super-Big Day (GT).
Equation A1
(2) Using Option 2 and working backward, we find that Joseph was born when
Jacob was 91 years old (See Appendix DAE). This means that the total number
of years in the book of Genesis, chapters 2-50, is 2307 years (GT), as seen by
the following:
Total number of years
=
2106
+ 91 (years to birth of Joseph)
+ 110 (life-span of Joseph)
=
2307 years (GT)
Multiplying both sides of Equation A* by 2307 gives the following:
2307 years (GT)
=
2307 x 365,250 years (HT)
=
842,631,750 years (HT)
=
1 Super-Big Day (GT)
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Equation A2
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Therefore, we have 2 possibilities for the size of 1 Super-Big Day (that is, the
size of 1 of the 6 Days of Creation found in the first chapter of the book of
Genesis):
either
1 Super-Big Day (GT) = 769,216,500 years (HT)
or
1 Super-Big Day (GT) = 842,631,750 years (HT).
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Appendix B (Computing the Age of the Solar System)
In Appendix A, we find that the 6th day of Creation has at least two possibilities
for defining the length of 1 Super-Big Day (SBD):
(1) Option 1 gives us the number of years for the 6th Super-Big Day as follows:
2106 years (GT)
=
769,216,500 years (HT)
=
1 Super-Big Day (GT)
Equation A1
If we have completed 5 Super-Big Days and part of the 6th Super-Big Day, we
must multiply 5 times 2106 years (GT) and add to that the number of years we’ve
completed in the 6th Super-Big Day (SBD) in order to see how much time has
passed since God said
“Let there be light.”
Looking at Appendix YA under the column of Assumption 2 calculations, we
see that Adam was created 746,936,250 years ago (HT); therefore,
746,936,250 years (HT) = completed years in the 6th SBD. Equation A1*
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Using Equations A1 and A1*, there has been, at a minimum,
5 x 2106 years (GT) + 746,936,250 years (HT)
= 5 x 769,216,500 years (HT) + 746,936,250 years (HT)
= 3,846,082,500 years (HT) + 746,936,250 years (HT)
= 4,593,018,750 years (HT)
Equation Â1
or, approximately 4.6 billion years (bya) since the beginning of our solar system.
The beginnings of each of the 6 Super-Big Days can also be approximated with
the use of either Equations A1 and/or A1*:
Using Equations A1, Super-Big Day 6: 747 mya – The Present.
The beginning of the 5th Super-Big Day of Creation
= ((# years, so far, in the 6th Super-Big Day) + (1 Super-Big Day)) ago
= (746,936,250 years (HT) + 769,216,500 years (MT)) ago
= 1,516,152,750 years ago
or, about 1.5 billion years ago (bya). Similarly, the other Super-Big Days of
Creation can now be defined by adding multiples of 769,216,500 years
(HT) to the time that has elapsed time in Super-Big Day 6:
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Super-Big Day 1:
4.6 – 3.8 bya
Super-Big Day 2:
3.8 – 3.1 bya
Super-Big Day 3:
3.1 – 2.3 bya
Super-Big Day 4:
2.3 – 1.5 bya
Super-Big Day 5:
1.5 bya – 747 mya
Super-Big Day 6:
747 mya – The Present
(2) Option 2 gives us the maximum number of years for the 6th Super-Big Day:
2307 years (GT)
=
842,631,750 years (HT)
=
1 Super-Big Day (SBD)
Equation A2
Again, using Appendix YA and Assumption 2, we have still only completed
746,936,250 years in the 6th SBD. Equations A2 and A1* gives us the time
back to the formation of our solar system, as maximum:
5 x 2307 years (GT) + 746,936,250 years ago (MT)
= 5 x 842,631,750 years ago (MT) + 746,936,250 years ago
= 4,960,095,000 years (MT)
Equation Â2
or, a maximal amount of approximately 5.0 billion years ago that God said
“Let there be light.” [Gen. 1:3]
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The other Super-Big Days can now be defined by adding multiples of
842,631,750 years to the length of time that has elapsed in Super-Big Day 6:
Super-Big Day 1:
5.0 – 4.1 bya
Super-Big Day 2:
4.1 – 3.3 bya
Super-Big Day 3:
3.3 – 2.4 bya
Super-Big Day 4:
2.4 – 1.6 bya
Super-Big Day 5:
1.6 bya – 747 mya
Super-Big Day 6:
747 mya – The Present
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Appendix C (Creation)
Begat
Name
Adam
Life
Span
930
Seth
912
put; i.e., substituted; from to place
Enosh
905
Lk.3:38; dangling, to slacken, to be feeble; same as prop. a mortal, from to be
frail, feeble
Kenan
(Cainan)
910
fixed: from a nest (as fixed); fig. a chamber or dwelling; contr. From to erect, to
nestle; i.e., build or occupy
Mahalalel
895
FROM fame:-praise, from to be clear (orig. of sound, but usually of color); to
shine; hence, to make a show, boast AND strength, from an unusual root mean.
to twist, by impl. be strong, the body (as being rolled together)
Information
man, men, mankind, human, Adam (the first man), persons, common sort,
hypocrite; man, mankind, human being; from dyed red, red, ruddy, to show red, to
glare, to show blood
130
105
90
70
65
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Jared
962
Enoch
365 *
a descent: from to descend (lit. to go downwards or fig. to fall
162
initiated: from to narrow; fig. to institute or discipline; comp. to be narrow, by impl.
to throttle or (reflex) to choke oneself to death
65
Methuselah
969
man of a dart: FROM man, an adult (as of full length), from an unused rood
meaning to extend AND missile of attach, i.e., spear; fig. shoot of growth, i.e.,
branch; from to send away
Lamech
777
from an unused root of uncertain meaning. (Lk. 3:36 - choice, from to try, I.e., by
impl. select)
187
Adam died 56 years into Lamech's life.
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Enoch walked with God 113 years into Lamech's life.
Seth died 168 years into Lamech's life.
182
Noah
950
Gen. 5:28, 29 "When Lamech had lived a hundred and eighty-two years, he
became the fther of a son, and called his name Noah, saying, 'Out of the ground
which the Lord has cursed this one shall bring us relief from our work and from
the toil of our hands." From rest: same as quiet; from to rest, i.e., settle down
Enosh died 84 years into Noah's life.
