US History, March 19
• Entry Task: On your white board number from 1-6.
• DEFINE: DISLOYAL
• Announcements:
– Review: WHY did America join the war??? In
partners, explain the # that matches your
table # (next slide)
– We are answering questions 7, 8, and will
answer 2nd cartoon tomorrow (some
background info for it will be today)
– Quiz coming up – next week!
– Copies of notes/presentations – on table
Review: Why did America join the
Allies in WWI?
1 – US was supplying war materials to the Allies – not
a “neutral” move
2 – American public opinion turned against Germany
3 – Sinking of the Lusitania (British liner), declaration of
unrestricted submarine warfare, & sinking of 7
American merchant ships
4 – Zimmerman Telegram
5 – Economic interests & debt (Allies owed $2 billion;
Central Powers owed $27 million)
6 - American military wanted a chance to fight the
“Huns” and Britain’s attempt to sway the US to war
· In 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania, a
British passenger ship, killing approximately 1,200 people,
including 128 Americans.
The 1st U.S. troops arrived via convoy in June
1917 but did not see action until early 1918
April 2, 1917, Wilson asked
Congress for a declaration of war to
“make the world safe for democracy”
1. Are you disloyal if you tell
someone NOT to enlist in the
US military during wartime?
Answer: Yes or No.
• Charles Schenck, member of the Socialist Party,
sentenced to 15 years for publishing pamphlets urging
citizens to refuse to participate in the draft. He called the
draft slavery, among other things.
• Schenck vs. US – upheld by the Supreme Court
• Another example: Rev. Clarence Waldron, arrested and
convicted for telling a bible study class the "Christians
could take no part in the war." 15 year term.
• Burning draft cards – US vs. O’Brien
(1968) during Vietnam
2. During WWI, could 1st or 2nd
generation German immigrants
buy a gun? Why/why not?
• Nope. Firearms, aircraft, and wireless
apparatus were all restricted. They could
not leave the country without permission.
3. Are you disloyal if you are a
labor union leader who
encourages workers to go on
strike during wartime?
Answer: Yes or no.
• National War Labor Board settled labor disputes during
WWI - many unions agree to go without raises during
war
• During 1920s – Supreme Court outlawed picketing,
overturned child labor laws, and abolished minimum
wage laws for women
4. If someone does not believe in
war or violence (conscientious
objectors), are they exempt from
the draft? Does this make them
disloyal?
Answer: Yes or No.
• 2,000 absolute CO’s were interned
in military camps – Fort Lewis or
Alcatraz
• Left – John T. Neufeld – sentenced to
15 years hard labor (served 5 mo)
5. Is a movie producer disloyal if he
makes a movie about the American
Revolution, where we fought
against the British, but in WWI,
they were our ally?
Answer: Yes or No.
• U.S. v. Spirit of ’76 - The producer was
fined $10,000 and given a 10-year prison
sentence (later commuted to three years).
6. Are you disloyal if you (by
word or act) advocate success
for the enemy of the US?
- In other words, can you say, “I
hope the US loses the war”?
• Pro-German newspapers,
such as “The Fatherland”
changed title to “American
Weekly” (publisher was run
out by a lynch mob)
7. As an immigrant, are you
disloyal to voice unpopular
political beliefs? Can you be
deported without a hearing or
appeal?
• By the end of the war, 687 aliens had been arrested
and 60 deported pursuant to the Espionage and
Sedition Acts
• Biggest concern – German-Americans and IrishAmericans
8. Can the President ensure
that all Federal employees pass
a “loyalty test”?
• Frequent dismissals and 900 rejected from
the Civil Service Commission at Wilson’s
Administration’s request.
congress actions
General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the
AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks.
