Write the Ship
A Journal of Student Writing 2013-2014
Write the Ship
A Journal of Student Writing
Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Laurie J.C. Cella
Student Editor:
Paul Deichmann
Cover:
"No. 4"
Ethan Rickrode
Watercolor
Shippensburg University
2013-2014
Write the Ship is sponsored by the Department of English,
and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs
Editor’s Preface
A
s teachers and writers, we are always drawn to beauty – the beautiful phrase, the well-drawn image,
group of themes: the disappearance of the burrowing owl, the importance of family-friend business, and the
the larger purpose of Write the Ship
watch him shape this edition into one of beauty.
artists willing to display their work in Write the Ship.
Dr. Laurie J.C. Cella
Faculty Advisor
Editor’s Preface
Write the Ship
was possible because of you.
continuing the tradition beginning in the Enlightenment, is contained in the question: “is this really what we
and foreign and made them fresh, in an attempt to really see the world, so that they might know what they are.
We selected the art on this theme. We were inspired by how Ethan Rickrode’s painting made us see a scene with
The Hunger Games and
Twilight
know.
celebrated.
Paul Deichmann
Student Editor
Contents
Introductory Level Course Writing
Editor’s Choice First Place
Military Preparedness and the Civilian Conservation Corps
Luke Strawser ....................................................................................................................................11
Editor’s Choice Second Place
Does Absence Truly Make the Heart Grow Fonder?
Emily Albertson...................................................................................................................................16
Editor’s Choice Third Place
Ancient Egyptian Dentistry: The Influence that Varying Diet Due to Social
Structure had on the Development of a Dental Profession in Ancient Egypt
Kaitlyn Frey .........................................................................................................................................19
Media Content Analysis: Grey's Anatomy
Danielle Adams ..................................................................................................................................28
An Interpersonal Analysis of "Friends with
Benefits" Relationships in College Settings
Amanda Segner, Amanda Martin, Matt Atwell, and Lauren Burkhart .................................................30
Parents Will Be Parents
Chancellor Campbell ..........................................................................................................................39
Shippensburg University: Safety and Security
Emily Cox, Maddie Kuhn, and Melissa Radomicki .............................................................................44
David Craig .........................................................................................................................................47
One Shall Not Be Ashamed Of What Cannot Be Changed
Alessandra Cupani .............................................................................................................................48
Service Learning: Much More than an Educational Experience
Dominic Ferentinos.............................................................................................................................50
Hooray for Cheerleading!
Emily Frieben ......................................................................................................................................54
An Analysis and Comparison of Perspectives of the First Crusade
Corinne Gorak-Lacquement ...............................................................................................................57
The Trial of Robert Sandoval: A Report
Tracy Hoffman ....................................................................................................................................60
Forced Conformity of Inhumanity
Terri Hoover ........................................................................................................................................62
Connecting the Dots: Jealousy and Roommate Conflict
Danielle Hornberger, Kathryn Keefer, Kacie Marsh, ...........................................................................65
KellyAnn Mack, and Dana Wodarczyk ................................................................................................65
The Oyster and the Slave: Ownership and Environmental
Justice on Maryland’s Antebellum Eastern Shore
Andrew Hutchinson ............................................................................................................................73
China’s One-Child Policy: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly
Ashley Moriarty ..................................................................................................................................76
Tattoos: "From Rebellion to Expression."
Aleister Oldhouser ..............................................................................................................................79
The American Dream and an American Myth
Matthew Peck .....................................................................................................................................82
Responsive Film Critique: Hotel Rwanda
Carolyn Seibert-Drager .......................................................................................................................85
Super Bowl Commercials’ Representation of Social Identities
Anna Seils ...........................................................................................................................................87
What Defines Success?
Hunter Wolfe .......................................................................................................................................90
Upper Level Course Writing
Editor’s Choice First Place
Sherburn and Transcendentalism
Collin Brackin .....................................................................................................................................95
Editor’s Choice Second Place
Mingling with the Catholic Church: Female Witches of Colonial New Spain
Kristina Kramer .................................................................................................................................100
Editor’s Choice Third Place Ethical Decision Making in Corporate Leaders
Zachary Duvall ..................................................................................................................................107
Fantasy Theme: "I’m Shmacked"
Bryce Bendgen .................................................................................................................................111
Is There a Physiologic Rationale for the Use of
Compression Stockings During or Post Run?
Will Bennett ......................................................................................................................................116
The Violent Side of White Collar Crime
Samuel Benson ................................................................................................................................120
Provost’s Award for the John L. Grove College of Business
Social Responsibility in Family Friendly Businesses
Dakota C. Bricker .............................................................................................................................126
The Heart’s Desire Project: A book review of Louise Erdrich’s Shadow Tag
Abigail M. Brumback ........................................................................................................................132
Provost’s Award for the College of Education and Human Services
Application of Crime Control Theories to Human Traffickers
Brandon Duelley ...............................................................................................................................135
The Shifting Roles of Native American Women
Stephanie Ehrets ..............................................................................................................................140
Synthetic Transcendentalism vs. Sylvia
Mollie Fenby .....................................................................................................................................147
The Western-Style, Single-Player Role Playing Video Game: A
Generic Description of the Sub-Genre
Evan Glass ........................................................................................................................................151
Twain and His Garden
Joshua Neil .......................................................................................................................................158
Provost’s Award for the College of Arts and Sciences
Human Influence on Burrowing Owl Populations over the
Last 10 Years in the Western United States and SW Canada
Stephen Novelli ................................................................................................................................162
The Gendering of Language: Kate and Viola as Independent Speakers
Rebecca Orner .................................................................................................................................167
The Effects of Water and Glucose Drinks on Thermoregulation and Performance
Ali Stouffer ........................................................................................................................................171
"Twilight" and "Hunger Games" by Courtney Hoover, Painting
Introductory Level
Course Writing
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Editor’s Choice First Place
About 85% Prepared for Military Life:
Military Preparedness and the
Civilian Conservation Corps
Luke Strawser
HIS 202 Recent History of the United States
Dr. Robert Shaffer
Assignment description:
Nature’s New
Deal, a monograph which all students read for class.
Nature’s New Deal,
toward national defense.” 1 As the threat of American
enrollees began drilling in military uniforms and
of airplane landing strips, military barracks, and target ranges.2
the idea of introducing military training to the CCC
had been a matter of national debate since as early as
CCC as an institution that possessed the capacity
to supplement national defense by preparing young
men for life in the armed forces.
Calls to introduce a compulsory program of
military training to the CCC first came directly from
military officers and federal officials. On January 23,
and military training.” 4 These proposals, particularly
purposes. Regardless of the ethical dimensions of
incorporating a program of military training into a
CCC that made the institution seem compatible with
a military training program.
labor union leader and director of the CCC from
that participation in the CCC made enrollees “about
Fechner
aspect” had been unintentional, but he maintained
that the enrollees’ training in “discipline, how to
nation’s Air Force, which he claimed was lagging
behind the air forces of the world’s Great Powers
in quantity of airmen and planes.3 Later that year,
1.
[constituted] the ground work for any armed force.”
Fechner concluded, quite boldly, that as a result
Nature’s New Deal
2.
New York Times, Jan 24,
3.
4.
Time
New York Times
13
Shippensburg University
of their CCC training, enrollees “could be turned
into first-class fighting men at almost an instant’s
notice.”
enrollees. According to Reynolds, the good health
soldier” after about one month of regular army
training. According to Sandlin, ordinary enlistees
three months of training.
the men in the CCC as being of a higher quality
“manpower” than men without CCC training, whom
nucleus” from which the Army could draw new
recruits.11 To Reynolds, the CCC was praiseworthy
precisely because it had turned the young men in its
ranks into “potentially the best military material” in
the nation.12
The Surgeon General’s keen interest in the health
fact, it was the responsibility of the Office of the
Surgeon General to monitor the health of all CCC
camps.13
issued a report to CCC director Robert Fechner in
which he praised the low death rate in the CCC and
“pathetic.”
to see all American
men between the
as physically and
mentally prepared
for military life
as the men in the
CCC.
The frequency with which the military
was mentioned in discussions of
the superior physical conditions
of the CCC boys is striking.
record of disease
in the camps as
“remarkably low.” 14
According to this
report, one of the
most admirable
health in the camps
weight gain among
preciation of the “manpower” in the CCC. Remarks
in the CCC.
the association of the CCC with the military became
of CCC enrollees were far from rare. The frequency
with which the military was mentioned in discussions of the superior physical conditions of CCC
to discuss scientific and social questions concerning
tion, began a mandatory program of daily “military
calisthenics” in which all CCC enrollees would
participate for fifteen minutes before breakfast.
According to the New York Times, the calisthenics
rifles would not be used.”
States Army and president of this congress, boasted
American Forests,
role in national defense.
CCC enrollees as agents of national security was
Following his laudatory comments about the Army’s
health, Reynolds went on to praise the CCC for the
“Emergency Army is Pictured in CCC,” New York Times
“Emergency Army is Pictured in CCC,” 3.
New York Times
11.
12.
New York Times
13.
14.
“CCC Orders Calisthenics,” New York Times
American Forests: The Magazine of the American Forestry Association
14
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
nearly militant stance on the issue, “demanding”
that the CCC be transformed into a permanent corps
our national defense.” The resolution adopted by
the VFW went on to argue that CCC youth should
were essential for national defense.
boys for direct participation in military conflict.
American Forests,
in were not affiliated closely enough with national
defense. The VFW offered suggestions for military
skills that the young men in the CCC might acceptably be taught, such as map reading, bridge building,
in the military would largely be “an intensification of
describes the training of CCC enrollees in precisely
these skills among others, it seems as though the
21
had trained “radio men, mechanics, cooks, truck
All
of these were skills which could be put to military
use.
22
high unemployment. Sir Ernest Grigg held up the
began a description of the CCC’s place in national
might imitate to bring its young men back into the
workforce. Grigg’s parliamentary history sheds
23
types of work which engineer troops are called on
to do, either in peace or war.” 24 Throughout the
thirteen-page section of the report that delineates
According to the New York Times, in the months
had “led the campaign for a compulsory register
in time of war.” Despite his taking care to point
out the nonmilitary nature of the CCC, it stands to
photography, first aid, radio operation, construction
work, and cooking) and notes the way that the CCC
system modeled on the American CCC because he
hygiene of enrollees. Despite continuing to stress
that the primary goals of the CCC were to put unem-
drawn into war.
Americans watched and listened as national
about the CCC’s role as a potential training ground
The military training idea witnessed support
Gallup polls from the period are to be accredited,
-
Nature’s New Deal
21.
22.
23.
Annual Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1940 (Washington,
24.
“Squyres is Chosen V.F.W. Commander,” New York Times
New York Times
Shippensburg University
Despite such widespread support for military
Opinion, directed by Dr. George Gallup, conducted
of people who were opposed to any such train-
CCC for a program of military training as “another
attempt to put America on the road to fascism.” 34
think military training should be part of the duties
said, “This proposal brings immediately to my
with “No.”
seems that to Libby’s mind, the mingling of military
of voluntary military training in the CCC for
enrollees who wished to participate. Ninety percent
said that they would be, and the statistics showed
administered labor program had a ring of fascism.
not hear the same ring.
The fact that most Americans did not agree with
Libby is not surprising. Americans had watched the
boys in the CCC successfully restore the nation’s
CCC military training program.31
practices, and build recreational areas in national and
been unintentional, he was being sincere. When
and work in camps in the woods, their daily routines
32
When the
of military men. While no Americans in the late
-
percent said “No.” 33 The difference in the responses
would be drawn into the Second World War, the
and Japan caused many Americans to ask questions
about the military preparedness of the nation. The
quite understandably, felt that the CCC could and
camps referred only to “military training.” Still, the
applied to CCC enrollees suggests that the American
could and should prepare young men for military
New York Times
New York Times
31.
32.
New York Times
33.
34.
enrollees to a program of military training would be
an efficient way to ensure America’s safety.
Still, there were those, like Frederick J. Libby,
who questioned the propriety of calling preferentially on the young men in the CCC to make ready
“Army Training in CCC Assailed by War Foe,” New York Times
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
“Emergency Army is Pictured in CCC,” New York Times,
New York Times,
introduce a mandatory military training program
to the CCC, wondered “why should we talk about
placing the responsibility for furnishing the manNew York Times,
New York Times, Sep 21,
worked in the CCC during the Great Depression
The
it ultimately brought an end to the CCC altogether.
conflict. Perhaps it is well that that question remains
unanswerable.
Nature’s New Deal.
Annual
Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation
Corps: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1940.
American Forests: The Magazine of the American
Forestry Association.
Deal Network.
New York Times,
Works Cited
New York
Times
New York Times,
New York Times, Dec
“Army Training in CCC Assailed by War Foe: Proposal
Time,
by F. J. Libby,” New York Times,
New York Times, Oct
“CCC Orders Calisthenics,” New York Times,
“Squyres is Chosen V.F.W. Commander,” New York Times,
Student Reflection:
Nature’s New Deal,
inspires its readers to ponder that question as well.
“Emergency Army is Pictured in CCC,” 3.
Nature’s New Deal, 213.
Shippensburg University
Editor’s Choice Second Place
Does Absence Truly Make the Heart Grow Fonder?
Emily Albertson
PSY 270 Social Psychology
Assignment description:
“absence makes the heart grow fonder” has been
sought by couples in long-distance romantic relationships for decades. Whether these relationships
are marital or amongst college students, this question
has intrigued psychologists and generated a need for
Certain outside influences, such as a child/children
couples selected for research because these factors
measured by means of day-to-day diaries that were
sense that couples who are separated from one
partners would feel a stronger emotional bond with
each other when they could be together. Then, during
of the couple. The physiological component of the
study tested each member’s hypothalamic-pituitaryof the hormone cortisol, which is released as a result
-
held in higher regard because of the assumption that
due to the distance between the couple. This may
physically separated, which can lead to the unconscious connection to be made equating a partner with
thought there may be a similar effect in humans. An
additional component to this study tested both of the
participants in each couple for either high attachment
who display habits of the former, as defined by
age group (as a college student) and because it is a
generally reluctant to turn to attachment figures for
suppressing or denying it rather than seeking com-
makes the heart grow fonder” stems from an understanding of long-distance college relationships, the
marital/romantic relationships in which the couple
with their partners for day-to-day affect regulation”
-
research where separation occurs between cohabiting couples, one partner remains in the home and
from the separation than those with high attachment
a separation would cause (for both members) trouble
and physiological changes (as well as whether or
not these changes actually took place) in cohabit-
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
munication between the couples. This is the result
of the separation because there was an absence of
partner may take measures to compensate for the
while at the same time there was seemingly little
opinion of the other partner. The concept of atLee and Pistole) resurfaced in this study, and the
idea that gossip is used to close the gap in distance
to maintain a good-standing relationship. Results
showed that “physical separations were associated
with increased sleeping problems in both partners,
which were ameliorated on reunion” (Diamond,
-
will be used as means to bridge the gap between
interestingly enough it was found “homebound
the focus of my research is on the effects of long
Generally, the results of this research support that
on their LDR findings.
during a couple’s separation and indicate a certain
study, the researchers found that their hypothesis
was supported by
imity in romantic
relationships. This,
found that “With
This may also mean that heavier,
in turn, may suggest
higher insecure
that absence creates
attachment, the
more
heartfelt
topics
are
discussed
a stronger bond
between partners.
in these conversations while the
emotional matestudy done by Lee
couple is physically separated.
rial to the partner,
partner less, and is
less satisfied with
somewhat contradictory results were found that suggest perhaps
absence does not make the heart grow fonder. This
Furthermore, the results also suggested that gossip
geographically close relationships (GCRs) and long
distance relationships (LDRs) (as opposed to the
study where one partner was homebound and the
-
both partners’ satisfaction in the relationship, thus
suggesting that absence, in fact, does not make the
heart grow fonder.
prior to the description of the data and outcome
findings. The limitation that applies to both studies
is the self-report participants were required to keep
as part of the researchers’ data collection. Couples in
the first study had to keep diaries and couples in the
physical cues, the person may not be able to
assess the partner’s reactions and will alter
there were other factors of measurement in the two
studies, this seemed to be a shared flaw that both sets
of researchers relied on in their final discussion. This
Without the daily hassles present in GCRs, the
ticipants were not completely honest in answering
-
Shippensburg University
the questions because they did not want to admit to
certain issues in their relationships. The biggest limi-
addition, this study made little references to outside
-
conducted by Lee and Pistole, was in fact the possi-
the only study conducted on the matter, when indeed
plenty of testing and research has been done on this
topic.
the results due to a lack of uniformity in the relationships that were tested. Limitations of the second
looked farther into the issue. While both studies had
their limitations, the study conducted by Diamond,
include a lack of background research on the couples
couples had become accustomed to frequent separation. There was also only a one year minimum (and
couples who had been together for 1 year will most
likely show different emotional results of separation
done by psychologists to support its findings than the
fact, does not make the heart grow fonder.
