“‘His Death Avenged!’ Empowering Students as Historians to Understand the Chinese Experience in the American West” Mark Johnson, Concordia International School Shanghai This lesson was created for “The Richest Hills: Mining in the Far West, 1865–1920,”
sponsored by the Montana Historical Society and funded by the National Endowment for the
Humanities Landmarks of American History and Culture: Workshops for Schoolteachers.
Background for Teachers: For a detailed background of the history needed to teach this
lesson and the progress of the lesson itself, see Mark Johnson, “‘His Death Avenged!’:
Empowering Students as Historians on a Global Scale,” Organization of American Historians
Magazine of History, Vol. 26, Issue 3, pp. 25-32 (available online at
http://maghis.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/3/25.full).
Grade Level: Grades 11-12
Subject(s): American History/Advanced Placement U.S. History
Description: I believe that the ultimate goal of history education should not be memorization
and fact-based recall, but rather using historical inquiry to promote critical thinking, problem
solving, and synthesis. This mini-unit uses an inquiry-based approach, empowering students
as historians by giving them access to a myriad of primary sources, asking them to analyze
and interpret these sources, and develop interpretive hypotheses supported by historical
evidence. With students engaged as historians, contextual knowledge of the time period will
be more immediately relevant to their understanding, thus more applicable and memorable.
This lesson is designed to do two things. First, by using an engaging murder-mystery from
1870, students will use an inquiry-based approach to develop and use critical thinking,
problem solving, and higher-order thinking skills to:
• Analyze primary and secondary sources;
• Formulate historical questions;
• Interrogate historical data;
• Develop hypotheses about the events of the past supported by historical evidence and
analysis.
Second, by analyzing the broader context of the American West, students will deepen their
understanding of topics including:
• American migration policies and the various factors that influence governmental
policy (pages 11-12);
• The Gold Rush (page 13);
• The Transcontinental Railroad (page 13);
• American Foreign Policy in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century (page 13).
The lessons can be separated with students only completing the inquiry-based analysis, or
combining both the inquiry-based approach with the more traditional lessons to develop
content understanding.
Enduring Understanding: Students will practice the historian’s craft by analyzing and
interpreting varied sources and multiple perspectives, seeking to understand the diversity of
the American West and how diverse communities interacted on the American Frontier.
Essential Questions:
• How did the diversity of the American West develop and how did these diverse
communities interact?
• How can different sources on the same topic vary and how can we determine which
sources are most helpful in interpreting the past?
2 Duration: Either 1-2 60 minute periods if only the inquiry-based approach is used, or 3-4 60
minute periods if the inquiry approach is combined with developing a broader contextual
understanding of the Chinese experience in American history.
Materials: This mini-unit relies on primary sources obtained from the Montana Historical
Society. All sources are submitted along with the lesson description. These sources include:
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
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Image of John R. Bitzer tombstone;
Newspaper accounts from the time including articles about Bitzer and Ah Chow,
rewards issued for Ah Chow, and a description of Ah Chow to aid in his capture;
Sanborn Fire Insurances maps of Helena to help students reconstruct the locations
involved in the event;
Bird’s Eye view map of Helena to aid students in spatial understanding of the events;
Numerous photos of Helena during the 1870s, including photos of the specific
locations crucial to the Bitzer-Ah Chow story;
Census records from 1870 and 1880;
Montana Post newspaper, digitized, searchable, and available online at
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov which will help students understand the events in
Montana as they relate to the Chinese in Montana;
Secondary Source: Zhu, Liping. “No Need to Rush: The Chinese, Placer Mining, and
the Western Environment.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Autumn
1999, 43-57. (accessible at http://mhs.mt.gov/education/cirguides/goldzhu.asp).
Excerpts of the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
Procedure in Detail: The “hook” to pique students’
interest in this mini-unit is the text of a tombstone
found in the Benton Avenue cemetery in Helena,
Montana. The tombstone reads:
“John R. Bitzer, Born 9 Dec. 1833. Died 16 Jan. 1870.
A Native of Lancaster Co. Pennsylvania
Here He Lies,
His Life Cut Short,
His Death Avenged.”
Viewing a photo of the tombstone and using the
engaging cryptic epitaph, the students then conduct
research using primary and secondary sources
attempting to reconstruct the events of Bitzer’s death.
Specifically, students use GoogleBooks to access
Frederick Allen’s book, A Decent and Orderly Lynching: The Montana Vigilantes. Upon
reading excerpts of this book, students find that Bitzer was killed during an altercation with a
Chinese man named Ah Chow. Allen’s book gives a basic outline of events as follows:
“A miner named John R. Bitzer was walking home one Saturday night when he passed
Ah Chow’s cabin and heard the sounds of a struggle. Rushing inside, he found Ah Chow
beating a woman and tried to intervene. Ah Chow pulled a pistol and shot Bitzer in the
groin, fatally wounding him. Or so Bitzer told several witnesses before he died. A rival
version suggested that Ah Chow had happened upon Bitzer already inside his cabin
dallying with his woman, perhaps forcibly, and reacted accordingly.”
3 Ah Chow disappeared, attempting to evade the
vigilante justice that Montana was known for at the
time. Two separate rewards were issued for his
apprehension—one reward issued by the Chinese
merchants of Helena—and six days later, famed
vigilante X. Beidler caught Ah Chow, delivering
him to a mob to be hanged on Helena’s “Hanging
Tree,” the site of many such hangings. As the
students discover, the newspapers at the time
differed in their opinions on the lynching, with
some arguing that Ah Chow got what he deserved
and others arguing that, since a functioning justice
system existed, lynch-mob rule was no longer
needed and in fact illegal. Additionally, people at
the time speculated that Bitzer was not merely
being a good citizen trying to intervene to stop a
domestic disturbance, but was in fact in the wrong
and Ah Chow was defending his home.
Armed with this controversial case, students use primary and secondary sources obtained
from the Montana Historical Society to more fully understand the circumstances of the
events, the context of Helena, Montana, and the West at the time, and to hypothesize about
the motivations of the individuals involved.
Students use the primary sources to engage in the story, re-constructing the events, and to
develop questions to answer. These questions might include the following:
• How prevalent were the vigilantes? How many did they hang? Were there patterns to
who they targeted? How much support did they have?
• Was Bitzer simply acting as a good Samaritan, or was he in the cabin for other reasons?
• What locations are key to understanding the story? Where did Bitzer live? Where was
Ah Chow’s cabin? Was there a Chinese section of town? Where was the Kiyus
Saloon (where Bitzer went after the shooting)? Where was the International Hotel
(where Bitzer died & where one reward was issued)? Where was the Hanging Tree?
• How did the community respond to news of Ah Chow’s execution?
• Why would the Chinese community offer rewards for Ah Chow? What more can be
known about the Chinese merchants who issued the reward? For an enrichment
extension activity to develop analytical and historical thinking skills, see page 15-16.
• How many Chinese were in Helena
(or the region)? Why did they
come? How were they treated?
Was the woman in question
Chinese? For an enrichment
extension activity to develop
analytical and historical thinking
skills, see pages 17-18.
• Why were the rewards and the
description of the murderer in the same newspaper as news of Ah Chow’s lynching?
4 For homework, the students read the following article and answer the attached questions:
•
Zhu, Liping. “No Need to Rush: The Chinese, Placer Mining, and the Western
Environment.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Autumn 1999, 43-57.
•
The article and accompanying questions can be found at
http://mhs.mt.gov/education/cirguides/goldzhu.asp
Having developed a broader understanding of the Chinese experience on the American
Frontier, students take this knowledge into their analysis of the Bitzer-Ah Chow case with the
goals to:
•
Analyze primary and secondary sources;
•
Formulate historical questions;
•
Interrogate historical data;
•
Develop hypotheses about the past supported by historical evidence and analysis.
One suggested approach is to present the students with the tombstone and the basics of the
Bitzer-Ah Chow case on the first day, generate questions as a class, and give the article by
Liping Zhu for homework. Then over the next 3-4 days, give two or three more primary
sources to students each night to analyze for homework, with the beginning of the next class
period used to discuss the findings, assimilate the new knowledge, develop new questions,
and develop/refine hypotheses based on the evidence analyzed.
The second goal of this lesson is to provide greater context to the Chinese experience in
America during the late-nineteenth century. By using the experiences of the Chinese
community in Montana in the 1870s as the starting point, students will examine broader
trends in American history relating to the Chinese experience (this approach is particularly
useful for AP US History in order to prepare the students for content that will be tested. See
pages 9-12 for these activities). These themes include:
1.
Chinese Immigration: From the Burlingame Treaty to Chinese Exclusion Act;
2.
The Gold Rush & Railroads;
3.
American Foreign Policy in Asia: The Boxer Rebellion and the Open Door Policy.
Each of these lessons is designed to be completed by students working in small groups within
45 minutes. As the small groups work to acquire information on the topics listed above, the
teacher circulates and discusses on a more individual basis each student’s thoughts and
theories on the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident, assessing for understanding and evidence of critical
thinking during the conversations.
5 Assessment: Basic understanding will be assessed throughout the unit by the teacher
collecting and assessing the questions related to the Liping Zhu article and the questions for
each station activity (Immigration, Gold Rush & Railroads, & American Foreign Policy).
Additionally, as the students work in their small groups to complete the extension activities,
the teacher circulates and discusses their individual findings in the primary sources related to
the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident. With this mini-unit being used in an AP US History class,
multiple choice questions on the Gold Rush, Transcontinental Railroad, American
immigration policy, the growth of labor unions and their influence on American immigration
policy, and American foreign relations with China will test student mastery of the content.
Finally, students will choose a number of creative assessments to prove mastery of the
content of the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident. These creative projects are designed to help achieve
differentiated instruction, while helping students achieve the Historical Thinking Standards
described in the lesson plans. In groups of 2-4, students choose one of the following:
v A 4-6 minute documentary film explaining the events of the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident, utilizing
the primary sources used during the project. The film must not only focus on the Bitzer-Ah
Chow events, but also describe the diversity of the American frontier.
v A website explaining the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident. Pages must include:
o A description of the discovery of gold in Montana
o A description of the Vigilante activities in Montana
o A specific timeline of the events central to the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident—starting with the
Saturday night shooting and going through Ah Chow’s lynching
o Two separate pages devoted to telling the differing perspectives:
§ One supporting the view that Bitzer was acting as a good Samaritan
§ One supporting the view that Bitzer was in the cabin for less than honorable motives
and Ah Chow was defending himself and the woman.
v A script for a play about the Bitzer-Ah Chow event (including dialogue, stage directions, and
description of three locations central to the incident to be staged).
v A “pitch” to a movie studio executive about why the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident would make a
good Hollywood feature film. Students must include the following:
o Two-page pitch highlighting the events and drama of the incident
o Casting for the main characters
o A 15-second movie trailer
v Mapping the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident: Students create two maps. The first is a world map,
locating the global sites central to understanding the broader context of the Bitzer-Ah Chow
event. These sites must include, but are not limited to:
§ Bitzer’s place of birth (Lancaster County, PA)
§ Bitzer’s route to Montana (PA to NY to Nicaragua with William Walker to CA to MT)
§ The point of origin of most of the Chinese who came to America during the Gold Rush &
the route to the gold fields of Montana
o The second is an interactive, digital map of Helena (using either the Sanborn maps, the
Bird’s Eye View map, or a student-generated map) that locates and describes the key
locations central to the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident. Locations must include:
§ The Kiyus Saloon
§ The International Hotel
§ The Hanging Tree
§ Orofino Gulch (site of Bitzer’s cabin)
§ Chinatown & a likely location of Ah Chow’s cabin
A general rubric can be used to evaluate each of these projects (see page 19) or can be adjusted to
suit the needs of each project.
6 Standards: Adapted from the National Center for History in the Schools, UCLA
(http://nchs.ucla.edu/)
Historical Thinking Standards:
Historical Thinking Standard 2: The student comprehends a variety of historical
sources: Therefore, the student is able to:
• Reconstruct the literal meaning of a historical passage by identifying who was
involved, what happened, where it happened, what events led to these developments, and
what consequences or outcomes followed.
• Identify the central question(s) the historical narrative addresses and the purpose,
perspective, or point of view from which it has been constructed.
• Differentiate between historical facts & historical interpretations but acknowledge
that the two are related; that the facts the historian reports are selected and reflect
therefore the historian's judgment of what is most significant about the past.
• Draw upon data in historical maps in order to obtain or clarify information on the
geographic setting in which the historical event occurred, its relative and absolute
location, the distances and directions involved, the natural and man-made features of the
place, and critical relationships in the spatial distributions of those features and the
historical event occurring there.
• Draw upon the visual sources including: (a) photographs, paintings, cartoons, and
architectural drawings;
Historical Thinking Standard 3: The student engages in historical analysis & interpretation:
Therefore, the student is able to:
• Compare and contrast differing sets of ideas, values, personalities, behaviors, and
institutions by identifying likenesses and differences.
• Consider multiple perspectives of various peoples in the past by demonstrating their
differing motives, beliefs, interests, hopes, and fears.
• Analyze cause-and-effect relationships bearing in mind multiple causation including
(a) the importance of the individual in history; (b) the influence of ideas, human
interests, and beliefs; and (c) the role of chance, the accidental and the irrational.
• Distinguish between unsupported expressions of opinion & informed hypotheses
grounded in historical evidence.
