Warm-up for 5-1
What would happen if every player on a basketball
team concentrated on setting personal records rather
than working as a team to win games? What would
happen to the national government if each state
pursued its own interests rather than those of a nation
as a whole?
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relationship between states and national govt. was difficult to
define
people thought of the colony as the primary political unit
reluctant to unite under a strong centralized govt.
govt. favored- republic- citizens rule through elected
representatives
republicanism- idea that govt. should be based on the consent
of the people (2 ideas)
1. govt. would prosper w/ national interest above personal
2. govt. allowed people to pursue own economic interests
State Constitutions (similar characteristics)
 limited power of govt. leaders
 guaranteed specific rights to citizens
 differed on voting rights
few models of republic
1. short-lived English Commonwealth (1649-1660)
2. Italian cities during the Middle Ages
3. Ancient Greece & Rome
Continental Congress tries to dev. a constitution
 3 main questions
1.
Representation by pop. or by state
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states unequal in size, wealth, & pop.
*each state given 1 vote regardless of pop.
2. Supreme Power: can it be divided?
 Articles of Confederation- 2 levels of govt. sharing powers
 author- John Dickinson
 new form of govt. called a confederation- alliances
 National Powers- declare war, make peace, sign treaties,
borrow money, est. postal service, & deal w/ Native
Americans
 *no executive department created to enforce the acts of
Congress
 *no court system to interpret laws
3. Western Lands: who gets them?
smaller states feared large
states would grow and
overpower them (ex- Maryland)
 states gave up western claims
 Articles of Confederation take
effect in 1781
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Land Ordinance of 1785- est. a
plan to survey land west of
Appalachian Mts.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787procedure for dividing land
into territories & requirements
for admission of new states
**Both ordinances became
Confederations greatest
achievements
Basic stage for becoming a state – Do not copy
1.
Congress would appoint a territorial governor & judges
2.
When a territory had 5000 voting residents, the settlers would write a
temporary constitution and elect their own government.
3.
When the total population of a territory reached 60,000 free inhabitants, the
settlers could write a state constitution, which had to be approved by Congress
before it granted statehood.
Political
Economic
Foreign-relation
-Confederation lacked
national unity
-huge debt amassed from
war
-Confederation did not
recognize the differences in
state pop.
-*lacked the power to tax
(RI rejected proposed tax)
-U.S. could not repay debt
to British merchants, nor
compensate loyalists for
property losses during war
-Articles could not be
amended w/o the consent
of every state
-no control over interstate
or foreign trade
-struggle between creditors
and debtors (creditors
favored high taxes and supply
of paper $ low to keep its
value)
-British refused to evacuate
military forts on the Great
Lakes
-Spain closed Mississippi
River to American
navigation closing shipping
markets through New
Orleans hurting western
farmers
These congressional presidents had predecessors under the title of "President of
the Continental Congress;" but in 1782, the Articles of Confederation were
ratified by the Continental Congress, which changed the body's official name to
the Congress of the Confederation. These two offices encompassed different duties
and responsibilities. Congress, however, continued to refer to itself simply as
the Continental Congress up to the adoption of the United States Constitution
in 1788
Presidents of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation
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John Hanson (1782)
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Elias Boudinot (1783)
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Thomas Mifflin (1784)
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Richard Henry Lee (1785)
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John Hancock (1786)
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Nathan Gorman (1787)
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Arthur St. Clair (1788)
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Cyrus Griffin (1789)
Warm-up for 5-2
Think about any disputes that you successfully
resolved by compromise. What steps did you take to
reach the compromise? What did you give up or
change your minds about in order to reach a
peaceful solution?
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Shay’s Rebellion- an uprising
of debt-ridden
Massachusetts’s farmers
protesting increased state
taxes in 1787
James Madison (the father of
the Constitution) and
Alexander Hamilton call for
convention to talk about a
stronger national govt.
meet in Independence Hall
in Philadelphia in 1787 &
decided to form a new govt.
big states vs. small states
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Madison’s Virginia
Plan proposed a 2house legislature w/
membership based on
state pop.
William Patterson’s
New Jersey Plan
proposed a singlehouse congress w/
each state having 1
vote
The Great Compromise
 proposed by Roger Sherman
 called for a 2-house
Congress
 each state would have equal
representation in the Senate,
or upper house
 size of the pop. would
determine representation in
the House of
Representatives, or lower
house
 voters would choose
members of the House
 legislatures would choose
members of the Senate
Issues of slavery
Political
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southern delegates wanted slave pop. counted
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not counting gave Northern states more representatives
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Three-Fifths Compromise- called for 3/5 of a state’s slaves to be
counted
Economic
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Congress was given power to regulate foreign trade, but prevented
from interfering w/ the slave trade for 20 yrs.
Creating a New Government
 separated national govt. power into 3 branches
 federalism- political system in which power is shared
(national & state)
 National Powers- called delegated or enumerated powers foreign affairs, defense, regulating trade, & coining money
 State Powers- called reserved powers -providing
education, est. marriage laws, regulating trade within state
 Powers Shared-tax, borrow $, pay debts, & est. courts
3 Branches created
 legislative branch-to make laws
 executive branch- to carry out laws
 judicial branch- to interpret the law
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checks and balances- system to prevent one branch from
dominating the others
electoral college
 group selected by the states to elect the executive
branch
 each state’s # of electors equal to the # of members in
Congress
Warm-up for 5-3
Video warm-up – Impact of the Bill of Rights
Suppose you have spent a great deal of time writing a paper
for a class and it is exactly the way you think it should be,
but your teacher will not accept it without some additions.
Would you make the changes? Why or why not?
Ratification-official approval
required the agreement of 9
states- (framers didn’t think they
could get all 13)
Federalists-supporters of the
new Constitution
 George Washington, James
Madison, Alexander
Hamilton
 Supporters
urban areas w/ interest in a
govt. that regulated trade
 small states w/ weak
economies
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Antifederalists-opposed a strong national govt.
 argument centered on lack of protection for individual rights &
that govt. would serve the privileged minority
 Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee
 Supporters
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rural areas where people were concerned of high taxes
large states w/ strong economies
War of words
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The Federalistseries of 85 essays
published in NY
newspapers
defending and
explaining the
Constitution
Letters from the
Federal FarmerAntifederalists
publication
Bill of Rights
 Antifederalists argued the Constitution weakened the
states, thus people needed a Bill of Rights
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Federalists argued the Constitution granted only
limited powers to the national govt. so it could not
violate the rights of the states or people
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Federalists yield w/
promise of ratification
1789- new govt. accepted
12 amendments send to
state legislature- 10 ratified
Bill of Rights- 1st ten
amendments to the
Constitution- ratified in
1791
1st 8- personal liberties
9th & 10th limits on the
powers of the national
govt.
protection and freedoms
did not apply to all
flexibility of Constitution
makes it a model for others
Proposed amendments not passed with Bill of Rights
Article I – Section 2 –Apportionment (distribution).
After the enumeration required by the first article of the
Constitution, there shall be one representative for every thirty
thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after
which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there
shall be not less than one hundred representatives, nor less than
one representative for every forty thousand persons, until the
number of representatives shall amount to two hundred; after
which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there
shall be not less than two hundred representatives, nor more than
one representative for every fifty thousand persons.
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Article II (ratified in 1992 as Twenty-seventh Amendment) –
Congressional pay raises.
No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators
and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of
Representatives shall have intervened
(Congress cannot give themselves a raise until after the next election.)
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