THE MARINE BRYOZOA NEAR THE PANAMA CANAL
N. A. POWELL
National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa
ABSTRACT
The diversity of Bryozoa at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal is
threefold that at the Atlantic. Three ecological components are recognized
on the Pacific side, two on the Atlantic. Since its inception 56 years ago,
successful transmigrations of Bryozoa through the Canal have been unidirectional, as demonstrated by the occurrence of three Atlantic fouling
species at the Pacific entrance, i.e., Membranipora annae Osburn, Electra
monostachys (Busk) and Bugula stolonifera Ryland. Gemelliporidra
multilamellosa (Canu & Bassler) and Trematooecia aviculifera (Canu &
Bassler), both previously known as fossils from the Upper Tertiary of Panama, have persisted into the Recent Panamic-Atlantic intertidal environment.
INTRODUCTION
The bryozoan faunas from both sides of the Panama Canal were collected
by the "St. George" Expedition in 1924 (Hastings, 1930). These, together
with additional recent collections are evaluated in the present study as a
basis for determining the extent of intermingling of the Pacific and Atlantic
faunas, during the 55 years that the canal has been in operation.
The abbreviation STRI used in the report refers to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Balboa, Canal Zone).
References cited for species discussed in this report mainly pertain to the
Panamic Pacific and Atlantic regions.
Order CYCLOSTOMATA
Busk
Lichenopora cf. intricata (Busk)
Lichenopora intricata Osburn, 1953 :707, pI. 76, figs. 5-9.
Material.-Stations
II, IV, VII, IX, XL
Distribution.-Bay
of Panama; Magdalena Bay, southern California to
Mazatlan, Mexico.
Order CHEILOSTOMATA
Busk
Suborder Anasca Levinsen
Membranipora annae Osburn
Acanthodesia serrata: Hastings, 1930:707, pI. 4, figs. 13-15 (not of Hincks,
1882).
1971]
Powell: Marine Bryozoa near the Panama Canal
767
STATIONLIST, PANAMACANAL,APRIL 1969
Station
Nos.
Locality
Substrate
PACIFIC ENTRANCE
I
Pier No.1,
V.S. Naval Base,
Rodman, Balboa Harbour
II
Below STRI marine laboratory,
on causeway connecting Naos
Id.
III
Pilot Jetty, opposite STRI labo·
ratory, Naos Id.
Breakwater adjacent to STRI
IV
laboratory, Naos Id.
v
VII
Beach enclosure in front of Officer's Club, Fort Amador
Panama Bay
a, buoy No.3; b, No.6; c, No.
8; d, No. 10; e, No. 13; f, No.
13%; g, No. 14; h, No. 14%;
i, No. 15; j, No. 15%; k, No.
17; 1, No. 18; m, No. 19
Punta Paitilla, Panama Harbour
VIII
IX
X
Tortolita Id., Panama Bay
Taboguilla Id., Panama Bay
Taboga Id., Panama Bay
XI
Vrava Id., Panama Bay
VI
wharf pilings
1-2 fathoms
rock
low tide
wharf pilings and
floats
rock
1-3 fathoms
low tide
floats
low tide
Navigation buoys*
2-4 fathoms
rock
intertidal
pools
3 fathoms
3 fathoms
2 fathoms
shell
shell, broken coral
broken coral beneath jetty
broken coral
ATLANTICENTRANCE
XII
Pier no. 1, V.S. Harbour Craft
operations, Coca Sola, Manzanillo Bay
Depth
3 fathoms
wharf pilings
1-2 fathoms
XIII
Industrial Pier No. 14, Cristobal
Harbour, Limon Bay
wharf pilings
2-3 fathoms
XIV
Limon Bay
a, buoy No. c1; b, No.6;
No. 11; d, No. 13
Navigation buoys*
2-4 fathoms
c,
XV
Reef in front of Fort Randolph,
Margarita Island
coral
low tide
XVI
Reef in front of STRI laboratory,
Galeta Island
coral
low tide
• For positionsof numberedbuoyssee Sheet5000; The PanamaCanal; U.S. NavalOceanographic
Office,Washington,D.C.
Bulletin of Marine Science
768
Membranipora
hastingsae:
[21(3)
Osburn, 1950:29, pI. 2, fig. 1 (not of Marcus,
1937) .
Membranipora annae Osburn, 1953:774.
Material.-Stations
I, V, VII.