References
biology
th
Campbell
ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson
related separations from romantic partners. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 95
geographically close and long-distance relationships.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59
Student Reflection:
“no one can make you feel inferior without your consent” or “the busy bee has no time for sorrow”, all
first-semester freshman in college. All around me were students who had physically separated from their
boyfriends or girlfriends after graduating high school and were now in a “long distance relationship”.
does not
outlook on the relationships of those around me.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Editor’s Choice Third Place
Ancient Egyptian Dentistry: The Influence
that Varying Diet Due to Social Structure
had on the Development of a Dental
Profession in Ancient Egypt
Kaitlyn Frey
HON 122 Honors World History I
Dr. Christine Senecal
Semester completed:
Assignment description:
-
As the Egyptian population transitioned from
hunter-gatherers to agriculturalists, a dramatic
change in diet occurred. People of this time went
from eating meat and plants to primarily consuming
Egyptians began to grow their own. This change
in diet caused the teeth of Ancient Egyptians to
become increasingly worn down due to rough
particles that were found in grain.1 As a result of
their poor attrition, the general population suffered
With
such serious oral conditions present in Egypt, it
2
knowledge of Egyptians in other fields of medicine it
does not make sense for records from the dental field
not to show the same amount of insight. Although
too many gaps that still need to be filled. A possible
in the formation of social classes established in the
transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculturalists.
ferentiate the foods eaten by commoners and elites.
primarily of carbohydrates, the elite got protein from
meat and other additional foods fulfilled their dietary
needs.3 This means that the elite did not suffer from
Graeco-Roman period that the foundations set in
place for dentistry by Ancient Egyptians actually
emerges as a profession.4
The Ancient Egyptians were good healers and
showed a wide range of medical knowledge. There
-
1.
ence of Diet and Environment
-
2.
ence of Diet and Environment
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3.
ence of Diet and Environment
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4.
ence of Diet and Environment
Journal of the History of Dentistry
21
Shippensburg University
These documents are the first reported medical writ-
Title
th
medical meanings, which makes translation hard.
For the most part each papyri is unique in the way
-
cheek and you find that there is a swelling, raised and red, on the outside of his
split.
illnesses can be seen.
The medical papyri date from such an early
time period when internal diseases were far from
understood.
Diagnosis and Prognosis
treat.
Treatment
You should bandage it with fresh meat [on]
internal diseases arose from supernatural forces,
such as demons. As a result, magicians and priests
were responsible for healing practices in addition
to doctors. Ancient Egyptians also turned to Gods
such as incantations and amulets for treatment. For
swelling is reduced. Afterwards you should
day until he is well.
Case 31 from the Edwin Smith Papyrus is one
medical knowledge of Ancient Egyptians. This case
11
on patients and was therefore beneficial to the healing process.12
The Edwin Smith Papyrus
edges the brain sending information down the spinal
chord to the lower parts of the body. Ancient
Egyptians also had a good idea of human anatomy.
At this time the bodies of
treatment plans. This papyrus deals with surgical
it is likely that a lot of their knowledge came from
logical guidelines to come to a diagnosis and treat
13
This
papyrus is beneficial today because it shows the
symptoms that lead to a diagnosis and therefore
possible that knowledge of the human body was
passed on from embalmers to doctors. Although at
one point embalmers were seen as dirty, attitudes differed in earlier time periods where communication
Regardless
14
Ancient Egyptians for their time.
ence of Diet and Environment
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
-
11.
12.
13.
14.
ence of Diet and Environment
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Edwin Smith Papyrus as translated in Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
22
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
with honey and another untranslated substance.22
information about oral practices. With such a wide
such treatments. One has no cure and the other
were seen more predominantly as an internal illness
tooth worm’, toothaches are described
as being caused by
demons in the form
for the pain to go
away these worms
must be destroyed.
This shows how
treatment would not
a dental profession comes from the Ebers Papyrus.
gums to make them stronger and others for securing teeth.23
those used for casting broken bones.24 The pastes
used by the Ancient
Egyptians most
likely did not need
to be made by a
Problems involving teeth were
dentist and any
seen more predominantly as an
internal illness rather than a trauma,
which made them believed to be
caused by supernatural origins.
same logical flow
as a surgical trauma in the Edwin Smith Papyrus.
Although some argue that a dental profession
probably been able
to create them.
Although some
references to teeth
are made in these
medical papyri, as
a whole the human
Some
papyri make references to dental ailments.
translation of the Kahun Papyrus dental references
women.21 This papyrus primarily deals with gynecolOthers claim that the metal bridges found on the
birth rather than a dentist. Two cases that talking
been found in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. For the
fracture of a mandible there is no cure, and for the
tence of the profession.
it has been found that the calcification on the bridges
actually show that they were placed postmortem and
ence of Diet and Environment
Journal of the History of Dentistry
An Appraisal of the Skulls and Dentition of Ancient Egyptians, Highlighting the Pathol-
21.
An Appraisal of the Skulls and Dentition of Ancient Egyptians, Highlighting the
22.
An Appraisal of the Skulls and Dentition of Ancient Egyptians, Highlighting the Pa-
23.
Journal of the History of Dentistry
24.
ence of Diet and Environment
Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science
ence of Diet and Environment
Bulletin of the History of Dentistry
Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science
23
Shippensburg University
Further
but in reality it has been shown that they were a
result of infections in the sinuses. A picture of these
linked to the red hair often found on mummies.
This is caused by a lack of trace metals. Not all
did suffer this based off what is known about their
diet. The symptoms of this deficiency are another
for a dental profession in the first place? The answer
is yes: unlike most history, when it comes to teeth
more is known about commoners than the elites
because the skulls of these people are more easily
accessible. When the transition from hunter-gatherer
occurred, Egyptians went from eating plants and
meats to a diet primarily of bread.31 This bread con-
to be treated by a dentist.
Sugar was not a large part of the Ancient Egyptians’
amounts and it was not until foreign foods influ-
would cause teeth to wear down.32 Other foods eaten
41
This means
According
to scoring systems established by scientists, the wear
33
been enough to cause significant discomfort and
34
periodontal disease, which would cause a loss of
A picture of the effects
of this disease can be seen in the attached images in
has been found.
The lack of a dental profession despite these
conditions can be attributed to the differing diet of
commoners and the elites. The diets of the elites
seen in the skulls of commoners. While commoners
had diets that were made up of carbohydrates, the
upper class had a greater opportunity to consume
meat. They primarily ate beef. Cows were used for
sacrifice and at the end of the day the priests took
resulted in food shortages. Essential foods were
often limited to a small percent of the population
protein. This caused something known as Protein-
access.42 At this time meats such as sheep and pig
were forbidden from being consumed. The ram god,
occurs as a result of this may be another reason that
Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science
Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science
31.
Bulletin of the History of Dentistry
32.
-
33.
34.
ence of Diet and Environment
Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science. Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press, 2008). 55
ence of Diet and Environment
Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science. Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press, 2008). 53
ence of Diet and Environment
ence of Diet and Environment
ence of Diet and Environment
ence of Diet and Environment
Journal of the History of Dentistry
41.
-
42.
ence of Diet and Environment
24
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
ibhy
were associated with the God Seth so eating them
43
th
the pig is regarded
among them as an unclean animal, so much
so that if a man in passing accidentally
touch a pig, he instantly hurries to the river
and plunges in with all his clothes on.’ And
swineherds, though of pure Egyptian blood,
are the only people in the country who never
enter a temple nor is there any intermarriage
between them and the rest of the community,
swineherds marrying their daughters and
taking their wives amongst themselves.’ 44
the impact that their diet had on their teeth compared
malnutrition and dealing with tooth wear from bread,
show hardened arteries that are associated with the
intake of too much saturated fat.
Without the same need for a dental profession
among these elites, it is doubtful that one would
-
which is swnw.
and “dentists” also had per aa, meaning pharaoh,
associated with their titles. This means that their
duties were specifically designated to those of
tence of a dental profession, but in reality it does the
this title is not enough to suggest a whole branch of
most of the titles are connected to royalty shows that
mented treatment, the commoners were still left to
represent “one who deals with teeth”. The symbol
contains an elephant tusk and an eye. The elephant
tusk is so similar to another hieroglyph that it is
impossible to tell with this is actually the correct
interpretation. The symbol appears for the first time
years.
time and on one of his wooden panels this symbol
can be seen along with thirteen other titles. A picture
of one of these panels can be seen in the attached
Egyptian ruler that had healthy, straight, and unworn
teeth. Of course all of the rulers of this time did
of his body. The pharaohs feared dental illness and
to maintaining the health of their entire bodies.
is possible that elites such as this who required care
were rare it still makes sense for a fully established
One of these titles is
and did not play an actual medical role in these
that came with the associations of these titles and the
mean “one who deals with teeth” it is unsure as to
what implications that actual had.
When the Greeks took control of Egypt under
their knowledge of dentistry with them. Their
foreign influence impacted diet, which resulted in an
-
43.
ence of Diet and Environment
An Appraisal of the Skulls and Dentition of Ancient Egyptians, Highlighting the Pathology
44.
Lancet
X-raying the Pharaohs
X-raying the Pharaohs
Bulletin of the History of Dentistry
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Bulletin of the History of Dentistry
Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Shippensburg University
first connection between humans and primates.
From this information it is clear that much more was
known about teeth in Greece than in Egypt. When
period. At this time, the process of mummification became less popular so teeth were not as well
Regardless, the impact that they had on
Great it is likely that they brought this knowledge
with them and changed the way that dentistry was
practiced.
All in all, the effect that the diet of commoners
had on their teeth shows a clear need for oral care in
the time of Ancient Egyptians. Such treatment was
The practice of oral surgery in Greece was
social classes. While commoners required care, the
elite typically did not, and when they did it is most
teeth.
them. Although Egyptians had a good idea when it
came to basic medical knowledge, this was not the
case in regards to their knowledge of teeth. Their
connection between medicine, religion, and magic
that he is a descendent of Æsculapius. Further
time comes from the book De affectionibus.
where such practices could take place. This is the
first time that dentistry became its own medical
practice.
Epidemics in
otherwise. When compared to the knowledge of
where near as close to understanding the mechanism
for comparisons between different time periods
conditions. Aristotle is another important figure that
that, “The teeth are generated by nourishment
of the same nature as bones.”
between the teeth of different animals he makes the
Egypt during the Graeco-Roman period represents
the benefits that can result when two cultures merge
together.
ence of Diet and Environment
ence of Diet and Environment
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth
Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the
Eighteenth Century
A History of Dentistry: From the Most Ancient Times Until the End of the Eighteenth Century
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Appendix A
Shippensburg University
Appendix B
Non Surgical Tooth Extraction
Sinus Holes
Periodontal Disease
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Appendix C
Wooden Panel Of Hesy-Ra
.
Student Reflection:
-
Shippensburg University
Media Content Analysis: Grey's Anatomy
Danielle Adams
COM 245 Diversity and the Media
Assignment Description:
fault lines and framing using a coding document.
in Grey’s Anatomy is Caucasians. The Caucasians
also hold high positions in the hospital as three out
of four board members and owners of the hospital
the deeper meanings that are trying to be portrayed.
The purpose of the media content analysis is to
females were the dominant gender with twenty-one
different social and ethnicity groups are portrayed
daily basis without taking the time to decipher the
actual meaning.
Grey’s Anatomy is a weekly medical drama
upper class, and the remaining were either middle
tors were middle age and from an urban geography
-
The frames related to Grey’s Anatomy were
ing room. The lead characters in Grey’s Anatomy
success as doctors. Throughout the ten seasons,
through medical school, become interns, and ultimately become doctors and head of staff. Viewers
in Grey’s Anatomy
in some way.
n.d.) Ethnicity
and race was the
dominant fault line
portrayed, but only
Caucasians, African
Americans and
Asian Americans
were presented.
tients all in a day’s
The purpose of the media content
analysis is to examine popular culture
entertainment and the way different
social and ethnicity groups are
portrayed throughout the media.
when the doctors do
lose their patients to
surgery complications it is seen as a
failure and ultiframes refer to conflict, problems and
failure. Another
the two episodes was when the doctors had conflict
within the hospital. This was seen when Callie
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
the board members argued about what to do with the
hospital funds.
A recurring theme throughout the two
episodes of Grey’s Anatomy was that of Caucasian
the four board members who make the important
decisions for the hospital are white, and only one
is Asian American. These board members are also
seen as wealthy, as they had enough money to buy
back the hospital when an outside source wanted to
the higher positions throughout the hospital. Owen
knowledge of Grey’s Anatomy
African American used to be the Chief of Surgery,
yet he was ultimately fired from the position.
Grey’s Anatomy
ness” which is the culture-less and race-less idea
the time of Jim Crow laws. Passing is when light
life. This was seen in the Family Secret (Authentic
Voice Chapter 4) when Jill Atkin Sims learned that
her grandmother passed as white, after she had
is when racist comments were made toward Cristina
Yang by a patient, simply because she was Asian
respect for Cristina and see her as a role model, as
social groups to be equal in content and role portrayals, more African Americans must be present. The
producers need to work to incorporate these African
Americans into more powerful roles, where they
ethnicities, beside Caucasian, African American and
Asian American need to be added to the show for
are not Caucasian can still become doctors and hold
high positions throughout society.
References:
Race,
Gender, Class & Media.
Publishing Company.
http://
Fault lines – Casting a wide net.
http://
Student Reflection:
included framing information, which included a description of the specific words and phrases spoken.
31
Shippensburg University
An Interpersonal Analysis of "Friends with
Benefits" Relationships in College Settings
Amanda Segner, Amanda Martin, Matt Atwell, and Lauren Burkhart
HCS 250: Interpersonal Communication
Assignment description:
Abstract
ous aspects of “friends with benefits” relationships
based on four different interpersonal communication
transgressions. A research study has been conducted
these constructs relate to “friends with benefits”
“friends with benefits” relationships are in-between
the ages of nineteen and twenty-two, men are more
likely to initiate the relationship, the relationships
-
with young adults between eighteen and twenty-two
the transgression of these interpersonal relationships, there is not much research that studies the
specific types of romantic relationships that occur
between college students. Specifically, there is not
any research regarding romantic relationships that
falls under the category of “friends with benefits.”
A “friends with benefits” relationship occurs when
ship separate from their ongoing friendship. An
“official” relationship occurs when two people are
that is acknowledged publically. The research is
designed to find more information about the age
benefits” relationships, how long they normally last,
effect on women emotionally. The study includes
fifty undergraduate college students. All of whom
Prior to completing field research regarding
campus. Results suggest that most “friends with
months. No other results supported the remaining
claims that were originally made.
Keywords:
relationships, relational transgressions
Introduction
“friends with benefits” relationships during their
undergraduate studies. There is research that
32
that predict tendencies of undergraduate students
between eighteen and twenty-two years old that are
: People in “friends with benefits” relation1
ships are in-between the ages of nineteen and
twenty-two.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
2
relationships than women.
: “friends with benefits” relationships tend to
3
4
“type” of person they look for when they want
-
ficial relationship.
stronger emotional effect on women than on men.
The hypotheses were tested within a field study
this style, focus on the friendship and emotional
off to others as friends rather than actual couples
Literature Review
tic relationships between men and women and how
multiple aspects of romantic relationships between
but instead, attempt to force the other person by
relationships, and relational transgressions. Although
not only them, but also to the relationship. Pragma
will weigh their partners’ pros and cons to determine
whether the relationship is worth perusing. The final
Love and Attachment
complete desire for the other’s happiness. This type
maintaining high rates of intimacy and may result
in termination of the relationship. Passion also
successful relationships and decrease in unsuccessful
comfort with intimacy and autonomy. These types
The preoccupied attachment style adopts a constant
intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present
are highly dependent and cling to relationships.
independent and detached from committed
eros, ludus, and storge. Secondary styles include
mania, pragma, and agape. Each style describes
unworthy and tend to distrust others. These people
and sensual contact of the person with whom they
intimate, and see relationships as a form of pain
33
Shippensburg University
Uncertainty and Expectancy
-
-
claims that engaging in direct information seeking
The primary uncertainty factors in “friends with
uncertainty reduction can affect how people go about
both parties feel, other competing romantic relationand changes in each partner’s personality. The
greater the amount of uncertainty, the more intimate
a relationship will become. Problems with relationships occur when uncertainties interfere with prior
is not pleased with what has been disclosed, it can
in relationships among two parties can result in uncomfortable encounters for the remainder of the relationship. Research from Courtois and Vanwysberghe
and dating status are associated with adolescents’
perception of crossa questionnaire and
grade students
point likert scale
to use social media as a way to eliminate uncertainty.