• Compare competing historical narratives.
• Hold interpretations of history as tentative, subject to changes as new information is
uncovered, new voices heard, and new interpretations broached.
• Hypothesize the influence of the past, including both the limitations and opportunities
made possible by past decisions.
Historical Thinking Standard 4: The student conducts historical research: Therefore, the
student is able to
• Formulate historical questions from encounters with historical documents, eyewitness
accounts, letters, diaries, artifacts, photos, historical sites, art, architecture, and other
records from the past.
• Obtain historical data from a variety of sources, including: library and museum
collections, historic sites, historical photos, journals, diaries, eyewitness accounts,
newspapers, and the like; documentary films, oral testimony from living witnesses,
censuses, tax records, city directories, statistical compilations, and economic indicators.
• Interrogate historical data by uncovering the social, political, and economic context in
which it was created; testing the data source for its credibility, authority, authenticity,
internal consistency and completeness; and detecting and evaluating bias, distortion, and
propaganda by omission, suppression, or invention of facts.
7 •
•
•
Identify the gaps in the available records and marshal contextual knowledge and
perspectives of the time and place in order to elaborate imaginatively upon the
evidence, fill in the gaps deductively, and construct a sound historical interpretation.
Employ quantitative analysis in order to explore such topics as changes in family size
and composition, migration patterns, wealth distribution, and changes in the economy.
Support interpretations with historical evidence in order to construct closely reasoned
arguments rather than facile opinions.
Content Area Standards:
U.S. Era 6: The Development of the Industrial United States (1870-1900):
Standard 1: How the rise of corporations, heavy industry, and mechanized farming transformed
the American people.
Standard 1C The student understands how agriculture, mining, & ranching were transformed.
Therefore, the student is able to:
• Explain the conflicts that arose during the settlement of the “last frontier” among farmers,
ranchers, and miners.
• Explain the gender composition and ethnic diversity of farmers, miners, and ranchers and
analyze how this affected the development of the West.
Standard 2: Massive immigration after 1870 and how new social patterns, conflicts, and ideas of
national unity developed amid growing cultural diversity.
Standard 2A The student understands the sources and experiences of the new immigrants.
Therefore, the student is able to:
• Trace patterns of immigrant settlement in different regions of the country & how new
immigrants helped produce a composite American culture that transcended group
boundaries.
• Assess the challenges, opportunities, and contributions of different immigrant groups.
Standard 2B The student understands “scientific racism,” race relations, and the struggle for
equal rights. Therefore, the student is able to:
• Explain the rising racial conflict in different regions, including the anti-Chinese
movement in the West and the rise of lynching in the South.
Standard 3: The rise of American labor movements and how political issues reflected social and
economic changes:
Standard 3B The student understands the rise of national labor unions and the role of state and
federal governments in labor conflicts. Therefore, the student is able to:
• Explain the ways management in different regions & industries responded to labor
organizing workers.
• Analyze the causes and effects of escalating labor conflicts.
• Explain the response of management and government at different levels to labor strife in
different regions of the country.
U.S. Era 7: The Emergence of Modern America (1890-1930)
Standard 2: The changing role of the United States in world affairs through World War I.
Standard 2A The student understands how the American role in the world changed in the early
20th century. Therefore, the student is able to:
• Analyze the reasons for the Open Door Policy. 8 “His Death Avenged!” Empowering Students as Historians to
Understand the Chinese Experience in the American West
Following the introduction to the Bitzer-Ah Chow case through the tombstone, reading
excerpts from Frederick Allen’s A Decent and Orderly Lynching, and a development of the
basics of the events, student will develop an understanding of the broader context of the
Chinese experience in the American West to contextualize their research into the Bitzer-Ah
Chow case. The article by Liping Zhu helps students develop this understanding.
Procedure:
1. Engage students with the “hook” of the Bitzer tombstone;
2. Read excerpts from Frederick Allen’s A Decent and Orderly Lynching, (go to
http://books.google.com and search Frederick Allen John R. Bitzer);
3. Students access and analyze the Helena Daily Herald January 25, 1870 (attached) taking
note of four specific pieces of information related to the Bitzer-Ah Chow case;
4. Students begin to generate questions about the case;
5. Students read the article by Liping Zhu to develop a deeper contextual understanding of
the Chinese experience in the American West;
6. Students access the remaining primary sources (newspapers, maps, photos of Helena in the
1870s, census records from 1870 & 1880) to develop hypotheses about the case.
This portion of the lesson is from the Montana Historical Society found at
http://montanahistoricalsociety.org/education/cirguides/goldzhu.asp
“No Need to Rush: The Chinese, Placer Mining, and the Western Environment”
By Liping Zhu (accessible at http://mhs.mt.gov/education/cirguides/goldzhu.asp)
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
v The boom-and-bust situations that mining produced
v Ethnic & racial groups in the American West-- then and now Push & Pull factors in
human migration
QUESTIONS
1. What two gold discoveries does the author use as bookends for the gold rush time period?
2. According to the author, what was so significant about the Chinese versus other ethnic
group prospectors?
3. How & why did Australia learn of the California gold discovery before the news reached
the East Coast of the U.S.?
4. What event in China prompted people to leave their homeland for the California gold
fields?
5. As early as the 1500s, Chinese ventured to foreign lands in search of economic
opportunities. Where did they go?
9 6. Describe the natural process that releases gold from igneous rock.
7. What are the differences between placer mining and hard-rock mining?
8. What were some of the benefits of forming a mining company?
9. How did the Chinese fare when it came to adapting to frontier conditions? What made
them succeed or fail?
10. What causes scurvy? How did the Chinese prevent it?
11. Explain the traditional medical practices that the Chinese used to treat illness and injury.
12. Describe in detail the Chinese relationship with water. Why did they know so much
about it? How did their use of it in China differ from their use in America? How did they
benefit from their knowledge?
13. How were Chinese miners able to take a mining claim that white Americans believed
was played out & make it prosperous?
14. Why did the shift from placer to lode mining lead to a decline in the number of Chinese
miners?
15. Why were Chinese immigrants so skilled at building? What techniques did they employ
when encountered with a dearth of timber?
16. Why were Chinese miners so quick to exploit and destroy America's natural resources?
17. How are the Chinese acknowledged for helping change the western landscape, both
positively and negatively?
Vocabulary:
Canton
Taiping Rebellion
Placer Mining
Lode Mining
Diaspora
Arable
Igneous Rock
Chinese Exclusion Act
Acupuncture
Alluvial
10 1. Chinese Immigration: From the Burlingame Treaty to Chinese Exclusion Act
Topics include: the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the
eventual repeal of the Exclusion Act in 1943.
Students will work with documents and answer questions such as: What were the factors
leading to the migration of Chinese in the mid to late nineteenth century (this will include
both an examination of factors in southern China—the push, and factors on the west coast of
the U.S.—the pull)?; Why were the intentions of the Burlingame Treaty and the Exclusion
Act so radically different? What had changed during the intervening fourteen years—
economically, socially, politically, internationally? Were any other nationalities specifically
targeted with policies such as the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why/why not? Why was the
Chinese Exclusion Act repealed in 1943?
“Truth Versus Fiction.”
Photo Courtesy of the
Bancroft Library, University
of California, Berkeley.
[xF870 C5 C51 v. 2:1]
1. After the brief writing exercise (5 minutes) in which students consider the multiple
perspectives expressed in the political cartoon regarding Chinese immigration, students
briefly share their views.
2. Read the excerpt of the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 and the excerpt of the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882. How is the intent of these two documents different?
3. Goal: Answer the overall question: American immigration policy with regard to China
witnessed a direct reversal from 1868 to 1882; what factors (domestically and
internationally) led to the dramatic shift of this policy from the 1860s to the 1880s?
Questions for the students to consider as they explore events/trends in America and
China that led to the shift include:
1. Who was Anson Burlingame?
11 2. What had been happening in China and America during the 1850s and 1860s that
prompted China to push for passage of the Burlingame Treaty?
3. What motivation did the U.S. have to sign the Burlingame Treaty?
4. Who in America would have been in favor of the Burlingame Treaty? Why?
5. Who in America would have been opposed to the Burlingame Treaty? Why?
6. By 1882 with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act the American position directly
reversed. What had been happening in China and America during the 1870s and early 1880s
that prompted groups within America to push for passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
7. Who in America would have been in favor of the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why?
8. Who in America would have been opposed to the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why?
9. Were any other nationalities or ethnicities specifically targeted with similar acts of
legislation?
10. When was the Chinese Exclusion Act repealed? Why?
Excerpt from the Burlingame Treaty 1868 "The United States of America and the Emperor
of China cordially recognize the inherent and inalienable right of man to change his home
and allegiance and also the mutual advantage of the free migration and emigration of their
citizens and subjects, respectively from the one country to the other, for the purpose of
curiosity or trade or as permanent residents. . . . Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the
United States, shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, and exemptions in respect to
travel or residence, as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored
nation." (Source: University of California, Berkeley, http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/cgibin/flipomatic/cic/brk5022)
Excerpt from the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
Forty-Seventh Congress. Session I. 1882
Chapter 126.-An act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese.
Preamble. Whereas, in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of
Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the
territory thereof:
Therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after
the passage of this act, and until the expiration of ten years next after the passage of this act,
the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended;
and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or, having
so come after the expiration of said ninety days, to remain within the United States. . . .
SEC. 13. That this act shall not apply to diplomatic and other officers of the Chinese
Government traveling upon the business of that government, whose credentials shall be taken
as equivalent to the certificate in this act mentioned, and shall exempt them and their body
and household servants from the provisions of this act as to other Chinese persons.
SEC. 14. That hereafter no State court or court of the United States shall admit Chinese to
citizenship; and all laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed.
SEC. 15. That the words "Chinese laborers", whenever used in this act, shall be construed to
mean both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.
Approved, May 6, 1882.
(Source: Mount Holyoke College, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chinex.htm)
12 2. The Gold Rush & the Development of a Transcontinental Railroad
First, students access the online resources found at:
http://www.hippocampus.org/AP%20US%20History%20I
Under “Territorial Expansion & Sectional Issues, 1820-1860,” click on “California Gold;”
a. http://www.hippocampus.org/AP%20US%20History%20II
b. Under “Changing Landscape,” click on “Building & Influence of the
Railroads.”
After developing a basic understanding of the California Gold Rush and the building of the
Transcontinental Railroad, students will deepen their understanding of these topics using the
internet, library resources, and their textbooks, students will research details about the Gold
Rush and Transcontinental Railroad such as:
Gold Rush Related Questions:
1. When and where was gold discovered on the west coast?
2. What different routes were available to get to the gold fields of California?
3. What groups of people came to the area during the Gold Rush? Why?
3. How many Chinese came to California? Did they intend to stay or return to China?
4. How were the Chinese treated throughout the gold rush era?
5. What was the Foreign Miners’ Tax?
6. How did the rapid population boom in California complicate political issues on a national
level (Compromise of 1850)?
7. Where else was gold (and other precious metals) found and when?
Transcontinental Railroad Related Questions:
1. What two companies built the Transcontinental Railroad? Where?
2. What groups formed the main labor force for each branch?
3. What hardships did each branch face?
4. What was the economic impact of the completion of the Railroad on the United States?
5. How did expanding and contracting needs for a labor force contribute to America’s
immigration policies during the time period?
3. American Foreign Policy in Asia: The Boxer Rebellion & the Open Door Policy
Students access the resource found at:
http://www.hippocampus.org/AP%20US%20History%20II Under the heading “Imperialism,”
click on “China.” Using their textbook, library resources, and the internet, students will
deepen their understanding of the topics under consideration, researching the basic
information about the Boxer Rebellion and the Open Door Notes. To demonstrate
understanding, students will answer the following questions:
Questions Related to the Boxer Rebellion:
1. Why was America more interested and involved in East Asia at the turn of the century?
2. Who were the Boxer’s and what were their goals? What motivated the Boxer’s?
3. How were the Boxer’s stopped? At what cost?
4. What was the response of Americans to the events of the Boxer Rebellion?
Questions Related to the Open Door Notes:
1. What are spheres of influence as related to outside control of China during the late
nineteenth century? Which major powers had influence in China?
2. Who was John Hay?
3. What was the basic idea expressed in the Open Door Notes?
4. Why would American want this? Why would other non-Chinese powers agree?
5. What was the role of the Qing Dynasty in this process?
13 Resources Needed for “‘His Death Avenged!’ The Chinese Experience in the American West”
John R. Bitzer Tombstone Montana Newspapers from Jan. 1870 Historic Photos from Helena, MT in the 1870s Maps of Helena, MT Photo of John R. Bitzer
Tombstone found in Benton Ave.
Cemetery, July 2010 (the cryptic
epitaph starts the inquiry-based
portion of the lesson with
students tasked to find out as
much as possible about the
event).
These newspapers report
relevant details about the Bitzer
murder, the rewards for Ah
Chow’s capture, the description
of the murderer, and the
discussion in the Helena
community about the necessity
or illegality of vigilante
activities.
These photos help students in
their attempt to recreate &
hypothesize about the events in
the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident.
Photos include: Panoramic view
of Helena; view of Kiyus Saloon,
& Last Use of Hanging Tree.
These maps include the Sanborn
Fire Insurance maps of Helena
from 1884 & the Bird’s Eye
View map of Helena from 1875.