Remarks.- This species is restricted to "warm shallow waters, where the
salinity is reduced or variable" (Cook 1968a: 129).
Distribution.-Bay
of Panama; West Africa.
Membranipora arborescens (Canu & Bassler)
Conopewn commensale: Osburn, 1950:30, pI. 2, figs. ]2-15.
Membranipora arborescens: Cook, 1968a: 121, pI. 1, figs. b, c, d; pI. 2, fig.
e; text-fig.2.
Materiat.-Stations
I, II, IV, VIb, VII.
Mexico to Ecuador; North Carolina to Brazil; West
Distribution.-North
Africa.
Membranipora savartii (Audouin)
Membranipora savartii: Osburn, 1950:27, pI. 2, fig. 7.
Materiat.-Stations
II, XIVa.
Remarks.- The tolerance of this species for waters of reduced or variable
salinities has also been demonstrated by Lagaaij (1963) and Long &
Rucker (1969).
Distribution.-Eq
uatorial.
Etectra bengalensis (Stoliczka)
Electra anomala: Osburn, ]950:36, pI. 3, fig. 6.
Electra bengalensis: Cook, ]968b: 141.
Materiat.-Stations
I, III, VIa, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, k.
Remarks.-One
of the two dominant fouling bryozoans in Balboa Harbour
and Panama Bay, the colonies forming large, bushy clumps on the bases of
the navigation buoys. Previous records of this species are also from brackish
water (Cook, 1968b: 141). Electra bengalensis was not collected by the
"St. George" Expedition.
Distribution.-Bay
of Panama; West Africa; Ganges Delta.
Electra monostachys (Busk)
Hastings, 1930:706.-Powell
pI. 1, fig. 4 (multispinous form).
Electra monostachys:
& Crowell, 1967:339,
1971 ]
769
Powell: Marine Bryozoa near the Panama Canal
Material.-Station
VII.
Remarks.-Tolerant
of both brackish
and marine environments
(Ryland,
1965).
Distribution.-Bay
of Panama; east coast of America
Canada, to the Bay of Santos, Brazil); western Europe.
(Bay
of Fundy,
Parellisina curvirostris (Hincks)
Ellisina clIrvirostris: Hastings, 1930:711, pI. 7, figs. 28-31.
Parellisina curvirostris: Osburn, 1950, p. 75, pI. 8, fig. 8.
Material.-Stations
I, II, IV, X.
Distribution.-Equatorial.
Miocene or early Pliocene)
Fossil: Bocas Island, north-west Panama (Late
and Mt. Hope Canal Zone (Pleistocene).
Antropora tincta (Hastings)
Crassimarginatella tincta: Hastings, 1930:708, pI. 5, figs. 16-19; pI. 17, fig.
]20.
Antropora tincta: Osburn, 1950:54, pI. 4, fig. 7; pI. 29, figs. 7, 8.-Cook,
1968a: 140, text-fig. 11.
Material.-Stations
IV, VII, IX.
Distribution.-Point
Conception,
California,
to Peru; West Africa.
Onychocella alula Hastings
OnycllOcella a/lila Hastings, ]930:715, pI. 9, figs. 43-46.-0sburn,
pI. ] 1, figs. 5, 6.-Cook, 1964a:67, fig. 10.
Materia/'-stations
1950:101,
VII, IX.
Distrbution.-Catalina
Island, southern
Ecuador; Carribean; West Africa.
California,
to La Plata
Island,
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk)
Steganoporella magnilabris:
Material.-Station
Cook, 1964a:53, pI. 1, fig. 4; text-fig. 2.
XVI.
Distribution.-Indo-West
Pacific Coast. Fossil:
early Pliocene).
Pacific; Atlantic; not known from the American
Bocas Island, northwest Panama (Late Miocene or
B ugula neritina (Linnaeus)
Bugllia neritina:
24, fig. 3.
Hastings, 1930:704.-0sburn,
1950: 154, pI. 23, fig. 3; pI.
770
Bulletin of Marine Science
Material.-Stations
[21 (3)
I, III, VIc, d, f, h, j, k, 1, m; XII, XIII, XIVa, d.
Remarks.-A
dominant fouling species in Balboa Harbour and the inner
reaches of Panama Bay. It is also the only common fouling bryozoan in
Limon Bay (Atlantic side).
Distribution.-Worldwide
ronments.
in warmer waters, particularly in harbour enviBugula stolonifera Ryland
Bugula aviculijera: Hastings, 1930:703.