Kenan (Cainan) died 179 years into Noah's life.
Mahalalel died 234 years into Noah's life.
Jared died 366 years into Noah's life.
Gen. 5:32-6:4 "When Noah was five hundred years old he became the father of
Shem, Ham and Japheth…The Nephilim [Giants] were on the earth at that time
(and even afterwards)"
500
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Shem
98 +
2
600
FLOOD
(line at 98
years)
name; same as a prim. word [perh. rather from *: through the idea of definite and
conspicuous position; comp. to an unused root meaning to be lofty; an
appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; * a prim. root to put].
bird first mentioned: a little bird, as hopping, from a prime root to skip about, i.e.,
to return. Lamech died 95 years into Shem's life.
Arpachshad
(Arphaxad)
438
Methuselah died in the year that Arpachshad was born.
Shelah
433
tranquil; for a prim. root to enclose
Eber
464
prop. a region across; but used only adv. (with or without a prep.) on the opposite
side, from prim. root to cross over; spec. cover
Peleg
239
Gen.10:25 "...For in his days the earth was divided." earthquake; from a rill; a
prim. root to split (lit. or fig.):-divide
Reu
239
for pasture in the sense of a associate; friend; from a prim. root to tend a flock,
i.e., pasture it; intrans. to graze (lit. or fig.)
Serug
230
tendril; from a prim. root to entwine:- wrap together, wreath
Nahor
148
from an unused root mean. to snort or snore; snorer
Terah
205
of uncert. Derivation
Abram
175
Abram: contr. from father of height (I.e., lofty); FROM father AND a prim. root to
be high, act. to rise or raise. Abraham: from father and an unused root (prob.
mean. to be populous); father of a multitude
35
30
34
30
32
30
29
70
Peleg/Nahor died 48/49 years into Abram's life, respectively.
Noah died 60 years into Abram's life.
99 +
1
SODOM
destroyed
Isaac
Reu (A+78)Gen. 12:5 "Abram was 75…left Haran"; Gen.17:1-5 "...Abram was
99…'your name shall be Abraham'." Gen. 17:11-14 -- Covenant of circumcision.
180
laughter, from a prime root to laugh outright.
Serug (+1) died 1 year into Isaac's life
Terah (+35) died 35 years into Isaac's life
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60
Jacob:
smooth
skinned,
147
(2nd-born
twin of
Esau: red,
hairy)
Arph. died 48 years into Isaac's life
heel-catcher (i.e., supplanter); from a prim. root to swell out or
up;
Abraham died 15 years into Jacob's life
Shelah died 18 years into Jacob's life.
Shem died 50 years into Jacob's life
Eber died 79 years into Jacob's life
Isaac died 120 years into Jacob's life.
unknown at first;
then determined as
91
Joseph
Jacob died at 147 years of age.
110
Joseph sold into slavery (age 17)
Gen. 30:25 birth. Gen.32:29 -- Jacob is renamed Israel.
Gen.41:46 --Joseph appeared before Pharaoh (age 30)
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Appendix CV (Cosmic View)
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Appendix D (Derivations)
From "Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible," Riverside Edition.
A “G” in front of a number implies that it comes from the Greek; otherwise, the
number comes from Hebrew.
[8141]
years; from [8138]; a year (as a revolution of time):-+ whole age, x
long, + old, year (x -ly).
[8138]; a prime root; to fold, i.e., duplicate (lit. or fig.); by impl. to
transmute (trans. or intrans.):- do (speak, strike) again, alter,
double, (be given to) change, disguise, (be) diverse, pervert,
prefer, repeat, return, do the second time.
[120]
man; All references to man before Genesis 2:23 come from this
reference number to the word man; from [119] ; ruddy, i.e., a
human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
[119] to show blood (in the face), i.e., flush or turn rosy:- be dyed,
made) red (ruddy)
Gen. 2:23 "This at last is bone from my bones, and flesh from my flesh!
This is to be called woman, for this was taken from man." This reference is
the first reference referring to a male or female gender. Earlier references
are neuter.
[376]
man; (Gen. 2:23) contr. for [582] (or perh. extant); a man as an
individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more
definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in
translation):-also, another, any (man) a certain, +champion,
consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good,
great, might) man, he, high one, people, person, +steward, what
(man) soever, whoso (-ever), worthy. Comp. [802].
[802] (See below.)
[582] from [605]; prop. a mortal (and thus differing from the more
dignified [120]); hence a man in gen. (singly and collect.):another, x (blood-) thirsty, certain chap (-man), divers, fellow,
x in the flower of their age, husband, (certain, mortal) man,
people, person, + their trade. It is often unexpressed in the
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Engl. Version, especially when used in apposition with
another word. Comp. [376]. (See above.)
[605] a prime root; to be frail, feeble, or (fig.) melancholy:desperate (-ly wicked), incurable, sick, woeful.
[802] fem. of [376] or [582]; irregular plur.; a woman (used in the
same wide sense as [582].
[6763]
rib (as in Gen. 2:22); from [6760] a rib (as curved), lit. (of the body)
or fig. (of a door, i.e., leaf); hence a side, lit. (of a person) or fig. (of
an object or the sky, i.e., quarter); arch. a (espec. floor or ceiling)
timber or plank (single or collect., i.e., a flooring):-beam, board,
chamber, corner, leaf, plank, rib, side (chamber).
[6760] a prime root; prob. to curve; used only as denom.
from
[6763], to limp (as if one-sided):-halt
[120] n m
adam (as in Gen. 2:19); from [119]; ruddy, i.e., a human being (an
individual or the species, mankind, etc.):- x another, + hypocrite, +
common sort, x low, man (mean, of low degree), person.
[119] to show blood (in the face), i.e., flush or turn rosy:--be (dyed,
made) red (ruddy).
[121] n pr m Adam (as in Gen. 2:21); the same as [120] (See above.); Adam,
the name of the first man, also of a place in Pal.:-Adam
Gen. 4:25 "Adam had intercourse with his wife, and she gave birth to a son
whom she named Seth, 'because God has granted me other offspring' she
said 'in place of Abel, since Cain has killed him.'
