Power Quality Presentation
Presented by Moses Irungu
25.08.2016- KEABB TECHDAY
Power Quality from ABB
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 2

ABB is globally the leading manufacturer in power quality
products

ABB is committed to develop all its products to meet the
ever more demanding environmental and efficiency
requirements

ABB offers a complete portfolio of power quality fitting any
customer need, specification requirement and demand.

Power Factor Correction

Active / Passive Harmonic Filters

Dynacomp
Presentation overview
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 3

Introduction threat and benefits

What is power factor?

Capacitors & Harmonics

Power Quality Filters
Introduction threat
Our every day necessities…

Ever-growing population

Energy consumption to double
within 30 years

Sustaining a powerhungry world

Concern about climate change

Ensuring a reliable grid

Providing energy efficient
products and solutions

Investing in the future
More than ever, the need for energy efficient products and
reliable grids will grow. ABB’s power quality products will
support the systems that keep our world running.
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 4
Power Compensation
Decrease costs and gives higher revenues
Capacitors
improve the
power quality
Harmonic
filters
improve the
power
quality
Power
compensation
increase
capacity and
reduce costs
Power
compensation
reduce costs
and generate
higher
revenues
Enclosed
banks to get
the highest
safety for the
personnel
ABB has complete program with complete support
Market leader
in the capacitor
business
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 5
We optimise
each project
to get the
best solution
Good overall
economy
due to large
capacitor
units and
compact
bank design
We take care
of everything
from system
studies to
commissioning
Reliable
capacitors
with
extremely
low failure
rate
ABB Factories supply the clients around the world with
Capacitors for different applications LV/MV/HV
Ludvika, Sweden
Technical Lead Factory
Jumet,
Belgium/LV
Xi’an, China
Galindo, Spain
Domestic market
Bangkok, TH / LV
Bangalore, India

Output: 70 000 Mvar

Number of factories: 8

Market Share: ~35%
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 6
Johannesburg,
South Africa
Domestic Market
Lilydale, Australia
Reducing your Electricity Bills
Act now and contribute to a better life and society!

With ABB, you can reduce
availability capacity kVA and
eliminate reactive charges

the environment will benefit

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 7
Savings in CO2

you get a financial
attractive solution

profit from all the benefits
of installing power factor
correction
What is Power Factor?
Reactive Power
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 9

Reactive power, often referred as “Useless Power”, builds
up magnetic fields but do not generate useful power

Gives rise to losses in machines & component

Influences the voltage in Power Transmission

Limits the utilisation of electrical equipment’s

Examples - Inductive loads like Transformers, Motors,
Rolling mills, Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) etc
Reactive power in a network
Reactive power (Q)
In case of a transformer loaded to a considerable degree
Active power (P)
Available Active power
Generation
Inductive Loads
Transformer
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 10

The system capacity is often limited to the Transformer capacity

Reactive Power demand for the loads is catered by the Generation
Power factor correction
Definitions
Q
S
φ
P
Active Power (P) is the useful power that is doing the actual work. It is measured in W, kW,
MW & calculated as, P = S x cos φ
P
Q
Reactive Power (Q) is a consequence of an AC system. Reactive Power are used to build
up magnetic fields. It is measured in var, kvar, Mvar & calculated as, Q = S x sin φ or P x tan
φ
Q
Apparent Power or Total Power (S) is the combination of Active and Reactive Power.
Apparent Power is measured in VA, kVA, MVA
Q
Power Factor (cos ) is a measurement of the efficiency in a system. The Power Factor
describes the relationship between Active (P) and Apparent Power (S) calculated as, Power
Factor = cos φ = P / S = kW / kVA
P
S
P
S

P
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 11
Reactive power compensation
Power factor correction
cos  – power factor before compensation
cos ’ – power factor after compensation
S
Reactive power need/ demand
(supplied from network)
Q
Reactive Power
Compensation
(supplied by
capacitors)
S
Q’

’
Active Power
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 12
Reduced Reactive
Power need/ demand
(supplied by
network)
P
Available Active Power
Reactive power compensation
By power factor correction capacitors
Reactive power
Transformer
Active power
Available Active power
Capacitors
Inductive Loads
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 13

