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ISSN No.2231-5063
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Volume - 5 | Issue - 10 | April - 2016
Golden Research Thoughts
GRT
META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
1
2
3
Ashish Kumar Katiyar , Syed Tariq Murtaza and Shamshad Ali
1
Research Scholar ,Dept of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P.) India.
2
Associate Professor , Dept of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P.) India.
3
Assistant Professor ,Mechanical Engg. Section, University Polytechnic, A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P.) India.
ABSTRACT
There has been a major transformation in cricket bats throughout the history. So a review was carried
out to identify published work on cricket bat design and development of its manufacturing over the
years in a sequence. The origin of cricket can be followed a magnificent past and a complex history (Bob
Woolmer 2008). It relishes 400-odd years of annals (Murtaza S. T. & et. al. 2014). Authors believe that it
has been originated from the ancient sport of India i.e. Gilli Danda (Tipcat in English) which has possibly
the origin over 2500 years ago (Steve Craig-2002 & John Arlott-1975). The first bat was an unfashioned
branch from a tree and was used to defend against a suitably rounded stone in the game from which
cricket evolved. Since this time, the design of the bat has been as intrinsic part of the games
development, but these changes have been empirical and the effectiveness of the bat maker and
batsman.
KEYWORDS :Meta-Analysis ,cricket
development , cricket organization .
INTRODUCTION :
Indeed, much of history of cricket
development has been lost or never
recorded. It was popular there by the
end of 17th century. However, it is
known that by the second half of
18th century that the aristocracy had
been adopted the game and crowds
up to 20,000 were watching the game of cricket and high stack gambling was involved (Green 1988).
The evident popularity of the game necessitated some consistent rules and a code of Laws laid down by
the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1788 and adopted throughout the game. Prior to this code, the
rules varied depending upon in which part of British Isles the game was being played in 1744 the
London Cricket Club produced that are recognizably the rules of modern cricket. The MCC, one of the
oldest (1788) cricket organization and it is still the custodian of Laws relating to cricket around the
world international governing body.
The international cricket game is run by the International Council of Cricket (ICC) and each
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META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
country has its own cricket board or governing body. The ICC facilitates test cricket from 1909 to till date
and in 1971 one day cricket had been evolved in the history to till date and from 2003 the other format
of cricket introduced i.e. T-20. Now ICC facilitates three types of international cricket i.e. Test cricket (5
days), One Day and T-20.
The cricket board for each country cannot impose rules that contravene the official MCC Laws of
cricket. However they do define the structure of domestic competition as well as regulating aspect of
the equipment used except the rules of the game and their correlation with the design of cricket
equipments in particular, the materials used and construction of equipments.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Unlike most major sports, the game cricket has seen little development in its implement based
on modern technologies. The design of the bat (blade & handle) has also changed over the years. Since
this time, the design of the bat has been as intrinsic part of the games development.
While earliest cricket bats from the 17th century were made out of a single piece of wood upto
18th century. The first bat was an unfashioned branch from a tree and was used to defend against a
suitably rounded stone in the game. In 1820’s world of English cricket, the introduction of faster ‘round
arm’ bowling had led to the ball bouncing higher, and the bat becoming lighter with a higher ‘swell’ to
compensate. By the 1830’s faster bowling against lighter bats was causing regular handle breakages. So
by seeing this entire thing happening basic carpentry skills were brought to bear, and a splice was
introduced; its sole purpose being to make bat repair simple by moving the broken handle and adding a
new one. The early handles used either willow or wooden ash (Curtis, D. 2012).
Cricket bats were made from just one piece of wood until 1830, but this often led to bats
shattering and breaking. A development that made this much less likely was the addition of a separate
handle (Darling, G. 2009), which led down to a tapered splice, which fitted into the blade of the bat. This
made bats much stronger and this is still essentially how bats are made today.
Batsman must still have been unhappy with the level of shock transferred to the hand when
hitting at faster balls. So a bright spark in 1840 through of adding a slim piece of whale bone into the
handle (Curtis, D. 2012), which would have made that handle a little more flexible and complaint. This
had the desired effect of reducing the induced shock and prolonging the life of a handle and some few
year later instead of that whalebones gave way to India rubber, that was best suitable material found
for damping vibration.