These help students understand
the geographic layout of Helena,
the sites specific to the BitzerAh Chow incident.
File attached with Lesson File attached with Lesson Montana Census of 1870 & 1880 The census records from 1870
& 1880, although taken after
the Bitzer-Ah Chow event, will
help students understand details
about the Chinese population in
Montana.
File attached with Lesson File attached with Lesson Montana Post newspaper “No Need To Rush: The Chinese, Placer Mining, & The Western Environment,” by Liping Zhu Hippocampus Website Resources to Help Develop Contextual Understanding Montana Post newspaper,
digitized, searchable, &
available online, which will
help students understand the
events in Montana in the late
1860s related to the Chinese in
Montana; students can find
some information about the
Chinese woman involved in
the incident & some details
about Bitzer’s arrival to MT.
This article, to be read as
homework after the beginning
of the inquiry portion of the
assignment, gives useful
context to understand the
Chinese in the American West.
The Hippocampus website
helps students gain a general
understanding of the topics of
the California Gold Rush, the
Building of the
Transcontinental Railroads,
and American Foreign Policy
relating to China in the late19th early 20th century period.
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des go dzhu asp
h p //www h ppocampus org/US
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THE
MONTANA
POST,
SATURDAY,
FEBRUARY
16, 18(5 7
The Montana Post 1
the beat house we have seen in Virginia for a Ions;
time. T b e performance was excellent. T h e order,
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are l i k e l y t o succeed. T h e audiences seem to f u l l y
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the i n s t r u m e n t a l music u n d e r t h e leadership
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J. M . K I S H . Sterling. Hot Spring District.
the orchestra, none, a p p l a u d , a n d t h e H o s t
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a r t i s t i c a n d e x c e l l e n t p a r t o f t h e entire p e r f o rY
J . M . Mil.us. Silver B o w .
m a n c e is as u n n o t i c e d as t h o u g h a sudden a t t a c k o f
J A M E S S T U A R T . I ) w r Lodge.
deafness f o l l o w s the e x i t o f the b i g shoes a a d b u r n t
W o K f K N * Co.. H e l l Gate.
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T h e b u r l e s q u e o f the L a d y o f L y o n s , w i t h
J O H N TaMPI.R. J u n c t i o n C i t y .
•Irons; cast a n d a selection o f t h e f a v o r i t e song* a n d
C H A S . E. S M I T H . Gallatin City.
dances, iso n the b i l l s f o r T h u r s d a y e v e n i n g .
M A X WAfiXKH l i m n a n G u l c h .
H . H . H A T H A W A Y . Highlan d District.
O C T O K L I C K . — T h e Vedette
gives a n
F . CHURCH. S u m m i t C i t y .
account o f a y o u n g m a n roped o u t o f $KM) i n t h a t
CAMPBELL St CO.. C o n f e d e r a t e G u l c h .
c i t y o f Saints, w h i c h he had earned b y h a r d l a b o r
K. c. J O H N S O N . B l a c k l i s t .
in M o n t a n a . T h e National
Police Gazette
contains
!. N . B ( T K , B o u l d e r V a l l e v .
l h e p a r t i c u l a r s c o n c e r n i n g another M o n t a n i a n w h o
w e n t u p the greenhor n *t>out t o the t u n e o f f&l.VJO.
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S. V . K A L I . . Heart nw H.
D e e r L o d g e , ou a v i s i t t o this p l a c e , f e l l i n t o b a d
W . M A I . I ; I , E R Y . R o c k e r City.
c o m p a n y , was i n d u c e d t o v i s i t t h e h a u n t s o f the
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C y p r i a n s , a n d was i n v e i g l e d o u t o f near &4UO.
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p o i n t e d A g e n t f o r t h e M O N T A N A P O S T i n H e l e n a the A t m o s p h e r i c L a m p s . H e r e p l i e d that f o r b e a u t y ,
economy, a n d p u r i t y o f l i g h t t h e y were u n e q u a l led
c i t y , a n d is o u r only a u t h o r i z e d A g e n t i n t h a t c i t y b v a n y lamps he h a d ever seen, a n d t h a t i n e v e r y
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T h a t is t h e o p i n i o n o f e v e r y one w h o has used t h e m
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w e r e a l a r g e stock n e x t season.
t l e m a n ' s e f f o r t , w e cannot speak b y t h e c a r d . A f t e r
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the irrepressible negro, ( w h o . b y t b e w a y , appears i „ . Laghlhlfsire, w h i c h state that i t win i e , .
v e r e reflections h a v e been cast u p o n " y e l o c a l " o f
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pense I n c u r r e d in his election. A s we w i l l D O doubt an u n d o u b t e d f a c t that the richness o f our T e r r i Y t u r n e d he was w i n d i n g u p an e x o r d i u m onthe A m e r i Y are a u t h o r i z e d b y G o v e r n o r Meagher to i
have, a f t e r n e x t M o n d a y , an opposition M a y o r preY t o r y becomes d a i l y more a n d more g e n e r a l l y u n Y can c i t i z e n , o f A f r i c a n descent, w h e r e i n be sai.t: no other business w i l l come before that bo
s i d i n g over an opposition C o u n c i l , f a i r w a m i u g is derstood. F r o m the first d i s c o v e r y o f A l d e r g u l c h
•We h a v e n i g g e r f o r b r e a k f a s t . o i j r g e r f o r d i n n e r a n d such as w i l l t e n d t o f a c i l i t a t e the accorn
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d o w n t o the present t i m e ( e x c e p t i n g now a n d t h e n n i g g e r f o r supper; n i g g e r r o a . t e d . b o i l e d , fri<5*ased.
nf t b e end i n v i e w . S h o u l d they, h<
c o u n t a b i l i t y f o r th e enforoennent o f th e f o l l o w i n g j a short period <>t despondency.) the progress a n d f r i e d a n d s c o l l o p e d , " a n d i f he w a s n o t t r o u b l e d „ ,ie*ire , „ b r i n i r forw ard o t h . r 1
sections f r o m a r t i c l e l i v e of the act o! incorporation d e v e l o p m e n t of our placer, g u l c h a n d lode mines, w i t h the n i g h t m a r e a f t e r tbat dose. h i . d i g e s t i v e orY o t h e r b i l l s , i t w i l l be most s t r c n u o u . l v
er o t i i s . n s i s «»e m i n i m r e u u o u . i y i t p j H ^ , j i
of V i r g i n i a city : Section thrte authorizes them to have been steady, h e a l t h y a n d e x c i t i n i r . A s the gans most c e r t a i n l v he i n a r o o d state o f preservaY h t mI ;; a n d . i f necessary, t h e Ooveroor w i l l make *. '
" r e g u l a t e the parapet walls o f the city " Section d a y s r o l l e d i n t o months, and t h e months w h e e l e d t i o n . A f t e r the conclusion o f C a v a n a u g h ' . speech, uYe o
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power.
t h i r t y Y c u e empowers t h e m " t o r e g u l a t e tbe w e i g h t i n t o years, a n d the years b u t f e w in n u m b e r , w h e u the house g r a d u a l l y t h i n n e d , a n d w h e n P e t n b c r t o n
E N G R A V I N G . — M r . H e n r y C. Y<
a n d q u a l i t y o f bread sold or used in the city." SecY \ c o m p u t e d i n t o t h e aire o f o u r e m b r y o c o m m o n Y w o u n d u p , w h a t f e w were l e f t a d j o u r n e d .
e n g r a v e r a t L e w i s Sc. Hale's, is a t present i
tion thirtyTtwo "to regulate the size of bricks to be \ w e a l t h , m a n y o f the o l d miners i m a g i n e d t h a t t h e
sold or used i n the c i t y . " T h e p a l p a b l e neglect o f e x p l o r a t i o n s f o r placer d i g g i n g s h a d been complete.
f j o N E . — M r . W a r r e n W h i t c h e r , A . J . u p some o f t h e finest s p e c i m e n . <>f engravi
a m i t h a t but a f e w f a m i l i a r g u l c h c * c o u l d be made O l i v e r St Co.'s genera l superintendent, a f t e r sojourY h a v e seen i n the T e r r i t o r y . N o t h i n g come*
the c i t y fathers t o g i v e d u e a t t e n t i o n t o these mat
ters is too e v i d e n t to r e q u i r * c o m m e n t . T h e c i t y has to p a y . T h i s belie f existed t o some extent up t o n i n g a short•t t i m e a m o n g h
i . f••r i e n d , i n this c i t y ,. tookY to h i m ; f r o m the finest specimens o f
inn
not a s i n g l e w a l l , e x c e p t the " S t o n e w a l l . " and a last a u t u m n . F o r this reason m a n y were a t t a c k e d his d e p a r t u r e for the H l a c k f o o t a n d H e l l Gate regions | p i " to t h a t o f a " f o r t y Y l i n e pica " , Y .
pair o pet w a l l s i» m u c h needed. This assertion is w i t h the " m a c k i n a w f e v e r . " and t o a s u p e r f i c i a l oa last F r i d a y m o r n i n g . M r . W . since he has been e q u a l l y a t h o m e ,
w a l l Y u n t a r y . Section t h i r t y Y o n e is naiiiy neglected, observer ap|>earanres i n d i c a t e d a d u l l seasou i n 'l>7, in the e m p l o y o f O l i v e r & Co.. has. b y b i s g e n i a l |
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a n d as sure as the sun rises i n the east, o u r people the fact b e i n g m a de s t i l l more apparent b y the deY manners a n d ' g e n t l e m a n l y d e p o r t m e n t , w o n f o r h i m Y
1'HYtsIC.— » e
Call
attention t o tin
w i l l never be w e l l Y b r e d w h i l e d o u j r l i faces need a p l e t i o n , w h i c h seemed almost Complete, as one boat self a host o f friends, w h o w i l l no d o u b t , be pleased i r d o f D r . . Reins At A i t c h i s o n . to !>,. f . H i n 1 , n „
s i f t i n g on th.s f l o w e r y subject. L a s t , but, " o h . y e load a f t e r another lef t f o r " d o w n the r i v e r . " W e t o l e a r n o f his recent l u c k , as he is n o w e n a b l e d t o i e .
T h e s e g e n t l e m e n have few sapsikas at
gods a n d l i t t l e fishes." not least, t h i n k o f the b r i c k s . were, however, s t a r t l e d one d a y b y the reported put P . M . a f t e r his name, b e h a v i n g been l a t e l y . p h y s i c i a ns a n d surgeons i n the T e r r i t o r y .
.T
K x a m i n e the size o f t h e m , (loo k in y o u r hats) and d i s c o v e r y o f a rich a n d extensive g u l c h near the a p p o i n t e d to the r e s p o n .i b l e | K * i t i o n o f Post Master j vvould a d v i s e those w h o a r e t r o u b l e d w i t h anv ...
see the v a r i e t y — f r o m the d i m i n u t i v e specimens, head waters o f the Pipestone, a m i before m a n y in the flourishing c i t y o f N e w Y o r k , M e a g h e r c o n n
he i l l s w h i c h flesh is heir to, t o ( till on ttien,
r e s e m b l i n g tbe g o l d e n blocks that ornament t h e hours elapsed hundreds were on t h e i r w a y t h i t h e r . t y . L o n g m a y he w a i v e .
showYcases of our bankers, anil g i v e the hat a j a u n t \ . I t was pronounced b y m a n y t o be a h u m b u g , w h i l e
Months have
T O W N B E L T , . — O u r citizens w i l l next
saucy, peerless set. t o those h u g e specimens w h i c h others v i s i t e d i t before d e c i d i n g .
i l l I 1 it
L I S T .
bear no p r o p o r t i o n t o the size o f the hat. w e i g h elapsed, a n d c o n c l u s i v e proofs h a v e been obtained s u m m e r be enabled to l u x u r i a t e i n the " d i n g Y d o n g "
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h e a v i l y upon the m i n d a n d t u m b l e tbe u n f o r t u n a t e o f its richness, and t o Y d a y . H i g h l a n d g u l c h w i t h a l l o f the b e l l . — o r r a t h e r a b e l l . W e l e a r n f r o m P r o Y ;
c a r r i e r into the g u t t e r s a n d sinks o t — i n i q u i t y . Y o u its snow and iceYclad peaks has a c h a r a c t e r f o r fessor C a m p b e l l t h a t t h e requisite a m o u n t has j Y i r g i n i a C i t y . M o n t a n a T e r r i t o r y , F e b . 1.",. i ^
h a v e n o t h i n g to d o w i t h the • G r e c i a n b r i c k s , " se richness a n d permanence w e l l w o r t h y the miner's been subscribed, a n d p a i d i n , a n d t h a t C a p t a i n
T o o b t a i n these letters the a p p l i c a nt must call >«
e l o q u e n t l y a l l u d e d t o b y the Gazette,
as that was consideration. L o s t Horse f o l l o w e d c l o s e ly upon Parkinson ha* p r o m i s e d to b r i n g the h i g h Y t o n e d a r > ;
' a d v e r t i s e d l e t t e r s . " g i v e the date o f this li»V
m e r e l y a local h i t intended t o smooth u p the coo» the H i g h l a n d e x c i t e m e n t , a n d h u n d r e d s thanked t o r a n g e m e n t to t h i s c i t y f r e e o f c h a r g e .
