ti~
------~~
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~,
The Isolated Perfused Bovine Uterus
as a Model for Mucous Membrane Irritation
and Inflammation
Wolfgang Bäumer, Albert Mertens, Michael Braun and Manfred Kietzmann
Institut für Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Pharmazie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, D-Hannover
Summary
Isolated perfused bovine uteri were used to study the irritation
potential of antiseptics frequently used in veterinary practice
for the treatment of endometritis. Comparable to the isolated
perfused bovine udder (Kietzmann et al., 1993), the viability of
uteri obtained directly after slaughtering of cows, was tested
with the help of biochemical parameters. These parameters of
the viability were nearly unchanged over jive hours. Thereafter;
different antiseptics were testedfor their irritation potential on
the mucous membrane with the help ofthe MIT-assay. Here the
irritant effect of Lugol 's iodine solution is demonstrated exemplarily. An additional study was performed to establish a hemoperfused uterus. An injection of arachidonic acid into the serasa
induces a visible inflammatory reaction and a marked increase
of the prostaglandin E2 synthesis. In conclusion, the isolated
perfused bovine uterus seems to be a promising in vitro model
for mucous membrane irritancy as well as for infiammatory
reactions.
Keywords:
1
isolated perfused
bovine uterus, irritation,
Introduction
Based on experiences with the isolated
perfused bovine udder which is used as
an ex vivo model in different areas of
experimental pharmacology (Kietzmann
et al., 1993; Eshraghi and Zeitlin, 1997;
Ehinger and Kietzmann, 2000; Bäumer
and Kietzmann, 2000), the isolated
perfused bovine uterus was supposed to
be established. In contrast to the udder
which is predominantly used for skin
irritation and penetration experiments,
the isolated (hemo )perfused uterus was
taken to examine mucous membrane
ALTEX 19, 2/02
Zusammenfassung: Der isoliert perfundierte Rinderuterus als
Modell für Schleimhautirritation und Entzündung
Der isoliert perfundierte Rinderuterus wurde ursprünglich als
ex vivo Modell etabliert, um das Reizpotential
von in der
tierärztlichen
Praxis üblichen Antiseptika
zu untersuchen.
Hierzu wurde zunächst, vergleichbar zum isoliert perfundierten
Rindereuter (Kietzmonn et al., 1993), die Lebensfähigkeit
des
von Schlachttieren
gewonnenen
Organs, welches mit Tyrode
perfundiert wurde, mit Hilfe von Vitalitätsparametern
bestimmt.
Diese Untersuchungen
belegten eine sichere Lebensfähigkeit
über fünf Stunden. Daraufhin wurden verschiedene Antiseptika
in das Uteruslumen instilliert. Kurz vor Versuchsbeginn, sowie
nach Instillation wurden Schleimhautstanzen
entnommen und
die Zellvitalität mit Hilfe des MIT-Tests bestimmt. Hier wird
exemplarisch die signifikante Minderung der Zellvitalität durch
eine Iodlösung (Lugolsche Lösung) gezeigt. In nachfolgenden
Studien wurden Uteri mit Blut perfundiert. An diesen Organen
wurde mit Arachidonsdure eine Serositis ausgelöst.
Nach
kürzester Zeit zeigte sich ein deutlicher Entzündungshof
im
Bereich der Arachidonsiiure-Injektionsstelle,
Die Prastaglandin
E2-Synthese war signifikant erhöht. Zusammenfassend
läßt sich
sagen, daß der isoliert perfundierte Rinderuterus sowohl als in
vitro Modell für Schleimhautirritation
als auch als Entzündungsmodell
geeignet scheint.
inflammation
irritation and inflammatory processes. Ex
vivo perfusions of uteri are already
described for sheep (Peirce et al., 1970),
rats (Suzue, 1992), mice (Suzue, 1994)
and man (Bulletti et al., 1986; Tojo et al.,
1972). These studies served as a model to
establish the isolated perfused bovine
uterus.