The first use of cane for the handle and the method of manufacture from multiple pieces in
1853 (Curtis, D. 2009) have remained largely unchanged. Thomas Nixon, a Notts cricketer, took another
inventive step and replaced the willow and ash handle with the cane handle (Curtis, D. 2012). By
introducing the use of cane wood in handle making in cricket bat was now beautifully constructed for
reducing vibrating effect on the striking the ball with the bat.
After that, over arm was permitted in 1864 (Williamson, M. 2006). With due effect of that law
the bats became lighter a gain and developed a more refined shaping of the blade. Handles became
intricate construction and were nearly all made of cane with Indian rubber grip for damping and
resilience to breaking- and in 1870 so the bat as we know it today was born or shape of today’s cricket
bat evolves.
But the current design of a cane handle spliced into a willow blade was the invention in 1880’s of
Charles Richardson, a pupil of Brunel and the chief engineer of the Severn Railway tunnel. (Severn
Tunnel, 1971). It appears that bat makers of this era were experimenting with improvements on the
early laminated cane handles of the 1860’s.
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META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
All previous composite ideas were either wood combinations or variants on using rubber sheets
or layers. Aside from the creation of a spliced cane handle, the earliest patent recorded for a novel
laminate (or composite) bat was around 1887 by the Cobbett Cricket Bat Factory (Curtis, D., 2010). The
idea is best described as a cricket bat having an ash frame with a cork playing surface reinforced with cat
gut.
The preceding 20 years from Brown’s creation had seen raft of patented ideas on the theme,
some daft and some sensible. In the late 1880’s ‘The Automatic Bat Handle’ patented by LJ Nicolls
created a novel method of making a bat handle, for which he subsequently filed a patent (No. 14,250) in
October 1888, used a curve profile to join two halves of the handles, and was used by W G Grace to
score over 2000 runs and his 100th century (Curtis, D. 2009).
The handle was a two-piece unit that fitted together with opposing curved (sinusoidal) faces.
The idea was to interlock the two sides of the cane handle with curves instead of the traditional flat
surfaces. The two curved faces were interposed by a strip of gutta percha (that's a type of rubber in
modern language). The claimed benefit was improved vibration damping, although Nicolls used the
more prosaic words "automatic non-concussive handle".
English manufacturer C.C. Bussey found that the heartwood of The English Willow Tree was too
heavy so he decided to use the sapwood of the tree, instead, in 1890. By using this part of the tree it
made the cricket bat lighter. This style of bat began to catch on and many cricket players began using the
bat made of "White Willow." The weight of this bat was between 2 lbs. and 2 lbs. 4 oz. The use of this
style of bat was referred to as "The Golden Age of Batting." The bats of this era were very slim, straight in
profile, and had very thin edges.
Necessity is the mother of invention. Hence the search was to find better options. English bat
manufacture M/s C.C Bussey started using sapwood which happened to be lighter and attractive.
Subsequently, the bat manufacture started using white willows which proved to be much lighter. These
bats were much thinner and of straight the blades used to carry more weight. The handle and the length
were smaller. The weights of the bats were between 2 pound to 2 pound 4ounces.
With such changes in shape of bats, the technique of batting underwent changing.
Improvisation like cuts, late cut, leg glance, gliding were visible. In other words, timing of the ball
became more evident than the power hitting. The shape of cricket bats remained almost similar from
1890.
In total there has been (at least) 107 cricket bat related patents published since 1884. On-line
records show 100 patents going back as far as 1894. An additional 7 patents have been found through
research that date from 1884 to 1891. There may be a few more published patents hidden in the
archives, although this is unlikely to be more than a handful.
In the good old days of cricket at the end of the 19th and start of the 20th century there wasn't
the need to control bat power in the same way. The high-tech material of 100+ years ago was India
rubber, and used only for damping in the handle. A trawl through my cricket bat patent database reveals
some quirky ideas in cricket bat handles being offered up at the time, and here is one in 1908 Summers
Brown filed a patent to improve the cricket bat handle(Curtis, D. 2009). Summers Brown Ltd
manufactured bats in Finchley, and these were used by the legendary Jack Hobbs. In this interesting and
slightly bizarre idea, Brown takes a solid cane handle and makes deep saw cuts along its length, then
interweaving a rubber band to create the damping element. The end result created what was in effect
three longitudinal rubber springs, but appeared to use an awful lot more rubber than was necessary. It
probably made the handle too flexible and was likely to have a short life.