Gen. 5:3 "When Adam was a hundred and thirty years old he became the
father of a son, in his likeness, as his image, and he called him Seth."
[8352]
Seth; from [7896]; put, i.e., substituted; Sheth, third son of Adam:Seth, Sheth.
[7896] sheeth; a prime root; to place (in a very wide application):apply, appoint, array, bring, consider, lay (up), let alone, x
look, make, mark, put (on), + regard, set, shew, be stayed, x
take.
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Gen. 5:6 "When Seth was a hundred and five years old he became the
father of Enosh."
[583]
Enosh; the same as [582];
[582] from [605]; prop. a mortal (and thus differing from the more
dignified [120]. See above.); hence a man in gen. (singly and
collect.):-another, x (blood-) thirsty, certain chap (-man),
divers, fellow, x in the flower of their age, husband, (certain,
mortal) man, people, person, + their trade. It is often
unexpressed in the Engl. Version, especially when used in
apposition with another word. Comp. [376].
[605] a prime root; to be frail, feeble, or (fig.)
melancholy:-desperate (-ly wicked), incurable,
sick, woeful.
[376]; contr. for [582] (See above.) [or perh. rather from an
unused root mean. to be extant]; a man as an
individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct
to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently
not expressed in translation).
Gen. 5: 9 "When Enosh was ninety years old he became the father of
Kenan."
[7018]
Kenan (See also Cainan.); from the same as [7064]; fixed; Kenan,
an antediluvian:-Cainan, Kenan.
[7064]; contr. from [7077]; a nest (as fixed), sometimes include. the
nestlings; fig. a chamber or dwelling:-nest, room.
[7077]; a prime root; to erect; but used only as denom. from
[7064]; to nestle, i.e., build or occupy as a nest:
make…nest.
Gen. 5:12 "When Kenan was seventy years old he became the father of
Mahalalel."
[4111]
Mahalalel (Mahalaleel. See also Maleleel.); from [4110] and [410];
praise of God; Mahalalel, the name of an antediluvian patriarch and
of an Isr.:-Mahalaleel.
[4110]; from [1984]; fame:-praise.
[1984]; a prime root; to be clear (orig. of sound, but usually
of color); to shine; hence to make a show, to boast;
and thus to be (clamorously) foolish; to rave; causat.
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to celebrate; also to stultify (make) boast (self),
celebrate, commend, (deal, make), fool (-ish, -ly),
glory, give [light], to (make, feign self) mad (against),
give in marriage, [sing, be worthy of] praise, rage, r
enowned, shine.
[410]; short, from [352]; strength; as adj. mighty; espec. the
Almighty but used also of any deity):-God (god), x goodly, x
great, idol, might (-y one), power, strong. Comp. names in "el."
[352]; from the same as [193]; prop. strength; hence
anything
strong; spec. a chief (politically); also a ram (from his
strength); a pilaster (as a strong support): an oak or
other strong tree:-mighty (man), lintel, oak, post, ram,
tree.
[193]; from an unused root mean. to twist, i.e., (by
impl.) be strong; the body (as being rolled
together; also powerful:-mighty, strength.
Gen. 5:15 "When Mahalalel was sixty-five years old he became the father of
Jared."
[3382]
Jared; from [3381]; a descent; Jered, the name of an antediluvian,
and of an Isr.:- Jared.
[3381]; a prime root; to descend (lit. to go downwards; or
conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary,
the enemy, etc.; or fig. to fall); causat. to bring down (in all
the above applications):- x abundantly, bring down, carry
down, cast down, (cause to) come (-ing) down, fall (down),
get down, go
(-ing) down (-ward), hang down, x indeed, let down, light
(down), put down (off), (cause to, let) run down, sink,
subdue, take down.
Gen. 5:18 "When Jared was a hundred and sixty-two years old he became
the father of Enoch."
[2585]
Enoch; from [2596]; initiated; Chanok, an antediluvian patriach:Enoch.
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or
[2596]; a prime root; prop. to narrow (comp. to [2614]); fig. to initiate
discipline:-delicate, train up.
[2614]; a prime root (comp. to (2596]); to be narrow; by impl. to
throttle, or (reflex.) to choke oneself to death (by a rope):hang self, strangle.
Gen. 5:21-22 "When Enoch was sixty-five years old he became the father of
Methuselah. Enoch walked with God."
[4968]
Methuselah; (See also Mathusala.); from [4962] and [7973]; man
of a dart; Methushelach, an antediluvian patriarch:- Methuselah.
[4962]; from the same as [4970]; prop. an adult (as of full length);
by impl. a man (only in the plur.):- +few, x friends, men,
persons, x small.
[4970]; from an unused root mean. to extend; prop. extent
(of time); but used only adv. (esp. with other particles
pref.), when (either rel. or interrog.):-long, when
[7973]; from [7971]; a missile of attach, i.e., spear; also (fig.) a
shoot of growth, i.e., branch:-dart, plant, x put off, sword,
weapon
[7971]; a prime root; to send away, for, or out (in a great
variety of applications):-x any wise, appoint, bring (on
the way), cast (away, out), conduct, x earnestly,
forsake, give (up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart
(down, go loose), push away, put (away, forth, in,
out), reach forth, send (away, forth, out), set, shoot
(forth, out), sow spread, stretch forth (out).
Gen. 5:25 "When Methuselah was a hundred and eighty-seven years old he
became the father of Lamech."
[3929]
Lamech; from an unused root of uncert. mean.; Lemek, the name
of two antediluvian patriarchs:-Lamech
Gen. 5:28-30 "When Lamech was a hundred and eighty-two years old he
became the father of a son. He gave him the name Noah because, he said,
'Here is one who will give us, in the midst of our toil and the labouring of
our hands, a consolation derived from the ground that Yahweh cursed'."
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[5146]
Noah; the same as [5118]; rest; Noach, the patriarch of the flood:Noah.
[5118]; from [5117]; quiet:- rest (-ed, -ing place).
[5117]; a prime root; to rest, i.e., settle down; used in a great
variety of applications, lit. and fig., intrans., trans. And
causat. (to dwell, stay let fall, place, let alone,
withdraw, give comfort, itc.):-cease, be confederate,
lay, let down, (be) quiet, remain, (cause to, be at, give
have, make to) rest, set down. Comp. [3241].