To deterrnine the viability of the organs,
glucose consumption, lactic acid production and the LDH liberation were
determined. Additionally, the viability of
the mucous membrane was determined
with the help of the MTT (methylthiazoletetrazolium) assay. In the following ex-
periments different antiseptics were
tested for their irritation potential on the
mucous membrane. The origin of this
study was the point at issue whether a
treatment of chronic endometritis with
antiseptics is useful or due to massive
destruction of tissue contraindicated
(Kietzmann, 1999). Therefore, antiseptics which are widely used in veterinary
practice for treatment of chronic endometritis were instilled into uteri. The
influence of these antiseptics on the
viability of the mucous membrane, measured by means of the MTT assay, is
demonstrated here examplarily for a 5%
57
BÄUMER
ET AL.
------------------------------------------------------------~~
Lugol s iodine solution. Apart from this
question, directly connected
with the
medical treatment of the bovine uterus,
further studies were made to transfer the
already established inflammation model
of the udder (Bäumer and Kietzmann,
2000; 2001) to the uterus. For this study
the uteri were hemoperfused
and a
serositis was induced by arachidonic
acid. The increase of prostaglandin E2
and a visible reddening were taken as
endpoints.
2
Material and methods
2.1
Obtaining the uteri
All studies were performed with uteri
from Holstein Friesian dairy cows. The
uteri were taken from slaughtered cows
older than two years. The uteri were cut
off the gut 10 minutes after bleeding out.
The uterine horns had to be two to three
fingers thick, the ovaries had to have a
corpus luteum and there had to be
no sign of inflammatory
processes
(endometritis).
Furthermore
the vessels
to be cannulated had to be uninjured. To
avoid clot formation, the organs were
perfused with 300 ml heparinised Tyrode
solution via the A. uterina directly after
the severance. For studies on irritancy
potential of antiseptics the organs were
perfused with tyrode solution, for the
study on inflammatory
processes
a
hemoperfusion
using homologous blood
was performed.
39°C. A flux of 0.7 to 1 litre per hour
(depending on the size of the organs) was
achieved by a peristaltic pump (Colora
Messtechnik,
Lorch/Württ.).
The flux
and the viability were determined via the
venous drainage obtained by silicone
tubes. The organ was covered with a
humid bandage to avoid drying up.
2.3
Hemoperfusion
The hemoperfusion
used for studies on
inflammatory processes was realised by
bovine blood (heparinised with 18,000
LU.!l) taken from cows slaughtered at
the same time. Logistically it was not
possible to obtain blood and organ from
the same animal. For the following studies
the organs were laid in a bath filled with
tyrode solution. The uteri were perfused
with tyrode solution to remove remaining blood. Following this the organs were
perfused with a blood-tyrode
mixture
~~
-----
(4: 1). The blood mixture was oxygenised
by means of the counter-current-principle
with a dialysis (Braun, Melsungen) circle
(Fig. 1). As an additional parameter of
viability a periodic contraction and relaxation occured during blood perfusion.
2.4
Determination of the viability
of isolated perfused bovine
uteri
The experiments concerning the viability
of the tissue were made to demonstrate
that the isolated perfused bovine uterus is
vital over a sufficient time period. Therefore, seven uteri were perfused with
tyrode and hemoperfused
respectively
for five hours. Every hour, glucose
consumption,
lactate
generation
and
LDH liberation (Boehringer, Mannheim)
were measured in the perfusate. After receiving the results of tyrode perfused uteri
sampIes were taken after three and five
dialysis circulation
2.2
Tyrode solution perfusion
Directly after transport to the laboratory
the uterus was connected to the perfusion
apparatus. This results in a perfusion
30-45 minutes after slaughtering.
The
uterus was weighted and put on a fixation
mattress (CP-Pharma, Burgdorf) into a
prewarmed (39°C) incubator (Incubator
S.L60, Stuart Scientific). For studies on
irritancy potential the cervix was lift up
and fixed to avoid an outflow of administered substances. After fixation the Aa.
uterinae were cannuled and perfused.
Additionally,
the main efferent vesse1,
the V. ovarica was cannuled at each side.