A capacitor consists of two electrically conducting plates, electrodes,
isolated from each other by a medium, dielectric system

Capacitors are used to Store Energy (DC)

Capacitors are used to Generate Reactive Power (AC). This property is
used for Power Factor correction. Power capacitors are normally rated
by power (kvar)
What is Power Factor?
Introduction – What is
Power Factor?
Applications
Design Criteria
▪ 1.Product Modularity
▪ 2.Safety
▪ 3.Environment

Electrical power comes in two distinct parts – just like a frothy latte

The coffee body is ‘active power’ that you can use to do work

The froth on top is ‘reactive power’. Some is useful, but too much
is simply a waste – the same as the foam you leave behind in your
glass
A perfect body = Good power
factor correction
A frothy latte = Poor power
factor correction
Latte glass = Capacity = kVA
Coffee = Useful energy = kW
Froth = Waste capacity
Sequential Protection System

STAGE 1 - Self healing
dielectric

STAGE 2 - Unique electrical
fuse system isolates the
element

STAGE 3 - Inert, non
flammable, energy absorbent
shield
Ensures complete end of life
safety
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 15
Low Voltage Product Range
Static
Units
Advance
Capacitor
Range
Automatic
Filter
Assemblies
Automatic
Detuned
Assemblies
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 16
Automatic
Assemblies
OEM Shelf
Assemblies
Locations of compensation in the network
Methods of compensation
Location is primarily determined by the
reason for compensation.
*D
Compensation should be provided as
close as possible to the consumption
point to avoid having to distribute this
power in the other part of network.
*C
Methods of compensation
*A :
*B :
*C :
*D :
*A
Direct Compensation
Group Compensation
Central Compensation at LV side
Central Compensation at HV side
M
M
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 17
M
M
*B
Benefits of reactive power compensation
Enhances system capability
No compensation
Generation
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 18
With compensation
Load
Generation
Load
Benefits of reactive power compensation
Contract or charge, tariff

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 19
Power utilities levy charges for
reactive power off take exceeding a
specified contractual level.
Benefits of reactive power compensation
Avoiding penalty/ charges for excessive consumption of
reactive power
Reduced cost and higher revenue for the customer
Increased system capacity saves cost on new installation
Voltage regulation in the network
Reasons for “Reactive Power Compensation” may be
contract or charge by power utility, transformer & cable load
relief, reduction of losses, economics of new projects and
expansions, and voltage regulations
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 20
Typical Electricity Account
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 21
Electricity Details Shown
kW & kVA maximum
demand
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 22
Electricity Details Shown
Excess kVArh
charges calculable
from total
kWh & kVArh units
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 23
Electricity Details Shown
Authorised Capacity
Charges (ASC)
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 24
CO2 Reduction
Based on BCMA data

An average operating time of
6000 working hours pa

CO2 emissions of 0.105
Tonne CO2 per kvar pa could
be realised
Examples based on the above
figures:
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 25

a) With 350 kvar of
capacitance an approx
reduction of 36.75 tonnes per
annum could be realised

b) With 200 kvar of
capacitance an approx
reduction of 21.00 tonnes per
annum could be realised
Easy to select
Thumb rule
< 15%
15 to 25%
Standard range
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 26
Non linear loads total power (kVA)
Transformer rated power (kVA)
Reinforced range
> 25%
> 60%
De-tuned range (*)
De-tuned range
+ Harmonic
filtering
solution (**)

* please check that the de-tuned capacitor bank does not interfere
with telecommunication frequency used by the utilities

** requires a technical audit. Please ask our LVNQ specialists for
details.
Service and Maintenance
Capacitor life- 8 to 10 years
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 27
What are Harmonics?

Voltage and current sinusoidal components with a frequency as integer
multiples of the fundamental frequency, e.g n*f1 were n =2, 3, 4,… and f1
is the fundamental frequency

Harmonics become apparent when a distorted sinus curve is
mathematically analyzed.