Bugula stolonijera Ryland, 1960:78, figs. 1b, 2g, 6a-e; pIs. Ie, 3a, b.
Material.-Stations
I, III, VIm.
Remarks.-A
fouling species "of ports and harbours, growing on submerged
structures including ships' hulls" (Ryland, 1965: 50).
Distribution.-Bay
of Panama; east coast of America (Massachusetts to
Brazil); western Europe; West Africa.
Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin)
Scrupocellaria bertholletii: Hastings, 1930:703,
1950:133, pI. 15, figs. 7, 8; pI. 2], fig. 8.
Material.-Stations
pI. 1, figs. 1-5.-0sburn,
I, II, III.
Remarks.-Noted
for its occurrence in "shallow water, often harbours and
areas of pollution" (Ryland, 1965: 55).
Distribution.-Equa torial.
Suborder Ascophora Levinsen
Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks)
Holoporella brunnea: Hastings, ]930:731,
]952:496, pI. 62, figs. 10-12.
Material.-Stations
pI. 16, figs. 108-110.-0sburn,
IX, X, XI.
Distribution.-British
Columbia to Ecuador; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean.
Stephanosella cornuta (Gabb & Horn)
Schizoporella cornuta: Osburn, 1952:320, pI. 37, figs. 9-11.
Stephanosella cornuta: Powell, 1967:278.
Material.-Station
IV.
Distribution.-Southern
Alaska to the Galapagos Islands; Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Florida; West Africa.
1971]
Powell: Marine Bryozoa near the Panama Canal
771
Cleidochasma porcellanum (Busk)
Hippoporina
Hastings, 1930:721.-0sburn,
porcellana:
1952:344, pI. 41,
figs. 1-3.
Material.-Stations
VII, VIII, IX, XI, XVII.
Distribution.-Equatorial.
Fossil: Bocas Island, northwest Panama (Late
Miocene or early Pliocene).
Gemelliporidra multilamellosa (Canu & Bassler)
Cyclipora multilamellosa Canu & Bassler, 1923:138, pI. 46, figs. 3-6.
Gemelliporidra multilamellosa: Canu & Bassler, 1928:104.
Material.-Stations
XV, XVI.
Remarks.-Occurring
on coral.
abundantly as massive, greenish coloured colonies
Distribl/tion.-Previously
known only as a fossil from Minnitimmi Creek,
Bocas Island, northwest Panama (Late Miocene or early Pliocene) and
from Mt. Hope, Canal Zone (Pleistocene).
Hippoporina verrilli Maturo & Schopf
americana: Hastings, 1930:725, pI. 11, fig. 61.-Marcus,
1937: 101, pI. 20, figs. 54a-b.-Osburn, 1952:339, pI. 40, fig. 4 (not of
Verrill, 1875).
Hippoporina americana: Cook, 1964b:6, text-fig. Ib (not of Verrill, 1875).
Hippoporina verrilli Maturo & Schopf, 1968:54, fig. 12b, c (for synonyms).
Hippodiplosia
Material.-Station
VIj.
Remarks.-The
occurrence of this species in the seasonally brackish waters
of Panama Bay is consistent with Lagaaij's (1963) and Cook's (1964b)
observations in the Gulf of Mexico and West Africa, respectively.
Distribution.-Gulf
of California to Costa Rica; Galapagos Islands; Cape
Cod, Massachusetts, to Brazil; West Africa.
Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk)
Hippopodina feegensis:
(sic) Hastings, 1930:729.-Powell,
1969:160, figs.
2,6,8.
Material.-Stations
III, IV.
Remarks.-Accumulating
evidence (Soule & Soule, 1968; Long & Rucker,
1969) shows this species to be an important fouling constituent of tropical
and subtropical waters.
772
Bulletin of Marine Science
[21(3)
Distribution.-Indo-Pacific;
West Atlantic; eastern Mediterranean. Fossil:
Bocas Island, northwest Panama (Late Miocene or early Pliocene).
Microporella umbracula (Audouin)
Micropore/la ciliata var. coronata: Hastings, 1930:727.
Micropore/la coronata: Osburn, 1952:386, pl. 45, fig. 1.
Microporella urnbracula: Harmer, 1957:964.
Material.-Stations
II, IV, VII, X, XI.
Distribution.-Equatorial.
Fossil: Bocas Island, northwest Panama (Late
Miocene or early Pliocene).