There were 15 handle patents in the 20 years spanning of 1890 to 1910, compared to 5 blade
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META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
patents. Ultimately most of the handles ideas proved unsustainable, being either ineffective or
uneconomic to make compared to the flat slip laminated cane handle with flat sheets of cork or rubber
springs of the model that was finally patented by Henry Gradidge in 1910. This concept appears to be an
optimal design, and due to the constraints of Law 6, it remains so.
With the changed shape of a Bat, experimentation went on to choose the right quality of
material for blade and handle, which can withstand the stroke of the hard cricket ball having desired
resilience.
By 1920, the pendulum swung back in favor of using the heavier bats. The weight of the bats
ranged from 2.2 lbs. to 2.9 lbs. The most famous of the big bats was Bill Ponsford's "Big Bertha." This
baby weighed 2.9 pounds. Players found by using the heavier bat the bat lasted longer.
In 1954 John Lewis of the Rubber Improvement Company patented the first idea for a plastic bat
to be made in a mould Factory (Curtis, D., 2010). He referred to using hard-setting resins that could be
reinforced with glass, nylon or cotton, and the cavity filled with cork, wood, sponge or ‘likefilling’
substance.
From 1960 the cricket bat has thus changed with the changing needs of the game. Every bat
manufacturer innovated newer methods by careful design of scoops, hollow, plugs etc.
Various companies have over the years tried new shapes that come within the laws of the game
to make a name for them and to improve sales. In the 1960s the first shoulder less bats appeared from
Slazenger. This allowed more of the weight to be redistributed to the "sweet spot" of the blade
providing more power to each stroke, whilst still having good balance and light "pick up.
In 1974 the first GN100 Scoop was released; This was the first bat to turn shaping on its head by
removing the wood from the centre of the rear of the bat. By removing this wood, the bat became
lighter, its sweet spot grew and its pick up improved. Even though there is less material, strong strokes
are still possible if well timed. It allows weaker players to play many strokes they would otherwise omit
from their repertoire.
But at the last of December 1979 a new type of bat called ‘The Combat’ was aluminum Cricket
Bat used by Dennis Lillee during the 2nd day of the play in Perth. Thereafter the rules for Cricket Bat
were shortly amended, stating that the blade of a bat must be made entirely of wood Sengupta, A.
(2012).
Fast forward to 1980’s because nothing much happened with bat innovation after 1864, not
least where the splice was concerned a few ideas came along in peoples mind that are first up in 1979
Reginald Simpson of Gun & Moore was named as the inventor on patent no. GB 2059269. This describes
a handle that was an alloy tube filled with sawdust or foam (Curtis, D., 2012).
The GM patent idea of 1979 (with an alloy handle) never found its way into production, but the
GM boys took the idea a step further and spawned the GM Galaxy. According to the catalogue of the
time, this bat had a ‘glass-fibre rod surrounded by a shock-absorbent matrix’, which was then
encapsulated with a ‘hyper-sprung extruded polyastra’. Apparently the bat sounded awful so the
handle was filled with sawdust to improve it. However, the handles regularly broke, and they also
leaked sawdust (Curtis, D., 2012).
In 1982 and 1983, John Newbery was behind two patents (GB2103096 and GB2116435) of a
similar nature to GMs, which had the same idea of a central rod surrounded by a compressible plastic or
foam to create the handle. With these ideas the splice as we had known it since 1864 could be removed,
and a novel construction method introduced (Curtis, D., 2012).
Fast forward in time to the 1990’s and the creation of a concept by a Taiwanese Dr. Suk-Ho Ryu,
and commercialised by Canadian company Wavex. The idea was initially proposed as a solution to
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META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
reducing tennis elbow in tennis players, but was then put forward as a shock absorbing feature for many
applications that involved humans and repetitive impacts, such as hammers and power tools.
