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1
AQA Level 1/2 Certificate
June 2015
2
3
Geography
Paper 2
8031/2
TOTAL
Global Human Issues
Wednesday 3 June 2015
4
1.30 pm to 2.30 pm
For this paper you must have:
 the insert (enclosed)
 a pencil
 a rubber
 a ruler.
You may use a calculator.
A
Time allowed
 1 hour
Instructions
 Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
 Answer two questions.
 You must answer the questions in the spaces provided.
 Do not write outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
 Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.
 Use case studies to support your answers where appropriate.
Information
 The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
 The maximum mark for this paper is 50.
 You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers. Where applicable, questions should be answered in
continuous prose. Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in
all answers.
LEDC is a Less Economically Developed Country.
MEDC is a More Economically Developed Country.
(Jun158031201)
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8031/2
2
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Answer two questions.
Use case studies to support your answers where appropriate.
Total for this question: 25 marks
1
Contemporary Population Issues
1 (a)
Study Figures 1a and 1b, population pyramids of Mali (an LEDC) and Japan
(an MEDC).
Figure 1a
Mali (2013)
Male
2.0
1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4
Population (millions)
100 +
95 – 99
90 – 94
85 – 89
80 – 84
75 – 79
70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
10 – 14
5–9
0–4
Female
0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Age group Population (millions)
2.0
Figure 1b
Japan (2013)
Male
5
(02)
4
3
2
1
Population (millions)
100 +
95 – 99
90 – 94
85 – 89
80 – 84
75 – 79
70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
10 – 14
5–9
0–4
0
0
Age group
Female
1
2
3
4
Population (millions)
5
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1 (a) (i)
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Which age group in Japan has the largest number of both males and females?
[1 mark]
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1 (a) (ii) What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that:
people in Mali have a shorter life expectancy than people in Japan?
[1 mark]
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Mali has a higher birth rate than Japan?
[1 mark]
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1 (a) (iii) Explain why these population pyramids suggest that Mali and Japan are in different
stages of the Demographic Transition Model.
[4 marks]
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1 (b)
Study Figure 2 on the insert, a map of England and Wales showing the percentage of
residents born outside the UK.
1 (b) (i)
Which one of the following statements is a correct description of Figure 2?
Tick the box next to the correct description.
[1 mark]
The highest percentage of residents born outside the UK live in
northern England and north Wales.
Less than 7.5% of the population of Greater London were born outside
the UK.
Many areas in south-east England have over 15% of residents who were
born outside the UK.
There is an even distribution of people born outside the UK across most of
England and Wales.
1 (b) (ii) Suggest one reason why many large urban areas have a high percentage of residents
born outside the UK.
[1 mark]
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1 (b) (iii) Population movements can have positive effects and negative effects.
Describe one negative impact of migration for the receiving (host) country.
[2 marks]
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1 (c)
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Study Figure 3, a news article about the changes made to China’s population policy
in 2013.
Figure 3
China reforms: one-child policy to be relaxed
In the past in China, most couples were only allowed to have one child. In the future, most
families will be allowed two children, but only if one parent is an only child. China has tried
to make sure the one-child policy has been followed. However, some families are already
allowed to have more than one child. For example, in the countryside, families are allowed
to have two children if the first child is a girl, and ethnic minorities may have more than
one child.
1 (c) (i)
Suggest why the Chinese Government has decided to relax the country’s population
policy.
[2 marks]
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1 (c) (ii) Compare the features of China’s population policy with those of another named country.
[4 marks]
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1 (d)
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Using one or more case studies, explain the advantages and disadvantages of
an ageing population.
[8 marks]
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Total for this question: 25 marks
2
Contemporary Issues in Urban Settlements
2 (a)
Study Figures 4a and 4b on the insert, information about the percentage of people
living in urban areas in different parts of the world.
2 (a) (i)
Using Figure 4a, describe the distribution of countries with less than 60% of the
population living in urban areas.