Parasmittina crosslandi (Hastings)
Srnittina crosslandi Hastings, 1930:726, pI. 13, figs. 75-79; pI. 17, fig. 122.
Parasrnittina crosslandi: Osburn, 1952:418, pI. 48, fig. 12.
Material.-Stations
II, IV, VIII, IX, XI.
Distribution.-Tiburon
Island, Gulf of California to Colombia.
Parasmittina trispinosa (Johnston)
Smittina trispinosa: Hastings, 1930:726, pI. 21, fig. 55.
Parasmittina trispinosa: Osburn, 1952:412, pI. 49, figs. 7-8.
Material.-Station
IX.
Distribution.-"In
1952:414 ).
its various forms the species is cosmopolitan" (Osburn,
Hippoporella gorgonensis Hastings
Hippoporella gorgonensis Hasting, 1930:723, pI. 12, figs. 62-72; pI. 17, figs.
119, 121.-0sburn,
1952:348, pI. 45, figs. 10-12.
Material.-Stations
II, IV, VIII, IX, X, XI.
Distribution.-Santa Cruz, southern California, to Ecuador; Gulf of Mexico
to the Bay of Santos, Brazil; West Africa.
Hippoporella rimata Osburn
Hippoporella rimata Osburn, 1952:351, pI. 45, figs. 6, 7.
Material.-Stations
VII, X, XI.
Distribution.-Acapulco,
Mexico, to Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador.
Rhynchozoon
rostratum (Busk)
Rhynchozoon rostratum: Hastings, 1930:728, pI. 14, figs. 84, 85, 93-96.Osburn, 1952:456, pI. 54, figs. 1-3.
1971]
Powell: Marine Bryozoa near the Panama Canal
Marerial.-Stations
773
II, IV, VII, IX, X, XI.
Distriblltion.-British
West Africa.
Columbia to Colombia; Massachusetts to Brazil;
Trematooecia aviculijera (Canu & Bassler)
Holopore/la aviclIlifera Canu & Bassler, 1923: 179, pI. 46, fig. 2.
Material.-Stations
XV, XVI.
Remarks.-The
colonies are coloured brick red. This species together with
Gemelliporidra l1lultilamellosa occurs abundantly on coral in Manzanillo
Bay.
Distriblltion.-Fossil:
Mt. Hope, Canal Zone (Pleistocene).
Trematooecia turrita (Smitt)
Holoporella tllrrita: Hastings, 1930:732, pI. 12, fig. 73.
Material.-Stations
Distri butioll.-Eq
XV, XVI.
uatorial.
Reptadeonella violacea (Johnston)
AdeOlw violacell: Hastings, 1930:728.-0sburn,
Material.-Stations
1952:441, pI. 58, figs. 6, 7.
IX, XI.
Distrihu tion.-Equatorial.
Crepidacantha longiseta Canu & Bassler
Crepidacantha longiseta: Brown, 1954:251, fig. If.
Material.-Station
Distrihutioll.-Gulf
XVII.
of Mexico; South Atlantic; West Indian Ocean.
Crepidacantha solea Canu & Bassler
Crepidacantl1a solea: Brown, 1954:252, fig. 1h.
Material.-Station
X.
Distriblltiofl.-Tropical
Pacific (China Sea to the American West Coast).
FAUNAL
ANALYSIS
The following components are differentiated on the basis of their localized
occurrences ncar the Panama Canal (see Fig. 1).
Pacific Side.-Here
there are three components:
774
Bulletin
ATLANTIC
of Marine
[21(3)
Science
OCEAN
Chiquita
N.
ATLANTIC
•
I. Membronlpora
M. orboreacens
M. soyortii
annat
•
ENTRANCE
I Membroniporo
sovodii
Bugulo
nerilino
EI",etta bengolensis
E. monoltochys
Bugula nerilino
B.51010nilero
Scrupocelloria berlOOIletii
Hippoporino
Hippopodino
•
2. lithenoporo
Porellisino
verrilli
feeoeensis
IOTOftolita
cf, intricato
curvirostris
o
BAY
Antroporo tincto
~icroporell0
umtlroculo
Porasmitlina
croulandi
Hippoporello
qorgonen15is
PAN
A
3. Onychocella
011,110
Celleporcno
brunnea
Cleidochosmo
porceIlanum
HippoporeUo timota
Reptodeonello
violatea
Crepidoconrho
solea
Taboguillo
Tobogo I.
Rhyncholoon roslrolum
.•
••
F
M A
1.6
0..