The perfusion medium was a carbogen
gassed (95% O2, 5% CO2), blood isotone
tyrode solution. The tyrode solution was
prewarmed
58
and reached
wat.erbath
39 -c
Fig. 1: Schematic
portrayal of the isolated hemoperfusion
of uteri.
the organ with
ALTEX 19, 2/02
BÄUMER ET AL.
------~~
~~
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~c
hours from hemoperfused uteri. To
estimate a developing edema by a weight
difference the organs were weighted
before and after the perfusion. The biochemical parameters of hemoperfused
uteri were determined in centrifuged
plasma. For cornparison, the blood
mixture was also taken directly before
reaching the organ. The parameters of
the viability were determined by the difference of the values before entering and
after leaving the organ. After it was
demonstrated that the organs are vital
over a time period of five hours, the
already mentioned studies concerning
irritancy potential and inflammation
were started.
2.5
Irritancy potential of test
substances
The target of the first study was to
examine a possible irritancy potential of
widely used antiseptics. Exemplary, the
results of Lugol s iodine solution are
shown here (further investigations of
antiseptics can be found at Mertens,
2001).
For comparison four uteri were treated
by instillation of 100 ml tyrode solution
and four uteri were not treated at all.
Lugol's iodine solution (WDT, Garbsen)
was obtained as an usual concentrate.
1 rnl of the concentrate consists of 100
mg iodine and 200 mg potassium iodide.
To get a customary solution (1:20) 50 rnl
of the concentrate were diluted with 950
rnl distilled water. After an equilibration
time of 30 minutes Lugol's iodine solution (100 ml) was instilled (as usual in
veterinary practice) with an insemination
pipette through the cervix into the uterus.
Directly before as well as Ih and 3h after
instillation, biopsies of the mucous membrane were taken through the cervix with
the help of a biopsypincers (Olympus,
Deutschland). The biopsies were taken
from the area of the big curvature of
the left and right horn, shock frozen at
-196°C and stored at -80°C. Three small
biopsies were taken at each time point.
The viability of the tissue was measured
by means of the MTT-assay (methylthiazoletetrazolium).
2.6
MTT-assay
The biopsies of the mucous membrane
were weighted and placed in 1 ml TKM
buffer containing 0.1 ml MTT solution.
After an incubation period of 2h (37°C)
the samples were homogenised. 1 rnl 0.1 N
HCI in 2-propanol was added to the
homogenate and the sampies were centrifuged. After centrifugation the supernatant
of each homogenate was measured photometrically (570 nm) in triplicate (MRX,
Dynatech Deutschland GmbH, Denkendorf).
2.7
Induction of an inflammatory
reaction by arachidonic acid
(hemoperfusion)
5 mg arachidonic acid (Sigma, Deisenhofen) were solved in 40 j.tl acetone.
Directly before the injection arachidonic
acid was taken in 200 ul tyrode solution
(vehicle) and injected under the serosa.
Three hours after administration of
arachidonic acid, biopsies of 6 mm diameter were taken and frozen at -196°C.
2.8
Determination of PGEz
The biopsies were homogenated and the
centrifuged supernatant collected. After a
dilution (1:5), PGE2 was measured
directly in the supernatant by ELISA
according to manufacturers protocol
(R&D Systems, Wiesbaden).
2.9
Statistical evaluation
The determination of significant differences between the different time points
of treatment (irritancy study) and between
vehicle treated and arachidonic acid
treated areas (inflammation study) was
done with the help of the Wilcoxon test
(rank sum) for paired matches.
3
Results
3.1
Viability of the uterus
The results concerning the examination
of the viability are shown in Table 1. The
glucose consumption increases markedly
during the first hour and lies between
0.13 and 0.21 g/h. The hemoperfused
uteri are characterised by a higher glucose
consumption (0.26-0.51 g/h; Tab. 1).