People freely post
personal information on social
Although some research investigates
networking sites
that allow for others
the transgression of these
to gather informainterpersonal relationships, there is
tion before their
first interaction.
not much research that studies the
This decreases the
specific types of romantic relationships
chance of catching
that occur between college students.
adolescents, with
at least one same-
guard. The study
from Jiang and Tian
confessing uncertainties can abruptly end a friend-
ity, instrumentality and dating status all strongly
could be like later on in the relationship. Courtois
-
the different answers between genders. The boys’
answers leaned more towards the instrumentality of
Conflict in Relationships
relationship.
a large role in uncertainty as a person may act a
is committed to another person. Then, the option of
within middle adolescent couples could predict
a resulting break ups. They support the idea that
early and middle adolescent years might constitute
interact and handle conflicts with their romantic
becomes more central to romantic relationships
hindered.
to say that conflicts within romantic relationships
are inclined to increase as adolescents become closer
close relationships, uncertainty can stem from
34
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Relational Transgressions
Relational transgressions refer to any type of
these conflicts occur, adolescents typically refute the
significance of them, which lessens the effect of con-
used for handling conflict depend on the closeness
-
fined within the relationship. There are many types
of relational transgressions in all kinds of relation-
One of the aspects of a relationship that follows
ship. Gender differences in conflict-management
of relationship it was as well as how long ago the
transgression occurred in relation to how long ago
study questioned whether or not the relationship
was indefinitely terminated following the related
transgression. One of the findings showed that
apologies play a huge factor in the dynamic of the
relationship following the transgression. When the
couples who stayed together are compared to those
who decided to terminate, the use of an apology
generally appeared in the relationships that remained
goals correlate with prosocial strategies while
relationships.
of the transgression can predict the likelihood of
happen continuously if they are not handled in a
-
whether the couple will remain intact or terminate
tion patterns that potentially disrupt relationships
partner hadn’t committed the transgression prior,
not predict breakups or whether or not couples will
communication in personal relationships following a
transgression. The study conducted focused on only
focused goals. They determined that when couples
work through problems and conficts successfully, the
relational bond between the partners is strengthened
the concept that women are likely to use agentic and
communal strategies for dealing with conflict within
than women and respond depending on the type of
draw from conflict before women do. Women tend to
use the same strategy regardless of the situation and
of transgression. Three main things were studied:
relational damage. This study found that offense
also found that relational repair is constructed by
both partners and the way they choose to commuCommunication within a relationship following
a transgression is also a crucial dynamic that
Shippensburg University
partner and if they respond to the transgression
romantic relationships. Conflicts within relationships
communication following a transgression would
our study applies this process to a "friends with
benefits type of romantic relationship occurring
between college-aged students.
Methods
The fifty participants within this study were
currently enrolled as undergraduate students at
participants identified as females and half identified
maintaining the relationship can become less and
Various research also shows that affection can
-
The material used for collecting data was a
conducted a specific study that related the Affection
-
consisted of fourteen questions related to “friends
with benefits” relationships. Prior to the distribu-
gressions. Rumination or the tendency to remember
in relation to affection. According to the study, in-
response, the person was then asked if they would
determine the culture of a relationship, especially
were between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two
can affect the likelihood of maintenance after a
sign a consent form to ensure them that all of their
information would be kept confidential and anony-
a relationship, the more committed they will be to
making it work regardless of things like infidelity,
in a “friends with benefits” relationship were all
committed to a relationship, termination is more
likely following any type of relational transgression
ship would reoccur, whether the relationship was
deemed “official” or not, how long the relationship
lasted, if they remained friends after the conclusion
of the relationship, if the relationship was initiated
by the participant, and if there was an age difference
There are many factors that play a role in
the dynamics of any type of relationship after a
relational transgression. Although all relationships
drastically on a situational basis. Things like the
commitment as well as many other factors can
determine whether a relationship is terminated or not
after transgressions occur.
laced throughout these relationships and commonly
-
the population that was studied (eighteen to twentyitself (uniform for all participants). All participants
best of their knowledge
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
RESULTS
Table 1
Yes
No
said they were still friends with the person they had
the “friends with benefits” interaction with, and
longer friends after the relationship.
Discussion
Looking at the hypotheses stated at the beginning
of the study, the data was able to suggest that the mamade by the third hypothesis ( 3). Also predicted
was that the “friends with benefits” relationship
would occur between the ages of nineteen and
twenty-two ( 1)
age of occurrence was eighteen, which is younger
than predicted. The fourth hypothesis ( 4) stated that
went on to become “official.” The data showed that
the claim. The second hypothesis ( 2) was that men
would be more likely to initiate the relationship than
women, which as suggested by the data, was claimed
with benefits” relationship began was eighteen years
relationship.
The fifth and final hypothesis (
) stated that the
on women than men. Looking at the data of the pros
and cons described by the participants, the answers
listed as emotion based were: lack of commitment,
answered that they were the same age.
-
loss of friendship, conflict, and independence. The
satisfaction. The data showed females listed an
emotion based attribute thirty-nine times, opposed
the relationship, twenty-four participants claimed
participants said their partner initiated the relation-
emotionally dependent partnership that is acknowl-
This suggests that there is not a significant difference between the emotional effects of a “friends
with benefits” relationship on men and women. The
physical effect had a greater impact on men and
there is not much difference between the emotional
effect on men and women regarding the relationship.
the relationship than the women.
benefits” relationship was successful and twentysaid they were not likely to indulge in another
“friends with benefits” relationship, twenty-two
pate in another “friends with benefits” relationship,
of men and women. As a result, the random sample
Shippensburg University
the participants list certain pros and cons associated
with “friends with benefits” interactions in order to
“friends with benefits” relationships. One partner
may desire for a deeper emotional commitment,
while the other partner is content with their “friends
was also a con that was listed frequently, meaning
there were some patterns that began to show. The
the state of their relationship after the interaction had
taken place.
Conclusion
The research indicates that “friends with benefits” relationships often do not lead to attachment
ways people described the relationship as a posi(13 participants), as well as the familiarity with the
begin an interaction due to a lack of uncertainty that
comes with starting a relationship.
One of the cons people associated with “friends
with benefits” relationships was a lack of commit-
also shows that “friends with benefits” relationships
cies as more people claimed that the relationship
was successful rather than unsuccessful. Relational
a significant amount of friendships that remained
in tact after the friends with benefits relationship concluded, which can suggest that relational
be attributed to the lack of an “official” tag being
-
uncertainty and interpretation. Different forms of
conflict began to display as a factor that influenced
of relationships. The different forms of conflict
-
Further research needs to be done on this topic to
fully understand “friends with benefits” relationships
these relationships we can further comprehend the
foundation of interpersonal communication.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
References
Plos ONE,
perceptions of relational transgressions.
Western Journal Of Communication, 76
Gender, Gender-Related Personality Characteristics,
that increase uncertainty: A cross-lagged panel
analysis. Communication Quarterly.
Sex Roles
Adolescents’ Offline Relations. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior & Social Networking [serial online]. June
differences and similarities in strategies for managing
conflict with friends and romantic partners. Sex Roles,
relationships. Communication Research Reports,
communication in personal relationships. Personal
Relationships, 18
Communication
a relational transgression. Western Journal Of
Communication, 75
Quarterly,
Complete database.
courtship, and dating. 21st Century Sociology:
A Reference Handbook,
following relational transgressions in dating
Southern Communication Journal, 73(1), 4-23.
).
. Human
Communication Research
relationships during late adolescence. Journal Of
Encyclopedia of Social Psychology,
Student Reflection:
“friends with benefits” relationships, and we feel our research was beneficial in further understanding inand will help us with future research as we go out into the field.
understanding and knowledge of a specific field, and we want to continue by taking the skills we learned
Shippensburg University
Appendix A: Friends With Benefits Survey
relationship separate from their ongoing friendship.
dependent partnership that is acknowledged publically.
What year are you?
Was it your idea to initiate the relationship?
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Yes
No
________
Are you still friends with the person you had the relationship with?
Yes
No
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Parents Will Be Parents
Chancellor Campbell
ENG 106: Writing Intensive First Year Seminar
Assignment description:
Zeitoun and compose a research paper concerning arguing
Parents Will Be Parents
dinary people, from painters to accountants, from
tions, media, and bookstores produce unseen bias
stars and watch them die out, slowly dimming the
is both a published author
of two books and an associate professor of sociology
-
children and structuring the family framework. With
will be drawn upon later in the selection. Let’s begin
1
prior
to the acceptance of children into the household.
-
and the idea of a perfected nuclear family.
realistic, analogical look at whether
that there is a fair amount of bias in the research
of families.
as churches and other religious institutions, push
opposed to adoption, which is the common belief of
be family or
1.
sidering that producing biological offspring is neither
entirely possible nor easy in these types of families
-
41
Shippensburg University
focus there is sociology concerning families and
most case.
Legal practices enforced in different areas may
allow a biological mother to reclaim her childas
Ryan”). The idea they place on the identification of
couple had to father the child for two years before
lesbians often using the same sperm donor to ensure
“fertility clinics and adoption agencies with caution”
guards to protect their future children from discrimilesbians will choose
to use sperm from
a bi-racial donor to
simulate a better
depiction if they
would be able to
of their combined
light to allow their
child to be raised
Homosexuals are shot down
before they even have a chance
to prove themselves.
The idea of “reproducing children who would blend into their famialienate the non-biological mother, especially if the
offspring is purely white and the non-biological is
ways seems to be a
force that steps in to
stop the transaction.
This can range from
homophobic clinics
to grandparents,
who can claim some legal authority despite the biological parents’ input and can deny “on the ground
that the child should not go to someone like Josie
Thus the adoption method is riddled with pitfalls and
traps.
of African descent, was regularly asked if she was
the nanny of her own child, although this is often
is serious and the child is the merging of their
ing through hoops to obtain these donors, but they
their children.
As shown, planned, biological families face
and must rely on sperm banks that may also deny
Acts like these demonstrate the hard work and
to raise a child. This can be seen as a filter as to
relationships. The common belief is that homo-
amines the idea of blending children and increasing
This method, although common, is not as common
2
2.
42
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
-
These conditions are repeated on both sides when
education is brought forth. We can only speculate,
due to faults and biases in these studies, that in these
children, which in itself is not crime, but could be
-
ual parents walk when the world battles whether they
concern, but the bigger question is how are the kids
category, then they can be deemed as unfit parents,
political spotlight for the last few rounds of federal
where it concerns child raising. To get it right on the
money is mathematically almost impossible. The
-
pressing issue on mind is the safety and wellbeing of
the children.
Perhaps the most pressing of a child’s response
of gay parents thinking more about the issue of
family structures look at Modern Family, a sitcom
data also points out that the depression rate is only
marginally larger than that of these children pertain-
th
some truth to it about how the family structure is
number. This time, though, it was lesbian mothsoon as a child is adopted, regardless if a biological
did not note who the assaulter was or any possible
relationship to the assaulter. Especially since the
problems begin to occur. Therefore, although some
gest others responsible for foul play. Despite these
-
3
As far as financial support for raising children
goes, there is some discrepancy, but most sources
3.
43
Shippensburg University
support and enable children’s psychosocial growth,”
the limitations in study and bias often found in this
hot button issue. Earlier she states that there is a
until adulthood, especially when romantic and strong
with the bias that is found in this topic there may
picture of what the effects are and the consequences
they may produce.
is also debatable whether this can be considered a
of children of lesbian parents as they are “more apt
is the Tuskegee Airmen. Once told that they were
not be a “good” parent simply because they do not
-
Where do the results go from here? That is truly
the rights to become parents we need to supply them,
also into the research surrounding it, including the
becoming the modified nuclear family.
44
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Work Cited
Mark Regnerus, Sociologist and Author.
Bowling Green State
University
with Children.” U.S. Census Bureau
LSU Department of Sociology. Louisiana State
LSU Department of
Human Ecology
Journal of Clinical Nursing
Academic Search Complete
Findings from the New Family Structures Study.”
Social Science Research
Qualitative Sociology
Academic Search Complete
Department of Sociology.” University of Florida.
Gay Parenting.” Social Science Research
Student Reflection:
There is always that one person in a time of crisis that yells “Think of the children!” This essentially
ability compared not only to perfection, but to the actual, unpractical parent(s) set up.
allowed me to go all in for this paper. The hope is that people look at it and at least acknowledge the
Shippensburg University
Shippensburg University: Safety and Security
Emily Cox, Maddie Kuhn, and Melissa Radomicki
ENG 106: Writing Intensive First Year Seminar
Assignment description:
well as the written product.
From their early years onward, students are
security related issues that students worry about.
When asked what their top concern was, many stumunity in which certain aspects will go awry. Some
and, in turn, cause trouble for others within this
tion to this happening. A growing problem with this
campus is with the safety and security of its students.
and burglary are tied for second with two people being concerned about them. Vandalism comes in last,
with only one person worried about it (Anonymous
simple changes, the quality of life and safety on
Throughout this research, the same problem
kept showing up. Constantly, students were saying
that they were unsatisfied with campus lighting.
had not been much of an issue, as criminal acts did
that they were unhappy with the security measures
gest concern with that demographic is burglary
in its brochures, highlighting the nearly spotless
no longer applicable to this campus (Shippensburg
their cars were in danger of being broken into
school year that there was a sudden spike in offenses
is a big problem now and probably the main reason
for the years to come, as this spike could be the
threats on campus as well. Through many hours and
blue-lighted emergency phones are scattered around
campus are meant as an aid for people who need
police assistance. They are placed throughout
campus in areas that are meant to be easily accessible to the campus police, so it would be assumed
that the proper authorities are able to reach an
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
student that had witnessed an emergency, it was
to get to the location of the emergency phone. At a
Frisbee practice in early September, a male student
broke his leg near the practice fields (Anonymous).
To get him the urgent care that he needed, onlookers
pressed the emergency button, but it took the police
Once they finally confirmed that this was, in fact,
an emergency, it took another thirty minutes for the
ambulance to reach the fields to allow the athlete to
down on the risk of crime, and it would also make
students feel safer when walking around campus.
The second solution that would help with security is to install cameras near the emergency phones.
This would allow the police to see right away if the
call from the buttons is something that needs to be
would also cut the middleman out of the equation.
more quickly for that person.
few security cameras with monitors, it would free
pain for almost an hour (Anonymous). When asked
didn’t see it as an emergency”(Anonymous).
-
calls more quickly.
One is also much more likely to find a campus
security officer in his or her car along the outskirts of
the campus rather than in the middle of the campus.
lems concerning security on campus and each issue
efficient lights, adding cameras to the
emergency buttons,
and allowing more
officers to patrol
during night hours.
The first solution to the problem
of safety on campus
is better lighting.
Right now, the
lighting on campus
is sufficient, but it
could be better. The
center of campus, this would help act as a deterrent,
as well as decrease the emergency response time. As
stated before in the
Something like changing the light
bulbs seems like a very small and
insignificant task, but it could make
a world of difference for someone
in danger and help to decrease
the rate of crime on campus.
looking. A solution to this would be to change the
lighting to fluorescent light bulbs. This would make
anonymous student,
the response time
the police to get
there (Anonymous).
the chief of the
campus police, she
said they are trained
campus security was to patrol more toward the
center of campus, their response times would be cut
down because they would be in the middle of the
action and could respond to all the incidents more
new light bulbs would also be eco-friendly, which
light bulbs as often because the efficient light bulbs
last much longer than the incandescent light bulbs.
Something like changing the light bulbs seems like a
world of difference for someone in danger and help
to decrease the rate of crime on campus.
is to install a few more lights in areas where they are
brighten and illuminate the whole campus, because
in some areas of the campus there is minimal to no
people walk back to their dorms, if it is not properly
illuminated, it is easier for a crime to occur. As a
solution, more lighting, particularly in areas around
the outside of campus, would help. This would cut
the campus police were also to patrol on bike and
foot more, this would cut down the response time
also, as they would be able to reach the locations
lar patrols of the campus and residence hall areas 24
hours a day,” but our research found that this was
not necessarily true all of the time (Shippensburg
patrol more often and on other forms of transportation, this would be a deterrent that would hopefully
cut down on crime.
