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Unit 11 Notes Rheanne Carbonilla Kaan Period 1 January 13,2016 Roosevelt’s Background pg 594 ● Pres. William McKinley died on Sept 1901 Roosevelt → Helped captured outlaws as a rancher in Dakota Badlands → NYC police commissioner → Assistant sec of Navy → Commander of Rough Riders → Charge in Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba during Span. Amer. War Northern Securities Company pg 595 ● 1902, Roosevelt ordered Justice Depart. to invoke Sherman Antitrust Act against the Northern Securities Co. → Railroad Monopoly in NW ­ By J.P. Morgan, E.H. Harriman, & James J. Hill → 1904 Supr. Court rules N. Securities Co. must be dissolved Hepburn Act pg 596
● Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 : Est Interstate Commerce Commission ● Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act of 1906 : Sought to restore some regulatory authority to the gov’t ­ Some reformers were outraged Pure Food & Drug Act → Restricted sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines ­ Upton Sinclair wrote a novel “The Jungle” in 1906 with descriptions of conditions in the meatpacking industry → Roosevelt pushed to pass Meat Inspection Act : Helped eliminate diseases once transmitted in impure meat ­ 1907 → Roosevelt started 8 hr work days, reg. of stock markets, ect. ­ Openly criticized conservatives in Congress & judiciary Conservation ❖ Roosevelt was the 1st presi. to take interest in new American conservation movement → Early 20th century idea of preserving natural world for ecological reasons wasn’t est. ● Conservationists ­ Promoted policies to protect land for carefully managed development Ex: Pinchot → 1st director of Nat. Forest Service Federal Aid to West ● Old guard supported Roosevelt’s natural resource policy: Public reclamation and irrigation projects ­ 1902, Roosevelt backed National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act) ­ Provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, & canals in the W Preservation ● Roosevelt added to National Park System → Purpose to protect land from exploitation or development at all → Creates 1st Nat. park ­ Yellowstone in Wyoming in 1872 Competing Conservationist Visions pg 598 ● Battle stormed between naturalists and the advocates of the dam ● Naturalists ­ believed leaving this valley in a state of nature was more important than the benefit of the city ­ Advocates ­ felt needs of the city was more important than claims of preservation → Muir placed a referendum question on the ballot of 1908 but San Franciscans approved the dam by a huge margin ● Construction of the dam finally began after WW1 The Panic of 1907 ­ Recession began in 1907 Tennessee Coal and Iron Company ● Conservatives blamed Roosevelt’s “mad” economic policies for the disaster of 1907 → Acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he would not interfere with their recovery efforts ­ J P. Morgan helped construct a pool of assets → He told the president that the key to the institutions was the purchase by U.S Steel of the shares of the Tennessee coal and Iron Company → Roosevelt agreed and the Morgan plan preceded, the panic soon subsided Payne­Aldrich Tariff pg 599 ● Protective tariff rates were too high which was the 1st problem but Roosevelt made no effort to overcome the congressional Old Guard ­ Argued that it would violate the constitutional doctrine if he were to intervene in legislative matters → Result was Payne­Aldrich Tariff : Reduced rates scarcely at all and in some areas raised them “New Nationalism” pg 600 ● Roosevelt’s decision to take on leadership of Repub. reformers was clear in speech he gave on Sept 1, 1910 in Osawatomie, KS → Labeled set of principles, “New Nationalism” ­ Supports graduated income ­ Inheritance taxes ­ Tariff revision ­ Firmer regulation of corporations Progressive Party pg 601 ● Roosevelt set another convention in Chicago to launch new Progressive Party & nominate himself as presiden. candidate → Nicknames new party “Bull Moose” → Party supported additional regulation of industry and trusts ­ Sweeping reforms ­ Pensions for elderly, women suffrage, & widows w/ children Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom” ­ Wilson was gov. of NJ emerged as party’s nominee & prgressive candidate → Elected gov. of NJ in 1910 ● Presidential candidate in 1912 → Wilson presented a progressive program, “New Freedom” ➢ Differed from Roosevelt’s “New Nat.” by its approach eco. policy & trusts ➢ Roosevelt believed in accepting eco. concentration & using govt to regulate & control ­ Electoral college, Wilson won Lowering the T​