T h e l i e l l is
that point, and a l t h o u g h t b e w i n t e r storms stared l a be p u b l i c p r o p e r t y , a u d w i l l be used f o r f i r e Y
eluding strain.
t h e m i n the face, l a r g e n u m b e r s r e m a i n e d . T h e a l a r m s . F o u r t h o f J u l y s , a n d also to e n a b le t h e
C A Y A N A U G B I N C o L O S A D O . — I n a n s w e r g u l c h a n d v i c i n i t y is looked u | H i n as a r i c h a n d exY b u l k o f o u r citizens to k n o w w h e n the g r u b p i l e is A r n o l d Miss K A t k i n s L e v i
to n u m e r o u s i n q u i r i e s, w e g i v e t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g Y tensive section, a l l w h o h a v e m a d e e x a m i n a t i o n , r e a d y .
•
ures w h i c h Yore taken f r o m G r e e l e y ' s A l m a n a c f o r s p e a k i n g o f the n e w l y discovere d regio n i n t h e
Belles A.mil';,
I M P R O V E M E N T . — T h e block o f f r a m e
Dachelor Mrs A J B a r k e r Jas
]f<K> -. " A t the election w h i c h was h e l d i n Colorado highest terms. M o r e r e c e n t l y , h o w e v e r , news o f a
Kouirer A .1
in 1«>4. f o r t h e purpose o f choosing a delegate t o more im|a>rtant d i s c o v e r y , a n d stil l r i c h e r region of b u i l d i n g , b e l o w K i n g St G i l l e t t e ' s oa M a i n street, <
ltopcaek S M
Bock J D
Drown W I ;
Congress, C h i l c o t t , R e p u b l i c a n , receive d 3.104 c o u n t r y t h a n has been bear d o f f o r a l o n g t i m e beY has been raised, a n d the s i d e w a l k p l a c e d o u t h e
l i r o .ke E G
Droek C A
Draft D D
v o t e s ; B e l d e u , D e m o c r a t . 2,119 v o t e s ; J . M . CavY came the theme o f street a n d fireside t a l k , a u d its same g r a d e a . t h a t i n f r o n t o f the f o r m e r g e n t l e Y
Brijrgs A ir
H u c k w u l t e r E W B u r k e .1 M
a n a u g h . I n d e p e n d e n t — n ow o f Helena, Montana— richness has been c o n f i r m e d b y responsible ]«arties man's g r a n i t e b l o c k . T h i s i . a d e c i d e d i m p r o v e Y
Burke John
1.HD6 votes." I t w i l l b e p e r c e i v e d that the comY w h o have made e x a m i n a t i o n s f or themselves, who*,, ment, b u t there is r o o m f o r some more o f t b e same
c
F r o m f i v e t o sort. I t s o m e w h at resembles the c o n t i n u a l r u n n i n g I
s h o w n last e v e n i n g a special t e l e g r a m f r o m W a s h Y
L i n e d vote o f B c l d e n a n d C a v a n a u g h exceeded r e l i a b i l i t y m a y be counte d I I | M > I I .
T H E
O L D S i T L T E C T . — W e h a v e h a d t h a t o f C h i l c o t t 711 votes. T h e action o f CavaY t w e l v e cents to the pan have been g o t i n E l D o r a d o u p a n d d o w n stairs, w h e n y o u u n d e r t a k e t o t r a v e l \ C a r n a h a n J H
Cavin J
Caldwell J /
i n g t o n c i t y , d a t e d 14th inst.. a n d s i g n e d b y authorY
Chapman B
d e l i g h t f u l weather f o r the last f e w days. N o t so hot n a u g h secured the election o f a r a d i c a l R e p u b l i c a n H i l l . C a l k i n ' s d i s t r i c t, as t h e n e w d i s c o v e r y is a n v distance t h r o u g h o u r streets.
C h a p m a n G M Chapman J
i t y g o o d a n y w h e r e , s t a t i n g that the President h a d j d u r i n g t h e d a y s that t h e streets* are a mess o f to Congress.
*
l Chestnut W
T h e D e m o c r a t i c press o f Colorado, c a l l e d , a n d w i t h o u t d o u b t i t i . a r i c h m i n i n g secY
Charlton G ¥
Chambers H
a p p o i n t e d J o h n P . B r u c e , Secretar y o f the T e r r i Y I slush, or so c o l d at n i g h t s that an overcoat is nseesY d u r i n g t h e a n i m a t e d canvass, denounced CavaY tion, the d i g g i n g s b e i n g extensive a n d the prosY
P A R D O N . — Since his arrival in t h i s c i t r , i Clrasi W
C l a y t o n J V."
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tory of Montana.
O n e m o r e c a n d i d a t e oft' t h e ! s a ry t o c o m f o r t , .lust that pleasant m e d i u m b e t w e en n a u g h a n d declared t h a t B e l d e n , the r e g u l a r p e r ; s u n i f o r m a l l t h r o u g h the d i r t , w h i c h r . i T . _ . T the A c t i n g G o v e r n o r has seen fit t o g r a n t a p a r d o n C o l e H W
the extremes, w h e n ladies can c o m f o r t a b l y g o t o D e m o c r a t , w o u l d have been elected i f C a v a n a u g h f r o m five to t w e l v e feet i n d e p t h . T h e d i s t r i c t is to Charles L e w i s alia*
" S y k e s y . " who it w i l l be I Corine 8 H
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track.
c h u r c h , a n d the masculines can stand on t h e street h a d acquiesced i n the n o m i n a t i o n . ' So we g o . " located on the eastern bank o f the Missouri r : \ e r . r e m e m b e r e d b y o u r readers, was c o n v i c t e d a t tbe | C r e s t l e y E R
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corner a n d a d m i r e t h e m — a n d so i t is.
O u r readers, w h o read the eulogies pronounced by a l x m t f o u r a n d o n e Y h a l f miles b e l o w N e w Y o r k last t e r m o f the D i s t r i c t C o u r t o f the c r i m e o f d e a l Y C r i s p \ V M
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A n extensiv e project is n o w o n fYs>t t o i n g " three c a r d m o n t e e , " a n d sentenced b y J u d g e
M r . C . u p o n Lee, S t o n e w a l l Jackson a n d others in g u l c h .
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Week.—Arrived.
Helena, w i l l lie surprised t o learn that the same b r i n g the waters o f T r o u t creek on t o the bar. T h e W i l l i s t o n to the f u l l e x t e n t o f the l u w .
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g e n t l e m a n m a d e speeches in s u p p o r t o f the other route has been s u r v e y e d , a u d as e a r l y as the g r o u n d
Davis John W
D a v i s J a c k s o u Delay Jos
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V I R G I N I A C I T Y C I R C L E . — M a s o n r y i n T side in D e n v e r , Colorado. H e indorsed the MVanV w i l l p e r m i t the w o r k w i l l commence. T h e parties
A N I C E P R E S E N T . — M r . CJreenhood i n T D r a k e J M
Dunham K
Duunican ,1
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A Pollock
J Y Greene
culcate* m o r a l i t y a n d the social v i r t u e s . I t e m b o d Y m a t i o n o f e m a n c i p a t i o n , w h i c h was issued b y t h e interested in this u n d e r t a k i n g are J e r o m e C a l k i n s , f o r m s us o f the a r r i v a l o f t w o fire t r u m p e t s , as a preY
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ies the s p i r i t o f the e l e v e n t h c o m m a n d m e n t , " t h a t l a m e n t e d L i n c o l n , a n d d e c l a r e d that i t w o u l d l i v e Esq.. an o l d , ex|>erieuced. e n t e r p r i s i n g and p r a c t i Y sent f r o m the l ' n i o n F i r e I n s u r a n c e C o m p a n y ! ° ?
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, y e l o v e one a n o t h e r ," a n d extend s t h e tegis o f its in h i s t o r y as one o f the most g l o r i o u s deed* H e cal California, a u d A r i z o n a miner , a f t e r w h .m t h e
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Miss A Rogers Miss M B o y c e
R W Mimms
i p r o t e c t i on a n d s y m p a t h y b e y o n d t b e l i m i t s o f tbe was e x t r e m e l y a n x i o u s to become the Colonel o f d i s t r i c t was n a m e d , a n d also Messrs. M c K n i g h t .
Earles N W
T h e r e w i l l doubtless be a p u b l i c presentation, w h e n E l l i s W S
Evans J u s
Prof Doughty
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H Ellis
' order, w h e r e weakness c l a i m s t h e assistance o f the T h i r d C o l o r a d o Volunteers, a n d stated that he Ames, K e m p a n d C y r u s . I t is estimated t h a t the
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s t r e n g t h , a n d a f r i e n d c o m e t h w h e n t r o u b l e is i n " w i s h e d t o spue out o f h i m a l l t h e D e m o c r a t i c d i t c h w i l l cost some #.'10,UU0. W h e n c o m p l e t e d w e w i l l be e n a b l e d to g i v e an e x t e n d e d d e s c r i p t i o n .
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J the heart o f the oppressed. H o l d i n g the tenets t h a t
t w o thousand miuers can w o r k on the h i l l s w i t h
Feeney Cha*.!
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D W Tilton
w i f e a n d c h i l d I its speculations m a y be c o n f i n e d to the l o d g e Y r o o m . b l o o d that f l o w e d i n his v e i n s . " W e h a v e learned
ease, and n e x t s u m m e r we m a y e x p e ct t o hear of
F i s h Chas I I
these facts f r o m the most r e l i a b l e sources.
A T Beach
f o r m e r l y o f the T r e m o n t House, w i l l h e r e a f t e r b e F i t c h H M
Falger A
Col P o s t l e w a i te H M i l l e r
, b u t t h a t i t s operations shall h a v e w i d e r scope, i t
large returns o f the precious m e t a l , water aloue f o u n d d i s p e n s i ng " flooid," sustenance b e h i n d the F l a h e r t y J o h n
Puller A
Kiuney J T
Mrs M c C o r m a c k M r s O ' N e a l
W Kyte
invests w i t h p r i v i l e g e s not o n l y i t s members, b u t
b e i n g needed to m a k e f o r e v e r y c l a i m h o l d e r a f o r Y
Foster C M
H I G H L Y I N T K U K S T I N G . — I n t h e d a r k tune. I ' n l i k e S a l m o n r i v e r — t o w h i c h w e w i l l not bar of J o h n M i n g ' s O c c i d e n t a l B i l l i a r d H a l l , w h e r e
• M Pollinger
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P Roorke
those w h o are nearest a n i l dearest t o t h e i r hearts.
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T o enable these t o m a k e themselves k n o w u t o aires, w h e n huge, k n o t t e d sinews a n d muscles o f ascribe the sentiment "distance lends enchantmen t it w i l l g r a t i f y h i m e x c e e d i n g l y t o greet his n u m e r Y Gaseine L
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b r e t h r e n o f the order, c e r t a i n hide degrees h a v e steel were a d m i r e d b y men a n d adored b y women, to the v i e w , " as i t m i g h t appear sectional—it is near ous f r i e n d s .
Gentry Bart
Gibson I .
F C Deimling
J Forbes
T P Geusler
been p e r m i t t e d to be c o n f e r r e d u p o n t h o s e ladies w h e n r o u n d b u l l e t heads a n d t h i c k b u l l o c k necks home, a u d w e feel constrained to a d m o n i s h our
Godfrey L D
From Saturday's
TriWeekly.
G e o r g e Chas
W H Taylor
W Donifelser
J J Fracv
I e n t i t l e d t o receive t h e m , a n d i n o u r c i t y t h e y h a v e were the shapes t h a t w o n . the a m p h i t h e a t e r where f r i e n d s t o look w e l l to the r i c h discoveries i n a n d
G r a n t Jas M
PEOPLE'S
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e a g e r l y a v a i l e d themselves o f the o p p o r t u n i t y .
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Harkey L
a d d i t i o n to this, as an earnest o f t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n fresh f r o m t h e i r heroic hearts w i t h t h e p u r p l e tide use flesh, r i c k e t y wagons a u d b r o k e n d o w n h o m e d l a r g e attendanc e o f o u r citizens a n d business m e n , H a m i l t o n Jas
Deported.
Hatfield J W
H o i br.'ok Q W
o f M a s o n r y , t h e y have o r g a n i z e d a S o c i a l C i r c l e , t h a t ebbed f r o m the g a p i n g w o u n d s o f the monarch stock w i t h w h i c h to encounter th e s w o l l e n streams, a t t b e U . S. c o u r t r o o m o n last M o n d a y e v e n i n g , H i l d r e t h J a s
Hogan D T
C D V Lovejoy M D Bowie
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to take into ! Housmnn I I
Horner E I'.
h e l d i n the l o d g e room, a n d confined the memberY of the j u n g l e s o f B e n g a l a u d the majestic k i n g s o f r o c k y roads a n d e n g u l p h i u g m n d between here a n d pursuant to a c a l l i n the last Herald,
A Richardson
Prof Everett
D Fisher
consideration the p r o p r i e t y o f r e g u l a t i n g the p r i c e H o w e Miss M .1 H o u s e W m *
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s h i p t o ladies w h o h a v e t a k e n the degree, a n d M a Y the N u b i a n desert was the resort o f R o m a n SenaY the S a l m o n r i v e r or L e m h i c o u n t r y .
