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Editor: Fernando Gubbins. Editores asociados: Luisa Angrisani, Antonio Espinoza. Asistente de edición: Francisco Ángeles. Corrección: Anahí Barrionuevo. Editor gráfico: Augusto Nieves. Comercialización y ventas: Arturo Conde. Asistente de publicidad:
Justine Thurman. Practicante: Elsa Cárcamo. Foto portada: Verso Books
PRL – Primera Revista Latinoamericana de Libros. Diciembre 2007, enero 2008, volumen 1, número 2. Una publicación bimestral
de Mido Editores Inc., 474 Central Park West, New York, NY 10025, 1(212) 864-4280.
Copyright © 2007. Derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida sin permiso expreso de Mido
Editores.
identity, memory, and diaspora
voices of cuban-american
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jorge j. e. gracia,
lynette m. f. bosch, and
isabel alvarez borland, editors
Offers a detailed picture of the
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$70.00 hc/978-0-7914-7317-7
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idea of a nation diplaced
andrea o’reilly herrera, editor
Internationally renowned scholars
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new
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global fragments
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eduardo mendieta
Philosophical explorations of the
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$70.00 hc/978-0-7914-7257-6
the ravine
nivaria tejera
translated and with an afterword by
carol maier
Fictional narrative of a young girl’s
experiences at the beginning of the
Spanish Civil War.
$14.95 pb/978-0-7914-7292-7
available 1/08
order from your
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www.sunypress.edu
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Two novels by José Sarney
Translated by Gregory Rabassa
When gold was discovered in the legendary
Calçoene River basin at the end of the nineteenth
century, prospectors, swindlers, heroes and
drifters rushed to the region. That vacant
wilderness was a bloody frontier of violence and
passion where territory, wealth and women were
fought over. In this world lived Saraminda, who
became an unquenchable desire for the men who
encountered her.
“How I loved this beautiful novel...Sarney revives
the gold prospectors of Amapá with a sharp
sensibility for ethnographic realism permeated by
a powerful lyricism.”
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Cristório spends his life sailing among islands
off the Brazilian coast, searching for his
beloved dragged off long ago by the ocean
and its monsters. He encounters ghost ships and
mysterious sea creatures, shipwrecked sailors
and abandoned islands. From his baptism at
sea in a hurricane to his end fleeing the jaws of
a shark, this story mixes legend and reality with
a haunting beauty.
“A powerful, magnificent novel. Sarney has
come to join Brazil’s finest writers.”
Jorge Amado
[email protected] • phone & fax 612-379-7639
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“¡Esta revista habrá que leerla!”
Carla Cordua en El Mercurio de Santiago
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A Turbulent Decade Remembered
Scenes from the Latin American Sixties
DIANA SORENSEN
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New York University
Cultural Memory in the Present
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The Technical Imagination
Argentine Culture’s Modern Dreams
BEATRIZ SARLO, Translated by XAVIER CALLAHAN
In what Beatriz Sarlo calls six “episodes,” ranging from the proto-science fiction of Horacio Quiroga and the apocalyptic urban surrealism of Roberto
Arlt through the development of mass media, tales of inventors and inventions, and an entertaining tour of “weird science” and medical quackery, The
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A Pueblo Divided
Business, Property, and Community in Papantla, Mexico
EMILIO KOURÍ
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Columbia University
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800.621.2736
www.sup.org
Stanford
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moderna, de Martín Caparrós.
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El Colegio de México, 2006,
580 pp., US$ 22
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TA M E S I S
A Companion to Golden Age Theatre
JONATHAN THACKER
This Companion is a readable and up-to-date guide to
all aspects of the extraordinary flowering of theatre in
Early-Modern Spain.
$85, 240 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-140-0
Memorias cronológicas sobre el origen
de la representación de comedias
en España (año de 1785)
JOSÉ ANTONIO DE ARMONA
EDITED BY CHARLES DAVIS WITH J. E. VAREY
Una nueva edición de la primera historia sistemática
del teatro en España.
$85, 368 pp., 8 b&w illus., ISBN: 978-1-85566-045-8
Contemporary Spanish American Novels
by Women
Mapping the Narrative
SUSAN E. CARVALHO
A reading of contemporary women’s fiction in Spanish
America in which space, rather than time, is seen as
the driver of the narrative.
$85, 208 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-142-4
Love, Desire and Identity in the Theatre
of Federico García Lorca
PAUL MCDERMID
Physical desire and metaphysical love in the theatre of
Federico García Lorca.
$85, 232 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-146-2
A Companion to Federico García Lorca
EDITED BY FEDERICO BONADDIO
Provides a clear, critical appraisal of the issues and debates surrounding the work of Spain’s most celebrated
poet and dramatist.
$85, $85 pp., 4 color illus., ISBN: 978-1-85566-141-7
A Companion to Latin American
Literature
STEPHEN M. HART
A lively and informative introduction to the most
significant literary works produced in Latin America
from the fifteenth century until the present day.
$85, 352 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-147-9
The Spanish Eye
Painters and Poets of Spain
ROBERT HAVARD
The distinctively Spanish approach to reality and the
visual image in painting and poetry.
$85, 184 pp., 8 color illus., ISBN: 978-1-85566-143-1
Género y violencia en la narrativa
del Cono Sur (1954–2003)
BETINA KAPLAN
La construcción de subjetividades femeninas en el
contexto de la violencia en Argentina, Chile y Uruguay.
$80, 152 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-148-6
Las Obras en Verso del Príncipe
de Esquilache
Amateurismo y conciencia literaria
JAVIER JIMÉNEZ BELMONTE
Las Obras de Esquilache como pieza clave para la comprensión del papel del amateurismo aristocrático en la
formación del campo literario barroco español.
$85, 264 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-149-3
The Place of Argument
Essays in Honour of Nicholas G. Round
EDITED BY RHIAN DAVIES
AND ANNY BROOKSBANK JONES
Essays in honour of Nicholas Round, one of the most
significant figures of contemporary Hispanism.
$105, 264 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-152-3
Diamela Eltit: Reading the Mother
MARY GREEN
The textual and linguistic emphasis on the maternal
body in the narrative fiction of Diamela Eltit is fundamental to understanding the critical challenge posed
by her work in the Chilean context.
$80, 184 pp., ISBN: 978-1-85566-155-4
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