~
~~Urovo
L
L
.•. 3. Slegonoporello
PACIFIC
OCEAN
LEGEND
•
FOULING
•
EURYHALINE
COMPONENT
•••
MARINE
COMPONENT
COMPONENT
1. Map of the Panama Canal showing the distributions of Bryozoa at
the Pacific and Atlantic entrances. (Euryhaline and marine species are based on
occurrences at two or more stations.)
FIGURE
1971]
Powell: Marine Bryozoa near the Panama Canal
775
1. An exclusive fouling component, dominated by Bugula neritina, but
with plentiful numbers of Electra bengalensis, Membranipora annae, and
Bllgllia stolonifera, occurs in Balboa Harbour and remains well defined eastwards into the protected area of Panama Bay. At Naos Island and adjacent
points, the component becomes enlarged to include Membranipora savartii,
Hippoporina verrilli, and Hippopodina feegeensis on buoys, wharf pilings,
or rocks. The outflow of sewage at Punta Paitilla, an open coastal situation,
probably explains the presence of Membranipora annae and Membranipora
arborescens in an otherwise anomalous environment.
2. A euryhaline component, tolerant of the seasonally reduced salinities
at Naos Island1 and the uniformly marine conditions offshore, is best
developed in the tidal pools at Punta Paitilla. Lichenopora cf. intricata,
Antropora tincta, Microporella umbracula, and Rhynchozoon rostratum
contribute in large measure to the notable diversity of Bryozoa at this
locality.
3. A marine-stenohaline component is restricted to Punta Paitilla and
the islands offshore: Celleporaria brunnea, Cleidochasma porcellanum,
Hippoporella rimata are especially abundant at Taboga, Taboguilla, and
Urava.
Atlantic Side.-In contrast to the Pacific entrance, faunal diversity at the
Atlantic entrance is substantially reduced. As a result of the absence of a
euryhaline suite equivalent to that developed in Panama Bay, the Atlantic
fouling and marine components are sharply delineated.
1. Faunal impoverishment is most pronounced in the harbour environments of Limon Bay and Manzanillo Bay where the fouling component
comprises only two species. Although Bugula neritina is common on wharf
pilings and buoys, it nowhere attains the abundance exhibited in Balboa
Harbour or Panama Bay.
2. The marine, open-coast environment at the entrance to Manzanillo
Bay is manifested by the development of fringing coral reefs. Prior to the
present study these had experienced severe damage as a result of oil pollution, but without any adverse effects to the coraphyllic Bryozoa, to judge
from the abundance of live, robust colonies of Gemelliporidra multilamellosa
and Trematooecia aviculifera. Bryozoans were, however, inexplicably
wanting on the living reefs at Maria Chiquita, the easternmost locality
sampled.
DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSIONS
The major dissimilarities between the Pacific and Atlantic marine environments near the Panama Canal (Rubinoff, 1968) are expressed by draMinimum surface salinities July through December 1968 ranging between 25.0 %0 and 28.6 %0 (cf.,
26.4 %0 - 32.0 %0, January through June).
1
776
Bulletin
of Marine
[21 (3)
Science
matic differences in their respective bryozoan assemblages; unstable water
conditions at the Pacific entrance support a richly abundant fauna, three
times as diverse (Fig. 1) as that occurring in the seasonally uniform Atlantic
water.
Compelling evidence that trans-Isthmian shipping provides a mechanism
for transporting marine fouling-fauna through the fresh waters of the Gatun
and Miraflores lakes (Menzies, 1968) is demonstrated by the prescnce of
Membranipora annae, Electra monostachys, and Bugula stolonifera in Panama Bay, the only known occurrence for these specics outside the Atlantic
region. Evidently, their establishment in the eastern Pacific took place prior
to 1924, when they were first collected by the "St. George" Expedition.
The original source of Electra bengalensis, presently a dominant fouling
bryozoan on the navigation buoys in Panama Bay, is obscure, the available
distributional data suggesting India or West Africa as alternatives.
Comparison of recent collections with those of the "St. George" Expedition (Hastings, 1930) indicates that four fouling species have become introduced into Panama Bay from local sources since 1924, i.e., Membranipora
arborescens, Membranipora savartii, Scrupocellaria bertholletii, and Hippopodina feegeensis. These have all been recorded elsewhere in the PanamicPacific area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to Dr. Ira Rubinoff, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Canal Zone, for providing space and facilities during my recent
field investigations.