[2 marks]
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2 (a) (ii) Using Figure 4b, compare the changes in the percentage of population living in
urban areas in MEDCs and LEDCs.
[2 marks]
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2 (a) (iii) Suggest reasons for the different growth rates of the urban population in LEDCs and
MEDCs.
[4 marks]
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2 (b)
Study Figures 5a and 5b on the insert, photographs taken in different parts of
Barnsley, a town in the UK.
2 (b) (i)
Describe one difference in the road layout between the areas shown in Figures 5a
and 5b.
[1 mark]
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2 (b) (ii) State two differences in the housing between the areas shown in Figures 5a and 5b.
[2 marks]
1 .........................................................................................................................................
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2 .........................................................................................................................................
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2 (b) (iii) In which part of the town is the area shown in Figure 5a?
Select your answer from the following.
Circle the correct answer.
[1 mark]
inner city
(08)
central business district
outer suburb
industrial area
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2 (b) (iv) Which one of the following statements describes land use in the central business
district (CBD) of an urban settlement?
Tick the box next to the correct description.
[1 mark]
Zone containing mainly shops, offices, restaurants and
entertainment venues
Zone with business and retail parks, leisure centres and
modern housing estates
Zone with small factories and warehouses
Zone with some older housing, as well as redeveloped
properties and flats
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2 (c)
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Study Figure 6, a map showing the location of squatter settlements in Nairobi, Kenya,
an LEDC in Africa.
Figure 6
Key
N
Main road
Mathare
River
H
Kangemi
Railway
H
H
Central
Business
District
City centre
H
Industrial
zone
Squatter
settlement
Kibera
Marshy land
Mukuru
Main railway
station
River Ngong
H
0
1
2 (c) (i)
2 km
High cost
residential
area
Using Figure 6, describe and explain the distribution of the squatter settlements in
Nairobi.
[4 marks]
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2 (c) (ii) Using one or more case studies, describe what has been done to improve the quality
of life in squatter settlements in LEDCs.
[8 marks]
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Total for this question: 25 marks
3
Globalisation in the Contemporary World
3 (a)
Study Figure 7, a map showing the location of vehicle manufacturing factories owned
by Toyota, a Transnational Corporation (TNC) based in Japan.
Figure 7
Europe
North
America
Asia
Japan
(22 factories)
Africa
South
America
Key
Vehicle manufacturing factory
Australasia
Toyota has 52 overseas manufacturing factories in 27 countries
and regions. Toyota’s vehicles are sold in over 160 countries.
Using Figure 7, describe the pattern of vehicle manufacturing factories owned by
Toyota.
[2 marks]
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3 (b)
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Study Figure 8, a table showing total worldwide production figures for Toyota between
2003 and 2012.
Figure 8
Worldwide total
vehicles
(thousands)
3 (b) (i)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
6070
6707
7267
7921
8429
7996
6979
7527
7096
8717
Describe the changes in vehicle production between 2003 and 2012 as shown in
Figure 8.
[2 marks]
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3 (b) (ii) Explain the advantages that TNCs such as Toyota bring to host countries.
[4 marks]
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3 (b) (iii) TNCs can sometimes bring environmental disadvantages to host countries.
Describe one way a TNC is reducing its environmental impact.
[2 marks]
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3 (c)
Study Figure 9 on the insert, a photograph showing an effect of acid rain.
3 (c) (i)
Using Figure 9 and your own knowledge, describe the effects of acid rain on the
environment.
[4 marks]
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3 (c) (ii) Give one reason why acid rain is an international problem.
[1 mark]
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3 (d)
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Study Figure 10, a graph giving information about trade between Africa and China
between 1995 and 2010.
Figure 10
70
Key
China imports from Africa
China exports to Africa
60
50
40
Trade
(US$ billion)
30
20
10
10
20
09
20
08
20
07
20
06
20
04
03
05
20
20
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
19
95
0
Year
3 (d) (i)
What does Figure 10 show about trade links between China and Africa from
1995 to 2010?