On a college campus, the safety of its students
should be of top priority. With this in mind,
Shippensburg University
Works Cited
establishment has good intentions regarding the
well being of both residents and commuters, and so
it should be open to the idea of correcting an out of
importance, as Shippensburg students should once
again be able to feel that school can be a reasonably
safe place to be.
Campus
Safety & Security. Shippensburg: Shippensburg
Student Reflection:
Emily Cox:
Write the Ship.
points and suggestions printed, allowing others to read what we feel is important. With this opportunity,
others may agree with our ideas, pushing them one step closer to becoming a reality.
Melissa Radomicki:
focused on campus security and what the campus police could do to better the safety measures already
other aspects of school and life. We learned to listen and comprehend other people’s ideas, we learned
Maddie Kuhn:
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
David Craig
CHN 101: Beginner's Chinese
Dr. Jennifer Pomeroy
Assignment description:
Student Reflection:
Shippensburg University
One Shall Not Be Ashamed Of
What Cannot Be Changed
Alessandra Cupani
ENG 248: Intro to Culturally Diverse Literature
Dr. Sandra Wilson Smith
Assignment description:
“ah-ha” moment or about something that “spoke to us.”
of that encounter because it was the turning point of
his insecurities concerning the color of his skin.
Hunger Of
Memory, surprisingly stunned me. Specifically
some of the drastic measures he took to change his
skin. After the swimming pool incident, the turning
“feo”
his life growing up.
up underneath
the Sacramento
through in order to
change his appear-
Rodriguez eloquently communicates
how his family and he himself
viewed his skin complexion.
embrace the warm
summer rays, but
his mother discouraged any doing so.
She feared that her
son, Richard, would look like a “negrito,” which
translated means “little black boy” (121).
A mother is someone who we look up to, and by
his mother being so critical about the color of his
took my father’s
of the medicine
cabinet. Slowly,
with steady delibblade against my
but he purposely left them in the essay, constructed
hood memory of himself at the swimming pool with
felt horrified that a person would go to such lengths
that his mother had some sort of desire for his light-
Growing up, he felt ugly due to the color of his skin,
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
that he is not afraid of being ethnic looking, but he
family taught me to embrace my culture. They
proud of his culture, but being dark was not desired.
specifically talks about this assignment because at 13
of others can impact a person’s life in cruel ways.
pain in shading in his face with the actual color of
make me ashamed of my body, but only ashamed of
a society where people could be so cruel. This incifeel less beautiful. Just because people in the world
by the camera which had clearly described the white
person’s skin color can essentially make them feel
that it was necessary for him to write it because there
are people in the world who do.
Student Reflection:
Shippensburg University
Service Learning: Much More than
an Educational Experience
Dominic Ferentinos
ENG 050: Basic Writing
Dr. Laurie Cella
Assignment description:
count as one source.
-
-
less families comprise roughly 1/3 of the homeless
in America. During this time, my classmates and
enough to ask more questions that popped into my
a homeless shelter. At the homeless shelter, we ate
with the homeless, helped the shelter director with
into their curriculum because it enhances student
students as members of society, and it builds a partnership between the students and their community.
enhances student learning. The Corporation for
yond the classroom and into the community” (cited
students can only learn so much in the classroom.
outside of the classroom. At the homeless shelter,
the same amount of information on the topic in only
before. During my time at the homeless shelter,
like seeing a single homeless mother trying to get
her two children ready for bed in a tiny bathroom, or
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
information such as learning how the homeless shelter gets those who come in, back on their feet, and
seeing a schedule of their day, as well as information
like seeing the shelter in action. We were able to
America, and if they grow up ignorant of these
that was being taught in my college course was
Research Association, students who participated in
amount from the simple act of interacting.” Or, as
others in need, or sense of purpose and direction in
from students,
from students, and
networking that was
able to be done.
Social, Personal,
In this partnership between the
students and their community,
both parties benefit from
the service-learning.
Outcomes of
Learning,”
“students who
participate in a
ally demonstrate
understanding of
social issues, alter
similarly engaged.
Also, a study done by the American Educational
Research Association found that students who
-
undergraduate class were more likely perform to
their potential in the course. These students applied
principles they learned in their course during the
learning connects young people to the community,
-
were also higher for those who participated in
well-known businesses will participate in some form
their own, particularly with college students who are
is integrated with traditional classroom instruction”
for the increased knowledge and the increased
engagement that results.
partnership between the college and the surrounding
ment outside of their own, the college is enhancing
and their community, both parties benefit from the
opening as far as seeing social issues that one may
completed by a pre-med student for his Phycology of
Shippensburg University
the Aging course, a course that teaches how humans
age and physical aging of the body, he was able
to apply skills learned in class while assisting the
Sharing his story with young adults was probably
able to open up, which may suggest that he feels a
little more confident about himself.
benefits both the student and the community.
-
towels and blankets for the shelter, sorting through
large group of young adults were completed for the
shelter.
Another last group of students split up and
it, and is homeless, really made it seem as though
and a steel company in his life, but stated that his
a street group, but could not pursue it because of a
lack of funds. When asked what it was like growing
learning with my class, and that made it all the more
worthwhile.
eficial and should be introduced in college courses
because it enhances student learning, it is a source
of society, and it builds a partnership between the
students and their community, whether it is getting to
know a homeless man, or seeing a homeless shelter
problem and that he did it on his own, without
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Works Cited
Furco, Andrew. Service-Learning: A Balanced Approach
to Experimental Education. Expanding Boundries:
Service and Learning. N.p.: Corporation for National
Policy Analysis
Educational Evaluation and
JSTOR
pag. Print.
Challenges, and Strategies for Sucess.”ServiceLearning: Benefits, Challenges, and Strategies for
Sucess
Academy of
Management Learning & Education
Student Reflection:
more credible and my argument stronger. Also, each paragraph was a part of my thesis statement and
backed it up with specific information.
Shippensburg University
Hooray for Cheerleading!
Emily Frieben
ENG 106: Writing Intensive First Year Seminar
Dr. Lauren Cella
Assignment description:
They Say, I Say, an essay was selected for the rhetorical analysis assignment. Then, the student
ethos, pathos, or logos.
coach from the sidelines of the gymnasium floor.
The biggest game of the season, homecoming,
was tomorrow, and we were practicing and trying
to perfect a new cheer with difficult stunts and
a brief history of the sport, she argues that cheer-
-
should be considered a sport. Yabroff targets those
she references a study of three different types of
cheerleading squads, and she describes them, saying
in catching her. The first few run-throughs of the
continues to address these types of stereotypes
went terribly wrong. As we tossed our flyer in the
Cheer,
been dropped on my nose. The pain was incredibly
intense, and my nose suddenly began to pour blood
like a faucet. The flyer’s leg had come down on
line. She’s either the straight A’s prom queen, or the
From these quotes, it is clear that Yabroff is attempting to change the minds and reach out to those who
not been broken. Once the bleeding had stopped,
was told that my bluish-purple colored bruised nose
coordinated well with the colors of my cheerlead-
cheerleading is much more than simply putting on a
homecoming game.
~
In Defense of Cheering, Yabroff
tempt to dispel all of the condescending stereotypes
the combination of heart, soul, commitment, physical strength, and true athleticism.
Yabroff opens her essay with a strong use of pateam is in bad shape. One member has a broken
rib. The other, a possible concussion from a nasty
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
fall. A third wraps a compression bandage around
Ronald Reagan as comparable athletes. Also, the
type of cheerleading that they did back then does
not compare with the challenges of cheerleading of
today. Years ago, cheerleaders pepped up the crowd
from the sidelines using pom poms, megaphones,
and signs. Today, cheerleaders combine these oldtime elements, along with dance routines, gymnastics, and intricate stunts. Therefore, her use of ethos
long-term effects on the body. Additionally, she
creates the image of a team that despite their many
Cheer,
destroys Yabroff’s main argument, ethos, and cred-
committed to succeed. One may question from her
description whether she is talking about a professional football team rather than a cheerleading
“she admits that there is something about the sport
to those skeptical die-hard sports fans who do not
she not only weakens Yabroff’s authority on the
use of this quote
totally contradicts
Yabroff’s argument.
Rather than dispel-
can relate to her deOne may question from her
scription first-hand.
description whether she is talking
tion, our practices
stereotypes of
increased not only
cheerleaders, this
about a professional football team
in length but also in
quote discredits
rather than a cheerleading squad.
intensity. Often, we
what Yabroff set
had multiple girls
using crutches to
this statement is
walk, while some had their arms in slings. Despite
of the main argument of the essay by stereotyping
still take part in the competition, as our star flyer
once sprained her ankle and competed with her foot
attention” or be a drama queen to be a cheerleader.
the entire season due to a fractured skull after falling
background and yearning to be part of an athletic
the true dedication and commitment to the team but
also the athleticism of this sport.
was (and still am) a quiet, studious student, who
has no intentions of stirring up trouble. Another
important point was the contract that we were
ethos in one of her arguments, she makes reference
required to sign upon making the squad, which laid
out our team rules that dealt with issues such as
cheerleaders. She writes:
drama, and so on. Our coaches had no tolerance for
the megaphone at West Point. Ronald Reagan
played football as Gipper on film, but in real
life he rooted on the basketball team at Eureka
This historical fact does not create an image of
cheerleading as an intense, demanding sport. When
-
kicked off of the squad. This threat of punishment
deterred any potential “drama queens” and kept
those who were truly committed and dedicated to the
of cheerleaders.
~
thirty eight degrees outside with thirty mile an hour
winds. We were begging our coach to let us wear
our wind suits to the homecoming game. “No,”
Shippensburg University
she said, “you can handle the cold, at the biggest
game of the year.” So, the entire team followed the
coach’s orders without any “drama” and dealt with
Works Cited
They Say, I
Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing,
with Readings
Print.
warm rather than look good. Regardless of what
we wore, we were ecstatic to pump up the crowd,
time at homecoming.
-
demand strength and commitment. Although her
of ethos is weak and hypocritical, actually ruining
her main argument. Thus, Yabroff’s In Defense
of Cheering
Student Reflection:
In
Defense of Cheering
no longer at a loss for words. Additionally, my argument was clear, distinct, and more well-defined
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
An Analysis and Comparison of
Perspectives of the First Crusade
Corinne Gorak-Lacquement
HIS 105: Historical Foundations of Global Society
Dr. Robert Shaffer
Assignment description:
When one thinks about the history of modern
who told him to return the city to the Christians.
as being important. The Protestant Reformation, the
to him.” When he told his ruler, the Turk was ad-
Roman Empire to regain lands deemed important
the Lord came to him, he went to the commander of
the Christian hordes and worked with their “army”
to bring Antioch down from the inside. Once the
Christians got into the city, wrote Fulcher, “our
my opinion, if Fulcher’s account is anything to go
history has shaped the relationship between three
of the world’s main religions, as well as a prime
that God was only on their side. Also, it’s interesting
that he said “our Lord,” as if to differentiate between
how different they are.
First and foremost, we should get an idea of the
the aggressors. Fulcher of Chartres, a soldier in the
army of Robert of Normandy and later a chaplain
interesting position during the Crusades. They were
time it was an uneasy alliance, since the two sects of
his chronicles, “The Siege of Antioch,” talks about
how demoralised the Christian hordes were after two
left in the middle of the siege “because it brought so
She talked about how her father reacted to the news
cause that they were fighting for.
Fulcher also tells us that the fall of the city was
irresistible method of attack” [Anna Comnena in
to a certain Turk, chosen beforehand by his Grace,”
not take place at the same time nor by the same
Shippensburg University
road” [Ibid.
offered respite to the leader of the armies, a man
named Peter, but he refused, saying that they must
and Jews and anyone else they considered a heathen.
in this war for God almost as much as the Crusaders
talked also about how their enemy, the Normans,
Egyptian general’s large army and the small force
lower opinion of the Frankish armies (kind of
-
discipline which is necessary for those starting out
anyone in their way.
ing, mainly because
the Frankish armies
are the armies of
their ally (granted
an uneasy ally), so
she’d hold them
in a little higher
esteem.
wanted to claim what they thought was rightfully
already theirs, and they would fight and die to keep
it.
The Jews, as always seems to be the case
historically speaking, were the metaphorical punching bag in all of this. They were horribly mistreated
by the Christians, and treated much better by the
to do their own thing, as it were. The source on this
issue is “The Chronicle of Solomon bar Simson,”
which detailed the
brutality suffered
by the Jews at
the hands of the
This event…is probably the clearest
example of how history has shaped
the relationship between three
of the world’s main religions.
account, Solomon
talked about how
the Crusaders,
“arrogant people
speech,” destroyed
countless Jewish communities on their way to the
They were the ones whose holy lands were being
taken, and whose men, women, and children were
being slaughtered indiscriminately. When the First
be remembered” (Solomon bar Simson in Reilly,
did not answer, as Jews thought he was meant to do
on the day when he would come and take them to the
of their territory by the Crusaders’ armies. This
unpreparedness resulted in them not being able to
get back their old lands until the Second Crusade,
women, children, destroying property, and forcibly
baptising many.
conquest that recaptured Jerusalem and most of their
history, is that the Jews are a rather masochistic
lot. They say that all of the pain and suffering they
endured, as it was told, would happen on the day
the brutality of the Christian hordes towards anyone
not of their faith. According to him, at the beginning
from Egypt came up with his large army, but though
moned up enough determination to break the ranks
that had been chosen by him to be his portion, for
they had the strength and the fortitude to stand in his
sanctuary, and fulfil his word, and sanctify his great
noted that Jews took sanctuary with Catholic bishops. Sometimes this worked out for them, as in the
case of Speyer’s Jewish community – but sometimes
it didn’t, as in the case of part of the Jewish community of Worms.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
in common is that they describe the acts committed
by the Crusaders as brutal. The Jews tell of whole
communities of Jews being wiped out, forcibly contered by the thousands and the Crusaders burning
source tells us that “they dismembered some of the
as Christianity was in the beginning an offshoot of
Judaism.
Empire itself mentioned “the Franks running far and
wide though the streets with their naked swords and
history of modern religion, but really, they needn’t
in it were so similar. Then again, they were all
There are differences, though. For instance,
Christians weren’t true Christians, but they were
either unwilling or unable to participate in the
Crusades in a militaristic manner, whereas the
conflict.
Works Cited
Worlds of History: A Comparative
Reader,
th
Student Reflection:
ing part of world history to me, especially the interaction between three religions that are so similar and
yet so different. They all worship the same god, and yet they do it in such different ways, and they were
Christians were the main aggressors, and the Jews were the ones usually caught in the middle, because it
seems to be sort of a pattern for the three groups throughout history.
Shippensburg University
The Trial of Robert Sandoval: A Report
Tracy Hoffman
CRJ 100: Introduction to Criminal Justice
Assignment description:
of first degree murder.
both self-defense and first-degree murder from the
but at the same time we cannot say for certain what
intent to kill beyond a reasonable doubt and we
agreed that there was reasonable doubt. At that
for reasons unclear, returned and approached the
chainsaw did not
work, he dropped
it and entered the
this point, inside
ing for murder in the third degree. On the second
If you come to someone’s home
with a chainsaw, you waive
your right to self-defense.
manslaughter is
technically a subset
of third-degree and
The largest point of
contention for us
was the chainsaw.
ing was done in self-defense. The Prosecution was
dropped his intentions changed, if only slightly.
out and he would face a minimum of three years
ence between first degree murder and manslaughter
tion of the chainsaw and the location of the kitchen
knife used in the stabbing. The prosecution aimed
degree murder was detrimental to our decision, as
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
crying and other kinds of brain cell killing drama.
The real, slow and boring court case of Robert
has a more realistic depiction of what a court room is
like but sometimes feature attorney’s fiercely argu-
their side. The stab wound, for instance. The defense
argued that the wound was consistent with a swiping
method based on the angle. The prosecution ignored
the angle of the wound completely and instead
focused on the depth of the wound and claimed it
court system, where the burden of proof is placed
tion of murder by negligence is appropriate and that
pointless one. The truth will almost always be lost in
Student Reflection:
Shippensburg University
Forced Conformity of Inhumanity
Terri Hoover
ENG 050: Basic Writing
Dr. Erica Galioto
Assignment description:
gender on daily life. You will be making an argument that is a synthesis between two articles around the reality
of gender.