Unfortunately it doesn't seem to have survived as a viable commercial product, which calls into
question its benefits over more conventional and standard methods of vibration damping.
A modern example of striving to use new materials is a patent by Michael Curtis (no relation) of
Dunlop’s in 1993, who were then the owners of Slazenger and producer of Slazenger cricket bats(Curtis,
D., 2010). He proposed a predominantly plastic bat that had a willow insert for the striking surface. The
interesting thing here is that a previous law change in 1980 banned any non-wood materials in the
blade.
In December 2002 the Wavex Company claimed their idea would offer benefit to cricket bats,
and this was covered by a patent application (No. 2,396,563). It was later licensed for cricket bats to
Kippax in the UK. How does the Wavex idea work and look on a cricket bat? It uses a curved surface
pattern on the handle (sound familiar?), but this time on the outside of the handle, and with a shallow
curvature. Alongside the claimed benefit of reducing vibration, there is also a claim of increasing bat
power. The veracity of the Wavex claims for increasing power in cricket bats is debatable, as is the
vibration damping properties of a shallow curved surface in a continuous solid.
No doubt the advancement of polymers, plastics, glass fibre, and composites in general had
prompted Simpson at GM and Newbery at GN to try something different. Both ideas looked afresh at
the handle, and saw potential for change. The GM Galaxy never worked well enough for them and was
binned. However, in deepest Sussex, the Newbery idea was taken further by Tim Keeley in 2002, then
making Newbery bats. Tim Keeley spawned a third generation splice, and this one worked. Newbery
created the C6 handle, Puma licenced Keeley’s idea and put it in their 6000 series bats, and Gray Nicolls
dusted off their own patents and cultivated the Fusion bat. All these were sadly scuppered by the MCC
in 2008 who took a rather luddite-like view of technology, and changed Law 6 to ban them.
In 2005 Kookaburra released a new type of bat that had a Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
support down the spine of the bat. It was put on the bat to provide more support to the spine and blade
of the bat, thus prolonging the life of the bat. The first player to use this new bat in international cricket
was Australian Ricky Ponting. However this innovation in cricketing technology was controversially
banned by the ICC as they were advised by the MCC that it unfairly gave more power in the shot and was
unfair in competition, as not all players had access to this new technology. But this was not taken lightly
by Australian media as Ponting had scored plenty of runs since he started to use his new bat and English
reporters had blamed this success on the new, 'unfair' piece of technology in his bat.
In 2005 Newbery also created a carbon fibre handle, the C6 and C6+, which weighed 3 ounces
/85 grams less than a standard laminated cane and rubber handle. It was used by Newbery and Puma
for 3 years before the concept was copied by Gray Nicolls with a hollow plastic tube.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_bat)
Then, in 2006, along came the carbon-fibre composite handle, with Newbery (the original
patent holder), and Puma offering up a product. Gray Nicolls follow in 2007 with the Fusion. However,
this provoked the MCC to change the law on materials in handles amid fears that the new technology
would lead to an increase in the distance the ball was hit (Curtis, D. 2009). Now only 10% of the volume
of the handle can be other than cane (M.C.C. 2008).
In 2008 Gray Nicolls launched a bat with a second face on the base of the back of the bat. It was
purely a marketing move as no paid players used the bat in competition. And then along came the
Mongoose cricket bat in 2008. It is unconventional, inspired by Twenty 20, innovative, and approved by
the MCC.
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META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
Also in late 2008, SAF Bats created a cricket bat with an offset edge, the edge offsetting allowed
for an extended middle, better swing weight and increased performance without compromising the
cricket bat's balance. The production models were available in 2009, and the bat won awards in 2010
and 2012.These bat quickly became a big seller and various scooped bats such as the GN500, Dynadrive
and Viper have been released by Gray Nicolls ever since, including a rerelease of the Scoop itself for the
2012 English season. The removal of wood from the rear has been copied by many other companies
without much critical acclaim.
Finally, in 2009 came the Mongoose. They claimed to be the best innovation for 200 years. They
claimed to have ‘unique splice technology’. But to be fair, all they did, in their own words, was “drop the
shoulders down by 9 inches”, or looking at it the other way, move the splice into the handle.