[2 marks]
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3 (d) (ii) Explain the rapid industrial growth in China since 1980.
[8 marks]
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Total for this question: 25 marks
4
Contemporary Issues in Tourism
4 (a)
Study Figure 11, the Butler Model of tourist area development.
Figure 11
6b Rejuvenation
or
5 Stagnation
6a Decline
4 Consolidation
Number of
tourists
3 Development
2 Involvement
1 Exploration
Time
4 (a) (i)
Read each of the statements in the table below.
Against each statement, put a number between 1 and 5 to represent the stage in the
model shown in Figure 11. One has been done for you.
[2 marks]
Statement
Stage number
Visitor numbers have peaked. The resort is no longer
fashionable.
Local people start getting involved in the tourist trade,
providing accommodation and other tourist services and
facilities.
Tourism dominates the local economy, but tourist
numbers grow less rapidly.
4
A small number of tourists are attracted to the area
because of the scenery or culture. The local people are
not very much involved in the tourist trade.
Large companies build hotels and advertise holiday
packages. Many visitors arrive and many jobs become
available in the tourist industry.
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4 (a) (ii) Give two reasons why some resorts or tourist areas decline.
[2 marks]
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4 (a) (iii) For a named National Park or coastal resort, explain one or more strategies used to
ensure the continuing success of tourism.
[4 marks]
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4 (b)
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Study Figure 12, a fact file about a planned tourist resort in Zimbabwe, an LEDC in
Africa.
Figure 12
Tourist resort for Mana Pools, Zimbabwe
Mana Pools is a wildlife conservation area in northern Zimbabwe, along the
Zambezi River. It covers 2500 sq km, much of which can only be reached on
foot and, as a result, is completely unspoilt. The landscape includes islands
and sandbanks fringed by dense forests of baobab trees. Tourists can go on
walking and canoe safaris, although numbers are restricted.
The area is home to elephants that return every year to the same places.
Buffalo and predators such as leopards, lions and cheetah are seen regularly.
Mana Pools is also a haven for Nile crocodiles and large hippo pods, as well as
black rhino.
Mana Pools was designated a wetland of international importance in 2013.
A company wants to build a tourist resort in the wildlife conservation area.
The plan for the new resort includes:








4 (b) (i)
four new 24-bed lodge developments made from local materials, three of
these along the eco-sensitive river frontage and one inland
a luxury tent camp, with bars and swimming pool
electricity from solar power plants
moorings on the river for boats and a car park for 40 vehicles
wildlife safari tours
meals made from local farm produce
laundry – hand-washed with biodegradable soap
workers – guides, housekeepers, cooks, waiters, bar staff and office staff.
Suggest why the Zimbabwe Government restricts the number of people entering the
Mana Pools area. Use evidence from Figure 12.
[1 mark]
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4 (b) (ii) The company planning the tourist resort describes it as an ecotourism scheme.
What evidence in Figure 12 supports this?
[2 marks]
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4 (b) (iii) Environmentalist groups are strongly opposed to the planned tourist resort described in
Figure 12.
Suggest why they are against it.
[1 mark]
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4 (b) (iv) Explain how an ecotourism development can affect the lives of the local people.
[4 marks]
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4 (c)
Study Figure 13 on the insert, a photograph showing an example of mass tourism.
4 (c) (i)
Using Figure 13, state the meaning of mass tourism.
[1 mark]
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4 (c) (ii) Using one or more case studies of mass tourism, explain the effects of
mass tourism on the economy and the environment.
[8 marks]
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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Acknowledgement of copyright-holders and publishers
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
1a
1b:
7:
8:
10:
Central Intelligence Agency
Central Intelligence Agency
Reproduced with permission of Toyota (GB) PLC
Reproduced with permission of Toyota (GB) PLC
BBC News Online
Frontier Advisory 2011
Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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