The lactate production decreases
significantly within the first hour to values between 0.17-0.22 g/h (Tab. 1). At
Tab. 1: Comparison of glucose consumption,
lactate production and LOH liberation between tyrode solution and blood perfusion
during a perfusion period of 5 hours. Mean and standard error of seven uteri; 'p<0.05 (significant difference compared to 0 min).
lactate production (g/h)
LOH liberation (U/h)
tyrode
blood
tyrode
blood
tyrode
blood
o min
0.1
± 0.01
0.26
±0.05
0.29
± 0.03
0.16
± 0.03
4.7
± 2.9
<1
60 min
0.13
± 0.01
not
determined
0.22'
± 0.03
not
determined
3.6
± 1.96
not
determined
120 min
0.14
± 0.03
not
determined
0.22'
± 0.03
not
determined
3.2
± 1.9
not
determined
180 min
0.13
± 0.03
0.37
±0.06
0.17'
± 0.03
0.22
± 0.05
3.3
± 1.6
< 1
240 min
0.17'
± 0.02
not
determined
0.19'
± 0.01
not
determined
4.6
± 1.1
not
determined
300 min
0.21'
± 0.02
0.51
±0.06
0.21'
± 0.02
0.31
± 0.07
3.3
± 1.6
< 1
time of perfusion
ALTEX 19, 2/02
glucose consumption
(g/h)
59
"J: --
_B_Ä_U_M_E_R_E_T_A_L_.
~~
~
the beginning of the hemoperfusion the
lactate production is comparable to
tyrode solution perfused uteri. But the
production increases slightly at the end
of the perfusion (0.16-0.31 g/h; Tab. 1).
The LDH liberation lies between 3 and
5 U/h. During the hemoperfusion the
LDH liberation lies under the detection
limit of 1 U/h (Tab. 1).
Five hours after perfusion of the seven
uteri with tyrode solution the me an
increase in tissue weight is approximately 20%. The hemoperfusion results in a
similar increase in tissue weight.
3.2
Irritancy potential of LugoI's
iodine solution
Untreated, or sham treated uterine
mucous membrane consists of a white,
smooth, shining surface. The uterine
tissue has a soft consistence. After treatment with Lugols iodine solution the
mucous membrane shows a brown and
rough surface.
As far as the MTT-turnover is concerned there is no significant difference
between untreated and vehicle treated
uteri. During three hours of perfusion a
slight but not significant decrease of the
MTT turnover is obvious (Fig. 2).
After intrauterine application of Lugols iodine solution (5%) the MTT
turnover decreases significantly (n=4).
One and three hours after treatment with
Lugol's iodine solution, the MTT
turnover is reduced to an average of 18%
compared to the beginning of the experiments (Fig. 3).
The treatment has no infiuence on the
parameters of viability measured in the
perfusate (glucose consumption, lactate
production, LDH liberation), which indicates that the massive irritation is limited
to the mucous membrane.
3.3
Arachidonic acid induced
infiammation
Approximately 30 rninutes after injection
of arachidonic acid a distinct reddening
at the site of injection is obvious. This
reddening is absent in vehicle treated
sites. This reddening lasts for 2 to 3
hours. Three hours after injection the
PGE2 concentration in arachidonic acid
treated areas is significantly increased.
The amount of the response to the arachi donic acid treatment differs markedly
(Fig. 4).
60
4
Discussion
4.1
Viability of the organ
Many different isolated perfused organs
are described for studies on absorption,
penetration and irritation. Most of these
are models working with isolated
perfused skin. To give some examples,
there is the isolated perfused porcine skin
fiap (Monteiro-Riviere et al., 1985), the
isolated perfused porcine ear (De Lange
et al., 1992), in vitro perfused human
skin (Hiernickel, 1983) and the isolated
perfused bovine udder (Arens, 1991;
Maass, 1993; Sterl, 1998). Ex viva perfusions of uteri are described for sheep
(Peirce et al., 1970), rats (Suzue, 1992),
mice (Suzue, 1994) and man (Bulletti et
al., 1986; Tojo et al., 1972).
The first aim to establish this model
was to exarnine the irritancy potential of
antiseptics which are widely used in
veterinary practice. These antiseptics are
instilled into the uterus for the treatment
of endometritis. The used antiseptics
irritate the mucous membrane. The following acute infiarnmatory process is
said to heal previous chronical inflammatory processes (De Kruif, 1999). The
treated cows often show signs of pain like
bended backs, lifted tails and groaning
(Grüßel and Busch, 1998). The sense and
purpose of this treatment is often questioned and should also be considered
critically in respect to protection of
animals (Gilbert and Schwark, 1992;
Paisley et al., 1986). As invasive examinations on a living cow are ethically not
to justify, studies on an isolated perfused
organ were regarded as an alternative.