Example below:
=
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 28
50 Hz
250 Hz
350 Hz
fundamental
5th
7th
THD
+
100 %
10 %
5%
11 %
+
Harmonic filter
Taylor-made Filter solutions for Industry
and Distribution networks
n
ABB can:
 Perform measurements
 Perform studies and reports
 propose appropriate solution
 supervise the installation and make the commission
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 29
Capacitors and Harmonics
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 30
Capacitors and Harmonics
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 31

Harmonic Currents can cause overloads on Capacitors

Harmonics cause Network Supplies to become distorted
leading to interference and possible mal-operation of some
electrical equipment

Interaction between Network and Capacitors can cause
certain harmonics to be magnified.
Harmonic Reduction
Passive Filtration
or
Detuned Power Factor Correction
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 32
System Resonance
Resonant Frequency Fres = Sk x 50 Hz
QC
SK = System Fault Level MVA
QC = Capacitor Mvar
Z = Transformer Percentage
Impedance
eg 0.0475 for 4.75%Z
415 volts
SK = System Fault Level MVA
= Transformer MVA
Z
M
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 33
M
System Resonance Calculation Example
Example details
Transformer rating – 1 MVA
Transformer Impedance – 6% - Z = 0.06
Capacitance to be installed – 0.300 Mvar – QC
Resonant Frequency Fres = Sk x 50 Hz
QC
SK = System Fault Level MVA
= Transformer MVA =
1
= 16.67 MVA
Z
0.06
Resonant Frequency Fres = 16.67 x 50 Hz
= 372.5 Hz
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 34
= 7.45 x 50 Hz
0.3
Resonance Example: Computer Centre (UPS Load)
Test results

Transformer : 1400 kVA 8.6% Imp 400 kvar PFC installed

8x50kvar each 70A nominal taking 100A actual
Harm Fund
No
Amps
No
764
caps
100
742
kvar
200
718
kvar
300
700
kvar
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 35
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
9
38
31
42
16
4
8
25
32
29
88
51
23
14
11
44
52
132
46
6
1
11
63
121
38
14
3
1
Typical Free-standing Detuned Assembly
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 36
Typical Detuned Shelf Assembly for Switchboards
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 37
Power Quality Filters
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 38
Poor Power Quality: What is it to you?

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 39
Any event related to the electrical network that makes you loose
money…

Power supply failures e.g. breakers tripping, fuses blowing

Equipment failure, malfunctioning and lifetime reduction
e.g.- equipment overheating (transformers, motors, …)

Damage to sensitive equipment (PCs, UPS-systems,
Drives)

Capacitor problems

Electronic communication interference

System losses

Utility regulations and penalties

Personnel issues (illness, work efficiency, …)
Key elements of poor Power Quality

Harmonics

Reactive power

Load imbalance
Energy losses and high running costs
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 40
The solution to poor Power Quality
ABB premium class Active Filters
PQFI
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide
41
PQFM
PQFK
PQFS
Where do harmonics come from?
‘Sinusoidal’ supply
voltage
Non-linear load
Harmonics = the distorted waveform – the 50Hz/60Hz part in the waveform

All non-linear loads create harmonics

A load which draws a non-sinusoidal (distorted) current, when a
pure sinusoidal voltage is applied, is a non-linear load
Where to find non-linear loads?
Everywhere and in ever increasing number

Industrial loads (mainly 3-wire systems)

AC and DC drives, UPS-systems, …



sometimes reactive power
Commercial loads (mainly 4-wire systems)

All office equipment such as computers,
saving lamps, photo copiers, fax-machines, …


© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 43
Harmonics between phases, imbalance,
Harmonics in neutral and between phases,
imbalance, sometimes reactive power

Are connected between line & neutral generating 3rd
harmonic in the neutral conductor

Some loads are unbalanced
Example of variable speed drives
Line Voltages & Line Currents at Pumping Cluster
750
500
Volts
250
0
-250
-500
-750
3000
2000
Amps
1000
0
-1000
-2000
-3000
10:25:43.72
10:25:43.73
CHA Volts
10:25:43.74
CHB Volts
Voltage: THDV = 12%
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 44
10:25:43.75
CHC Volts
CHA Amps
10:25:43.76
CHB Amps
Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25:43.533
10:25:43.77
CHC Amps
Current: THDI = 27%
10:25:43.78
Example of voltage at secondary of UPS-system
UPS output voltage (down the feeder)
400
300
200
-200
-300
-400
Voltage: THDV = 8.4%
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 45
mS ec
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
-100
2.5
0
0.0
Volts
100
Standards and regulations for harmonics