Mobilization
• Wilson named John Pershing to head the
American Expeditionary Force (AEF), but
despite Wilson’s preparedness campaign,
the U.S. was not prepared for full scale war
• Many wanted a volunteer army, but Wilson
pressed Congress to pass a Selective
Service Act (24 million registered & 2.8
million were drafted to fight in Europe. A
total of 1.4 million Americans saw combat)
– First, ages 21-30, then 18-45
WWI
& Battlefronts,
1914When Alliances
the U.S. entered
the war in 1917,
the
Allies were on1917
the brink of defeat
Mutinies were common in the French army &
the British lost at Flanders, Belgium
U-boats
effectively
limited
Allied
supplies
The Russian armistice in 1917
allowed Germany to move its
full army to the western front
• To win over there, the U.S. had to effectively
mobilize over here
– Wilson consolidated federal authority to
organize U.S. war production & distribution
– Wilson began a massive propaganda campaign
aimed at winning over the American public to
support the war effort
A Bureaucratic War
• To coordinate the war effort, 5,000 new
gov’t agencies were created:
– War Industries Board (WIB) oversaw all
Imposed
“gasless”priorities,
days &fixed
shutconsumer
down
factories,
determined
factories
prices for days to divert or conserve fuel
– Food Administration supplied food to soldiers
by appealing to civilians
– Fuel
rationed
coal Baruch
& oil
WIBAdmin
director
Bernard
became the
– RR Admin,
War
Board, economy”
& War Trade
“dictator
ofShipping
the American
Board helped move resources to troops
Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed
“meatless” & “wheat-less” days & encouraged
Americans to plant “victory gardens”
War Industries Board
• The
partnership
between
business and
the gov’t –
increased
business
profits by
300%
• Industrial
production
went up by
20%
Results of This New Organization of the
Economy
Is it a move towards socialism?
1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.
2. Expansion of “big government.”
3. Excessive govt. regulations in economy
4. Close cooperation between public
and private sectors.
5. Unprecedented opportunities for
disadvantaged groups.
Homefront Propaganda
“Why We Are Fighting” &
“The Meaning
of America”
• Wilson formed
the Committee
on Public
Information
(CPI)
& hired
muckraker
Sauerkraut
was
renamed
“Liberty
Cabbage” &
The
Prussian
Curserved
& U.S.
pretzels
were
longer
in war
bars
George
Creel
tono
publicize
the
The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin
effort:
Beethoven,
– VoluntaryBach,
censorship
in press & Brahms
were not played in symphonies
– 75,000 “4-minute men” gave speeches (facts
or emotions?) – Average American heard 3
speeches in just 19 months
– Propaganda motion picture films
• Led to sweeping anti-German sentiment &
some vigilantism
“The Flag of Liberty represents us all”
“Emotional” Wartime Propaganda
Pillaging &
Kidnapping
Demonization,
name calling
(Huns)
Emotional
Appeals
U. S. Food Administration
Sacrifices like the victory garden helped
food exports to TRIPLE. Director:
Herbert Hoover
Financing the war:
•Sale of war
bonds.
•Liberty and
victory loans
raised $21 billion.
•Raised income
taxes
congress actions
A Bureaucratic War
• WWI was expensive, costing the U.S. $32
billion, but was paid for by
– Liberty Bonds (raised $23 billion)
– A boost in personal & corporate income taxes (led
to $10 billion)
• The partnership between business & the gov’t
met the war demand & increased business
profits 300%
An unprecedented alliance
How Your Liberty Bond Will Fight
A $50 bond will buy:
• 14 rifle grenades.
• 160 first-aid packages to dress wounds.
• Truck knives for an entire rifle company.
A $100 bond will:
• Clothe a soldier.
• Buy 5 rifles.
• Feed a soldier for 8 months.
A $1,000 bond will buy:
• An X-ray apparatus outfit.
• Pistols for an entire company.
$5,000 worth of bonds will buy:
• 1 Liberty truck.
• 7 Lewis machine guns.
$50,000 worth of bonds will:
• Maintain a submarine for over a year.
• Construct a base hospital with 500 beds.