In this publication the effect of one antiseptic (Lugol's iodine solution) is
demonstrated exemplarily.
The performed pretrials proofed the
viability of the model. In analogy to
other isolated perfused organs the
glucose consumption increases during
five hours of perfusion from an average
of 0.1 to 0.21 g/h (tyrode solution) and
from 0.26 to 0.51 g/h (hemoperfusion)
respectively.
For the isolated perfused bovine udder,
Maass (1993) describes a quiet constant
glucose consumption during six hours of
perfusion (0.81-0.84 g/h). Sterl (1998)
measures a doubling of the glucose consumption (0.5-1 g/h) and gives the reason
in a recovery of the organ after preparation and transport of the udder. MonteiroRiviere (1990) postulates a glucose con-
3
2
Cl
-€
c
tU
N
tU
E
Ci
I..L.
Cl
:::l.
o
2
2
o min
60 min
180
2
min
Fig. 2: MTT turnover (~g formazan/mg) in mucous membrane biopsies of 4
untreated (1) and vehicle treated (2; 100 ml tyrode solution) uteri. There is no
significant change of the MTT turnover.
ALTEX 19. 2/02
_____
~~-----------------------------------------------------B--Ä-U-M-E-R-E-T-A-L-.
~~
sumption of at least 0.01 gib for the
isolated perfused porcine skin fiap. De
Lange et al. (1992) measure a glucose
consumption of 0.015 gib for the iso1ated
perfused porcine ear. Compared to the
quoted skin models the isolated perfused
bovine uterus reveals a high glucose consumption in relation to its weight.
The production of lactate in the perfusate decreases (tyrode solution) or increases (hemoperfusion) during five
hours of perfusion. The initial drop of the
lactic acid production can be explained
by an adaptation to the circumstances of
the laboratory experiment. After preparation and tyrode solution perfusion at the
slaughterhouse and the transport to the
laboratory (without perfusion) there is a
transient anaerobic metabolism. After
perfusion with oxygenated tyrode solution the metabolism switches obviously
from anaerobic to aerobic glucose consumption, explaining the decrease of lactate production. These results correspond
to findings of Bulletti et al. (1986) for the
isolated perfused human uterus. In analogy to the bovine uterus there was a distinct decrease of the lactate production
during three hours of perfusion with a
Krebs-Ringer-glucose
solution. The
*
300
Cl
~
200
o
CO>
o,
100
o
Ko.
AA
Fig. 4: Prostagiandin E2 concentration
(pg/mg) in biopsies 3 hours after
administration
of 100 111 tyrode solution
(co.) or 100 111 (5 mg) arachidonic acid
(AA). The PGE2 concentration in
arachidonic acid treated areas is
significantly higher compared to vehicle
treated areas; *p<0.05, n=5.
*
I
2
~
o
Omin
*
60min
180 min
Fig. 3: MTT turnover (llg formazan/mg) in mucous membrane biopsies of uteri
treated with 5% Lugors iodine solution. There is a significant decrease of the MTT
turnover at 60 and 180 minutes after treatment, * pe 0.05, n=4.
ALTEX 19, 2/02
lactate production is nearly constant for
the first six hours of perfusion but
increases during the next six hours of
perfusion to amounts of 0.5 mg/lOO rnl.