[3241]; from [5123]; asleep; Janim, a place in Pal.:-Janum.
[5123]; a prime root; to slumber (from drowsiness):sleep, slumber.
Gen. 5:32 "When Noah was five hundred years old he became the father of
Shem, Ham and Japheth."
[8035]
Shem; the same as [8034]; name; Shem, a son of Noah (often
include. his posterity):-Sem, Shem.
[8034]; a prim. word (perh. rather from [7760] through the idea of
definite and conspicuous position; comp. [8064]); an
appellation, as a mark or memorial of individuality; by impl.
honor, authority, character:- + base, (in-) fame (-ous), name
(-d), renown, report.
[7760]; a prime root; to put (used in a great variety of
applications, lit., fig., infer. and ellip.):- x any wise,
appoint, bring, call (a name), care, cast, in, change,
charge, commit, consider, convey, determine,
+disguise, dispose, do, get, give, heap up, hold,
impute, lay (down, up), leave, look, make (out), mark,
+ name, x on, ordain, order, + paint, place, preserver,
purpose, put (on), + regard, rehearse, reward, (cause
to) set (on, up), shew, + stedfastly, take, x tell, + tread
down, ([over-]) turn,
x wholly, work.
Gen. 6:4 "The Nephilim were on the earth at that time (and even afterwards)
The word nephilim was not found in the Strongs Concordance; rather, it had
already been translated as giants. In The Hebrew-English Concordance, (ref. p.
1096, [5872]) the word remains un-translated.
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[*5303]
giants; from [5307]; prop., a feller, i.e., a bully or tyrant:-giant.
[5307]; a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications
(intrans.or causat., lit. or fig.):- be accepted, cast (down, self,
[lots], out), cease, die, divide (by lot), (let) fall, (cause to, let,
make, ready to) fall (away, down, -en, -ing), fell (-ing),
fugitive, have [inheritance], inferior, be judged [by mistake for
[6419]], lay (along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be (x
hast), lost, lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present (-ed,
-ing), (make to) rot, slay, smite out, x surely, thrown down.
Gen. 6:7 “ ‘I will rid the earth's face of man, my own creation,’ Yahweh said
‘and of animals also, reptiles too, and the birds of heaven; for I regret
having made them.’ ”
Gen. 11:10, 11 “When Shem was a hundred years old he became the father
of Arpachshad, two years after the flood.”
[775]
Arpachshad; n pr m; “I shall fail as the breast: he cursed the
breast-bottle”; prob. from [G742] “stronghold of Chaldees”
Gen. 11:12 “When Arpachshad was thirty-five years old he became the
father of Shelah.”
[7974]
Shelah; n pr m, sprout; from the same as [7973].
[7973] sword, weapon, dart, plant, put them off; missile, weapon,
sprout, shoot; from [7971]
[7971] a primitive root; send, go, send/put forth, send away,
lay, send out, put, put away, cast out, stretch out,
cast, set, put out, depart, soweth, loose, misc.; to
send, send away, let go, stretch out, to send, to
stretch out, extend, direct, to send away, to let loose;
to be sent; to send off or away or out or forth, dismiss,
give over, cast out, to let go, set free, to shoot forth (of
branches); to let down, to shoot, to be sent off, be put
away, be divorced, be impelled, to send.
Gen. 11:14 “When Shelah was thirty years old he became the father of
Eber.”
[5677]
Eber; the region beyond, from the same as [5676].
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[5676] side, beyond, straight, passage, by, from, against, over,
quarter; region across or beyond, side, opposite side; from
[5674].
[5674] a primitive root; (pass/went…) over, pass, (pass
ect…)through, pass by, go, (put/pass etc…) away,
pass on, misc.; to pass over or by or through,
alienate, bring, carry,do away, take, take away,
transgress; to pass over cross, cross over, pass over,
march over, overflow, go over; to pass beyond; to
pass through, traverse, passers-through, traverse, to
pass through (the parts of victim in covenant), to pass
along, pass by, overtake and pass, sweep by, passerby, to be past, to over; to pass on, go on, pass on
before, go in advance of, pass along, travel, advance;
to pass away, to emigrate, leave (one’s territory), to
vanish to perish, cease to exist, to become invalid,
become obsolete (of law, decree), to be alienated,
pass into other hands; to be crossed, to impregnate,
cause to cross; to cause to pass over, cause to bring
over, cause to cross over, make over to, dedicate,
devote, to cause to pass through, to cause to pass by
or beyond or under, let pass by, to cause to pass
away, cause to take away, to pass over.
Gen. 11:16 “When Eber was thirty-four years old he became the father of
Peleg.”
[6389]
Peleg; (named…”for in his time the earth was divided.”), division,
from the same as [6388].
[6388] from [6385]; river, stream, channel, canal;
[6385] a primitive root; divide, to be split, be divided,
to split, cleave, to divide.
Gen. 11:18 “When Peleg was thirty years old he became the father of Reu.”
[7466]
Reu; n pr m, friend, for [7471] in the sense of [7453].
[7471] n m, pasture, from [7462].
[7453] n m, neighbour, friend, another, fellow, companion, other,
brother, husband, lovers, friend, intimate, fellow, fellow-
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citizen, another person (weaker sense), other, another.
[7462] a primitive root; feed, shepherd, pastor, herdmen,
keep, companion, broken, company, devour, eat,
entreateth, to tend, pasture, shepherd, of ruler,
teacher, of people as flock, shepherd, herdsman; to
feed, graze, of cows, sheep, etc. (literal), of idolater,
Israel as flock, shepherd, shepherdess;to associate
with, be a friend of, to be companions, to be a special
friend.
Gen. 11:20 “When Reu was thirty-two years old he became the father of
Serug.”
[8286]
Serug; n pr m, branch, from [8276]
[8276] a primitive root; wreathed, wrapped together; to be
intertwined, to intertwine oneself; TWOT number 2284;
intertwine themselves
Gen. 11:22 “When Serug was thirty years old he became the father of
Nahor.”
[5152]
Nahor; n pr m snorting; from the same as [5170]
[5170] nostril, snorting; from an unused root meaning to snort or
snore
TWOT 1346; assumed root of 1346a;
TWOT 1346a; a snorting (of horse, Job 39:20, only)
Gen. 11:24 “When Nahor was twenty-nine years old he became the father of
Terah.”