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J L Corbet
T F Brown
A Hawkins
of the v a r i o u s grades o f g o l d dust
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, sons i n g o o d s t a n d i n g . T h e p r o g r a m m e o f enterY tors a n d t i t l e d dames. I n this degenerate age opeY
S P Carpenter
T Clark
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Mr. K i n g . M r . H . R . C o m e l y was e x i l e d t o t h e
t a i n m e n t p r o v i d es f o r b o t h soul and b o d y . T b e rations o f this k i n d h a v e assumed a more speculaY
I—J
Prof Eaton
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N I P P K D . — M r . A . F a l l , a w e l l c h a i r a n d M r . E d . Sparks was elected secretary .
C Saunders
E S Barre
, o l i o o f lectures, recitations, songs, anecdotes, charY t i v e character. T h e " t i g e r " is o n l y s y m b o l i s e d and
I n w o o d Isaac
Johnson Jas
Jones M r
F Sharwitz
S Hi,Idle
A T Beach
the e m a s c u l a t e d heroes o f '67 m a y meet a n d conY k n o w u c i t i z en o f this c i t y , was r o b b e d some t i m e On t a k i n g the c h a i r M r . C o m e l y stated t h a t h e d i d J u s t u s M o r g a u
ades, t a b l e a u x , etc., w h e r e
S P Carpenter
B F Price
T E Winseit
q u e r h i m u p o n a green baize arena, a n d m i s g l e ago i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , o f the s u m o f # 3 MM). T h e not k n o w b y whose a u t h o r i t y the m e e t i n g had been
J Heffner
R RitenufT
R Rough
" T h e g l a d c i r c l e r o u n d t h e m y i e l d t h e i r souls
t h e i r " c l a r e t " w i t h t h a t o f his keeper, in perfect circumstances o f the r o b b e r y , as d e t a i l e d i n t h e called, nor e x a c t l y w h a t the objects were t o b e
Kelley L H
Police considered, a n i l hoped tbat g e n t l e m e n w h o were K a u f m a n M
Jennie Mortimer M r Sherman
M r Conno r
T o f e s t i ve m i r t h and w i t that k n o w s no gall.**
safety. F o r a few weeks the "sports" have l>een i l l P h i l a d e l p h i a correspondence o f the Notional
Kune Hiram
J Buzzers
M r Greene
W Floreys
i b e i n g a secondary m a t t e r w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h the alieyanee, f o r " N o . H f was closed, but in anticipaY Gazette, is the same o l d t h i n g . T h e " g e n t l e m a n l y ' ' conversant w i t h t h e m a t t e r w o u l d come f o r w a r d K e e r k i n d o l t T
Kurtz S F
M Sands
Miss B a k e r
J McGrath
' s u m p t u o u s banquet w h i c h f a i r hands spread u|>on t i o n o f the rush a n d roar o f the p o l i t i c a l whirl|»ool stranger, whose s u a v i t y w i n s t b e heart o f the green and g i v e t h e i r v i e w s on the subject, t i e n . D o r r i .
K Root
M A Flanigan
R Carmichael
the festal b o a r d . T b a t subject, h o w e v e r , is better whose v o r t e x w i l l be o n l y a f e w yards south. J e r r y one, tbe usual n u m b e r o f c o c k t a i l s t o eemeut t h e was the first c a l l e d upon, a n d stated t h a t h e b a d
Lebmann Chr
L i d d l e Jas
W H Taylor
II P W a r d
J J Tracy
discussed w h i l e the w i n e sparkles i n the g o b l e t a n d has a g a i n opened u p h i s f a m o u s resort f o r those sudden f r i e n d s h i p f e l t f o r each other, the i n t r o d u c Y not s i r e n th e m a t t e r t h a t consideration it was entiY L o w e W i n H
L y o n s Itobt
S Pollock
L e n h a r t Geo
R S Thomas
F Neese
" g o o d d i g e s t i on w a i t s on a p p e t i t e . " W 'e m e r e l y w h o w o u l d d r o w n t h e i r sorrows i n t h e flowing tion o f the g e n t l e m a n l y stranger's " f r i e n d , " together t l e d to, b u t was c o n v i n c e d t h a t s o m e t h i n g o u g h t t o
R Kaon
Lockridge J G
M Schwerin
S gniltu
purposed i n the commencement to say " B u e n o . " S i r b o w l , a m i opened his IMIX o f pasteboard t u n to cheer w i t h some more c o c k t a i l s , the e x t r e m e interest t h e y be done t o w a r d r e g u l a t i n g the p r i c e o f dust, a n d
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N o . 10 has been refitted t a k e i n j o u r — p e c u n i a r y — w e l f a r e , e v i n c i n g as Imped that some one w h o k n e w o f the c a l l before he
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from
Tuesday
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Weekly.
M r . K i n g , o f the firm o f K i n g St G i l l e t t e , was M c N u ( l o p J A M c M a u u s P
finest cigars are stored w i t h i n t h a t " b i ' o u " o f a bar. t h o u g h t b e y had " l o v e d y o u l i k e a b r o t h e r " ever b l y .
M c N a m a r a T ,*
m a y find i t g o o d to be there.
ACQUITTAL OF JOHN F . MILES.—Our
T h e establishment opens this m o r n i n g , a n d t h i r s t y since y o u were a b l e t o toddle, t h e i n v i t a t i o n t o n e x t c a l l e d out. a n d stated his v i e w s at l e n g t h , M c R e a R
Massey T h o s
Machin H
souls can find w i t h i n the c u p that cheers—and uoth " s e e t h e s i g h t s . " t h e l o w d o g g e r y i n some l « c k u r g i n g tbe p r o p r i e t y o f a g r e e i n g on some d e f i n i t e M a t t h e w . W L M a i d e n Jas
Merrill H C
readers w i l l r e m e m b e r t h a t w e g a v e a b r i e f account
V A L E N T I N E ' S D A Y . — T o T d a y i s s a c r e d inebriate.
street w h e r e ' g r e e n y " is h u s t l e d a r o u n d a l i t t l e , basis o f action, a . the manne r i n w h i c h business M t l l e r Jos
Murray Ed
M u k l o o n Ja*
o f a s h o o t i n g a f f r a y w h i c h took place i n G a l l a t i n
a n d a w a k e n s f r o m his d r e a m o f e n c h a n t m e n t t o was done at present was a l i k e p r e j u d i c i a l to the i n Y
c o u n t y , o n D e c e m b e r 13, 1866. A n i n d i c t m e n t to St. Valentine, the spirit o f that d e f u n c t g e n t l e m a n ,
T«i
was f o u n d b y the G r a n d J u r y o f M a d i s o n c o u n t y , b e i n g presumed t o preside o v e r the destinies o f
L O. 0L F . — T h e L O. O. F . of V i r g i n i a Mud that his dear " f r i e n d s " have sloped a f t e r havY terests o f a l l . M r . Stephenson, o f M u r p h y St StephY
Nyhart A I .
a n d M i l e s was a r r a i g n e d on t h e 7 t h inst. a n d c h a r g e d lovers. W h e t h e r he was t h e i n t e l l i g e n t a n d observY C i t y , M . T . . h a v e passed tbe f o l l o w i n g resolutions, i n g " w e n t t h r o u g h " h i m t o the t u n e ot a l l bis spare enson, n e x t took the floor a n d i n a clear a nd perY N e s i n i t h C
w i t h m a k i n g a n assault w i t h intent t o k i l l t w o i n g i n d i v i d u a l whose d e v o t i o n t o love a n d o r n i Y to be f o r w a r d e d to the relative s o f t h e i r deceased cash a n d 1Yxiae j e w e l r y , is the usual story, a n d a p Y spicuous m a n n e r stated the necessary action t o be
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parties. Messrs. Renus a n d L i t t l e . T h e t r i a l c o m Y t h o l o g y has g i v e n us the i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t on t h i s brother, H e n r i B u r h e i n n e , w h o d e p a r t e d this life on pears in M r . F a l l ' s case t o h a v e been e m i u e n t l y t a k e n i n order t o a c h i e v e t h e end i n v i e w . H e O v e r t o u I ^ e w i .
succeasful.
said it was useless f o r one portion o f the c o m m u n i Y
menced u p o n t h e t?th inst., a n d was f i n i s h e d u p o n d a y the feathered choristers i n t h e great c a t h e d r a l J a n u a r y 31st, 186?:
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t y t o act i n the m a t t e r ; that unless a l l — t h e miner,
the 11th inst. T h e evidence s h o w e d th e f o l l o w i n g of nature, select t h e i r companions f or the s u m m e r
Whereas, i t has pleased t h e H i g l . .,nd M i g . i t y
Patterson J S
N E W A S S A Y O F K U K . — M e s s r s . H o h m & the m e r c h a n t, the banker, i n fact, e v e r y one w h o Page C A
Parr is C K
facts: t h a t r e m a r k s o f a t r i v i a l character were m a d e duets, we a r e n o t p r e p a r e d t o state. I n f a c t w e R u l e r o f the universe to t a k e f r o m o u r mid*? b y a
Perclval C
Porter A D
b y several persona, w h i c h l e d t o a d i s p u t e between h a v e o u r d o u b t s on the subject of b i r d Y m a t i n g o n M # M and u n e x p e c t e d message, brother H e n r i M o l l i t o r , t h e w e l l k n o w n assayers o f Salt L a k e w o u l d be a f i c c f i Y d b y the change—took part i n t h e Pence A W
C i t y , h a v e b o u g h t the b u i l d i n g on M a i n street hereY discussion, a n d showed a desire t o do t h e f a i r ' h i n g Potter J W
Potter Miss E . Powers I f J
M i l e s a n d Renus, i n w h " h ' ^ r o ' r m e r ^ r o n Z u n c e d j , h i * < U T / ' ft.W ^iT **** ™
* * B u r h e i n n e , to his l o d g e on h i g h , a n d .
tofore k n o w n as the H e l e n a B o w l i n g A l l e y , w h i c h b e t w e e n m a n and man, if w o u l d be i m p o s s i b l e t o P o w e r s H C
a statement o f t b e l a t t e r
W h e r e a s , t h e sudden death o f our b r o t h e r has
a iie. a f t e r Renos had made • *
"f. •«»
! « » d love m a k i n g out door.
b r i n g the m a t t e r to a successful t e r m i n a t i o n , a n d
II
' b e first c o n t r a d i c t i o n ; t h a t Renus i m m e d i a t e l y a d Y c o m p a r a t i v e l y pleasant, b u t i f the b i r d G o v e r n o r caused deep g r i e f i n the hearts o f his b r o t h e r O d d t h e y are now f i t t i n g up f or the purpose of s t a r t i n g a m o v e d the a p p o i n t m e n t o f a c o m m i t t e e t o deterY
Reeye I I G
Reams W i l l P
vanced t o w a r d s t b e prisoner a n d i n t e n d e d i n b i s pro trm(f) d i d not convene an e x t r a session of t h e F e l l o w s , as w e l l as those o f his n u m e r o u s friends b r a n c h o f t h e i r business in this c i t y . T h e y w i l l be m i n e the r e l a t i v e v a l u e o f the d i f f e r e n t grades o f R e y n o l d . A
Re g e l P H
Richards T J
o w n languasre " t o m a k e M i l e s t a k e back his w o r d s ; " L e g i s l a t u r e t o a l t e r the d a y o f (s)election. be was a n d acquaintances i n V i r g i n i a C i t y a n d t h r o u g h o u t r e a d y to c o m m e u c e operations some t i m e in M a r c h . g o l d d u s t . A f t e r v a r i o u s motions a n d d e s u l t o r y R i c h e . Jas
T h e office here w i l l l>e under t b e superintendence
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that Renus was a m a n o f l a r g e f r a m e a u d u n u s u a l v e r y d e r e l i c t o f his d u t y . W e t h i n k he d i d . I t is the T e r r i t o r y , therefor e be i t
ot M r . M u l l i t o r . a n d i t is tbe i n t e n t i o n o f the f i r m to p r o c e e d i n g . , t h e y f i n a l l y established the n u m b e r o f Robertson A C
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p h y s i c a l a b i l i t y , w h i l e M i l e s was a y o u n g person n o t h i n g u n c o m m o n to see a s i n g l e s w a l l o w a m o n g
Rudolph M
Resolved. T h a t w e as brother O d d F e l l o w s , do a general m e l t i n i r. r e f i l l i n g a n d a*sa\ i n g bu»i
the c o m m i t t e e a t t e n — f i v e t o represent t h e merY
of less t h a n o r d i n a r y size a n d stature : t h a t M i l e s a, l o t of g u l l s , a n d a p a i r l ottf guineas
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grasped h i . weapo n f o r t b e purpose o f d e f e n d i n g ^ ,
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o u r deceased brother, w e l l k n o w i n g t h e y h a v e lost,
a t an a d j o u r n e d m e e t i n g on next M o n d a y e v e n i n g , S m i t h T J
Seabury J W
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" a s h i n g t o n, at least, ( t a k i n g the Gazette f o r authorY b y a dispensation o f D i v i n e Providence , a k i n d
himself, w h e n a t h i r d p a r t y n a m e d B
F O R M A L A R R E S T . — C o n s t a h h • H e r e f o r d the l H t h iustant.