Accepting the fears imposed by society these black
those rights is the same society that determines who
of cultures, genders and races to establish who is
ultimately entitled to and in charge of the rights of
mentioned incidents group thinking of the society
has become the standard rule causing women in
-
sity and basic human rights become the possession
The group thinking of society has produced
illusions in the world simply because this thinking
is a way of maintaining a harmony amongst people.
a person which should be what unites people as seen
by allowing decisions and ideas to be formed and
ultimately accepted without a look at what alterna-
effects of society’s beliefs and ideas of classification
today’s decisions on the abortion of female fetuses in
brought about a stronger unity within the group.
The ad attached shows that no two people are alike
color eyes and different skin tones. Each of these
as Rushdie calls the abortion of female fetuses will
actions will only end when there are no longer
fears of society by reflecting those fears onto others.
unity among culture, gender and race instead of each
being used to break that unity. The idea that thinking
alike leads to harmony amongst people needs to be
promote real unity and harmony among cultures.
Culture plays a huge role in Rushdie’s essay
because of the belief that males are worth more than
females due to the dowry system, where males will
bring money into the family and females will be
taking money from the family. This archaic system
of dowries brings financial stress to the family
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
to identify, and then abort, obscene quantities of
-
birth. Staples speaks of the streets that these black
men were raised on and one can hear the despair in
the words written. “The small, angry industrial town
The beliefs forced onto these women and black men
lead to the thinking that acceptance of these beliefs
sentence in that it brings about the death of an indineeded to promote the group as a whole.
that endanger the character’s identity from the time
of birth until the time of death taking any power
from women and black men. The fact the women
in Rushdie’s
in a position of
contemplating the
idea of an abortion
should encourage
those women to
fight for the future
generations because
place in the country. Women are seen has the head
of culture, religion and head of the country recently
with the election of a female president, Pratihha
tion of young black men being common criminals,
nothing more than street thugs, but that nation is the
same society that elected a black man as president of
to see society’s classifications as a true indication
of how humans are labeled then it would be easy to
eliminate from the attached ad two-thirds of those
pictured as being important members of a communiembrace the differences of those pictured and push
others to embrace those differences then the human
race can take that small step and make a giant leap.
Society must take this small step of irony
further in closing the gap and turn it into a bridge
formed councils
Conformity to the masses
however is not a survival but
rather a death sentence.
for decades with
the sole purpose of
stopping these classifications and stereotypes of society.
These councils and
called on the world
to be compassionate and tolerant of all cultures,
genders and races. The problem with the foundations
want male children as much as their husbands do”
in that they become the killers of women. Similarly,
made it to the designation of young black man considering the description of the streets he came from,
is the fact that their fundamental foundations still
align with the masses in the fact that the councils
and not the human race as a whole. Society needs
no other classification to promote equality among
made asking or calling people to action against this
speeches starting action not as a group for one but as
The attached ad quotes, “All human beings are
born free and equal in dignity and rights.” Each
the ability to become bigger than the arrangement
to look at what a future may hold or that the future
The true irony is that this societal classification
put on women and black men being less by the
standards set by group thinking in these essays has
placed on them in its culture is a contradiction to
the increasingly high number of abortions taking
continuing to act with the masses and not acting
-
Shippensburg University
al by not conforming to the masses but speaking out
equal soul with contributions to the human race and
commit to build that singularity up and not to tearing
birth along with the natural rights they are entitled
and take those to the masses as ideas for how to
make this world one race, the human race.
Student Reflection:
-
build a strong foundation for my future writing.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Connecting the Dots: Jealousy
and Roommate Conflict
Danielle Hornberger, Kathryn Keefer, Kacie Marsh,
KellyAnn Mack, and Dana Wodarczyk
HCS 250: Interpersonal Communication
Assignment description:
specific situations. There are many emotions that
each roommate feels and possesses. When specific
millions of students each year. Some students come
into college not knowing their roommate, some
choose their roommate, and some students choose
roommate situations, it’s almost impossible to go
emotion to roommate conflict. Going further into our
study we will take a look at precise situations with
three hypotheses:
that there are endless reasons for conflict among
responses of roommate conflict and shares insight
into our study about how emotions play a part in
roommate conflict. Thus, the focus of our study is
means.
outside of the roommate relationship.
conflict.
-
grounds, gender and duties in roommate conflict.
As helpful as all of these studies articles are with
their findings and insights into better understanding
roommate conflict, there are still some gaps.
ute to roommate conflict.
With our research question and hypotheses in
college students to learn about their roommates and
Literature Review
tion and effects of these common disputable themes,
conflict.
does contribute to conflict between roommates in
relationships, and potentially can demolish a connec-
Shippensburg University
outside sources such as loans or parents. Similarly,
an additional article supports how roommates
ers include financial means, friendships outside of
the roommate relationship, and household responsibilities. The following scholarly articles present
information in attempt to demonstrate and support
the hypothesis.
work as hard for the same thing the inferior person
Financial Means
ousy. This is seen in an article by Xaio, Tang, and
assistance while they are working hard at a part-time
does not need to work for any income because its
satisfaction. This
satisfaction will
life and a feeling
college students.
Consequently, if the
financial attitudes
ability and effort”
The results suggested that 40%
would live with their roommate again,
and that the other 60% would not.
These wise words
still support how
one sided. Jealousy
can go both ways
between two people is equal. Their insights were
relationships. They placed them in situations that
help from his or her parents. Similarly, roommate
with more support of our hypothesis of financial
through their education independently and with their
own earned income.
All of these results combined confirm the hy-
is more successful and wealthy can cause conflict
by financial issues. Success, wealth, and students
research about how those who are successful are
Although financial status is an important component
Outside Relationships
has to spend, but how that money comes about.
Comparisons are made between roommates concern-
lationship.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
who were affected by outside relationships. The
study used ninety-two undergraduate participants
within friendship prescribe interdependence but
pertained to the situations. These participants were
students in an interpersonal communication class as
roommates is spending time with someone outside
of the group, the roommate(s) that are not included
Research shows that it is in one’s nature to see a
ship between partners or an entire group (Parker,
place, it then seems probable that another roommate
beneficial for the roommates to accept the outside
feelings of loneliness and being left out. The need
as though it is the third party’s fault that they are not
able to hang out with their roommate as much.
Also in support of our hypothesis of outside
of holding a silent grudge can actually strengthen
this questionnaire made the participants do multiple
-
and start stealing attention from the partner. Their
the participant had started with the partner (Desento,
brief moments, it is safe to assume that this would
girlfriends. This is not limited to only marriages and
romantic relationships, but anytime a member of a
close relationship reduces time with one person for
with one of the people in a relationship, but the
of the roommate relationship has been supported.
will be stronger. This is supported in an article by
the differences between romantic relationships
about close friendships, the authors pointed out that
relationships will be stronger if the inferior friend
Shippensburg University
a roommate or a roommate’s parent’s bank account
will take notice that someone else is cleaning up the
mess. This will communicate discontent as well as
roommate makes friends and starts spending time
away from the house, dorm, or apartment. The third
prong to our hypothesis deals with a conflict that
An additional article from the College Student
Journal stood out from the others, and seemed to go
hand in hand with the topic of roommate conflict.
things such as cleanliness and housekeeping.
Household Responsiblies
by household responsibilities. According to
determined the different stressors among these
with cleanliness in residence halls between college
stressful situations, and asked the participants to
housekeeping was the main issue they had with their
esis was also supported through an article about a
Those participants differed in age, gender, and had
contribute to stress and conflict among roommates
impact on one’s health, and that stress management
training should be used to increase health as well as
space. This created a few problems among the roomstress. Additionally, when the stress is not dealt with
these issues not being addressed, the relationship can
crumble, leading to failure, loneliness, and perhaps
participant considered interpersonal sources of stress
to be considered daily hassles. The second biggest
interpersonal stressor, directly following a change
A mess is one thing, but what is more important
ing it up. This idea is supported in an article that
roommate conflict to be a daily hassle (Ross
chores results in both parties feeling more satisfied
students reported stress due to their financial situchanges because neither party is communicating
are often two roles when it comes household chores.
cleaned. Secondly, there’s the under performer. This
-
conditions, and how it induces stress. The article was
college students would benefit from stress manageor simply do not care about the cleanliness of their
household. This is supported by Vierling-Claassen’s
also be annoyed, but for a different reason. They will
dorm without cleaning them up. Furthermore, they
to the issue of an outstanding chore, the only two
strategies are to complete the task or to not complete
there were two roommates. Roommate A’s primary
goal was to not do any work. Their second goal was
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
the chore completed more so than they cared about
around in filth than pick up a dustpan and Roommate
communicated, but still causes conflict and bad feel-
group were asked opened ended questions in which
Cleanliness and household responsibilities play
-
Sometimes, conflict arises because one roommate
board.
Other times, the one that cleans is the one that
starts the issues because the other roommate(s) are
annoyed and feel as though they are being asked to
change their ways. This information clearly relates to
our hypothesis about how household responsibilities
Data Collection Procedures
informed consent form, were kept in different folders
upon completion in order to reassure each participant
that their answers were going to remain confidential.
Conclusion
between college roommates. Not only what happens
in the apartment, but things outside of the apartment too. For instance, financial situations differ
among the roommates which can cause tension as
Jealousy
-
Other sources did not seem as legitimate as others.
Therefore, those articles did not seem to go as well
with our proposal as we had hoped. There is not a
lot of scholarly information on household work or
Financial Means
To access if financial means contributed to
questions that to do with money and socioeconomic
gender roles. The information included in the literaregards to their financial situation as well as their
college roommates instead of getting gender roles
be answered and perhaps some more information
were also asked about a roommate taking material
belongings of theirs without permission. Within
your roommate(s). Another question asked was, how
often do you argue about money or bills with your
help demonstrate and support our hypothesis about
Method
few more in-depth questions about financial means.
you made more money? The other question asked
Participants
way you feel? Other questions asked within the
Shippensburg University
Hypothesis 1
utilities, groceries, etc? Does your roommate(s)
ence the way you feel?
financial means. Results of this hypothesis were
Outside Relationships
To access if outside relationships (which we
are referring to as romantic relationships as well
from their roommate’s source of income. Our ten
felt towards their roommates after a disagreement
questions about outside relationships. The followoften do you feel left out when your roommate(s)
Hypothesis 2
Our second hypothesis within our Research
relationships with others outside of the roommate
tions were asked. Do you feel discouraged after talkasked two questions about outside relationships. We
doesn’t go as planned? After knowing this person’s
roommates?
their roommate.
Household Responsibilities
To gain insight into the topic of household
those relationships your roommates share with other
-
asked about feeling left out when their roommate(s)
arrangement. Participants were asked to elaborate
asked if they feel left out when their roommate(s)
household responsibility include, do you fight about
tion to this topic was, how often do you feel defeated
when your roommate(s) complete tasks and you
-
they did not feel discouraged. Then when asked if
again.
Hypothesis 3
posed was, if household responsibilities were a
direct cause of roommate conflict. Throughout the
Results
dealt with cleaning issues within the home. Then
contribute to roommate conflict? The research con-
were three questioned about cleaning schedules, and
food arrangements.
caused by the work of household responsibilities.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
said when their roommates do not complete tasks
all, the highest percentage from our results of our
conflict due to failure to complete household tasks.
A separate but also interesting finding were
question pertained to whether arguments arose
caused because of the lack of schedule. The final
tionships or household responsibilities.
Discussion
roommate conflict.
from participating college students, component of
our study show that our research was successful.
-
es did not align with our prepositions in our hypoth-
financial means, outside relationships or household
responsibilities prose the intriguing question: what
-
not play as important of a role in roommate conflict
as we had presumed. Our second component of
our research question and hypotheses, we found
in roommate conflict for more detailed responses.
in roommate conflict. Furthermore, our results and
finds did not conclude to agree with our research
question or hypotheses.
Our number of participants that were sometimes
interesting to find because although some partici-
conflict. This research and others indicate that
researchers must look further into factors and situations to of why roommates choose to not room again
with their last roommate. What sorts of conflict
arose during their roommate relationship that caused
one roommate to want to conclude the roommate
significant result from this study may be the fact that
our study’s results suggested other factors are the
means of terminating a roommate relationship.
Shippensburg University
References
British Journal of Educational Studies,
.
and romantics. Psychological Reports,
Communication Studies,
domain buffering effects. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 63
halls: a preliminary study of the efficacy of roommate
negotiations to reduce roommate conflict. Public
Policy and Administration Faculty Publications and
Presentations
The Journal of Social Psychology
Psihologijske Teme /
Psychological Topics
Jealousy and the threatened self: getting to the heart
of the green-eyed monster. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology,
troubles: reconsidering informal dyadic control.
Law & Society Reviews
and roommate satisfaction. Journal of College &
University Student Housing, 36
Developmental Psychology,
. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, 11(2), 1-12.
doi:
relationships. The Hugh Downs School of Human
Communication, 2-11.
of stress among college students. College Student
Journal, 33(2), 312.
Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology
Current
Psychology,
satisfaction. Communication Methods and Measures,
relationship of interpersonal communication
The College Mathematics Journal
doi:
colleges students. Social Indicators Research, 92(1),
college.Communication Quarterly
Student Reflection:
Throughout our entire research process, we had the idea that many people with roommates had conflict
findings, the results had showed that roommate conflict was not directed towards the certain issues we all
reasoning behind why certain communication phenomenas occur. This was one of the biggest learning
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
The Oyster and the Slave: Ownership and
Environmental Justice on Maryland’s
Antebellum Eastern Shore
Andrew Hutchinson
ENG 248: Intro to Culturally Diverse Literature
Assignment description:
writing.
“-----It is a symbol of Irish art.
The cracked looking-glass of a servant.”
-James Joyce, Ulysses
As Joyce’s looking-glass, the oyster shell is the
Song Yet Sung, like
a looking-glass, the oyster shell presents a differa product of the land to be possessed and fought
now, that’s their new hobby. They done found
oysters. The poor man’s last refuge. They
dredging the Chesapeake now with brogans,
the bay’s gonna be cleaner than the inside of a
peanut shell when they done.
as a product of the land, but one that ought not be
of his character the Woolman, The land is a gestalt, a
Platonic eidos, in which man plays only a small part.
were, at the time and indeed to this day, one of the
most important foods of the eastern shore. From
man rule in them things is up to man, not God.
Denwood in the following passage. When Amber
mentions to Denwood that he knows that Denwood
Denwood replies:
especially from Denwood, is one of moral superior-
Shippensburg University
from the land, not from owning men. This is how
ing to Amber, through the metaphor of oysters, that
Amber is lucky that it’s Denwood who has held him
what little consolation it is to Amber that Denwood
fact which Amber points out in his final statement in
God, Denwood doubtless understands the difference
to possess the oysters more than the s
owners,
forcing Denwood to accept belief in God, Amber
nonetheless enforces the position that the code of
rich plantation owners and poor waterman, without
one which can not be separated
from The Land, which itself cannot be separated
losing oysters to the richer white men to the concept
tures, great and small, are part of God’s kingdom.
of being owned by these men.
is his
assertion that, “God
mental and social
put them [animals,
including oysters]
on hierarchical
Where the master finds justice
here to wake man
up to what his
Amber’s is founded
in the owner, the servant finds
on a simple notion
injustice in the act of ownership.
of ethics. This
presents a Christian
dichotomy is at the
concept of stewardheart of morality
ship of the land and sets up the conflict between
the Eastern Shore. Although Denwood is prescient
and ethically wrong and that as an institution it
watermen, not to the land itself. The implication is
-
humanity. Denwood asserts that he and the other
mental concerns, but that it should be done by the
watermen, not the plantation owners.
and implores him to use the knowledge granted to
him by God to understand not only his hypocritical reaction to the plantation owners’ taking of the
on which we depend, created by God to “wake man
the limits of humanity are the limits of what the
earth can produce for us and what we make of what
it produces, i.e., how equal we can make the distriquoted passage, Amber outlines a prescient statement
more own the land and what it produces than one can
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Works cited:
Student Reflection:
Song YetSung, as the metaphor through
identity wasconstantly being called into question and how these same questions are asked and answered
Shippensburg University
China’s One-Child Policy: The
Good, The Bad, and the Ugly
Ashley Moriarty
GEO 101: World Geography
Dr. Jennifer Pomeroy
Assignment description:
world.
There are times when a country faces a problem
that appears so big, it may seem only a radical
as diminishing human rights, while others may see
the need for the policy. This opinion, which can be
implementation of the One-Child Policy. China’s
population had grown so large that the country
to how they interact with Chinese people and how
Chinese people interact with others. The neighboring
countries may feel the effects of the law because of
some of the side effects the law has had since estab-
enforce the policy to slow the growth of the country.
cultures than the Asian population.