[8646]
Terah;n pr m; station; n pr loc; delay; of uncertain derivation
Gen. 11:26 “When Terah was seventy years old he became the father of
Abram…”
[87]
Abram; from [48]; n pr m; exalted father;
[48] n pr m; my father is exalted or (the) Exalted One is (my) father;
from [1] and [7311]
[1] n m; a root; father, chief, families, desire, fatherless
+[H369], forefathers + [7223], patrimony, prince, principal;
father of an individual, of God as father of his people, head
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or founder of a household, group, family, or clan; ancestor;
originator or patron of a class, profession, or art; of producer,
generator (fig.); term of respect and honour; ruler or chief
(spec.)
TWOT 4a; father, forefather family
[7311] v; a primitive root; (lift/hold etc…) up, high, offer, give
heave, extol, lofty, take, tall, higher, to rise, rise up, be high,
be lofty, be exalted;
who became…
Gen. 17:1-5 “When Abram was ninety-nine years old Yahweh appeared to
him…’you shall become the father of a multitude of nations. You shall no
longer be called Abram; your name shall be Abraham…’ ”
[85]
Abraham; from [1] and an unused root (probably meaning to be
populous); n pr m father of a multitude or chief of a
multitude;
[1] father of an individual, of God a father of his people,
head or founder of a household, group, family, or
clan, ancestor, originator of a class, profession, or art,
etc.
Gen. 21:5, 6 “Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was
born to him.”
[3446]
Isaac; from [7831]; n pr m; he laughs;
[7831] toward the heights; from the same as [7830];
[7830] dignity, pride; from an unused root
meaning to strut
Gen. 25:25-27 “The first to be born was red, and as though he were
completely wrapped in a hairy cloak; so they named him Esau. Then his
brother was born, with his hand grasping Esau’s heel; so they named him
Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old at the time of their birth.”
[3290]
Jacob; n pr m; from [H6117] heel holder, supplanter
[6117] a primitive root; to supplant, circumvent, take by the heel,
follow at the heel, assail insidiously, overreach
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Gen. 30:22-24 “Then God remembered Rachel; he heard her and opened
her womb. She conceived and gave birth to a son, saying, ‘God has taken
away my shame.’ So she named him Joseph, saying, ‘May Yahweh give me
another son.’ ”
[G2501]
Joseph; n pr m; from [3130]; let him add;
[3130] Jehovah has added; from [3254]
[3254] a prim. root; add, increase, do again
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Appendix DAE (Developing An Equation)
Perhaps, I should try and line up fetal development with the Creation Timeline
(instead of Evolution)…and work backwards, developing the conversion formula
after seeing what things fit. (This method used to work really well when figuring
out math proofs.) Unfortunately, nothing is ever easy. Apparently, I once again
have several choices. First, with regard to human gestation,
•
there are either 266 days (38 weeks), as measured from the time of
fertilization (or, conception), or
•
280 days (40 weeks), as measured from the last show of blood in the
woman’s menstrual cycle.
With regard to lining up one of the 2 choices, above:
•
do I begin with Adam?...or,
•
do I begin with Seth?
Since I have no conversion formula that seems to fit these circumstances,
•
how do I convert Fetal-Time to God-Time?
I began by recognizing that there are 2106 undisputed, begat-years in the Book
of Genesis. It’s easy enough to take that amount of time and divide by one of the
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following: 266 days, 280 days, 38 weeks, or 40 weeks. In addition, if we
remember that Adam means to show blood, he represents a time before
fertilization…and, like it or not, he apparently is not the right sex, anyway.
If we treat the (approximately) 2 weeks between the last show of blood and the
fertilization of a female egg as the time period between Adam and Seth, this
gives us a possible conversion formula between Fetal Time and Creation
Time…at least, one with which to get started. Since Adam begat Seth when
Adam was 130 years old, let’s assume that the time conversion between Fetal
Time and Creation Time is as follows:
2 weeks Fetal Time (FT) = 130 years (GT)
Assumption F1
(It’s true that Fetal Time and Man Time are the same, but I’ve used FT in order to
differentiate between the conversion formula found in Psalm 90 and the one I am
trying to develop here.)
This means that
1 week (FT) = 65 years (GT)
40 weeks (FT) = 40 x 65 = 2600 years (GT),
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which is 494 years more that 2106 years that I’ve been working with. In fact, this
amount of time would to put me right out of the book of Genesis and into the
book of Exodus, which I hadn’t intended. On the other hand, maybe that isn’t
such a bad thing:
“The book of Exodus is a book of “leaving slavery” and “entering a land of
milk and honey,” the journey down the “birth canal” and being “born of the
Spirit,” the journey toward the Kingdom of Heaven and the “leaving behind
of”—the Exodus from—worldly things, and the “re-awakening” of an
individual’s perception of the existence of God in the process”
Perhaps, it was finally time to take a look at Jacob and Joseph, since the 2 of
them were intimately associated with the Israelites being in Egypt in the first
place.
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Figure 7
Abram
Abraham
Isaac
2106 years
Jacob
Joseph
Some important Biblical facts are as follows:
•
When Joseph was 17 years old, he was sold into slavery by his brothers.
[Gen. 37:2]
•
When Joseph was 30 years old, he appeared before Pharoah king of
Egypt. [Gen. 41:46]
•
Then came 7 years of plenty. [Gen. 41:47-50]
•
After 2 (of the 7) years of famine, Joseph sent for Jacob and his sons to
come quickly and live in Egypt. [Gen. 45:6]
•
Jacob was 130 years old when he came to Egypt. [Gen. 47: 8, 9]
•
Jacob lived in Egypt 17 years before he died. [Gen. 47:28]
•
The time that the sons of Israel spent in Egypt was 430 years.
[Exodus 12:40, 41]
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
•
For 400 of those years, Abram’s descendents were slaves and oppressed.
[Gen. 15:14]
This gives us some important information:
•
Joseph was 39 years old when Jacob, at age 130, came to live in Egypt:
30 years old + 7 years of plenty + 2 years of famine = 39 years old when
Jacob, at age 130, comes to Egypt.
which, in turn, means that
•
Jacob begat Joseph when Jacob was 91 years old, since 130 – 39 = 91.