$100,000 Will buy 5 fighting airplanes.
$1,000,000 worth of bonds will maintain a battleship
for a year.
$1,800,000 worth of bonds will build one destroyer.
$28,000,000 worth of bonds will build one new
battleship complete.
National Security vs. Civil Liberties
Espionage Act – 1917
 forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or
efforts to promote insubordination in the
military.
 fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in
prison.
Sedition Act – 1918
 It was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds
or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal,
profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of
US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or
to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of
production of things necessary or essential to the
prosecution of the war…
There was great concern with the loyalty of
German- and Irish-Americans, the so called
“hyphenateds.” There were so many foreignborn Americans at this time (1/3 of US
population, the highest ever) that a European
War could cause a civil war in the US.
US History, March 20
• Entry Task: Please take out your papers
from yesterday – primary sources and
study guide.
• Announcements:
– We are answering question 7 and MAYBE 2nd
cartoon (depending on time)
– Time to regroup – 5-10 minutes
– Quiz coming up – next week!
– Copies of notes/presentations – on table
PRIMARY SOURCE Reading
• Take a minute to figure out who will be:
– Speaker/presenter - #1, 4, 5, 6
– Leader/facilitator – keep an eye on the time,
too
– Recorder (everyone should take brief notes)
– Reader
– Researcher
– Summarizer/Editor
“Get the Rope!” and “Nobody Would
Eat Kraut!”
“Get the Rope!” and “Nobody Would
Eat Kraut!”
• “Get the Rope!” - John Deml (Wisconsin)
• “Nobody Would Eat Kraut!” – Lola Gamble
Clyde (Idaho)
• According to records from the National
Civil Liberties Bureau, there were 164
incidents of mob violence against political
dissidents from April 1917 to April 1919.
• Attorney General Gregory encouraged
Americans ―to report their suspicions [of
disloyalty] directly to the Department of
Justice – patriotic groups formed, like the
American Protective League.
IWW anti-war critic
"It's all right,
Frank Little was
Find
image
dragged through the
pal;
just tellof vigilantism
streets, Robert
them he was
Prager was forced to
a traitor"
kiss a US flag, sing
patriotic songs, and
was still lynched
Anti-German Vigilantism
Schenck’s Circular, 1917
• Charles Schenck – Secretary of the
Socialist Party of America
• Schenck appealed his case to the
Supreme Court
• “Clear and Present Danger” – set a limit to
1st Amendment rights
• Result: Schenck sentenced to 10 years in
prison; serves 6 months
Excerpt from Eugene V. Debs, 1918
• Debs ran for president in 1900 as a Social
Democrat and in 1904, 1908 and 1912
(6% of popular vote) on the Socialist Party
of America ticket.
Result: Debs is sentenced to 10
years in prison
Debs runs for President in 1920
from jail!
President Warren G. Harding
commutes his sentence in 1921
The
Red Scare
“Put Them
Out & Keep
Them Out”
Philadelphia
Inquirer
Photo of Suffragist
• Silent Sentinals –
Alice Paul – more than
1,000 women picketed
day and night for 2.5
years!
• Women suffered
violence and jail time
for their efforts!
league cartoon1
league cartoon1
8 million
women
found
new,
betterpaying
jobs in
war
industry
Women Helped Recruit & Sell War Bonds
Women Joined the Red Cross
“To the Colored Soldiers of the US Army.”
• 370,000 African Americans
served in WWI: segregated
– 200,000 sent to Europe
– African Americans: 10%
population, 13% draftees
– Limitations: Marines, Navy,
Coast Guard
• Why did the Germans drop
this leaflet for African
American soldiers?
The True Sons
of Freedom
Du Bois’ New Negro:
“We return. We return
from fighting. We return
fighting.”
Returning black soldiers:
“I’m glad I went. I done my
part & I’m going to fight
right here until Uncle Sam
does his.”