One of the fundamental themes of geography
is the human and earth relationship. This policy
clearly shows the Chinese people are aware of their
The population did slow its growth and in fact, did
were many side effects of this policy that were not
of the concerns before the One-Child Policy was
the amount of pollution the country had due to the
number of people crowded into cities. Another way
this Policy relates to the human-earth relationship
as well as the unforeseen consequences including:
weight it bears on education.
The reason this problem took place in China is
concern, it shows the people care about their land.
Population geography by definition covers
population in absolute and relative terms, distribution patterns and a few other concepts
-
ing rapidly. They were running out of usable crop
space to support such a large, rising population. The
ment system, it opened the door for them to direct
how many children women bore. The One-Child
With the implementation of the One-Child Policy
the population slowed growth, but it was at a cost.
The ratio between males and females became out of
balance. Since families were only allowed one child,
they tried for a boy to carry on the family line- a
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
paid. With the enactment of the One-Child Policy
Ebenstein obtained this number by comparing birth
rates and death rates for women both in China and
worldwide, and found they did not match. This is a
total
fertility rate
and ultimately slowed population as it set out to do.
Despite the slow growth in population, this change
in demographics is a cry for change to the One-Child
Policy.
Economic geography is the study of how
countries use money and resources in relation
to where it is spent and how. Today, China has a
state-aided market economy, and the world’s fastest
Tan claims that the policy is the reason there has
marketing campaign for the policy was essentially
sure their child had the best education. There has
to be born are also affected significantly by this
economy, it is essential for the wellbeing of China
to maintain this status. As a result of the One-Child
Policy, China is growing old and reaching retireworking before the
Policy took effect is
reaching retirement
replacement rate
become educated. This puts a financial burden on the
parents and a moral burden of making sure all their
children get a high-quality education. The problem is
that many of these children are not getting an equal
education. They are
growing into adults
and being left
behind because of
One of the fundamental themes
their lack of educaof geography is the human
tion- an unforeseen
consequence of
and earth relationship.
the Policy and
is too low, because
of the One-Child
Policy. Once the
last of the elders
retire, it is up to the children born under the policy
consequence when
for education really did make China much smarter
and more prepared to enter the workforce.
China was faced with a serious problem: famine.
increasing significantly. As written in the Wall Street
Journal
happens when the last of the food runs out? Out of
considering a slow reform to the policy to balance
serious consequences if no reform takes place before
all the elders retire. With that being said, the stable
population growth that would come with a reform
would help balance the economy.
When looking at Human geography, it really
encompasses many things. For the One-Child
Policy and how it affects education, it relates best
to cultural geography. Education in the minds of the
Chinese is it is essential. They begin schooling at a
around the world. The Chinese education system
one child is born into the family, they are permitted to attend public school without paying fines.
to see a need to change the policy. China has been
considering a reform on the One-Child Policy for a
few reasons. The ratio of males to females is becoming unbalanced as well as a significant number of
women are unaccounted for. Another reason is that
the population looking to work, causing economic
insecurity. The third effect was that some children
are being educated intensely while other children
are not, and there is also a shift from public schools
child better care”. The intention of the policy was to
reduce population growth so the country can support
itself enough to not cause famine. There is a long
list of repercussions from enacting the One-Child
if it is for the best or not.
Shippensburg University
References
Wall Street Journal
Policy.” Journal of Human Resources
International Education.
Student Reflection:
my paper, you understand the effects of the policy, and agree that something needs to change.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Tattoos: "From Rebellion to Expression."
Aleister Oldhouser
ENG 106: Writing Intensive First Year Seminar
Dr. Sandra Wilson Smith
Assignment description:
We were asked to write a research paper. We could pick our own research topics as long as we could find credible sources.
had always thought of him as the “good grandchild”
-
people with tattoos into stereotyped groups. Debate.
org
students with tattoos or body piercings had chosen
main reasons people wrote for disliking tattoos were
because they were trashy, associated with criminals
mous poster on Debate.org
Tattoos
Tattoos are now, for the first time, being rec-
because in the past they were associated mainly with
criminals and outlaws of society. Although they are
gaining in popularity with younger people, tattoos
are still considered the earmark of the lower class
and should be protected. Ryan and Letitia Coleman,
permit to open their shop, because city officials
thought it was not appropriate for the neighborhood.
The higher court ruled that the lower court had
opinions rather than to what is fashionable today”
permit. This case marks the first time that a state
nals and the lower class because this used to be the
before, was also worried about the health risk that
be from the media. Another person writes, “Think
slob, who smokes, drinks beers and hits people with
either a beer bottle, or a pool stick to the back of the
because freedom of speech is protected under the
First Amendment, the lower courts concerns were
outweighed.
Some people feel that the act of tattooing goes
the body as a holy temple (The English Standard
Version Bible
we shouldn’t desecrate our bodies with tattoos or
piercings. On the other hand, many people use
from the Famuan Online, the student paper at
Shippensburg University
on her hip. The girl describes the tattoo as bringing
people see tattoos as being wrong, “The Lord knows
say how the tattoo reminds her of her morals and
people may get may be an American flag if they are
Symbolic tattoos are also used as a form of
way she incorporates Christ into her life.
There are many other types of tattoos besides
matching tattoos. The reason behind us getting our
Durand also discusses her tattoos in the New York
Amsterdam New article. Durand’s tattoo is a black
outlined star, filled in with blue ink. The location
of the star is on her ankle. Durrand’s parents had
to symbolically show that we’d always be there for
since third grade. We had often talked about the tattoos people get. We
often pondered of
the meaning behind
certain tattoos like
Each time I glance at my tattoo I
skulls and spider
am reminded of the everlasting
webs. Somewhere
within all the chatfriendship that Natalie and I share.
tering, one of us
getting the word
describes her tattoo,
[it helped me]
feel better about
it with me. That
meant more to me
completely silly, would be our tattoo. This tattoo that
is on her lower back. She says that the tattoo is in
Professional skateboarder and Jackass
his co-star Ryan Dunn. Dunn was 34 years old when
he died in horrific car accident (“Ryan Dunn Dead:
permanent and symbolic to remind her of me when
-
she got a tattoo in place of her breasts. The tattoo
that she picked out is of a caterpillar going through
tattoo of Dunn’s face on his upper right arm with the
Another common reason people chose to
get tattoos is to show off their heritage. New York
Amsterdam News
alone. Similarly, after being diagnosed with breast
year old girl who got a tattoo of a Chinese character
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
tion of the nipple is almost like drawing them back
getting tattoos is rising, so is the number of people
careful consideration, she picked out a pernambuco
pernambuco blossom stands for reliance and beauty.
cause “they changed their mind when they got older”
with the healing process (Franus).
that disobedience is no longer the core reason for
free speech under the First Amendment. As more
and more people are getting tattoos, keep in mind
something permanently sealed onto our bodies we
want to make sure it will withstand time.
Works Cited
States?” Debate.org
The
York Amsterdam News
Search Complete
New
Academic
Huffington Post
The
Fanuan.
Process.” CBS News.
New York
The English Standard Version Bible: Containing the Old
and New Testaments with Apocrypha.
Daily News.
The
Huffington Post.
Process Looks Like.” The Huffington Post.
Tattoo.” ABA Journal
Search Complete
Academic
College Students.” American Journal Of Health
Students
Academic Search
Complete
Generation Me: Why Today’s Young
Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—
and More Miserable Than Ever Before. New York:
Tattoo to Tragic Ryan Dunn.” Mail Online.
Student Reflection:
Throughout the semester, our class often discussed the differences between different generations. We
understand.”
Shippensburg University
The American Dream and an American Myth
Matthew Peck
ENG 106: Writing Intensive First Year Seminar
Assignment description:
Your goal is to critique an ad that uses the American Dream in order to sell its product. Ask yourself: What is
connection.
down a traffic-free suburban street before finally the
see which team will win. While water-cooler talk the
of the year, which means that each company will be
pulling out its “big guns” to out-do the competition.
commercial has a runtime of nearly a minute-and-awithin its first second.
archetypal character: the “modern American man.”
and powers associated with the reception of stories
character identities are not spelled out in black-and-
its emphasis on the family) through use of character
fascination.
To see these tactics in action, we may look at the
present an image equal parts formal and casual. The
dodge the truth when his son asks the classic and
infamous question “Where do babies come from?”
-
parachutes, to their parents. Such air-drops include a
giraffe calf, orca calf, Labrador puppy, and a human
baby. Sadly, the skeptical son does not buy into his
with the family role of father, and because they are
identifying with him in how he looks physically,
they further identify with him as he speaks to his
son. This second-long introduction of character
he fills the role of “father,” a status many American
Dreamers hope to attain, and, in presenting such a
commands. The father, mother, and children sing
will metonymically connect the concepts of owning
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
the car and becoming as said person (read: being
how
that “Product X” is infinitely better than “Product
there are certain hurdles that many parents would
knowledge, to paraphrase Scholes, is the accumu-
with the father’s
parental duties/
troubles when the
do babies come
from?” (WSJ).
The camera is still
on the father, whose
at the question.
would instantly
on a course for Earth. Americans, as well as other
things. This could be due in part to America’s past:
“manifest destiny” was our motto for the longest
time, and when the frontiers of the country were
domesticated, we called space the “final frontier.” Of
sense of empathy.
-
the following shot of human babies toddling through
the lush undergrowth, and yet both were minute in
-
intelligent babies, so to call it a stand-out metaphor
is a stretch. Regardless, the point the father makes in
spinning this story is to bewilder his son enough so
of conception, and though his son is not dissuaded,
the audience takes pleasure in being swept away by
the fiction.
Once the fiction
breaks, though,
When taken moment-by-moment,
the audience must
come back into the
the two narratives in the Kia Sorento
reality of the family
in the car, where
commercial are completely different:
we see more of the
one asserts that owning the car will
“modern American
family” stereotype
make one’s family more “American”
in play. After the fawhile the other attempts to entertain
ther’s long-winded
the audience to gain sales from the
demographics’ enjoyment alone.
going to get out of
see him from the
back seat of the
car as he turns to
blonde-haired,
that is where babies come from” (WSJ). The camera
the commercial’s target audience, people of legal
school age, and his baby brother in the car seat
commercial, knowing that the slight twinge of panic
on the father’s face could easily cross their own if/
when their own children pose to them the same
question. This mutual understanding of the father’s
scenario plays off of the dreams of many Americans
family,” though this image traditionally features a
younger female sibling. Without regard to this minor
inconsistency, the commercial is also showing the
automobile’s full interior and illustrating its (at least)
fascination in seeing this far-fetched tale brought
to life made this commercial stand out from the
rest. Visual fascination is the use of presentational
methods described by Scholes as “derangements
suburban street, the natural habitat of the American
family.
When taken moment-by-moment, the two narradifferent: one asserts that owning the car will make
one’s family more “American” while the other
attempts to entertain the audience to gain sales from
Shippensburg University
Works Cited
is placed within the other, we see the best of both
worlds at work: Archetypes and empathy are doing
target consumer demographic to sell this car as the
Scholes, Robert. Protocols of Reading.
Center for Media Literacy.
clip. YouTube
the American family, and after all of the hype it
Student Reflection:
-
my analytical muscles.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Responsive Film Critique: Hotel Rwanda
Carolyn Seibert-Drager
COM 245: Diversity and the Media
Assignment description:
-
•
turmoil in the central African nation of Rwanda.
Long-term orientation, meaning whether a
society generally has a short-term or long-term
website, so East Africa was used as a substitute, as
-
character is Paul Rusesabagina, portrayed by Don
Cheadle, manager of a four-star hotel in Rwanda’s
wisdom, luck and
bribery, he manages
to keep more than
in his hotel until
peacekeepers can
in which loyalty to a member’s family or group is
archical order with inherent inequalities. They are
is placed on quality of life and caring for others than
on competition and
“getting ahead.”
They prefer to
The role that the media can
play in fomenting prejudice
also was on display.
safety.
rity and adherence
to rules, and are
oriented to the short
term rather than a
-
to understand the lens through which the assess-
two cultures are distinct.
uncertainty, encouraging new ideas and freedom of
•
for inequality in a society.
•
dence among a society’s members.
of the future rather than long term, indicating a
preference for both traditions and short-term gain
•
•
with future uncertainties.
Shippensburg University
same age, race or gender or in the same social class.
The role that the media can play in fomenting
members of the same society with the same skin
color. As noted in one scene early in the film, the labased on such random qualities as the lightness or
darkness of their skin or how tall they were.
spread their hate-filled message, threatening Tutsis
in coded language (like saying it was time to cut
tendency and desire for security to agitate other
considered traitors who should be killed as well.
Paul’s willingness to do anything to protect his
wife and children, and later the refugees who found
At times, this was a heart-wrenching film to
making and adhering to rules, and for knowing their
put in charge of the hotel, some of his staff would
not take direction from him until he asked for and
outlined his new duties.
Works Cited
http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html
from
Student Reflection:
of the internecine conflict that occurred in Rwanda
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Super Bowl Commercials’
Representation of Social Identities
Anna Seils
COM 245: Diversity and the Media
Assignment description:
content sample by using two concepts -- “fault lines” and “framing” -- and an attached coding document (this
purpose of this media content analysis is to better
understand framing in the commercial messages and
These commercials shape and reinforce the ideas of
different media audiences about lifestyles and social
groups.
based on these identities to carry out a systematic
commercials. To interpret the role portrayals, the
analysis in this paper will use the concept of media
framing, which helps us to see how an identity is
-
automobiles, NFL Network channel, Oreo cookie,
these commercials were under two minutes long and
aged males are the highest represented characters in
all ten commercials. Statistically, Caucasians made
in the ethnicity and race category. The commercial
that had the highest rate of Caucasian characters
their message into popular culture. This occurred in
the Oreo commercial “Oreo Whisper Fight,” where
cookie part of an Oreo cookie is better escalated into
cials. These dominant fault lines show that brands
generating commercials are targeting a particular
131 out of 133 characters, while suburbanites topped
spilled salsa then disappeared when washed with
Tide. The catch phrase is, “Joe where did you go?”
in reference to the missing stain.
The analysis in this paper has used two media
content analysis concepts – fault lines and media
characters. The dominant categories made up the
minorities were underrepresented.
ties in the ten commercials. African Americans made
cials, while Asian Americans made up two characters
Shippensburg University
and Latinos only one character. The elderly were
also underrepresented in the commercials and made
were the least represented in the geography category
with a total of 3 characters. The under representations in fault lines may be because of certain
characters cast in these commercials and appeared as
the Volkswagen commercial “Volkswagen: Get in.
-
likely to watch football.
There are many dominant trends in framing
in the roles portrayed by the characters in the ten
commercials. One theme is male power in athletics
-
theme appeared again in the commercial “NFL
Leon Sandcastle” which showed the protagonist as
an African American rookie athlete who was more
athletic than the other rookies, therefore making him
Family roles played by Caucasians was also a
Leon Sandcastle,”
were male. The
characters depicted
were male fans
watching the NFL
draft, professional
football players,
talent scouts and
coaches in the NFL.
all characters cast
and appeared in
These dominant fault lines show
that brands generating commercials
are targeting a particular
demographic; white males.
of the ten commer-
of all characters
were Caucasians
and played family
roles such as mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters.
of characters were male. These male characters held
bosses. All of these roles show power and prestige.
Another theme is that women were portrayed in
of characters were Caucasian and played roles of a
family in a suburban neighborhood.
groups is problematic in this media sample, as certain groups are underrepresented or not represented
character of a nurse is played by a woman. The role
these samples were not specified, but it is implied
race beside Caucasian was underrepresented. A
solution to the underrepresentation of content and
role portrayals by characters would be to cast a
woman as a reward. All of these roles are submisthem some lead roles in the commercials, popular
greater sense of community.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
References:
http://www.hulu.com/
http://www.hulu.
http://www.hulu.com/
http://www.hulu.
http://www.
racism, and cultural change. Journalism Quarterly,
69
frames, policy debates, and emotions. The Harvard
International Journal of Press/Politics, 12, 122 – 133.
http://www.hulu.com/
http://
Political
communication, 17
http://www.
http://www.hulu.com/
Student Reflection:
-
Shippensburg University
What Defines Success?
Hunter Wolfe
ENG 106: Writing Intensive First Year Seminar
Assignment description:
and/or unsuccessful.
As the saying goes, “it takes all kinds” to make
Since people spend so much of their life at work,
who are and those who are not successful. A comwhite collars – the well-off – but in reality, there are
many ways one can find success in his or her own
life aside from rising in social status. Success can be
been happy with the results. That being said, success
establishing solid relationships, and finding inner
peace.