(God may have a reason for making us do the work, this time, instead of
just telling us that Jacob begat Joseph when Jacob was 91 years of age.)
155
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Figure 8
Abram
Abraham
Isaac
2106 years
Jacob
91 yrs
130 years
years
Joseph
430 years in
Egypt
Exodus
•
Assuming that the number of years in Egypt began with Jacob’s arrival
there, this now give a total number of years from the time of Adam to the
time of the Exodus out of Egypt:
2106 years (of begats up to Jacob) +
130 years (the age of Jacob when he came to Egypt) +
430 years (the number of years the Israelites were in Egypt)
= 2666 years (GT)
156
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
•
If we assume that the number of years in Egypt began with Joseph’s
arrival, instead of Jacob and the rest of the family, then the total number of
years from the time of Adam to the time of the Exodus out of Egypt
becomes:
2106 years (of begats up to Jacob) +
91 years (to Joseph’s birth) +
17 years (the age of Joseph when he was sold into slavery in
Egypt) +
430 years (the number of years the Israelites were in Egypt)
= 2644 years (GT)
Neither of these year-amounts equals the 2600 years that Assumption F1 gave
us: the first number, 2666 years, is 66 years too many; while the second number,
2644 years, is 44 years too many. However, the first number is intriguing. It
implies that
266 days (FT) = 2666 years (GT)
and, therefore, that
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
1 day (FT) = 10.02 years (GT)
Since this previous equation is so similar to the one in Psalm 90, Let’s assume
the following and see what happens:
Let
266 days (FT) = 2660 years (GT).
Assumption F2
This implies that
1 day (FT)
= 10 years (GT).
Equation F
We also realize that there is another version of Assumption F2 and, therefore,
another version of Equation F:
38 weeks (FT) = 2660 years (GT)
Assumption F’2
and therefore
1 week (FT) = 70 years (GT)
Equation F’1
Equation F’1 is especially helpful when aligning the Creation Timeline with the
Fetal Timeline.
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Appendix Q4 (Question About The 4th SBD)
1. Does the present theory regarding the origin of the moon and stars negate
the interpretation of Genesis 1:14-19?
2. Or…Did the change in the atmosphere allow the sun, moon and stars to
become visible during this time? (See bulleted items in Super-Big Day 3.)
3. Are we talking about the Aurora borealis and earth’s field of magnetism?
4. Or is there something else going on here?
(Recent findings by Kirschvink and his former student, David Evans, suggest
that global glaciations may have occurred around 2.3 billion years ago, but not in the
intervening period between 2.3 bya and 750 mya. [Harvard] This glaciation must have
been very different from the “snowball” Earth glaciations which occurred between
750 and 580 mya, because there is no mention of an oscillation between hot and cold
like that which occurred during the later series of global ice ages.
There are two major theories with regard to global glaciation:
(1) one theory, by George Williams, proposes that the angle between the spin
axis and the axis of the ecliptic plane—was greater than 54 degrees until it rapidly
changed to relatively low values near today's 23.5 degrees (To initiate the glaciation
would seem to require a giant impact on the Earth of a body crossing the ecliptic
plane at a high angle. This is incompatible with the orbit of the Moon, unless the
widely accepted theory of its origin through a giant impact is abandoned). [Harvard]
159
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
(2) The other theory, by Joe Kirschvink, points out that during a global
glaciation, in what he termed a "snowball" Earth, the supply of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere and oceans from volcanism would continue because of plate tectonics.
However, if the Earth were so cold that there were no liquid water on the continents,
weathering reactions would effectively cease, allowing carbon dioxide to build up to
incredibly high levels. Eventually, the carbon-dioxide-induced warming would offset
the ice albedo, and the glaciation would end. [Harvard]
Questions:
1. Is it necessary for only one of these two hypotheses to be correct? Although both
were put forward as possible explanations for the Neoproterozoic global ice ages,
is it possible that Williams’ theory can explain the 2.3 bya glaciation, while
Kirschvink’s can explain the 750 to 580 mya ones?
2. If there was a global glaciation at 2.3 bya, how does the buildup of oxygen
between 2.5 and 1.5 bya figure into the picture? In other words, does it change
the visibility of Earth’s atmosphere?
See Appendix CV for a visual presentation of Cosmic Time.
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Appendix S (Shem)
How old was Noah when he begat Shem?
In The Jerusalem Bible [TJB], the Gen. 5:32 translation reads
(1) “When Noah was five hundred years old he became the father of Shem,
Ham and Japheth.”
Unfortunately, the above quote does not make sense in light of other passages
from Genesis:
Gen.7:11[TJB]
“In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, and on the
seventeenth day of that month, that very day all the springs of the great
deep broke through, and the sluices of heaven opened. It rained on the
earth for forty days and forty nights.”
In the 2nd month of Noah’s 600th year, he would have completed 599 years, plus
1 more month and 16 days and Shem would have lived (i.e., completed) 99 years
(plus 1 month and 16 days).
Gen. 8:13-15 [TJB]
“It was in the six hundred and first year of Noah’s life, in the first month and on
the first of the month, that the water dried up from the earth. In the second month
and on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth was dry. Then God said to
Noah, ‘Come out of the ark…’”
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
At the point when the water dried up from the earth, Noah would have completed
600 years of his life, and Shem would have completed 100 years.
When God told them to come out of the ark, Noah would have completed 600
years (plus 1month and 26 days), and Shem would have completed 100 years
(plus 1 month and 26 days).
Gen. 11:10, 11 [TJB]
“When Shem was a hundred years old he became the father of Arphaxad, two
years after the flood.”
PROBLEM:
Two years after the flood, Shem would have been 102 years old, not 100
years old.
In reality, there are actually TWO PROBLEMS buried in the MAIN
PROBLEM:
1. When was Shem actually begat/born?
and
2. What does the phrase “after the flood” mean?
a. For example, does it mean “after the rain began to fall”?...or…
b. does it mean “after the world dried up”?
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
There is an argument for assuming that “after the flood” means “after the flood
began” and it goes like this:
Gen. 7:6 [TJB]
“Noah was 600 years old when the floodwaters appeared on the earth.”