SUMARIO
Los
BRIOZOOS
MARINOS
CERCA
DEL
CANAL
DE
PANAMA
Las principales diferencias entre los ambientes marinos del Pacffico y del
Atlantico en las cercanias del Canal de Panama se expresan por las grandes
diferencias entre sus grupos respectivos de briozom; las condiciones variables del agua en ]a entrada del Pacffico soportan una fauna muy abundante,
tres veces mas diversificada que la que aparece en el ambiente estacional uniforme del Atlantica. En e] lado del Pacifico se reconocen tres componentes
ecologicos y en el Atlantica dos. La evidencia abrumadora de que la navegacion a traves de] istmo puede transportar can exito ]a fauna marina invertebrada incrustante de la region a traves de las aguas dulces de los lagos
Gatun y Miraflores se demuestra par los siguientes briozoos de] Atlantico,
todos los cuales se establecieron en la entrada del Pacifico can anterioridad
a 1924, donde fueron encontrados par primera vez par ]a Expedici6n "St.
George": Membranipora annae Osburn, Electra monostachys (Busk) y
Bugula stolonifera Ryland. La Gemelliporidra
multilamellosa
(Canu &
1971 ]
Powell:
Marine
Bryozoa
near the Panama
Canal
777
Bassler) y la Trematoecia aviculifera (Canu & Bassler) eran conocidas
anteriormente en la forma de f6siles del Terciario Superior (panameiio).
Ambas especies han subsistido hasta el Reciente en el medio ambiente del
litoral panameiio.
LITERATURE
CITED
BROWN, D. A.
1954.
On the polyzoan genus Crepidacantha Levinsen.
Hist., 2(7): 243-263.
CANU, F. AND R.
Bull. Br. Mus. nat.
S. BASSLER
1923.
North American later Tertiary and Quaternary Bryozoa. Bull. U. S.
natn. Mus., 125: 1-302.
1928. Fossil and Recent Bryozoa of the Gulf of Mexico region. Proc. U. S.
natn. Mus., 72(14): 1-199.
COOK, P. L.
1964a. Polyzoa from West Africa. 1. Notes on the Steganoporellidae,
Thalamoporellidae and Onychocellidae (Anasca, Coilostega). Result.
scient. Camp. Calypso, 6: 43-78.
1964b. Po1yzoa from West Africa. Notes on the genera Hippoporina Neviani,
Hippoporella Canu, Cleidochasma Harmer and Hippoporidra Canu
and Bassler. Bull. Be. Mus. nat. Rist. (Zoo1.), 12(1):
1-35.
1968a. Polyzoa from West Africa. The Malacostega. Bull. Be. Mus. nat. Hist.
(Zool.), 16(3): 113-160.
1968b. Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the coasts of tropical West Africa. Atlantide
Rep., No. 10: 115-262.
HARMER, S. F.
1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Pt. IV. Cheilostomata Ascophora, II. Rep. Siboga Exped., xv + 641-1147 pp.
HASTINGS, A. B.
1930. Cheilostomatous Polyzoa from the vicinity of the Panama Canal collected by Dr. C. Crossland on the cruise of the S.Y. 'St. George.'
Proc. zoo1. Soc. Lond., 1929, No.4: 697-740.
HINCKS, T.
1882. Polyzoa of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser.
5, 10: 459-471.
LAGAAI.J,
1963.
R.
New additions to the bryozoan fauna of the Gulf of Mexico. PubIs
Inst. mar. Sci. Univ. Tex., 9: 162-236.
LONG, E. R.
AND JAMES B. RUCKER
1969.
A comparative study of cheilostome Bryozoa at Yosuka, Maizuru,
and Sasebo, Japan. Pacif. Sci., 23(1): 56-69.
MARCUS, E.
1937. Bryozoarios marinhos Brasileiros. 1. Bolm Fac. Filos. Cienc. Univ.
S Paulo, 1 (Zool., 1): 1-162.
MATURO, F. J. S., JR., AND T. J. M. SCHOPF
1968. Ectoproct and entoproct type material: Re-examination of species
from New England and Bermuda named by A. E. Verrill, J. W.
Dawson and E. Desor. Postilla, No. 120: 1-95.
MENZIES,
1968.
R.
J.
Transport of marine life between oceans through the Panama Canal.
Nature, 220(5169):
802-803.
778
Bulletin of Marine Science
OSBURN, R.
1950.
1952.
1953.
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