“Rescuing
a Negro
during the
race riots
The
African
American
“Migration”
in Chicago,
1919”
Northward,
1910-1920
War Bond Poster
• How does a poster like
this shape the attitudes of
people?
• Did ads appeal more to
the heart or the mind?
• Target audience of this
campaign? - 1/3 pop.
• Do you agree that the
wartime propaganda could
be called a manipulation
of collective attitudes?
US History, March 23
• Entry Task: Read over your textbook – p.
590-591 (bottom section). Also, please
take out your study guide.
• Announcements:
– Quiz coming up – Thursday!
– Study guide – cross off #14 and PLEASE
ADD: What was Big Stick Diplomacy,
Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral Diplomacy?
– Copies of notes/presentations – on table
MISCELLANEOUS WEAPONS
• flamethrower
– spread fire by launching burning fuel
• grenade
– detonate two different ways: impact or timedfuse
• bayonet
– had more of a psychological use
• mortar
– could be fired from inside a trench
Artillery
• Played a
prominent role in
trench warfare
• “Big Bertha”
effective range: 8
miles (but could
shell 74 miles
away)
TIMELINE RACE
• Find a partner (you can work by yourself if
you prefer)
• Use your book (page #s are on the word
bank) and/or your knowledge
WWI
& Battlefronts,
1914When Alliances
the U.S. entered
the war in 1917,
the
Allies were on1917
the brink of defeat
Mutinies were common in the French army &
the British lost at Flanders, Belgium
U-boats
effectively
limited
Allied
supplies
The Russian armistice in 1917
allowed Germany to move its
full army to the western front
The U.S. on
the Western
Front, 1918
* Objective:
cut off German
RR lines
feeding the
western front
* MeuseArgonne
offensive –
largest battle
in American
history (up to
that point) –
47 days, 1.2
million US
troops
•German offensive in
the summer of 1918
to capture Paris,
France and win the
war.
•With the help of the
U.S., the French and
British were able to
stop the German
advance.
•Germans surrender
and sign an armistice
on Nov. 11, 1918 to
end the war.
Alvin C. York
• Pacifist, semi-literate
soldier from Pall Mall, TN
• Most celebrated
hero of the war
- October 1918 (MeuseArgonne) – shot 17
gunners (sniping) and
eventually captured 132
German prisoners
Eddie Rickenbacker
• America’s top-scoring
fighter pilot, with 26
victories (including 4
observation balloons)
• Had been one of the
world’s top racing car
drivers
• Parachutes not issued
to American pilots until
1919; life expectancy
was only several
weeks, or 40-60 flying
hours
• The “Great War” was a total war but the
U.S. effort paled in comparison to other
Allied forces:
– The U.S. reluctantly entered WWI after 3
years of neutrality & played a supportive (not
a central) military role in the war
– But, WWI had a huge impact on the American
economic, political, & cultural homefront
Homefront: The Red Scare
• Make a list at your table - why do you
think people are so afraid of Communism/
Socialism?
• A “red scare” hit America as a result of the
Russian Revolution
– Americans feared Lenin’s anti-capitalist
revolution & were angry over Russia’s pullout
on the Eastern Front
– Wilson sent troops to the USSR, refused to
recognize the new gov’t, & did not allow
Russia to attend the post-war conference
- After a series of bombings
by anarchists were carried out
in April and June 1919,
Mitchell Palmer used his
connections with officials in
the Labor Department and
Bureau of Immigration to
establish probable cause on
those affiliated with any labor,
socialist, anarchist, or
Russian immigrant groups.
- The main purpose of the
raids was to purge the United
States of anarchists and
radical socialists.
The
Red
Scare
“What a
year has
brought
forth”
NY World
The
Red Scare
“Put Them
Out & Keep
Them Out”
Philadelphia
Inquirer
approximately 10,000 people were
arrested, of which 3,500 were held in
detention. Of those held in detention,
556 resident aliens were eventually
deported
• What is the
meaning of this
cartoon?