Success is often associated with money and
careers. With this in mind, one who has established
career goals and met them has found occupational
got his degree in English, and later he was hired
on as a teacher in his local high school. James, on
Cameron went on
to become head
chairperson of the
English department,
up the chain of
command to a management position.
morning without
that abysmal dread
of going to work –
of class barriers. Someone who is dissatisfied with
their
have
contempt. And if that person should be of a higher
class, then a psychological social structure could
begin to form.
While society mainly attributes success to occupational choices, success can also be found in relationships. Our societies were birthed from the primal
instinct of communication, therefore, it is within
reason to suggest that forming solid relationships,
be they business partnerships, family relationships,
or romantic, is another way in which one may find
friend they can count on through any tumultuous
situation, then establishing a strong relationship with
someone can result
in finding that
People who are confident tend
to walk taller, feel more socially
engaged, dress and maintain
themselves better, and have a more
positive outlook on their lives.
positions in their fields, both men aimed higher,
and despite the differences in their pay grade, both
difference in the quality of life between one who is
occupationally successful and one who is not. People
that person has
found relationship
success.
The third type
of success is,
arguably, the most
important. Nearly
time in life where
trying to figure out who they want to be and how
people psychologically and emotionally. Someone
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
chose to be. The keyword is confidence. People who
are confident tend to walk taller, feel more socially
makes one person happy might not make another
person happy. One finds their own success when
much more important to find this personal success
than occupational or relationship success, because
when they form solid, strong relationships with
their colleagues, coworkers, families, and friends,
and when they find the confidence that comes from
establish strong relationships.
one question: are you happy?
Student Reflection:
can take as much time as they need to figure it out.
"Shoe" by Braden Winters, Digital Fine Art Print
Upper Level
Course Writing
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Editor’s Choice First Place
Sherburn and Transcendentalism
Collin Brackin
English 381: 19th Century American Literature
Assignment description:
-
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
of all time. Specifically, the lines “persons attempt-
vigil,
Encyclopedia of Crime
and Justice
important when looking at Colonel Sherburn, but
and Justice, there is information included about the
origins of the term “lynch mob” as used to describe
daughter, which incites a lynch mob that Sherburn
puts down with speech instead of a gun. Although
this episode is traditionally read as an anachronistic
critique of post-bellum lynch mob mentality in the
South, Colonel Sherburn can also be read as an
illustration of a failure of the American Romantic
Huckleberry Finn is
th
century Colonel
Lynch. This man carried out public whippings in
-
War. The fact that the namesake of the mobs and the
character in question both carry the rank of Colonel
is no mistake. Twain is calling Sherburn back to the
roots of the mob mentality, and adding another layer
that Twain refused as a realist writer yet he used in
an America that was wrought with the problems a
country faces with reconciliation and rebuilding after
putting brother against brother. One of the ways that
America dealt with the changing of the times was
Encyclopedia of American Law
tion, without due process, for real or alleged crimes”
defined here: “The term vigilante, of Spanish origin,
was great drama as William Owsley shot Samuel
Smarr dead in the street. Smarr was a “loose-tongued
drunk” who accused Owsley, a wealthy merchant, of
stealing money from a friend. After a night of yelling
accusations outside of Owsley’s store, Owsley fired
Shippensburg University
was formed at the time of the shootings, but if it did
it was unsuccessful in killing Owsley because he
was acquitted of the murder a year later on a defense
power of speech and striking appearance of Sherburn
which complicates matters further. Therefore this
made here is Smarr and Owsley transitioned from
Huckleberry Finn. This connection marked Twain
from a young age with personal emotions against
incident is a deeper issue that pertains more to the
world of Twain’s writing of Huckleberry Finn. This
Critics focus on Colonel Sherburn’s glaring
criticism of Lynch-mobbery as he dissipates the
would-be killers gathered on his front lawn,
is not the good party here, it does not make their
better than them. Twain sets up a battle of competing
“The pitifulest thing out is a mob…But a mob
without any man at the head of it, is beneath
pitifulness. Now the thing for you to do, is to
droop your tails and go home and crawl in a
consider the episode merely as a criticism of the
lynch-mob mentality found in post-bellum America,
when they come they’ll bring their masks, and
but there is more to this episode. The traditional
fetch a man
reading tries to
compile Sherburn
a forceful accusainto a list of other
tion and response
Twain uses Sherburn and Boggs
mentalities and
of immediate crowd
ways of thinking
to create a reality far from the
dissipation is an
easy cause and
on his trip down
idealism of the Transcendental
effect relationship
movement he disbelieved.
to see. The problem
Wilson in his article
as Twain’s criticism
From Abstraction
pride of Sherburn” to “the hedonism of Pap”, “the
Christianity of the Widow Douglas” as flawed
in a poor town, being a picture of masculinity in his
alienated to the point where he no longer sees people
to personal empathy and coldly applies his twisted
logic without emotion: “Sherburn’s alienation stems
from his monomaniac desire to cling steadfastly to
comes when we look at Sherburn as a character and
as a man, which he claims the mob is lacking, and
also his inclusion of the proper way to lynch a man,
in the dark.
Colonel Sherburn is first introduced in Chapter
to the wealthy and well-dressed William Owsley of
Twain’s childhood, but the comparison to the rest
of the town is also significant. The sad Arkansas
town is a picture of the backwards, stagnant, pathetic
South that Twain saw and poked fun at throughout
Huckleberry Finn
made of different kinds of boards, nailed on at dif-
away with the rest of the mob as it dissipates, yes,
crowd around him on Sherburn’s front lawn. There is
There is seemingly no connection of the respectable
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
from each other. The title “Colonel” denotes power
argument against mobs contains glaring hypocrisy:
Power, and the Nostalgic Romance of Piloting in
Life on the Mississippi” that compe-
born in them, but with courage that’s borrowed from
-
and the distinction may be important when considering the position of Colonel Sherburn: “This is
essentially what a powerful character is for Twain:
Twain implies that a competent character does not
-
title denotes that he bought into the system of leadership and borrowed courage at one point. The attitude
that he displays would be more closely related to the
there is that the story takes place years before
-
Sherburn would fit more correctly into the powerful
loafers, the tobacco gang, Colonel Sherburn carries
separation from the normal echoes an older romantic
within a community, which will be discussed later in
this paper.
ligence are not enough to separate Sherburn com-
periods do not align correctly.
There is no clear reason or morality behind the
list of failed moralities, but there’s no way to tell
out to the immorality of lynching and the people
ground physically for his interaction with the mob,
many. As a murderer, Colonel Sherburn is no better
than the rest of the mob, a glaring hypocrisy that has
made many critics speculate as to what Twain was
trying to accomplish. James S. Leonard puts it this
way: “The problem is that Colonel Sherburn doesn’t
argue that lynching is wrong, but that the lynchers
in favor of
ed. Chronologically, Twain is considered a member
of the realists, defining the local-color/regionalism
takes on a different tone all-together.
“Self-Reliance,” a cornerstone of the Transcendental
The moral right is nowhere to be seen, yet Twain’s
and capability to act for oneself:
there is no clarity. The mob is in the wrong for
storming “up the street towards Sherburn’s house,
members agree, for the better securing of his
bread to each shareholder, to surrender the
most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its
participant in the mob, which is wrong for seeking
against attempts to find reason would be the easiest
route to take.
names and customs. Whoso would be a man
must be a nonconformist (Emerson 3)
Emerson’s ideal man is the one who defies the culturally defined norms in order to follow his own path
to personal transcendence. This personal held belief
Shippensburg University
system only against society, without any concrete
reality may seem optimistic to most, but to Twain
of his town. The ending that Twain did choose keeps
-
Cooper’s literary offenses, he attacks the lack of
Leatherstocking Tales and pokes
fun at his romantic notions. Twain concludes with
this statement:
making sure that the glaring irony of the dignified
and self-righteous killer is able to scare those off
also fell under the Transcendental landmarks with
promote an idea of masculinity as self-assured, well
rounded, and unafraid to make a path against the
push of the mass populous. Colonel Sherburn is
all of these things. Looking at what the American
Romantics are promoting we see the self-assured,
educated, capable, respectable Sherburn as a light
lifelikeness, no thrill, no stir, no seeming of
they are not the sort of people the author
disobedience and the town was better off without the
its English a crime against the language.
Sherburn was acting under his own moral code and
standard, he stood up to his word and acted without
we all must admit that. (Twain)
Twain’s critical attack on Cooper’s work sheds light
on his mentality towards elements of fiction that
is a non-conformist.
As it relates to the whole of The Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn, Sherburn is the one person
reached the transcendent state according to Emerson.
and confused character drawing.
James Leonard in his article, “Lynching Colonel
-
the end of the first manuscript, at the end of chapter
ing on the part of the author.
but Twain uses this against that way of thinking.
Twain was able to see through the phony optimism
of those who came before him into the confusion of
people got rich off of the war and others were
ties up the matter neatly and succinctly and is
in pencil, as opposed to the ink in which the
we know, neither of these possibilities made it
The significance of the information here folds
itself into the idea that Twain had the ridiculousindecision is the writer’s inspiration for the notice
of not finding any meaning, as either of these
attempt to show that society isn’t able to be coped
with in terms of the Transcendental. Thoreau’s
Reality was the confusion of those ideals that the
Transcendentals were preaching by morally twisted
and “self-reliant” men who were able to take what
they wanted from the ideology without a base in the
simplest forms of the real world. Transcendental
What Twain has created in Colonel Sherburn is
-
Transcendentalism can be. Just like Twain assaults
James Fenimore Cooper, with Sherburn he is
making fun of how silly the Emersons and Thoreaus
-
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Works Cited
unafraid to be hypocritical, like Sherburn, but Twain
Nineteenth Century Fiction
hypocrisy ingrained in Sherburn, the righteous killer,
the Colonel yet hater of armies, is the real reason
critique of backwater life in its own right, Sherburn
-
“Vigilantism.” Encyclopedia of Crime
and Justice. Ed. Joshua Dressler. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. New
Leonard, James S. “Lynching Colonel Sherburn.” The
Mark Twain Annual
“Lynching.” Gale Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 24
“Lynching.” West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed.
Gale Virtual Reference
Library
Southern Literary Journal
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York:
The Southern Review
Student Reflection:
Huck Finn
been thinking about all of the possibilities that the critical arguments say, but connecting the dots shows
what we can
Shippensburg University
Editor’s Choice Second Place
Mingling with the Catholic Church: Female
Witches of Colonial New Spain
Kristina Kramer
HIS 349: History of Latin America
Dr. Gretchen Pierce
Assignment description:
conquistadores (conquerors),
and fell completely into the hands of the Spanish.
Rapidly spreading their territory, the Spanish soon
Americas, beginning to establish what came to be
known as New Spain. This new territory encom-
with double standards, dependency, and limitations,
there were few choices for women to find mental
and physical relief. For this reason, this paper
will argue that witchcraft in Colonial New Spain
common practice performed by women to both rebel
and cooperate with the Catholic doctrine through
appropriation of religious symbols, and performance
Caribbean islands, and all of Central America,
Practiced nearly worldwide, case studies on
1
harsh deserts, and sculpted mountains to spread
Catholic doctrine and their own cultural practices,
which included ideas about appropriate gender
roles.2 Such standards for women encompassed
interested in the causes of witchcraft, and what they
say about a community’s social structure. Cultural
those throughout Europe and Africa to name a few.3
a nun, married woman, widow, or maiden, all
women in Spain, and later in the Americas, were
male counterparts and God and to demonstrate
complete submission to them as well. For reasons
also connected to female gender roles, women were
be a contributing factor in Finnmark’s witch trials.4
Acting as a hallucinogenic drug in bread, ergot bread
paranoia, spasms, illnesses and stillbirths of “witch-
1.
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The Women of Colonial Latin America
2.
3.
Guinea, Asian Folklore Studies,
Debate and Dutch Variant,” Social History,
Gender, Religion, and the Politics of Power in Colonial Guatemala, 1650 – 1750.
Encyclopedia of Religion, 2,
th
4.
tor,” Economic Botany,
Women Who Live Evil Lives:
no. 14
-
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Another scientific and anthropological approach seen in studies of the Salem witch trials
of North America was known as “arctic hysteria,” a
Although arctic hysteria typically occurs during the winter time and in
little to no research has been conducted on this latter
aspect.
-
magic.
Spain and looking at how and why women used
in Salem.
religious, and personal conflicts as the main factor
Spanish defined witchcraft and its related terms.
Naturally, the world is a large place consisting of
Moon, Sun, and Witches
this said, one can then understand how each culture
and economically
abused them. This
idea is not too difFew’s argument
that witches in
colonial New Spain,
especially in the
audiencia (a smaller
region within the
beliefs on supernatural powers
Due to lack of opportunities, women
had to uncover nontraditional
techniques achieve their life’s goals.
from one another.11
As a result, it is
difficult to find one
of what constitutes
hechicera/bruja
Catholic doctrine.
witchcraft practices may be an outlet for personal
plain the tension that has been combined with a lack
of socially acceptable outlets for one’s emotions.
is a rebellious response to religious restriction. This
paper argues that women using witchcraft demonstrated both rebellion against and cooperation with
the Catholic doctrine.
After conducting primary and secondary research
my studies may shed light on not only the rebellious
tion witchcraft has with Catholic doctrine. As seen
in brief cases around the world, and after looking
hechicer a/ brujer a (magic) is the technique that
12
According to one source, hechicer a
is an act or ritual including “fortune telling, potions, powders, effigies, or talismans to affect one
13
source states that witchcraft is actually “a form
time in response to imposed official religious laws
and symbols.”14 While terms relating to witchcraft
either harm or help others.
At the same time, the Spanish elite and the
Catholic Church continued to smother the culture
of the gente vil (base folk) so that all would marry
and practice Catholicism. Likewise, women were to
Anthropologica
, Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideology and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru
Few, Women Who Live Evil Lives.
Encyclopedia of Anthropology.
.
Journal of Colonialism and Colo-
11.
nial History
12.
13.
14.
The Devil and the Land of the Holy Cross: Witchcraft, Slavery and Popular Religion in Colonial Brazil, transWomen in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World,
Andrew R. Chesnut, “Witches, Wailers, and Welfare: The Religious Economy of Funerary Culture and Witchcraft in Latin America,”
Latin America Research Review,
Shippensburg University
to be an indigenous or black woman, life could be
especially challenging because they were seen as
truly the low of the low. Mestizos
mulattos, indigenous, and blacks were all characterYet, these “base folk” used their
talents and healing occasionally to both protest
against and to abide by the Catholic doctrine.
Now that it is better understood what witchcraft
techniques that women used in summoning magic,
other members of society for her knowledge of the
Sabbath.
from her parents, and became well-known for learn21
accordance with the Catholic doctrine by finding a
dinate, fragile, and prone to error, women were kept
risked being condemned as a witch.
them from going astray and shaming their male
counterparts. Due to lack of opportunities, women
most likely accused of witchcraft, as the case with
their life’s goals. Therefore, women often employed
faced, lower-class women were also patrons and
herbs, potions, charms, or spells. To begin, the
of magic in hopes of raising their status in a male
to learn healing, then prayers and the Church would
no longer be needed to heal, and, they would no
longer need to seek out upper-class and elite doctors.
connected with more details as to how the women
used witchcraft in an attempt to satisfy the norms of
the Catholic Church.
curanderos (healers) to
be distinct from brujas.
that healing ultimately intertwined with witchcraft.
Through the eyes of the Spanish, curanderos were
people who focused on healing through what is
called folk magic – witchcraft that regularly uses
classes and with some indigenous or African descent
to employ folk magic. Additionally, the indigenous
and blacks were easily able to continuously gain the
plants required for the making of potions.
sions, a midwife or woman curing the ill could
as abusing her duties as a midwife by using folk
sentenced to lashings and physically marked with the
sign of a sorceress on a coraza (piece of armor) for
failing to fully meet the traditional gender roles of
the Catholic doctrine.22
class patrons often sought out lower caste practioners, especially to learn healing methods. As New
opportunities for medical training, particularly for
those of the lower class. Due to the caste system,
a curandero allowed both males and females of
the lower castes to take medicinal concerns, and
American Ethnologist
Socolow, The Women of Colonial Latin America
Social History,
21.
22.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
times found it difficult to enter a medical school and
ing from curanderos. Additionally, the curanderos
used Christian prayers, potions, or religious relics as
pray to Catholic saints in hopes of a cure.23 Although
they were being employed by lower class women
time in the domestic sphere. On the surface, Rosa
and her sister seemed to be following some of their
prescribed gender roles: although their party was not
in their own homes, it was in a home nonetheless.