W e hope that at the next m e e t i n g S c o t t R i c e C
Samuels J
Kcheifer J <;
fered a n d a t t e m p t e d t o wrest the weapo n f r o m th e i t y , w h i c h is t h o u g h t t o be posted, w h e r e there is a father, an a f f e c t i o n a t e h u s b a n d a n d a w a r m f r i e n d . o n last T h u r s d a y , f o r m e I l y arrested Professor H o u ^ e a l l w h o feel an interest i n the m a t t e r w i l l p a r t i c i Y
Sheean J H
Shockley C
Skert T K
possession o f M i l e s ; t b a t a s t r u g g l e ensued, d u r i n g nest to f e a t h e r .) the cormorants, magpie s a n d v u l
Resolved, T h a t these resolutions be p u b l i s h e d in and bis son, a n d placed a g u a r d o v e r t h e m f o r safe pate i n t h e proceedings.
A t t h e above m e e t i n g Nloper L
Slack J ' K
Smillie J j r
w h i c h t w o shots wer e d i s c h a r g e d , a n d L i t t l e , w h o tures never can be m a t e d f o r r o b i n or r a v e n . W e the M o n t a n a P O S T a n d M o n t a n a
lirmocrat.
keeping, u n t i l such t i m e as t b e i r physician s s h o u l d there was e v i n c e d a desire b y t o m e to either depreY S p r i n g e r J
Speera A
Stanhope S S
was s t a n d i n g a b o u t fifteen feet t o t h e right o f Miles, q u a i l before the a t t e m p t t o c o n t i n u e t h * a r g u m e n t ,
J . M c E v i l y , H . F . S m i t h , M a r k B r o w n , ComY pronounce t h e m out o f d a n g e r . I n r e g a r d t o t h e i r cate the proceedings e n t i r e l y , o r else create such Streitz W m
Stone S J
Stout P S
was w o u n d e d ; t h a t L i t t l e b a d recovered f r o m his a n d g i v e i t u p . C u s t o m makes l a w , l a w is justice , m i t t e e .
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h e a l t h , w e understand tbat the Professor h a d conY c o n f u s i o n t h a t i t w o u l d b e impossible t o com e t o Stronir K K
Strossler J
Stevens D C. C
wounds, a l t h o u g h the g o v e r n m e n t d i d not see fit t o j u s t i c e is right. T h e o l d w r i t e r s refer t o the m a t i n g
I t is o u r earnest wish Sweet H
siderable f e v e r on t h e d a y o f his arrest, a n d b i s a n y conclusio n w h a t e v e r .
s u m m o n h i m to be present as a witness ; t b a t L i t t l e o f birds, a n d t b e w r i t i n g o f sonnets on this d a y , a n d
NEW
D B Y (JOOOM S T O K K . — T h e store s y m p t o m s were not as f a v o r a b l e as t b e y h a d been that no such demonstrations w i l l characterize t h e
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and Miles
h a d been friends , a n d t h a t t b e Shakspeare puts i n t o Ophelia's m o u t h tbe song,
room r e c e n t l y o c c u p i e d b y H e l l m a n Sc. C o m p a n y for some d a y s previous ; his sou, h o w e v e r , is rapY m e e t i n g on M o n d a y next, f or it must be o b v i o u s t o
" G o o d morningY, 'tis S a i n t Valentine's day
s h o o t i n g o f the f o r m e r was u n i n t e n t i o n a l ; t h a t
Tailor S W
Tallinan R P
a l l t h a t a final settlement o f this question w i l l w o r k T a l t y F
has been fi'ted u p i n a v e r y neat aud tasty manner i d l y g e t t i n g better.
A l l i n the m o r n i n g bet i me.
B r a d b r d s t r u c k t b e prisoner t w i c e , a n d Renus t r i e d
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T u r n e r Jos K
i n c a l c u l a b l e good t o e v e r y one i n o u r c o m m u n i t y . I n T i n v i n u s I '
b y Messrs. P o z n a i n s k y 6L Bro., w h o h a v e b r o u g h t
A n d I am a maid at your window
to assault h i m a f t e r he h a d been d i s a r m e d , b u t was
t h e i r l a r g e a n d c a r e f u l l y selected stock o f d r y Y
C L E A N Y C P . — H e n d r y ' s e i g h t e e n s t a m p t h i . c o n n e c t i o n i t m a y not be i m p o l i t i c i n ns t o g i v e
V
T o be y o u r V a l e n t i n e . "
prevented by M r . Horner ; that Miles disclaimed a t
g o o d , f r o m N e v a d a t o this place, a n d w i l l i n t h e m i l l i n G r i z z l y g u l c h cleaned u p o n last WednesY the f o l l o w i n g statement o f the v a l u e o f g o l d d u s t per
Viergutr. O I I Virdeu H N
Viuter T H
the conclusio n o f the aft r a y a n y i n t e n t i o n o f k i l l i n g .
It ha.
f u t u r e b e pleased t o see t h e i r f r i e n ds at the l e w d a y s o m e t h i n g o v e r £ 5 . 0 0 0 , f r o m a six d a y s ' r u n ou ounce o f some o f o u r s u r r o u u d i n g g u l c h e s .
Mr. W o r d , P r o s e c u t i n g a t t o r n e y , was assisted b y
V O T E O K T H A N K S . — A t a l a t e n i e e u u i ^ stand, one door a b o v e t h e F.l Sol B i l l i a r d H a l l . W h i t l a t c h L'nion r o c k .
W
T h e y a r e a l o n g w a y been k i n d l y f u r n i s h e d t o us b y Professor Charles
Mr. J . S. Slater, a n d the defense c o n d u c t e d b y C o l . o f the Pioneer H o o k a n d L a d d e r C o m p a n y , a t T h e i r stock is l a r g e a n d embrace* a l l goods in t k e i r
" a f t e r the banner." i n Madison c o u n t y as y e t ; a n d K u m l e y o f this c i t y , a n d i * the result o f c a r e f u l a n d W a l a h M C
W e ll cchh A
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T h o r o n g h m a n a n d C a p t . H e n r y N . B l a k e . T h e j w h i c h i t was d e c i d e d to h a r e a procession a n d b a l l line, w h i c h t b e y a r e prepared t o sell at the most now t h a t T u r n l e y ' s l i t t l e g i a n t has g o t t o r u n n i n g elaborate assays m a d e b y that g e n t l e m a n d u r i n g W e s t R I )
Wetzler P
Westcott L C
• n W a s h i n g t o n ' s b i r t h d a y , t h e C i t y C o u n c i l ten
t h e past season : Nelson g u l c h t l H 74; Last C h a n c e W i l l i a m s L
t r i a l was c o n d u c t e d w i t h s i g n a l a b i l i t y , o n b o t h
reasonable figures. T o those o f o u r readers w h o a g a i n , t h e y w i l l doubtless be e n t i r e l y distanced.
C
W i l l i a m s Mr* I I
Willard TC
HH.7'1; O r o F i n o #19 o5; B i l k g u l c h t l » . 3 . ' ; Bear W i l s o n J
sides, a n d the Court r o o m was d e n s l y c r o w d e d f r o m dered t h e m a b a n d o f music f o r the occason. T h e h a v e a n y s h o p p i n g t o d o i n the d r y Y g o o d , line, w e
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Wilson G G
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h i s t t o last. C a p t . B l a k e m a d e his d e b u t i n o u rf o l l o w i n g resolution expressive o f t h e i r appreciaY w o u l d say g i v e the Poznainsky brothers a c a l l beY
W h e t h e r a l l o f t h e dust e o m i u g W i r n e t t T E
S T A R T E D L ' P . — P r o f e s s o r H o d g e ' s m i l l Creek I M . 1 4 .
Williamson R
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W h e e l e r Miss K
Courts on this case, a n d his a r g u m e n t was characY tion o f the f a v o r was d r a f t e d b y the c o m m i t t e e an d fore p u r c h a s i n g elsewhere.
T b e y are a c c o i i i m o T In O r o K t u o g u l c h , . n i l J n d g e T n r n t e y ' s m i l l i u f r o m the a b o v e g n l c h e s w i l l a v e r a g e the f o r e g o i n g W h e e l e r Miss B W h e e l e r Jas F W h i t e Sain
terised b y one o f our ablest j u r i s t s , as t h e moat l o g i Y passed u n a n i m o u s l y : " A t a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g o f d a t i n g an d e n t e r p r i s i n g g e n t l e m e n, a n d w i l l b e G r i z z l y g u l c h , h a v e a g a i n c o m m e n c e d operations. figares is. no d o u b t , questionable ; t h a t t h e y are the W h i t e W m E
W o l f Jas M
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cal, and best l e g a l a r g u m e n t o f f e r e d t o a j u r y i n Pioneer H o o k and L a d d e r C o m p a n y , h e l d a t i t s pleased to show t h e i r goods t o a l l w h o m a y f a v o r T h e f o r m e r on la.t W e d n e s d a y and the l a t t e r J I I v a l u e o f the assays, i t is sufficient f o r u . t o say that
V i r g i n i a f o r t w o years.
J u d g e H o s m e r g a v e a rooms on the e v e n i n g o f tbe 11th inst.. i t was reY t h e m w i t h a c a l l .
L e t t e r s addressed as f o l l o w s are h e l d at t h i . office
the character o f tbe g e n t l e m a n m a k i n g t h e m is a
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b r i e f a n d i m p a r t i a l c h a r g e t o the j u r y , w h o a f t e r a i * o l v ed u n a n i m o u s l y tbat the t h a n k s o f the members
sufficient g u a r a n t e e , a n d puts t h e m a t t e r b e y o n d for u n p a i d postage. T h e w r i t e r s can have them
b r i e f absence, r e t u r n e d t o t h e C o u r t room, a n d deY be tendered t o t b e honorable C o u n c i l o f V i r g i n i a
f o r w a r d e d b y p a y i n g t h e same, an d t w o cents tis
N E W S E C R E T A R Y . — T h e n T i s a jnTtition d i s p u t e .
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W A R D ' S BENKFIT.—Nerl Ward,
i.vered a verdict o f " N o t G u i l t y . "
' C i t y f o r its m u n i f i c e n c e in d o n a t i n g us music, etc..
advertising.
the u n i v e r s a l f a v o r i t e , takes a benefit on Monday c i r c u l a t i n g a r o u n d t o w n f o r the appointmen t o f A .
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o f l a s t Alder*on K i c h d , C a l
e v e n i n g . E v e r y b o d y k n o w s t b a t he is a w h o l e H . Barret t as Secretary o f our T e r r i t o r y .
T H E Y E L L O W S T O N E M O U N T A I N S . — I n j on the *£M inst. w>, the c o m m i t t e e a p p o i n t e d f o r show h i m s e l f , a n d i f be w o u l d a d v e r t i z e a singleY derstand t h a t it is signed b y G e n e r a l Meagher, a n d week h a . t a k e n occasion t o r e v e r t to an i t e m w h i c h B o w L a w r e n c e , C o n n
o u r last issue w e n o t i c e d t h e deep snow on t h e t h a t purpose, d o h e r e b y express o u r sincere t h a n k s h a n d e d p e r f o r m a n c e w o u l d d r a w a f u l l house. Neil, a l l the l e a d i n g D e m o c r a ts o f tbe c i t y .
appeared a short t i m e since i n t h i . c o l u m t i , i n E d w a r d s M r s M K . P a
range b e t w e e n the G a l l a t i n a n d Y e l l o w s t o n e . W e j t o the said h o n o r a b l e C o u n c i l for t h e m a n y k i n d Y h o w e v e r , has too m a n y f r i e n d s w h o are " u p " in the
w h i c h i t was stated t h a t t h e y a p p e a r e d somewha t F r e n c h H o n B B , D C
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Tri-Weekly.
have since r e c e i v e d i n f o r m a t i o n o f exposure a n d nesses s h o w n o u r e o m i w u y . " ( S i g n e d . ) 8 . C o n Y show business t o d o t h a t a t present, and a good
*' e x e r c i . e d " over t b e establishment o f a c o u n c i l L e a i d L . Cash Y a l l e y
luss o f l i f e i n t h a t l o c a l i t y . A m a n started f r o m | tent, c h a i r m a n ; J u l i u s H e d g e , M . S i c h i e l .
sized b r i g a d e o f volunteers w i l l a d d t o t b e attracY
D E M O C R A T I C I » O V K F K A S T . — A m e e t i n g o f t h e above o r g a n i z a t i o n . W e w o u l d state t o t b e M i l n e r M i s . A n n E , 111
Y e l l o w s t o n e w ' t h a n o x t e a m , a n d r e a c h i n g t h e '.
t i o n , o f b i s benefit b i l l . W e w a n t e d t o g i v e h i m a o f the D e m o c r a c y was h e l d i n t b e t h c a ' r e b u i l d i n g . g e n t l e m e n t h a t w e s t i l l l a b o r under that d e l u s i o n , P O D e p t . D C
s u m m i t became hopelessly i n v o l v e d i n the deep
F l H K M K N S B A L L A N D l ' A R A D K . — T h e p u f f f o r tbe occasion, b u t N e d said : " I t a i n ' t w o r t h W o o d street, under the auspices o f the Y o u n g Men's ( i f such i t can be c a l l e d . ) a n d c e r t a i n l y t h e t w o
d r i f t s . A f t e r n u m e r o u s a t t e m p t s to g et t h r o u g h he 1 Pioneer H o o k and L a d d e r C o m p a n y , a t a m e e t i n g w h i l e ; t h e y ' l l a l l be there a n y h o w . " A n d so t h e y Democratic C r u b o f t h i s c i t y , on last S a t u r d a y issues o f t h e i r p a p e r since t h a t i t e m was penned (ro
c o n c l u d e d to abandon the w a g o n , a a d t u r n i n g t b e o u M o n d a y e v e n i n g , d e c i d e d to p a r a de oa the 39d. w i l l . O n l y one w o r d . O o e a r l y i f y o u w a n t a eveninir. f o r the purixis e o f b e a r i n g an address f r o m f a r t o w a r d s c o r r o b o r a t i n g the assertion t h e n made.
c a t t l e loose, w r o t e a m i l e f t a note oa t h e w a g o n a n d h a v e a g r a n d h o p at t h e C o u n c i l C h a m b e r i n seat.