Following on from the Dual T20 (double sided bat), GN have produced another novelty bat
called The Edge for 2011. Is this another case of letting the marketing department sniff glue once again
produced a bat with an offset handle position known as The Edge in what was also purely a marketing
move.
Mirik Gogri, Ayush Jain and Kshitij Thavare take the initiative of making a bat by the poor
performance of Indian cricket team in the 2011 test series vs England and Australia, and 2012 to 2014
they worked on it after completing it in march 2014, and named as 'Gladius Blade Bat' taking motivation
from Gladius, the latin word for sword. They send the design to the MCC for its approval making it legal,
and the MCC Sub Law Board of trustees affirmed the bat inside of the current laws at all levels of Cricket.
(Monga, S. 2015)
At last but not least a cricket bat with detachable handle has been invented by Shamshad Ali and
Syed Tariq Murtaza and a patent application has been filed in the Office of Patent, New Delhi, India and
same has been published in the Journal of Patent Office in India (Ali, S. & Murtaza, S. T. (2014). This
cricket bat with detachable handle of changing length contains two sections of the handle. Section 1
remains fixed with the blade of the cricket bat. Section 2 may be more than one having distinctive
lengths and can either be detached or attached with section 1, as per the requirement of the batsman
more research is needed in the detachable handle especially the joint should be made of which
material etc.
CONCLUSION:
A review was carried out to identify published work on cricket bat design and development of its
manufacturing. The majority of research into cricket bat has traditionally been directed at the problem
of maximizing the speed of the cricket ball after impact with the bat. As development and popularity of
the game is increases by seeing this entire thing basis carpentry skills were brought to put up with.
There has been a major transformation in cricket bats throughout the history. The cricket bat, a
wondrous thing of control and power, has attempted to develop from its 1860's incarnation. In the
geometry and style, cricket bat changes constantly and the bat manufacturer & producers look to be
different themselves, driven by materialistic need to make new models for every season. It echoes a
previous burst of creativity at the start of the last century, but this time the guardians of the rules, the
MCC, have taken a dim view of all this new cleverness by the manufacturers. The MCC decided the
trend would tilt the balance in favour of the batsmen too much, where ball, pitches and boundaries
have remained unchanged. So they modified Rule 6, and allow only 10% of 'non-wood' material in the
handle. But the necessity is the mother of invention so once again in the light of MCC’s rule of cricket
bat characteristics and in spite of regular attempts made to include new materials and techniques for
the advancement and modification of a new recent development in cricketing equipments and this
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META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
little development in its implement based on modern technologies as unlike most major sports would
be dominant in the era of modern cricket.
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VARYING LENGTH) retrieved from https://ipindiaonline.gov.in/patentsearch/search/index.aspx
(Accessed on Nov 23, 2015 at 1:00 IST)
2.Bob Woolmer (2008). Bob Woolmer’s Art & Science of Cricket, published by Struik Publishers (a
division of New Holland Publishing (South Africa) (Pvt. Ltd.)
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(Accessed on April 04, 2016 at 5:00 pm IST)
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ISBN 978-0192115386
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(Accessed on Nov 13, 2014 at 7:00 pm IST)
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(Accessed on April 04, 2016 at 7:00 pm IST)
14.Monga, S. (2015, June 8). A bat with less of an edge, to give batsmen an edge. Retrieved from
http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/885075.html (Accessed on Dec 12, 2015 at
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15.Morgan, D. (2002). History of Cricket. Retrieved on July 8, 2015
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(Accessed on Dec 13, 2015 at 2:00 pm IST)
16.Murtaza S. T. & et al. Innovative Method To Practice & Improve The Game Of Cricket. Published in
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(Accessed on Dec 12, 2015 8:30 am IST)
17.Sengupta, A. (2012). The Ashes 1979: Dennis Lillee walks out to bat with an aluminum bat! Retrieved
on July 8, 2015, from http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/the-ashes-1979-dennis-lillee-walksAvailable online at www.lsrj.in
7
META-ANALYSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET BAT OVER THE YEARS
out-to-bat-with-an-aluminium-bat-20910 at
(Accessed on Dec 12 at 9:00 pm IST )
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