ariff pg 602 ● Wilson’s goal substantial lowering of protective tariff ● Underwood­Simmons Tariff ­ Provided cuts substantial enough to introduce real competition into Amer. markets & help break power of trusts ● Congress approved graduated income tax → Make up for lost revenue from tariff Federal Reserve Act pg 603 ● Federal Reserve Act ­ Congress passed, created 12 regional banks each owned & created by individual banks of its district ● Federal Trade Commission Act ­ created regulatory agency that would help businesses determine in advance whether actions would be acceptable to govt Child Labor Laws ● Keating­Owen Act ­ 1st fed. law regulating child labor → Prohibited shipment of goods produced by underage children across state lines → Court struck down Keating­Owen Act → Smith­Lever Act of 1914 ­ Demonstrated another way fed govt could influence local behavior ­ Offered fed grants to states that agreed to support agri. exten. edu. Racial and Economic Basis of Roosevelt’s Diplomacy pg 604 ● Roosevelt believed that important distinction existed between “Civilized”, “Uncivilized” nations of the world ­ He defined “Civilized nations as predominantly white and Anglosaxon or Teutonic ­ “Uncivilized were nonwhite, Latin or Slavic → Racism was partly basis of distinction but equally important was economic development ● Civilized nations by Roosevelt’s definition were producers of industrial goods ● Uncivilized were suppliers of raw materials Great White pg 605 ● Roosevelt took no direction action against Japan → He sent 16 battleships of the new American navy so Japan could be sure of the power of the United States ­ “Great White Fleet” the ships were known as because the ships were temporarily painted white for the voyage Intervention in Nicaragua ● Revolution broke out in Nicaragua → Administration quickly sided with the insurgents and sent Americans troops into the country to seize the customs houses ­ Knox encouraged American bankers to offer substantial loans ● Taft landed American troops in Nicaragua, this time to protect the existing regime ­ Troops remained there more than a decade Roosevelt Corollary pg 606 ● 1904, “Roosevelt Corollary” The US claimed that had the right to not only to oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere but intervene in the domestic affairs of its neighbors → Crisis in Dominican Republic was the immediate motivation and first opportunity for using it ­ Roosevelt est. Amer. receivership assuming control of Dom. Rep. Platt Amendment ● Platt Amend. ­ US has the right to prevent any foreign power from intruding into the nation → American troops landed in Cuba and quelled the fighting when domestic uprisings threatened internal stability Panamanian Revolt ● 1903 Revolution in Panama was organized and financed ­ Many previous revolts but all were failures → Roosevelt landed troops from the U.S.S. Nashville in Panama to “maintain order” ● Prevented Colombian forces from suppressing the rebellion → Three days later Roosevelt recognized Panama as an independent nation Veracruz pg 608 ● Amer. killed 126 of the defenders & 19 casualties ● Opposing constitutionalists ­ led by Venustiano Carranza ­ Lieutenant ­ Pancho Villa → Wilson abandoned Villa → Villa angry & considered it Amer. betrayal → Fought back in 1916 & took 16 Amer. mining engineers from a train in N. Mex. & shot them → 2 mo.s later led his soldiers across border into Columbus & killed 17 more Amer. Intervention in Mexico pg 609 ● Wilson ordered Gen. John J. Pershing to lead Amer. expeditionary forces across Mex. Border to fight back Villa → Engaged in 2 fights w/ Carranza’s army (40 Mex. & 12 Amer. killed) → Wilson drew back & granted formal recog. to the Carranza regime on March 1917 Crash Course 28 ● Late 19th & 20th centuries were a period of expansion & colonization in Asia & Africa mainly by Euro. ­ Empire were different in their own ways ­ Panic caused by Brit bank failure led US into bad economy ­ Hawaii was annexed in 1898 ­ Sinking of USS Maine → To protect Amer. interests sank after an explosion on Feb 15, 1898 killing 266 sailors → Amer. blamed explosion on Spanish ­
Battle of Manila Bay 1898 ­ Commodore George Dewey destroyed a tiny Span. fleet & took the Philippines ­ Philippine War lasted 4 years → 1899­1903 4,2000 Amer killed & 100,00 filipinos Crash Course 30 ­ Great War lasted from 1914­1918, cost lives of 1o million soldier ­ U.S. declared war on Germany & the Central Powers on April 2,1917 → 2 years after the sinking of the Lusitania ● WIlson’s 14 points were admirable as a statement of purpose ­ America's primary contribution to the auntaunt powers winning the war was economic ­ Troops did not arrive until 1918 ­ Over 1 million American doughboys defeated the exhausted Germans ● WW1 made the National government more powerful than it has ever been ­ May of 1917 the Selective Service act was passed which required 24 million men to register for the draft which eventually increased the size of the army