Purpose: Ensure that the network distortion does not
exceed permissible levels

That guarantees proper operation of connected equipment

Typical levels and tendencies :

THDV  5% and limit for each harmonic component
(acceptable even for very sensitive loads)

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 46

Derive maximum current limits to obtain voltage limits

Take into account high order harmonics
Standard references: IEC-standards, IEEE 519-1992
(USA), G5/4 (UK)
Traditional solutions to Power Quality problems

Structural Modifications
E.g.
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 47

Isolate harmonic sensitive loads from harmonic
producing loads

Use high pulse number drive configurations

Use special transformer couplings

Balance load connections over the three phases for
single phase equipment

Often only possible in design phase of the installation

Often not possible for all loads (e.g. PC’s)

May turn out to be very expensive with high space
requirement
Traditional solutions to Power Quality problems

Filtering efficiency depends on network parameters

Danger for overloading

Difficult to extend

Danger for resonance

Multiple branches required for filtering more than one
harmonic

Large space requirement

Provides always capacitive power

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 48

AC drives do not require capacitive power

Generators may not cope with capacitive power factor
Cannot balance loads
The best solution to harmonic problems
ABB active harmonic filters
1.3
1.3
Waveforms
1.3
0
0
0
3 60
360
360
-1 .3
-1.3
-1.3
CLEAN FEEDER
CURRENT
ACTIVE FILTER
CURRENT
LOAD CURRENT
40
40
Harmonics
40
=
20
0
+
20
0
20
0
-20
-20
-20
1
1
5
7
11
13
17
19
1
5
7
11
13
17
5
7
11
13
17
19
19
ABB filtering principle: cancellation of harmonics by equal
and opposite harmonic generation by an active filter device
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 49
Active harmonic filtering principle
FUNDAMENTAL ONLY
Schematic :
Feeder
ONLY
HARMONICS
PQF
1.3
1.3
1.3
0
0
0
360
360
- 1.3
-1.3
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 50
-1.3
360
ABB active filter types: The PQFS
The most compact member of the PQF family
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 51

Wall-mounted and compact
design (W x D x H: 585 x 310
x 700 mm)

3-Wire and 4-Wire connectivity
with same unit

3-Wire: 20 harmonics from 2nd
to 50th order
4-Wire: 15 harmonics from 2nd
to 50th order

Reactive power compensation
feature

Capacitive loads

Inductive loads

Target power factor settable
[0.6-1]
The PQFS
The existing generation
208 V  U  240 V and 380 V  U  415 V
30
45
60
70
80
90
100
Line current [A]
Neutral current = 3 x line rating limited to 270 Arms
Load balancing feature : line to line,
line to neutral or both

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 52
Ratings: 50/60 Hz

Up to four units of equal rating in
parallel

Bottom cable entry

Enclosure protection degree: IP30

Backlit user interface

CE & C-Tick versions available
The PQFS
The new generation: full-redundancy feature

Master-Master operation or masterslave operation

Master-slave operation gives
automatic redundancy of slaves
units

Master-master operation gives full
redundancy

Benefits:

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 53

Compliance with redundancy
requirements for critical
applications

Allows to switch off individual
units in a filter system while
other units keep running.
This feature is also implemented in
the other PQF-models
The PQFS
The new generation: full-redundancy feature


© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 54
Limited redundancy with master – slave filters

If slave fails, the master will automatically carry on

If master fails, the complete system stops
Full redundancy with new master – master filters

If master used as “slave” fails, the “real” master will
automatically carry on

If the “real” master fails, the next master used as
“slave” will assume the role of “real” master and carry
on.
ABB active filter types
The PQFK

4-wire active filter for neutral
current and line current filtering

15 harmonics from 2nd to 50th
order

Reactive power compensation
feature


Capacitive loads

Inductive loads

Target power factor settable
[0.6-1]
Load balancing feature


© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 55
Line to line, line to neutral or
both
Full redundancy and limited
redundancy versions available for
CE and C-Tick versions
ABB active filter types
The PQFS and PQFK


© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 56
Load balancing

Phase to phase (as in PQF-I-M series)

Phase to neutral

Allows to eliminate the 50/60 Hz neutral current due to
unbalanced loads connected between phase and
neutral, e.g. datacenter protection
Reduces voltage between neutral and ground conductors
ABB active filter types
The PQFM
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 57

3-wire active filter for line
current filtering

20 harmonics from 2nd to
50th order

Reactive power and line
balancing feature

Full redundancy and limited
redundancy versions
available for CE and C-Tick
versions
ABB active filter types
The PQFM
208 V  U  480 V
I [A] Small
70
I [A] Medium
100
I [A] Large
I [A] Large
Ratings for CE filters: 50/60 Hz

Up to eight units of equal or
non-equal rating in parallel

Top and bottom cable entry

Available in cubicle (IP21) and
in plate version (IP00)
130
150

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 58

Cubicle dimensions:
600*600*2150 mm

Plate dimensions:
498*400*1696 mm
CE, C-Tick and cUL versions
available
ABB active filter types
The PQFI
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 59

3-wire active filter for line
current filtering

20 harmonics from 2nd to 50th
order

Reactive power and line
balancing feature

Full redundancy and limited
redundancy versions available
for CE and C-Tick versions
ABB active filter types
The PQFI
208 V  U  480 V
480 V  U  690 V
I [A] Small
250
180*
I [A] Large
450
320*
Nr harms
20
20
* For system voltages > 600V, the current ratings may be derated automatically depending on
the operating temperature.
Ratings for CE filters: 50/60 Hz

Up to eight units of equal or non-equal rating in parallel

Bottom cable entry standard

Available in cubicle (IP21)


© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 60
Cubicle dimensions: 800*600*2150 mm
CE, C-Tick and cUL versions available
PQF-Range
Application area


© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 61
PQFS

Four wire commercial applications (e.g. office
applications, hotels, banks)

Three wire Industrial applications (e.g. pumping
stations) without notches
PQFK

High power four wire applications (e.g. office
applications, hotels, banks)

Industrial applications with presence of non-negligible
neutral harmonics without notches

PQFM : medium scale industrial three wire applications

PQFI: extra heavy, high power industrial applications
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (1)?
…because it is the best active filter around!
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 62

Filters up to 20 (PQFM/I) individually selectable harmonics
simultaneously in a range up to the 50th harmonic (15 harmonics for
PQFK & PQFS operating in 4 wire mode)

Desired harmonic levels can be preset for each individual harmonic

Unsurpassed harmonic attenuation factor ( 97% typically)

Operates with closed loop control for best accuracy

Stepless load balancing and reactive power compensation feature

Different modes of operation and smooth mode changing strategy

Auto temperature derating function – If ambient temperature increases
beyond acceptable limits (e.g. faulty airco) the filter will auto-derate
smoothly (down to max. 50% of its rating) and inform customer of this.
After correction of the problem, the filter will resume original rating
automatically
Why is it important to filter a large range?

Technical requirements
ABB
Filter up to H13
Filter up to H50
Filter up to H25

Regulation requirements
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 63
This speaks for itself and for
Example 1
Induction heating application
91.2 MVA
20 kV
3200/5
15 VA
700 kvar Drives
7%
945 kVA
(1010 A) (1364 A)
T1
2 MVA
6%
400 V
T2
2 MVA
6%
400 V
T3
2 MVA
6%
400 V
To T1
PQFA
296 kVA
(428 A)
400 kvar
7%
(577 A)
Drives
315 kVA
(455 A)
400 kvar
7%
(577 A)
Drives
315 kVA
(455 A)
Problem:
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 64

High frequency components disturb production system

Harmonic loads overload detuned banks
Example 1
Induction heating application
Solution: ABB active filter
Filtered line current
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
Line current [A]
Line current [A]
Initial line current
0
0
-1000
-1000
-2000
-2000
-3000
-3000
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time [ms]
High frequency content
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 65
30
35
40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time [ms]
Perfect sine wave
35
40
Example 1
Induction heating application
Solution: ABB active filter
Filtered line current
14%
14%
12%
12%
Current distortion [%]
Current distortion [%]
Initial line current
10%
8%
6%
10%
8%
4%
4%
2%
2%
0%
Effect on
high frequencies
6%
0%
0
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Frequency [Harmonics]
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 66
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Frequency [Harmonics]
Why select individual harmonics and levels?