B s c Meagher. Some d i s a p p o i n t m e n t was f e l t b y T b e p s p e r fo r the past t w o weeks has s u r f e i t e d its
s t a t i n g t b a t he h a d started t o reach a c a b i n some the e v e n i n g . T h e e n m p a u y is some fifty s t r o n g ,
those present w h e n i t was announced t b a t o w i n g t o r e a d e r , w i t h a r t i c l e . o u the " 1 ' i w l e r g r o t i n d L e a g u e . '
t w o m i l e s distant. A n o t h e r p a r t y c o m i n g t h r o u g h a n d w i l l n o d o u b t m a k e a fine d i s p l a y . T h e i r
P O L I T I C I A N S . — W e w o u l d r e s j x * r t f u l l y an accident w h i c h h a d b e f a l l e n h i . E x c e l l e n c y , b y as i t is pleased t o t e r m t h e m , w h i c h has a p p e a r e d
a f t e r h i m h a d also t o a b a n d on t h e i r w a g o n , a n d | " m a s h e e n " is b e i a g repainted a n d prepared f or the c a l l n t t e n t i o n to the i t e m " C o r r e c t i o n , " in th e HeleY w h i c h be severely i n j u r e d his t h i g h , he w o u l d be both i n w h a t m a y be c a l l e d t h e " h e a v y ' ' c o l u m n . ,
w h i l e m a k i n g t h e i r w a y a l o n g the road discovered j occasion, a n d the members are e n t e r i n g i n t o t b e na locals. W e " r e n d e r u n t o Caesar," etc. a n d u n a b l e t o personall y appear before t h e m . F o r tbe a n d the s k i r m i s h line, a n d w h e t h e r t h e y g i v e t h e
hia w a g o n a l m o s t b u r i e d i n the d r i f t . O n finding proceedings w i t h a s p i r i t t h a t insures success, w i l l i n g l y accord to G e n e r a l Meagher the credit o f l a c k o f personal attendance the G o v e r n o r sent in a m a t t e r s u c h p r o m i n e n c e t h r o u g h motive s o f personY
the note t h e y starte d ia search o f h i m , supposing he J C o m p r i s e d o f th e l e a d i n g m e n o f t h e c i t y , w e a l t h y , good intentions. I t is not bis f a u l t t h a t a certain j l e t t er o f condolence a m i s y m p a t h y to t b e u n t e r r i f i e d
al fear or f r o m t b e effect i t m a y u l t i m a t e l y h a v e on |
nad perished. F o l l o w i n g his t r a i l as w e l l as t h e y r e l i a b l e , a n d o f h i g h social position, t h e y h a v e u n m e n t i o n a b l e l o c a l i t y is said t o be p a v e d w i t h the ) { w h i c h he took occasion t o r e v e r t t o his o f t reY t h e i r o w n o r g a n i z a t i o n , is i m m a t e r i a l — t h e incontroY
were able, t h e y f o u n d that h e h a d become b e w i l Y j w i t h i n themselves the elements o f success, a o d o u r same m a t e r i a l , b u t w e cannot see the potency o f | peated assertion t h a t h e was a d e m o c r a t , i n f a c t , v e r t a b l e f a c t s t i l l r e m a i n s that t h e y d o so. I n t h e I
dered a n d t r a v e l e d a r o u n d a n d a r o u n d w i t h o u t maY j a n t i c i p a t i o n s w i l l meet w i t h a serious disappointY the v e t o p o w e r in the e m e r g e n c y .
F i r e a n d water j that he was so i m b u e d w i t h the d e m o c r a c y t h a t the a r t i c l e t o w h i c h w e refer, w e t h i n k t b e y t r a v e l o u t
i n g a n y progress t o w a r d t b e c a b i n . T b e t r a i l fiY j inen t i f t h e i r b a l l is not, par excellence, the largest are g o o d servant., w h e n under control, b u t ouce | odds were l a r g e l y in f a v o r ot his u l t i m a t e ^ ascend
o f t b e l e g i t i m a t e line o f ' ' s h o w i m r u p " the o r g a n Y I
n a l l y ceased i n an immense d r i f t , w h e r e b u r r o w i n g j a n d most f e s t i ve o f the season,
masters, t h e y c a r r y d e s t r u c t i o n a u d disaster i n their i n g t o g l o r y , s t i l l firm i n t h a t f a i t h w h i c h was i n ./.ation w h e n t h e y b r o a d l y susert t h a t t h e y are preY
in, t h e y discovere d h t m r o l l e d n p i a a p a i r o f b l a n
embrace.
Vv> s h a l l see w h e t h e r th e L e g i s l a t i v e h i m ; the letter w i n d i n g u p w i t h the t r i b u t e t o M o n Y p a r e d to p u b l i s h the names o f the members, as also '
set*, o n l y s l i g h t l y frozen, b u t u t t e r l y d i s c o u r a g e d
PEOPLE'S
THKATKH.—The
f a v o r i t e s w i l l be servants or masters.
tana, i n w h i c h s h e is c a l l e d t b e " S w i t z e r l a n d e f a list o f the officer*, a n d w e h e r e b y c a l l f o r the p r o o f j
a n d p a t i e n t l y a w a i t i n g d e a t h . H e h a d been i a th e are b a c k o n t h e boards once more, and o f f e r a
I A m e r i c a . " w h e r e th e oppressed ( d e m o c r a t s ' ) o f the and d a r e t h e m to d o so. B y a l l m e a n . , g e n t l e m e n ,
d r i f t t h i r t y Y t w o hours w h e n t h e y f o u n d h i m . T h e s p l e n d i d entertainmen t f o r this e v e n i n g
P K O C L K ' S T H E A T E R . — A n o t h e r fjfjood j s u r r o u n d i n g States a n d T e r r i t o r i e s can e n j o y that p u b l i s h i t . S h o u l d y o u d o so, i t w i l l doubtless conY
The exY
p a r t y succeeded i n r e a c h i n g t h e v a l i e y i n safety. t r a v a g a n z a o f t b e 1Yady o f L i o n s is e n o u g h i n i t s e l f b i l l is ottered f o r this e v e n i n g a t t h e a b o v e place. l i b e r t y , a n d the e m o l u m e n t s o f oflice together w i t h t a i n t h e names o f men w h o have ever been f o u n d
A b o u t the same t i m e o n e o f a p a r t y o f trapper* o r to c r o w d t b e bouse. G o a n d bear N e d . B i l l y , a n d C h o i c e songs a n d dances w i l l be presented, a n d tor the l i t t l e eccentricities so a f f e c t i n g l y a l l u d e d t o b y foremost i n a l l that pertains t o the jrood o f t h e i r counY
s h i n g l e m a k e r * w h o o c c u p y the c a b i n a l l u d e d to, t h e irrepressible Joseph, discourse on N e v a d a . W e the first t i m e , the l a u g h a b l e f a r c e o f the B l a c k StaY
I Pastor N a s b y , u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y . A f t e r the r e a d i n g t r y , a n d w h o w i l l not b l u s h t o find t h e i r names i n
started out on a b u n t i t is suppeaed, a n d not r e t u r n
neglected t o state p i e v i o u s l y , that f r o n t seats are t u e . T b e c o m p a n y are r a p i d l y i m p r o v i n g , and the | of the letter, l o u d c a l l s wer e made f o r C a v a n a u g h . connection w i t h t b e P . L . A . i u this T e r r i t o r y .
. n g as e x p e c t e d . his c o m p a n i o n s w e n t i n search of ^rV^'Vor"ladies a n d g e n t l e m e n a c c o m p a n y i n g house is f u l l t o o v e r f l o w i n g e v e r y e v e n i n g . T h e | w h o was at l e n g t h p r e v a i l e d u p o n t o ascend t h e
FIBE
DEPARTMENT MEETING.—At a
h i m . H e w a s f o u n d in t h e snow frozen to death.
I b s y are assured t h a t the p e r f o r m a n c e , are attendance o f ladies is increasing, a n d e v e r y t h i n g i p l a t f o r m . O n his a p p e a r a n c e t h e g e n t l e m a n e n t e r
is c o n d u c t e d i u a b e c o m i n g manner.
Miss Cavens' | e d a m o d e s t d i s c l a i m e r w i t h reference to his a b i l i t i e s . m e e t i n g o f t b e H e l e n a fire d e p a r t m e n t h e l d a t CapY
*fy*e were u n a b l e to ascertain the names o f the p a r
|
,
^
p r o p r i e t y , a n d t h a t no
'
' d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t w i l l be p e r m i t t e d t o m a r the enY K a t h l e e n M a v o u r n e e n o n T h u r s d a y e v e n i n g was I as compared w i t h the letter read f r o m the G o v e r n o r , i t o l H a l l on the e v e n i n g o f F e b r u a r y 11, C h i e f E n Y j
the best e f f o r t sbe has made, a n d N e d W a r d added j w h e n he s h o o k h i m s e l f together a n d w e n t i n on his icineer J u r g i u s in the c h a i r , t h e f o l l o w i n g resolnY j
D o Y O U N O T K ' K T H E M ? — I n t h e s e d a y s I j o y i n e n t of t h e a c t i n g .
fresh laurels to his b r o w i n bis i Y e r f o r m a Y e
shape. A f t e r t h r o w i n g hot shot i n t o the organizaY tions were adopte d :
Resolved,
T h a t t h e tiro commissioners be i n Y j
.,
„
. . .
.
| t i o n k n o w n a . the L*. L . A . a n d i r e t t i n g o f f a j o k e
" ' " T K i t T Coi R T T S i n c e t h . terminaT
v U A N O K OK V K N C K — I t I S reported on
; * k . o f the Herald,
i n connection t h e r e w i t h ' be s t r u c t e d to d r a w u p a n d present a p e t i t i o n a t t h e I
c o m i n g session o f t b e l e g i s l a t u r e , p r a y i n g that m I
. f the b e l i e * era are t u r n e d t o w a r d M e c c a — a l t h o u g h ! t i o n o f the M i l e s case, this c o u r t has been e n g a g e d g o o d a u t h o r i t y t n a t t h e t r i a l o f Cro V » o r H . s l g e I proceedY. ! t o tbe discussion o f the state o f the c a m
charter m a y be g r a n t e d t o t h e department , a n i l also I
we are s o r r y v e r y few of the o w n e r s of t h e optica « *»n a c t u m to recover one h u n d r e d and s i x t y acres
to e m p o w e r the commissioners to aYYeY»» a u t on
the p r o p e r t y Y b o l d e r , f o r its lienetit.
Rftolred,
T h a t t h e commissioner.* !>• i n s t r u c t ed •
to set on foot a s u b s c r i p t i o n , tbe proceeds to lie used !
for the purpose o f d e f r a y i n g t b e expense* o f a fire i
p o l i c e a n d s u p p l y i n g t b e n o c e s s a r y a p p a r a t u s to t b e ,
d e p a r t m e n t ; tbe subscriptions U> be k e p t u p u n t i l
the c h a r t e r is g r a n t e d b y tbe L e g i s l a t u r e .
in this b u r g h on V a l e n t i n e ' s d a y was c o n s i d e r a b ly j cent " di iifff i c u l t y " — t h e r e v o l t i n heaven—and t h a t
money fr»r t r a v e
£kers^n°tbe '
A C C I D E N T . — J o h n S i m m o n a o f G r a n t increased by
th e speaker
h a d tbe g o o d j u d g m e n t t o o m i t .
In
b y a ffire
i r e w h i c h b r o k e out i n C o n w a y ' s I the
speak
F I K K . — A n o t h e r of those a l a r m s w h i c h J
cautiously wber
• p o c k e t dieY c o u n t y W i s c o n s i n , w h i l e w o r k i n g i n t h e d r i f t on store a b o u t 10 a. m . A p o r t i o n o f the r o o f e i g h t . the course o f his r e m a r k s the g e n t l e m a n p a i d eloY m a k e the m a j o r i t y o f our c i t i z e n , t r e m b l e i n t h e >
socket ; i n u u i r i e
»r w i t h g i l t I c l a i m N o . ."i below d i s c o v e r y , y e s t e r d ay m o r n i n g . feet b y three, was consumed, a f t e r w h i c h one o f the | q n e n t t r i b u t es t o Oeneral Lee. S t o n e w a l l Jackson, lioots, oeearr«Yd on last M o n d a y e v e n i n g a b o u t h a l f Y !
lionartes a n d fi
'.