Maass (1993) and Sterl (1998) also
describe a decrease of the lactate production for the isolated perfused bovine
udder and justify it with a compensation
of initially anaerobic metabolism. The
increase measured for the hemopersued
uteri has to be regarded with respect to a
more distinct increase for the glucose
consumption compared to tyrode solution. Both results may be explained by a
generally higher metabolism in hemoperfused uteri. The average LDH liberation
does not indicate a cellular damage. For
the isolated perfused human uterus Bulletti et al. (1986) describe a decrease of
the LDH liberation from 15 to 7 U/h. The
values stay nearly constant until the end
of perfusion (12 hours). Maass (1993)
measures during aperfusion period of six
hours values between 37 and 49 Ulb for
the isolated perfused bovine udder. Sterl
(1998) measures a significant decrease of
the LDH liberation from 40 to 30 U/h
during four hours of perfusion. Monteiro-Riviere (1990) postulates a LDH
activity of less than 10 U/h for the isolated perfused porcine skin ftap whereas
Riviere et al. (1986) postulate less than
30 UIb. The LDH activity measured in
own experiments has to be estimated as
low. Values under the detection limit in
hemoperfused uteri can be interpreted as
a sign for an intact organ during five
hours of perfusion.
The degree of edema was deterrnined
by means of increase in tissue weight and
histological exarnination after the end of
perfusion. Within five hours of perfusion
with tyrode solution, the weight of the
uteri show an average increase of 20%. A
moderate edema in the Lamina propria
mucosae is apparent in histological
sections (Mertens, 2001). An increase in
tissue weight is also documented for
other isolated perfused organs. Isolated
hemoperfused porcine ears show an
increase of approximately 6% within
four hours of perfusion (de Lange et al.,
1992). Maass (1993) describes an
increase of 17% for isolated perfused
bovine udders. Riviere et al. (1986)
determine an increase in weight of
25-42% for the isolated perfused porcine
61
BÄUMER ET AL.
;~
--------------------------------------------------------~~
skin flap. The increase of weight is therefore comparable to other isolated perfused organs. A hemoperfusion of the
uterus does not result in a diminished
formation of edema.
Studies on mucous membrane irritancy
have been performed to show early effects of antiseptic agents on the endometrium. The MTT assay was taken as
endpoint as this assay offers the possibility to discriminate (mild) irritative from
corrosive substances. After 1 and 3 hours
the MTT turnover of the uterus horn
treated with Lugol's iodine solution was
decreased to less than 20%. This
decrease lies distinctly below the limit of
50% for cellular viability, postulated by
Swischer et al. (1988), confirming a massive cytotoxic effect of Lugol's iodine
solution (1 :20). Such a massive irritative,
or more exactly, corrosive effect
undoubtedly goes along with pain,
explaining signs like bended backs,
lifted tails and groaning.
The increase of prostaglandin E2 and
the reddening observed in this study
confirm results of topic application of
arachidonic acid onto the bovine udder
skin (Bäumer and Kietzmann, 2000).
Due to the hemoperfusion, the isolated
perfused uterus is even more similar to
in vivo conditions (Opas et al., 1985).
Other mediators of inflammation, like
interleukin 1ß, interleukin 8, TNFa and
nitric oxid are being determined right
now in our laboratory. The dependence
of the arachidonic acid model on the
cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) pathway
(Puigner6 and Queralt, 1997) suggests
further experiments to establish a more
COX-2 mediated model of inflammation
in the uterus using Carragenan (Harada
et al., 1996) and LPS (Masferrer et al.,
1990). Such a model could be utilised to
examine antiphlogistic agents for their
inhibitory selectivity on the COX-1 and
COX-2 pathways simultaneously in an ex
vivo model.
In conclusion the isolated hemo- or
tyrodeperfused uterus seems to be a
suitable model for different fields of
research, which is confirmed by first
results from studies on mucosal irritancy
and inflammation.
62
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by ZEBET
(Project: WK 1-1328-160), Berlin, Germany.
Correspondence to
Dr. Wolfgang Bäumer
Department of Pharmacology,
Toxicology and Pharmacy
School of Veterinary Medicine
Hannover, Bünteweg 17,
D-30559 Hannover
Tel.: +49-511-9538732
Fax: +49-511-9538581
E-mail:
[email protected]
ALTEX 19,2/02
Sondermeldungen
aus aktuellem Anlass:
eH: Ergebnisse der Vernehmlassung zur Revision des
Tierschutzgesetzes vorgestellt
In dem am 14.6.2002 vom Eidgenössischen Volkswirtschaftsdepartement (EVD)
vorgelegten Bericht zur Vernehmlassung
des Revisions-Entwurfes sind die 218
Stellungnahmen,
welche
bis zum
31.12.2001 eingereicht worden waren,
übersichtlich präsentiert und zusammengefasst. Erwartungsgemäss wurden
zahlreiche Änderungsbegehren geltend
gemacht.