Filter optimizes operation for each individual harmonic
( Wideband systems)

The user can allocate resources to the harmonics he needs
to filter and can forget about the others
( Wideband systems)


The user can put filtering levels in accordance with the
regulations/technical needs ( Wideband systems)


Efficient use of resources
Efficient use of resources
The filter can be used in parallel with existing passive filter
units ( Wideband systems)
!!! Beware of wideband systems !!!
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 67
Why use closed loop control?
Distortion source
Active
filter
open loop
Distortion source
ABB
PQF
closed loop
For best results: the filter ‘sees’ what it is doing and can
compensate for real life measurement inaccuracies
Closed loop CT configuration eases installation
Reduced installation cost
No special high precision costly CTs required
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 68
Why use closed loop control?
Closed loop control
Openloop
loop
operation
Open
operation
AF
Target
AF
Control
Output
Target
Measurement Feedback
Control
Output
Measurement
!!! Beware of pseudo closed loop systems !!!

Open loop systems that use a closed loop measurement

Calculate the open loop reference by subtracting the data
obtained from two different CT types

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 69
Introduces inaccuracies in the control
Why use closed loop control?
Closed loop control
Directly control & measure THDI and total
load current then compensate
Control point
CT : x/5A
PQF
VFD
VFD
VFD
VFD
Other loads
THDI = ? unknown
Total loads = ? Unknown
Pass/fail regulation = ? Unknown
Control point
CT
CT:x/1A
VFD
spare
Future extention = easy
Open loop operation
AF?
VFD
VFD
CT
VFD
CT
CT
VFD
VFD
spare
Other loads
SCT
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 70
Accuracy drop !
Future extention =?
Why use closed loop control?
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 71

Directly measure and control harmonic current flowing to
network

No risk of wrong THDI calculation

Can verify harmonic according to regulation directly

Simple CT connection

Normal CT X/5A class 1 is sufficient

Easy for future harmonic load extensions

Better accuracy & safety

Appropriate for local & global compensation
Example 2
Variable speed drives
LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENTS AT PUMPING CLUSTER
750
500
Volts
250
0
-250
-500
-750
3000
2000
Amps
1000
0
-1000
-2000
-3000
10:25:43.72
10:25:43.73
CHA Volts
Voltage: THDV = 12%
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 72
10:25:43.74
CHB Volts
10:25:43.75
CHC Volts
CHA Amps
10:25:43.76
CHB Amps
Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25:43.533
10:25:43.77
CHC Amps
Current: THDI = 27%
10:25:43.78
Example 2
Variable speed drives
LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENT WITH ACTIVE FILTER
750
500
Volts
250
0
-250
-500
-750
3000
2000
Amps
1000
0
-1000
-2000
-3000
10:41:55.72
10:41:55.73
CHA Volts
Voltage: THDV = 2%
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 73
10:41:55.74
CHB Volts
10:41:55.75
CHC Volts
CHA Amps
10:41:55.76
CHB Amps
Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:41:55.533
10:41:55.77
CHC Amps
Current: THDI = 3%
10:41:55.78
Why perform load balancing?
Example
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 74
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (1)?
… It offers best performance on all networks and can grow with your needs!


3-wire and 4-wire versions available in a wide voltage and
current range

Suitable for small applications (e.g. 30 A, 45A, 60 A)

Suitable for large applications (e.g. 3600 A)
Does not get affected by changes in network impedance
E.g. transformer paralleling, switch to backup generator

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 75
Always perfect filtering results
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (2)?
… It offers best performance on all networks and can grow with your needs!
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 76

Uses an active unoverloadable technology that creates
with high precision the filter harmonics

Keeps running at nominal rating and informs customer of
this

Has a modular design, upgradeable on site

PQFS and K: up to 4 units

PQFM and I: up to 8 units, units of different sizes may be
combined
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (3)?
… because it is designed with the customer in mind!
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 77

Full redundancy and limited redundancy versions available

Auto restart functionality after power outage

Remote control functionality through user programmable digital inputs

6 user programmable digital output contacts for filter operation
monitoring

Modbus RTU communication capability

Alarm contact with normal open and normal closed connection

Low loss control system (e.g. 500 W to 2.8 kW for 100 A unit at 400V)

Main and auxiliary settings functionality

Functions with standard class CTs

Optical link between different modules for maximum isolation

Reinforced output filters for certain models as standard

Manufactured under the high ABB quality control guidelines
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (4)?
…because it has an excellent user interface offering extensive network
analysis tools!