Gen. 9:28 [TJB]
“After the flood, Noah lived 350 years. In all, Noah’s life lasted nine
hundred and fifty years; then he died.
Since 950 – 350 = 600, and this is how old Noah was when the
floodwaters came on the earth (not when they ended!), then “after
the flood” means “after Noah was 600 years old…and…therefore,
”after the rain began to fall.”
Two years “after the flood” (when Arphaxad was begat) would have
made Noah 602 years old and Shem 102 years old also, since he
was begat when Noah was 500 years old. [Gen. 5:32 [TJB]
The PROBLEM of Shem’s age when Arphaxad was begat still exists.
The Jerusalem Bible is an English translation
Let’s look at another source for these Biblical passages. I’ve chosen “The
Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament]” (which I’ll refer to as
[TINHEOT]) because it seems to clear up the problem…and does it with the
change of a single word:
Gen. 7:11 [TINHEOT]
163
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
“After Noah was 500 years old, he became the father of Shem.”
This means that we can accept the idea that 2 years after the flood, Shem was
indeed 100 years old. Therefore, he must have been born when Noah was 502
years old.
This might be the end of the problem.
On the other hand, another possibility exists: what if the definition of a year
changed during this time period? The dates of the events during the flood were
based on 360 days in a year.
Or, what if the discrepancy is there for some as yet unknown purpose? So, until I
understand things a bit better, I’ve decided to leave alone the idea that Shem
was begat when Noah was 500 years old.
The following spread sheet seems to make the most sense, given all the
parameters. In it, Noah was 502 years old when Shem was born, Noah is 600
years old when the flood began, Arphaxad was born 2 years after the flood and
Shem was 100 years old when Arphaxad was born.
164
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Noah
Shem
Floodbegins
rest
mark
502
8"good"peoplegather
"bad"animals.Building
ofArkbegins(reeds
andpitch,asin
pitchingatentatthe
settingofthesun).2x2
animalscanbeseen.
98
Itbeginstorain
2yearsafterthebeginningof
FloodmakesShem100yearsold
whenArphaxadwasborn.
Arpachshad
metaphase
boundary
165
2 35
12.048
2.352
0.84
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Appendix T (Tedious)
Let’s find out how many years ago (HT) Nahor—a patriarch who came before
Abram—was “begat.” Using Alignment A-75, The Present occurs when Abram
was 75 years old (GT), and we must start at this point and work our way
backwards to the birth of Nahor. This is done by first adding up the following
God-Years (see Appendix YA in the column labeled “begats”).
75 (the number of God-Years from Abram, at age 75, back to when
Abram was begat by Terah) +
70 (the number of years back to when Terah was begat by Nahor) +
29 (the number of years back to when Nahor was begat by Serug).
The addition gives 75 + 70 + 29 = 174 years (GT).
Using Equation 3 to convert from God-Time to Human-Time, we get
174 years (GT) = 63, 553,500 years (HT).
Therefore, based on Alignment A-75, Nahor began his life about 63½ million
years ago.
If we continue to add up the number of years back to the beginning of
Adam, we have the following
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Conclusion 1:
Using Alignment A-75, we can say that there are
738,170,250 completed years (HT) in the 6th Super-Big Day,
no matter what the size of the 6th Super-Big Day happens to be. This can be
seen in the following Figure A-75, where the abbreviation “ya” stands for
“years ago” in Human-Time.75
In the same method used to create the previous timeline comparison, we can
recalculate the completed number of years in the 6th Super-Big Day using a
different alignment: Assume that
Abram/Abraham, at age 99 (GT), equates to The Present. Alignment A-99
Our God-Year additions will change slightly, beginning with Abram/Abraham:
99 (from Abram, at age 99, back to when Abram was begat by Terah) +
70 (the number of years back to when Terah was begat by Nahor) +
29 (the number of years back to when Nahor was begat by Serug).
75
Please note the insertion of “Early Birds” in the timeline: 160 mya refers to Aurornis xui, while
[Godefroit]
150 mya refers to Archaeopteryx.
167
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
The addition gives 99 + 70 + 29 = 198 years (GT).
Then, using Equation 3 to convert from God-Time to Human-Time, we get
198 years (GT) = 72,319,500 (HT).
Therefore, based on Alignment A-99, Nahor began his life about 72 million
years ago (HT), instead of the 63 ½ million years ago that was based on
Alignment A-75. In other words, WHERE we assume The Present to be in the
Genesis timeline (i.e., where we “are” in the Creation Timeline) determines
how long ago Creation events may have occurred in our own Past. (Time is
relative.) Then, the scientific information in the Evolution timeline can be
compared to the events in the Creation timeline, allowing us to decide if our
assumed alignment is “correct”, “way off base”…or “a possibility”.
Conclusion 2:
Using Alignment A-99 and continuing the additions back to Adam, there are
746,936,250 completed years (HT) in the 6th Super-Big Day,
no matter what the size of the 6th Super-Big Day happens to be. This second
alignment (along with the new dates from Appendix YA) can be seen in the
following Figure A-99.
168
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Figure A-99
746,936,250 ya (HT)
Adam
Precambrian
699,453,750 ya
Seth
661,102,500 ya
Enosh
Kenan (Cainan)
Mahalal
el
Jared
628,230,000 ya
602,662,500 ya
578,921,250 ya
519,750,750 ya
Enoch
Cambrian
496,009,500 ya
Ordovician
Methus
elah
427,707,750 ya
Lamech
Silurian
Devonian
361,232,250 ya
Super-Big Day 6
Carboniferous
Noah
Permian
Triassic
178,607,250 ya
Nephili
m
Jurassic
Shem
The Flood
Abram/Abraha
m’s Lifeline
150 mya
Archaeopteryx
Cretaceous
142,082,250 ya
Arphaxad
Shelah
Eber
Peleg
Rue
Serug
Nahor
Terah
Abram
Abram, age 75
Isaac
105,922,500 ya
Dinosaurs
Afr./S. Am. split
72,319,500 ya
Palaeoc
ene
Eocene
Oligoce
Miocen
ne
e
36,159,750 ya
8,766,000 ya
0 ya
Abraham, age
99 (GT)
Jacob
The Present Time
Joseph
169
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Appendix TA (Two Assumptions)
Years Ago (HT)
Assumption 1:
Abram (75)
Years Ago (HT)
Assumption 2:
Abram (99)
Evolution Events
The "apparent diversity of protists
during…1100 - 900 mya probably reflects
the evolution of meiosis, that is, of sex."