Bereits am 13. März 2002 hatte das
EDV bekannt gegeben, dass es den
Vorschlag zur Lockerung des Schachtverbots auf Grund des massiven Widerstandes vieler Kreise nicht weiterverfolgen und für die Weiterarbeit am Gesetz
von einem wie bisher strengen Schächtverbot ausgehen wird.
Tierschutzorganisationen wollen im
neuen Tierschutzgesetz aber nicht nur
die Erhaltung des status quo, sondern
wünschen ausdrücklich, das Schutzniveau
der Tiere in der Schweiz allgemein zu
erhöhen. Auch ist abzusehen, dass die
Diskussion um den Begriff der Würde im
ganzen Gesetzgebungsprozess
noch
mehrmals aufgerollt werden wird. Allein
39 Vorschläge wurden zur Definition
dieses Begriffes gemacht. Bei den allgemeinen Tierhaltungsvorschriften zeigt
sich der Gegensatz zwischen Tierhaltenden und Tierschutzorganisationen
deutlich. Letztere drängen nach einer Optimierung, teilweise auch Maximierung
der Haltungsvorschriften. Die Sonderregelung für gentechnisch veränderte
Tiere wird vor allem aus Tierschutzkreisen als zu schwach kritisiert.
Generell stossen Kann-Bestimmungen
in Tierschutzkreisen auf Widerstand,
welche den Bundesrat ermächtigen aber
nicht bindend verpflichten, einen bestimmten Gegenstand zu regeln. Es kann
daraus ein gewisses Misstrauen bzw. die
Angst vor einem realen Abbau des bestehenden Schutzniveaus abgelesen werden.
Die an verschiedenen Stellen des
Vorentwurfs enthaltenen Regelungen
bezüglich Ausbildung und Weiterbildung
von Personen, die mit Tieren umgehen
oder mit dem Vollzug des Tierschutzrechts befasst sind, werden positiv gewertet.
Kontrovers werden die Verwaltungsmassnahmen diskutiert, vorab das von
einem Kanton ausgesprochene Tierhalteverbot, das neu für die ganze
Schweiz gelten soll. Während das Prinzip
an sich begrüsst wird, herrscht bei der
Zugriffsberechtigung auf die Liste der
Halteverbote noch keine Einigung. Auch
die Strafbestimmungen sind Gegenstand
von Forderungen von Seiten der Tierschutzkreise, die durchgehend eine Verschärfung des Katalogs der Handlungen
und der Strafrnasse verlangen.
Neben den im Vorentwurf vorgesehenen (bisherigen) Kommissionen, die
sich auf kantonaler und auf Bundesebene
mit Tierversuchen befassen, verlangen
Tierschutzkreise eine Eidgenössische
Tierschutzkommission, und zusätzlich
eine Tierschutzkommission für jeden
Kanton; aus den Kantonen kommt zudem
die Forderung nach einer Bundeskommission, welche die Zuchtziele zu beurteilen
hätte. Die neuen Vollzugsinstrumente
(Zielvereinbarung
und
Mitwirkung
Dritter) werden positiv aufgenommen.
Die Tierschutzorganisationen fordern
ein Verbandsbeschwerde- und klagerecht
sowie die Einsetzung kantonaler Tierschutzanwälte, wie er - bisher einzig - im
Kanton Zürich seit 1992 besteht. Es
ist ausserdem zu erwarten, dass die
Tierschutzorganisationen einem Inkrafttreten des neuen Gesetzes ohne Vorliegen einer darauf abgestimmten neuen
Tierschutzverordnung nicht zustimmen
werden.
Der Text des geltenden Gesetzes ist
abrufbar unter www.bk.admin.ch/ch/
dlsr/c455, der Text der Erläuterungen zum
Revisionsentwurf unter www.bvet.admin.ch.
fpg/cm
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