Standard provided with each filter

Easy setup of the active filter

Three phase network analyzer

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 78

Numerical data

Spectra

Time domain waveforms of all important electric parameters
Filter status analysis tools

Filter load indication

Event log including fault analysis with time stamp

Temperature sensor indications

Connection point for all customer control and monitoring I/O

Backlit display
Why use the PQF range of Active Filters (5)?
…because it can be equipped with the options you need!
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 79

Higher protection degree for certain models (IP41)

RS232 - RS485 converter for Modbus communication

Base frame

Top cable entry for PQFI

Reinforced output filters for DC drive loads

PQF-Link software for programming and monitoring the
filter from a PC
Where are the PQF active filters used?
…everywhere where Power Quality is at stake!!!
Hotels, banks,
computing
centres
Water treatment
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 80
Printing press
Paper machine
Offshore
Ski lifts
Centrifuges
Propulsion
Cranes
Telecom
Petrochemical
industry
Winders
Compressors
Some more examples and references
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 81

Unbalanced load filtering

Neutral connection protection filtering

Bank building compensation

Hotel filtering

VISA calculation centre filtering
Example 4
Unbalanced loads filtering
1200
1000
800
Load side currents
[200A/div]
L3
L2
L1
600
400
200
0
- 200
- 400
- 600
- 800
-1000
-1200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time [5ms/div]
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 82
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Example 4
Unbalanced loads filtering
1 20 0
1 00 0
80 0
Supply side currents
[200A/div]
L3
L2
L1
60 0
40 0
20 0
0
- 20 0
- 40 0
- 60 0
- 80 0
-1 00 0
-1 20 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Time [5ms/div]
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 83
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Example 5
Neutral protection overload
MV
LV
L1 (R)
Protection
Ith (L): 100ARMS
N: 65-80% * Ith
L2 (Y)
L3 (B)
N
PQFT
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 84
NL Loads:
NL Loads:
NL Loads:
- Fluor. light - PCs
- ...
- Fluor. light - PCs
- ...
- Fluor. light - PCs
- ...
Example 5
Neutral protection overload
H3 in neutral with and without filter
I [100 A/div]
Without filter
Without filter:
- IH3  150 ARMS
I [100 A/div]
With filter
With filter:
- IH3  0
ARMS
Time [10 ms/div]
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 85
Example 6
Bank building compensation
TR1
TR2
1600kVA
1600kVA
Bus1
PART #1
Bus2
CT
1500/5A
UPS1
3x300kVA
G2
PQFL
G3
TR3
1600kVA
Bus3
PART #2
2x80kVA
CT
400/5A
UPS3
G1
CT
1500/5A
CT
250/5A
3x400V+N 50Hz
3x400V+N 50Hz
PQFT
LOADS
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 86
PQFL
PQFT
LOADS
Example 6
Bank building compensation
UPS output voltage
UPS output voltage
without compensation
with compensation
400
400
300
200
100
100
-200
-200
-300
-300
-400
-400
mSec
mSec
THDV = 8.4%
Filter running at nominal (full) load
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 87
THDV = 4.7%
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
-100
2.5
0
0.0
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
-100
2.5
0
Volts
200
0.0
Volts
300
Example 7
Other examples

Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai

VISA calculation center in
UK

© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 88
CCTV in China
Conclusions
ABB

Has a complete range of active filters

Has a vast amount of experience in the active filter field
ABB active filters:
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 89

Have extremely high filtering efficiency

Can filter up to a very high order

Allow for reactive power compensation and load
balancing (between lines or/and between line & neutral)

Are designed with the customer in mind
© ABB Group
August 29, 2016 | Slide 90