[R180, p. 30]
738,170,250
746,936,250
Mitochondria inside cells before plant and
[R100]
animal kingdoms split apart.
Eukaryotic fossils dated to between 750
[R111]
mya and 1.5 bya.
Multicellular
fossils, purportedly of animals, recovered
. [R111]
from 750 mya rocks
699,453,750
"From about 700 mya the early
supercontinent is believed to have been
[R189, p. 39]
splitting up"
652,701,750
661,102,500
Cyanobacteria began to take up
residence within certain eukaryote cells
anywhere between 659 mya and 543
mya.
619,464,000
628,230,000
543 mya Cyanobacteria in eukaryote
[R152]
cells.
593,896,500
602,662,500
"The body cavity develops in the embryo
in two ways: from the front end…or from
the rear end (such as mammals)…split
between these two groups…600 mya or
[R180, p. 32]
more"
Ediacaran Fauna…590 [R180, p 39]
545 mya
570,155,250
578,921,250
"bilaterally symmetrical…Kimberella…555
[R180, p. 41]
mya"
"The oldest fossil
[R191]
chordates…525 mya"
510,984,750
519,750,750
During the Ordovician…500 mya, brains
[R3, p. 21]
first appeared
510 - 439 mya,
jawless fishes appeared…earliest
[R191]
known…Vertebrata
Serotonergic
[R3, p. 28]
system, similar to all vertebrates.
690,687,750
Fruit Episode
Cain raised
plants; Abel
kept animals.
Animals were
favored.
[Gen.4:4]
Seth replaced
Abel. [Gen.
4:25]
170
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
487,243,500
496,009,500
480 mya: "The earliest known undisputed
[R192]
craniates"
470 mya: The earliest vertebrates,
[R3, p. 73]
jawless fish, appeared.
418,941,750
427,707,750
Vertebrates are somewhere in this time
frame. "oldest known terrestrial
Vertebrate fossil...Upper Devonian...group
[R193]
may have originated...400 mya"
[R194]
"'Jawed Vertebrates...380 mya"
"oldest amniotes [fossils] date from the
[R195]
Middle Pennsylvanian"
"Some
craniates, the tetrapods or four-legged
vertebrates, became terrestrial and arose
[R192]
about 370 mya from fish ancestors."
[R3, p. 86]
370 mya: first amphibians
352,466,250
361,232,250
362 mya: Carboniferous; "...age of
[R3, p.91]
forests"
363 mya: "Earliest tetrapods (Amphibia).
[R191]
363 - 290 mya: "Reptile-like tetrapods
[R191]
originated."
"Tetrapods originated no
[R193]
later than...350 mya"
320 mya: "The oldest known synapsid is
an ophiacodontid from the Middle
[196]
Pennsylvanian"
[R195]
310 mya: "oldest amniote"
[R3, p. 86]
300 mya: first reptiles (eggs).
220 mya: first true mammals appeared.
"mammals differentiated before...208
[R197]
mya"
[R3, p.
Neocortex found ONLY in mammals.
28]
169,841,250
First mention of
"bird"
[Gen.7:14]
since Garden
of Eden
[R3, p. 106]
178,607,250
150 mya: Archaeopteryx.
"birds
[R197]
"differentiated" before…146 mya"
134,046,750
142,812,750
142 mya: Cretaceous; shallow seas
covered much of the world
133,316,250
142,082,250
120,532,500
129,298,500
171
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
109,575,000
118,341,000
97,156,500
105,922,500
"For in his time
the earth was
divided"
[R207]
86,199,000
94,965,000
74,511,000
83,277,000
63,553,500
72,319,500
52,961,250
27,393,750
61,727,250
36,159,750
Abram (75).
100 mya: Continent of Gondwanaland
had completely split apart by this time.
8,766,000
Sarai's name was changed to
Sarah, meaning mother of nations.
[Gen. 17:16] Laughter was
introduced through Sarah and
Abraham before Isaac was born.
[Gen. 17:17; 18:13; 21:6] If Isaac
represents Modern Man, then 9
monthsago (GT) = 273,937.5 ya
(MT).
172
Lots of mammals. First true birds.
Ancestors of today's elephants, cattle,
pigs rhinoceros. Sea whales.
The Great Rift Valley in Africa was
created between 35 mya and 15 mya.
[R216]
A fossil of primate, known as Dawn
Ape, was found in Egypt; it dated to
around 33 mya, this is an important link
between earlier mammals and later apes.
[R11]
"…first hominoids separated…early in
[R3, p. 215]
the Miocene [20 mya]"
The "first species of bipedal ape had
[R104, p. 8]
evolved…close to 7 mya"
Origin
of bipedalism, in Africa, betweeh 5 - 10
[R104]
mya
In 1994 research using the approaches of
modern molecular biology …concluded
that we had all evolved from a single
[R180, p.
female ancestor about 200,000 ya.
230]...
though not necessarily the first female
ancestor.
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Appendix Y (Years)
Patriarchs
Adam
Seth
Enosh
Kenan
Mahalalel
Jared
Enoch
Methuselah
Lamech
Noah
Shem
Arphachshad
Shelah
Eber
(Crossover)
Peleg
Reu
Serug
Nahor
Terah
Abram
Isaac
Jacob
Joseph
Patriarch
#
Lifelines
in order
Corresp.
begats
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
930
912
905
910
895
962
365
969
777
950
600
438
433
464
130
105
90
70
65
162
65
187
182
500 or 502
100
35
30
34
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
239
239
230
148
205
175
180
147
110
30
32
30
29
70
100
60
91*
173
Extra
Information
Eve
wife
27.2
6.8
Sarai
Rebekah
Rachel
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
Appendix YA (Years Ago)
174
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
References
175
“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
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Ancient.Heb.
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Ancient.Heb.1
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Ancient.Heb.4
9.
Anthro.Palomar
10. Animals
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“A Testable Hypothesis: Creation and Evolution” by B. L. Jensen
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