1
• ' h u d his r i i r h t h l n dislocated b y 4 he e a r i n g o f t b e ••prompt and e f f i c i e nt firemen" e m p t i e d a p..:I • t I '.« k T a y lor. a n d the r a n k a n d file o f t h e i r armies,
past e i g h t o ' c l o c k , a n d was c e r t a i n l y one o f t h e j
tvanced. a n d
C
t h e d e v o u r i n g element a n d " d o u s ed the w h i c h was l o u d l y a p p l a u d e d , aa also t o the r a n k
closest c a l l * w h i c h o u r c i t y ha*
x periencad. i
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* J J ' " ^ , ' » ° * » getting
a p p l a u d e d ; b u t o f the b r i l l i a n t a r r a y o f t b e U n i o n street, w h i c h is b e i n g f i t t e d
iSSSZ and a T h o u s a n d a n d one o t h e r s u g g e s t i v e eJeag e u w f c r t a b l y atf last s n r s u a l a ,
A D M I T T E D . — O n m o t i o n o f C o l . T h o r T I Oenerals w h o f o u g h t f o r the preservation o f the ReY
n parat .. . Y a r e noticeable a m o n g those w h o «XY j
T R A N S P O S I N G . — T h e Gazette
a d d s to o u g h m a n , W . I . M a r s h a l l . Esq., was o n t h e f>th I p u h l i c , he d i d not mention one. w i t h the e x c e p t i o n
pect t h e d e a r people w i l l r a l l y a r o u n d t h e m i n t h e j
e n s u i n g e l e c t i o n a n d g i v e t h e m such a m a j o r i t y as j the a c t i n g G o v e r n o r ' s p r o c l a m a t i o n S K L A . a n d tlte ihat. a d m i t t e d t e p r a c t i s e in a l l t h e C o u r t s o f this I o f General G r a n t , a n d t b e r o n l y i n connection w i t h
never befor e waa cast i n f a v o r o f a g i f t e d a n d eloY i Jtrmocrat
c a l l s h i m G o v e r n o r Meagher. T h i s looks T e r r i t o r y . W e c o n g r a t u l a t e o u r f r i e n d M r . M . . oo • w h a t t b e General is reported t o h a v e said w i t h reY
H e also
o n e n t csasditate. A t t b e l a t e s t s u m m i n g u p there I l i k e a s A U f on t h e p o r t o f tbe M a j
W e h a v e p a t the event, a n d w i s h h i m a l l success in e x p o u n d i n g fata.lies t o t h e D i s t r i c t s u f f r a g e b i l l
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I <• •'. nen w h e t h e r f r o m t h e n o r t h or t b e south, the
. riders, w^h^o h —
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not
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s>^sl o f r..ne»j rider*
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b y in the best styles o f th e art, t a k e n as w e l l i n c l o u d y t a k e n f r o m the R e p u b l i c a n p l a t f o r m , as t b a t r e a l l y
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l e r y . Jackson street. Go a n d h a v e y o u r face t a k e n whole, w e censider his s]»eecb as a p r e t t y f a i r b i d '
w ^ e ^ r e ' r o ^ r ^ T r o u u d the t o m b of t h e i r d e f u u c ' I t e t d the b a l l t o be g i v e n under the a u s p i c e , of the
f o r the votes o f t b e t w o siiades o f Y p i n i o n w h i c h a t
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,
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p r e . o n t c o m p r i se t h e D e u i . x T a i i c element i n this
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currency.
hope a n d strengthen f r i e n d s h i p .
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METROPOLITAN
T R O U P E . — T h « Com
. . .
M E X I C A N O N I O N S E E D — F i v e d o l l a r s ern copperheads.
Several speakers w e r e c a l l e d !
L'opef' m i l l . H o t S p r i n g dis
pany p l a y e d t o a l a r g e a n d enthusiast
n e x t p e r f o r m a n c e j trie*, m a d e a r u n o f f o u r a n d a Y b a l f d a y s on G a l e n a ! per ounce
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14 Extension Activities: Tong Hing’s Role in Helena’s Chinese Community
Connecting the dots . . . What do we know and what can we know about the leaders of
the Chinese community in Helena?
•
•
•
•
Given that there was considerable disagreement about the circumstances of Ah
Chow’s shooting of John Bitzer, why did the Chinese merchants of Helena aid in
the hunt for Ah Chow?
How large was the Chinese community at the time?
Research Chinese New Year. What is it? How important is it for the Chinese
community? Was it celebrated in Helena, Montana? When was Chinese New
Year in 1870? How does this connect to the Bitzer-Ah Chow incident?
Use the documents to build a hypothesis about Tong Hing’s role in the Chinese
community.
From Robert R. Swartout, Jr.,
“Kwangtung to Big Sky: The Chinese
in Montana, 1864-1900.” Montana:
The Magazine of Western History, Vol.
38, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), 42-53.
Rocky Mountain Gazette, January 21 1870.
“SEARCH FOR THE MURDERER,--Ever since the death of John R. Bitzer, who was shot on
Saturday night last by the Chinaman, Ah Chow, a party have been searching their holes and dens
for the murderer, to no purpose. On Wednesday evening, we are informed, some of the principal
Chinamen of the town held a meeting, and resolved to give their aid in securing the arrest of the
murderer. Chinese runners have been sent to the neighboring camps to look him up; but we
would advise the friends of the deceased not to place their entire reliance in the proffered aid of
the Mongolians, but at the same time to do all that they can to keep up the hunt and catch the
murderer. The sheriffs and officers of justice in other counties and contiguous States and
Territories should be warned and no effort spared to effect the capture.”
Helena Daily Herald, Jan.
25 1870
15 Tong Hing’s Role Continued:
Helena Weekly Herald, Feb. 15, 1872
Helena Weekly Herald, Jan. 21, 1875
The five sources given in relation to Tong Hing may seem somewhat unrelated, but the
historians’ task is to take disparate bits of information and to make sense of them using prior
knowledge, contextual information, analysis, and synthesis. This is now your task.
v Write a thesis making a strong assertion about Tong Hing’s role in Helena’s Chinese
community and why he cooperated with the efforts to catch Ah Chow.
16 Extension Activity: The Woman in Question
Connecting the dots . . . What do we know and what can we know about the woman in
question and her relationship with Ah Chow?
•
•
•
What do we know and what can we know about the woman in question and her
relationship with Ah Chow?
Helena’s Chinatown bordered the “red light” district. Was the woman in
question a prostitute? What was her relationship to Bitzer? To Ah Chow?
Use the following documents to build a hypothesis about the woman in question.
From Robert R. Swartout, Jr., “Kwangtung to Big Sky: The Chinese in Montana, 1864-1900.”
The Montana Post, Feb. 16, 1867.
“Broadwater County Pioneer Recalls Early-Day Hangings” Helena Daily News Inserts,
Sept. 5, 1938
Grim tales of hangings he witnessed in the ‘70s in Helena were recounted by W.T.
(Tommy) Thompson of Broadwater county who was in attendance at the recent Pioneers’
convention at Helena, and who, as a school boy in Last Chance gulch, saw at first hand how
the grim law of the early west operated.
Mr. Thompson, who now owns a 350-acre farm near Townsend, saw the hanging of
“Peg Leg” Murphy in 1870 but recalls more distinctly the hanging of a Chinaman from
famous old Hangman’s Tree late in 1870.
He can’t recall the name of the unfortunate Oriental but he does remember the body
hung there for three days, “and it drew quite a crowd, too.”
17 “This Chinaman,” Mr. Thompson said, “killed a white man in a brawl in Chinatown
and was taken to Hangman’s Tree and ‘strung up.’
“I was just a kid going to school then but I remember the Chinaman’s wife used to
bring food every day and place in his mouth. I guess she was feeding his spirit.
“The body remained hanging for three days as a lesson to the other Chinese of the
city. Hundreds of people drove out to Hangman’s Tree every evening in their carriages to see
the body. No one seemed to think it was particularly horrible.
“On the fourth day they cut down the body and gave it burial. The wife placed a lot
of food on the grave which was quickly eaten by some of the youngsters around town.”
The three sources given in relation to the woman in question may seem somewhat unrelated,
but the historians’ task is to take disparate bits of information and to make sense of them
using prior knowledge, contextual information, analysis, and synthesis. This is now your task.
v In your opinion, was the woman in question Ah Chow’s wife or a prostitute?
Support your assertion:
18 Analysis &
Interpretation
(40%)
Content Mastery
(40%)
Exceptional analysis of the topic
through a well-developed sophisticated
thesis. Clear evidence of higher order
thinking. A true analytical approach to
a complex topic.
The subtlety & nuance of the content is
expertly & accurately transmitted.
Relevant anecdotes & details enrich the
central theme. Relevant, telling quality
details give the audience important
information that goes beyond the
obvious or predictable. The product
shows clear, deep understanding of the
complexity of life on the American
West.
Exceptional Admirable analysis of the topic, but
lacking in truly interpretive &
original insight into the topic.
Strong thesis, but may lack
reconnection to the thesis
throughout the body of the product.
The product contains accurate
information in a clear & focused
manner. The answer is narrow &
manageable. Reasonably accurate
details are present to support the
main ideas. The writer seems to be
writing from knowledge or
experience; the ideas are fresh &
original. Accurate & thorough
coverage of the content related to
the American West.
Admirable The writer’s presentation is still
basic or general. Support is
attempted, but doesn’t go far
enough yet in fleshing out the
key issues or story line. Ideas are
reasonably clear, though they
may not be detailed,
personalized, & accurate or
expanded enough to show indepth understanding or a strong
sense of purpose. The audience is
left with questions.
Some evidence of analysis, but
the thesis is not supported
through thorough interpretation.
The product is too descriptive &
does not show enough evidence
of moving past description to
higher order analytical skills.
The assignment is done, but only
minimal effort is given to the
creative details & original ideas.
The writing/design is mundane,
common, or simple. The
connection to the people of the
history is underdeveloped &/or
boring. Flow & transitions are
not clear. Images, maps, etc.
connect to topic, but some may
seem out of place. Technological
aspects are uncoordinated,
indicating a lack of group
cohesion. Considerable flaws are
present.
Satisfactory Inadequate Writing/design was not creative or
original. Very little evidence of
striving to capture the human
element of the history. Images,
maps, etc. do not relate directly to
the topic. Use of technology is
erratic & ineffective in supporting
the thesis & advancing the telling
of the story.
The product has no clear sense of
purpose or central theme. To
extract meaning from the product,
the audience must make
inferences based on incomplete
details. The idea is a simple
restatement of the topic or an
answer to the question with little
attention to detail. Everything
seems as important as everything
else; the reader has a hard time
sifting out what is important.
The product is far too descriptive.
The thesis does not take a stance
or is too simplistic. Very little
evidence of analytical skills.
Rubric for “His Death Avenged!”: Empowering Students as Historians to Understand the Chinese Experience in the American West Creativity/Flow/
Technical Aspects
(20%)
Exceptional creativity & originality.
The human element is emphasized,
providing a dramatic, authentic
connection to the people being
described. Creative details are used
with great effectiveness. Images, maps,
etc. are clear, visually appealing &
connect directly to the topic. Text is
well written, creative, & compelling.
The whole is greater than the sum of its
parts. Flawless, consistent, creative use
of technology to support the thesis &
tell the story.
The writing/design has moments of
creativity & originality, but lacks
consistency in this regard.
Descriptive details are present, but
underdeveloped. In general, the
piece is interesting, but lacks the
spark of an authentic connection to
the human element. Use of images,
maps, etc relate to the topic.
Admirable use of technology to
support thesis & tell the story.
Technical glitches are absent, or do
not affect the overall quality of the
product.
Bibliography
Primary Sources:
“All the Same Pickles,” Helena Weekly Herald, January 21, 1875.
“Bird’s Eye View of Helena, MT,” 1875.
“Broadwater County Pioneer Recalls Early-Day Hangings,” Helena Independent Record
News Inserts, Sept. 5, 1938.
"Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882." Mount Holyoke College, n.d. Web. 24 July 2012. <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chinex.htm>. “The Chinese New Year,” Helena Weekly Herald, February 15, 1872.
“Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers,” The Library of Congress
<http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov>.
“Reward,” Helena Daily Herald, January 25, 1870.
“Sanborn Fire Insurance Map,” Helena, MT 1884.
“Search for the Murderer,” Rocky Mountain Gazette, January 21, 1870.
"Text of the Burlingame Treaty, 1868." University of California, Berkeley, n.d. Web. 24 July 2012.<http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/>. “Truth Versus Fiction.” Photo Courtesy of the Bancroft Library, University of California,
Berkeley.
Secondary Sources:
Allen, Frederick. A Decent and Orderly Lynching: The Montana Vigilantes. University of
Oklahoma, 2009.
________. “Montana Vigilantes and the Origins of 3-7-77.” Montana: The Magazine of
Western History. Vol. 51, No. 1 (Spring, 2011): 2-19.
Hirata, Lucie Cheng. “Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century
America.” Signs. Vol. 5, No. 1, (Autumn 1979): 3-29.
Johnson, Mark. “‘His Death Avenged!’: Empowering Students as Historians on a Global
Scale.” Magazine of History, Vol. 26, Issue 3, (July 2012), 25-32.
Karaim, Reed. “America’s Peculiar and Horrifying Tradition of Vigilante Justice.” American
History. February (2012): 50-55.
Swartout, Robert R., Jr., “Kwangtung to Big Sky: The Chinese in Montana, 1864-1900.”
Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Vol. 38, No. 1 (Winter 1988): 42-53.
Zhu, Liping. “No Need to Rush: The Chinese, Placer Mining, and the Western Environment.”
Montana: The Magazine of Western History. (Autumn 1999): 43-57.
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