Therefore, they were still maintaining the Catholic
Church’s standards for a woman’s presence in the
house. Likewise, they were both of age to marry,
-
elites, the State, and the Church feared they would
and punished healers to reinstate their own power.24
Working against their plans, many curanderos were
able to dodge the punishments by running a successful black market concealed from the Church.
the saint and scapular to summon magic in hopes of
snaring a possible husband. While this may demonstrate female greed to some, women often argued
that they were only fulfilling their Catholic duties
by seeking a husband so that they may maintain
employing witchcraft in a more innocent and secre-
rebelled against the Catholic Church and performed
roles for women.
that are sometimes used in Catholic rituals as well.
body parts or personal items belonging to a clergy
a way to win the affections of a man she desired
to dance with. Escalante attended a party inside
another’s home, where there were men and women
mingling. Seen by her sister, Rosa ceremoniously
placed a statue of Saint Anthony onto an altar and reworn by priests). Although it was common practice
the Church floors as a relic or kept within the
chapel for worship. The Church encouraged fellow
fluids, fingernails, etc.
support for using body parts as relics or in rituals,
a saint or the Virgin, Rosa was using the altar and
mirroring a common Catholic practice. While a
the rules, one could also say that Rosa was merely
trying to secure a husband so that she could continue
on with the traditional gender roles of being a
23.
Socolow, The Women of Colonial Latin America,
24.
Few, Women Who Live Evil Lives,
31.
32.
man in a spell or potion, it was more common for
women to use their own.31
washing her genitals with water, chocolate, or other
potions, a woman could make a man faithful to her,
32
At the same time, as
the female body has the potential to bear children
and to lactate and menstruate, many men feared the
mysteries of a female’s body that they did not understand. As a result, women used their bodies to fulfill
the Church’s encouragement to use relics, albeit in a
way that religious leaders did not intend.
Shippensburg University
Often times, the Church upheld double standards
cast spells on others, or turn them into animals, if
they refused to rebel against the Catholic Church
their bodies. For men, it was much more acceptable
way when these things occurred. On the other hand,
a woman, especially one of indigenous or African
to control herself and her physical desires in the
claimed she would resort to casting a spell that
would split open the earth and swallow the people
whole. Another unique aspect of the case is the
and rebellious connotation in that horses, a symbol
of the elite Spanish, were being ridden by deer,
an esteemed and hunted animal of the Chichimec.
him, he could confine her to a recogimiento (a shelof controlling her body in that it both safeguarded
33
A woman’s body was always under the
power of a man, whether she was beneath her father,
husband, son, brother, or religious clergy. Therefore,
and the Spanish roles. Deemed a menace to the
Catholic Church and Spanish elite, the witch was
hanged, thus ending her reign of instilling fear into
the people through the mastery of witchcraft.
the roles between the indigenous and the Spanish,
spells against men. The women were altogether
altering the use of relics, going against the Catholic
upheld ownership of the female body-physically,
34
Connect a controlled body,
the Catholic Church, and the domestic roles of
or male target to consume. Once the magic was
ingested, the spell would take place and shield the
kept her husband faithful or enticed a man to fall in
or spell to do.
On the other hand, a woman could also spread
fear through the community by use of witchcraft.
One such case of an indigenous women instilling
distress through witchcraft took place in San Luis
woman, whose name was unknown, had destroyed
a church’s relics and idols. She disputed the claim
is known about this mulata woman’s case, it seems
she was able to create her own freedom in a society
dominated by men by using a spell. As a result
society dominated by men.
typically of lower classes demonstrated power
by rebelling against the Catholic Church and its
teachings, it is only natural to see how the Church
women. One technique was by trying suspect indi-
other populations were targeted to abandon witchcraft.
the cases were prosecuted depended on the location
rather she only destroyed this particular one because,
altar, precipitating the mother’s frustrated reaction.
not stop the Catholic Church and Spanish elite from
prosecuting any threatening women. Looking back
at the recogimientos, many women were being sent
many that the woman would frequently threaten to
33.
34.
Laura A. Lewis, Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft and Caste in Colonial Mexico
Lewis, Hall of Mirrors
Lives: Documents on Latin American History, 1550-1850
Few, Women Who Live Evil Lives
Colonial
-
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
women” taking up space and so after continuing the
prosecution of witches, only the most notorious or
other women.41 The requirement that witches dedia more common reform strategy. Although many
power and then taught it to others. With their ability
to cure and aid, the people of their communities
gained a sense of dependency on these curanderos.
prayers, etc., in their so-called magic, the Church
felt guidance in the religion necessary. Witches
common, and because it was nearly necessary for
water and crosses in their home.42 This technique
can be seen in Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes
of Spain’s eighteenth-century painting The Witches’
Sabbath,
moonlight.43 Taking away the witches’ gathering
locations where meetings with the goat were held,
the Catholic Church determinedly replaced the
unholy site with a freshly erected a church or oratory, adorned by the Cross.44
spared time in the recogimientos due to the lack of
space and were more easily able to work around the
wishes of the Catholic Church and continue their
practices out of sight, once more demonstrating a
sense of rebellion.
Once more, they spread their practices. They twisted
the religion that suppressed them and used it to rebel
against the Church by taking their fate into their own
hands. While this paper only shows a fraction of the
cases and uses of witchcraft, one can begin to see the
is important to note that many of these rebellious
women were perhaps unwitting also reinforced the
using established religious practices worshipping at
domestic altars, and most importantly, seeking out a
spouse.
41.
in An Anthology of Sources
42.
43.
44.
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, The Witches’ Sabbath
Shippensburg University
Bibliography
Debate and Dutch Variant.” Social History
th
Ergotism as a Contributing Factor.” Economic
Botany,
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de. The Witches’ Sabbath,
an Anthology of Sources
Lewis, Laura A. Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft and
Caste in Colonial America
Asian Folklore Studies
American Ethnologist, 14
Encyclopedia of Religion,
Gatherers.” Ethnohistory
Journal of
Colonialism and Colonial History
Chesnut, Andrew R. “Witches, Wailers, and Welfare:
The Religious Economy of Funerary Culture and
Witchcraft in Latin America.” Latin America
Research Review,
In Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New
World
a de la Canderlaria
Social History,
The Devil and the Land of the
Holy Cross: Witchcraft, Slavery and Popular Religion
in Colonial Brazil. Translated by Diane Grosklaus
Encyclopedia of
Anthropology. Thousand Oaks: Sage References,
Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender
Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru. New
The Women of Colonial Latin
America
Journal
of Royal African Society,
Anthropologica
Women Who Live Evil Lives: Gender, Religion, and the
Politics of Power in Colonial Guatemala, 1650 –
1750.
Student Reflection:
sources, how to work with a mentor, and all while learning about women and witchcraft during colonial
Latin America.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Editor’s Choice Third Place
Ethical Decision Making in Corporate Leaders
Zachary Duvall
MGT 447: Business & Society
Assignment description:
class.
Abstract
The simplest way to address questions about
the failings of corporate leader decision making is
sible corporate leader. This shows honesty, trust-
.
-
When questioning the source of unethical decisions,
people want simple answers.
.
Perceptions of decision-making within a corporation
are often incongruent between consumers and
corporations. There are ways to close this perception gap so that corporate leaders and employees
company. There are many reasons behind unethical
ees.
profitable companies emerge.
leader’s best interest to maintain a strong ethical
employees through ethical decision-making.
Ethical decisions made by corporate leaders are
. Leader delarge and small, as well as the economy as a whole.
There are many questions that arise in the topic of
ethical decision making by corporate leaders.
to learn how to be ethical in the decisions made
and the lure of the spotlight corrupt leaders?
answered, as they are both analytical and human in
nature. Those who research leadership and ethics
study the elements of ethical success and failures.
After all
estly, treated others according to the Golden Rule,
and remained immune to greed, there would be few
leadership scandals to discuss.
us that ethical leadership is much more difficult in
.
-
why bad decisions were made.
the fundamental
attribution error
they do.
corporate decision-making.
Values and Perceptions: How do values and
perceptions impact decision-making?
of ethical decision-making. These two aspects
guide corporate leaders in decision-making. Social
. Values, the most abstract of the soof adaptation.
.
system.
to a person in a hierarchy so that when it comes time
system.
decisions that aren’t based on wealth or popularity,
.
strong enough so that when it comes time to make an
the foundational elements required to choose the
right path.
Shippensburg University
.
business practices.
When hiring, one might tend to prefer employment
candidates with altruistic
strating self-enhancement
record of business in discharging its ethical obliga-
.
.
and continue to promote characteristics such as
honesty, compassion, fairness, and welfare of others.
the company as a whole. These employees will grow
throughout their time with the company and either
Another factor that contributes to the reasons
why perceptions are so different between consum-
.
real perception of the pressures faced by corporate
leaders.
the pressures of the market place and the demands
. Consumers may not
.
CEOs and consumers have separate views
-
. Consumers more often than not
focus on the bad decisions made by a company and
One of the issues that create misperceptions is
.
.
catch our attention and often arouse strong feelings
of indignation,
making them harder
compared to the
CEO’s optimistic
perception. Ninetytwo percent of
CEOs felt that their
role as head of the
In order for a corporate leader to
make decisions that aren’t based
on wealth or popularity, they need
to have a strong value system that
creates positive corporate decisions.
“strong influence”
on the ethics of
their employees,
percent of the
general public was
willing to designate the role of the CEO as “strong”
is called the survey effect.
.
.
This is not to
say that consumers are the only
ones with cloudy
perceptions of ethi. One
phenomenon that
describes differences in perception
nesses because they knew they were participating
consumer feels about corporate ethics compared to
. Another finding was that
.
their ethical decisions throughout the years.
Ways to close the perception gap
.
narily lower than that of the CEOs. All percentages
for the consumer were lower when asked about
-
.
why perceptions are so different between consumers
and CEOs.
.
corporate leaders.
on gathering information through the media rather
than consulting primary sources. The media tends
. The results of
CEOs need to communicate with their customers.
. Corporate
leaders need to show and communicate to their
well.
ship with the public must let stakeholders know
when they participate in undertakings that benefit
the commonwealth, or when they accept lower
profits than what is dictated by the market because
. Doing these things will show consumers that
.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
reputation of businesses and corporate leaders as a
whole.
how they feel about the decisions that leaders in
the market place are making. Corporate leaders can
then use these opinions of the consumers for future
decisions.
Another option that CEOs need to incorporate
business performance. Corporate leaders need to be
aware of how the public sees them. This will help
. One way
feel as though they can’t afford relationships with
the outside world, there will be no communication
with the public. This will lead to false opinions of
leaders.
to go against law and commit fraud or manipulate
rules for their own personal gain. When CEOs or
lack of accommodation to the public is based on the
. There are many other factors that
may be within the working community or public that
could lead corporate leaders to act this way. These
hubris. A CEO should always be setting an ethical
is the “ethical audit.” According to this approach,
when conflicts emerge between profit and other
stakeholder demands, a company must ask itself a
systematic series of questions about the focus of its
situation is.
ethical problems (and all the costs that go with them)
These questions help to measure success of the
Ethical blindness can also be a solid factor for
unethical decision- making. Ethical blindness is
.
.
.
The face behind the unethical mask: Reasons for
unethical decision-making
.
self-arrogance. Corporate leaders and CEOs can
forces and arguing that people are sometimes unable
that they completely disregard any ethical standards.
ethical dimensions in a situation, we do not want
basic aspects of leaders with these characteristics:
the relation with self, with others and with the world
(p.
. These three relationships can be used to
.
to be uniquely qualified for the position they hold,
which leads them to resist attempts to get them to
. This type
suing after resignation because they are scared to
be replaced. Leaders with this type of attitude feel
.
.A
.
business leader was blind to what they were doing.
At this stage in a business leader’s career, they
.
community and the public as a whole. According
cure for ethical blindness is an atmosphere of open,
democratic, and critical deliberation (p.
. These
three cures create communication within a company
and its community.
.
quickly, especially if you are at the top of the ladder.
. They can also lose
sight of what’s going on in their own operations. The
only problem is that you
happens in your office or department or corporation,
.
of humans. This causes them to disrespect people,
to communication
. This relates back
.
Motivation of employees
Ethical leadership is especially important
a company. This concept is fairly simple.
employee sees that his or her company’s leaders are
being honest, trustworthy, and holding true to their
. On the other
hand, if employees see that their leaders are being
unethical for their own personal gain, said employees will follow their lead. Corporate leaders need to
that the company stays ethical as a whole. Ethical
111
Shippensburg University
.
. As ethical leaders
-
Summary and conclusion
Ethics is a matter of trust, established at the cor-
safe to speak up their new ideas that challenge the
status quo and are more committed to share their
company, they are more likely to adhere to the ethics
.
happen if leaders are acting only with self-interest
in an unethical way.
may feel threatened and desist from putting forth
and perception gaps that separate consumers and
towards the company.
corporate leaders learn how to successfully commu-
two-way communication within the company at
all times. This way the employee feels comfort-
.
also a connection between corporate leaders and
interest in the company’s long-term goals and the
interest of employees.
said: “Always do the right thing. This will surprise
some people and astonish the rest.” This philosophy
persistence in face of obstacles, they are considered
-
-
References
. E.
.
.
.
Organizational Dynamics
.
. E.
.
influence on the ethical dimension of decision
making. Journal of Business Ethics
.
. R.
. W.
. The ethics
Business
Horizons
.
Loucks Jr., V. R.
. A CEO looks at ethics.
Business Horizons
.
.
.
.
blindness. Journal of Business Ethics
Petit, V.
.
. Ethical
.
. Flying too close to the
.
Journal of Business Ethics
.
Yidong, T.
.
.
. Journal Of
Business Ethics, 116(2)
.
Student Reflection:
within a corporation are often incongruent between consumers and corporations. There are ways to close
a corporate leader’s best interest to maintain a strong ethical foundation within the company in order to
of attribution and other errors that lead to failures in corporate decision-making.
112
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Fantasy Theme: "I’m Shmacked"
Bryce Bendgen
HCS 370: Rhetorical Criticism
Assignment description:
Conduct a study in rhetorical criticism in which you apply a systematic method of criticism to specific rhetorical
artifacts.
Introduction
what is happening on other college campuses across
ment as well. The use of fantasy theme criticism
fantasy that is not attainable on all college campuses
party and then uploading it to YouTube has become
ing, drug use, alcohol, and dialog throughout the
The characters, setting, and action themes shown
Review of Literature
something becomes on the internet. News, articles,
study will demonstrate how a fantasy (a partly ficarticles become more popular than others and begain a cult following. This study will also focus on
can become more popular then internet content
college stays at college.” The fantasy that is created
with others.
people posing for the camera a fantasy is created that
that online community without a doubt will see the
a fantasy that is constructed by the use of YouTube,
others. Yuping suggests that once content is shared
113
Shippensburg University
on an online community then it will spread to other
YouTube, then was shared on Facebook and finally
Philadelphia were the targeted community in the first
that is uploaded to the internet for the public to
of idea or image that is not the cultural norm that
ers of the same film. The cult cinema started with
talking about are the internet users that think they are
the “emphasis on corporeal difference encourages
One of the many aspects that makes it hard for
students are caught on camera performing acts that
are immoral but
because they are
deemed “cool”
within the community that makes up
this cult.
The draw the
When we view an artifact that portrays
a desirable reality that we are lured
into that fantasy and the reality that
is not be available to us otherwise.
further be likened
way that college students are
portrayed drinking.
lege is a rite of passage for the young
adults in America.
also states that
college students
do not see college as real life rather life starts after
in California. The sign was built to promote the deAlong with drinking and school work, college
The use of technology has become so integrated
no laptops being allowed in the classroom to allow-
shows to gain a cult following. A cult following can
of people who are fans of the particular popular culAlong with new technologies and keeping
college student’s attention the use of camera angles
114
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
a hand held camera.
Analysis
to stay. The growth in social media has increased
-
Characters
There are many characters presented in the
characters that are presented are the newscasters.
helping to raise awareness and build community but
it has a downside that we must not ignore. The com-
the college student’s eyes because the newscasters
are pointing out all the flaws that the college stuquoting students. The first newscaster to appear in
-
Description of Fantasy Theme Criticism
how reality is created through symbols whose meanings are arbitrary and how based on the interpretation of a symbol, a reality is formed. Fantasy theme
criticism also focuses on three main components that
and action themes that can be found in the artifact
-
that would otherwise be less accessible to us.” When
are the other college students. These are the students
that are shown partying and talking to camera. The
emotional high that most college students would like
we are lured into that fantasy and the reality that is
Rhetorical Situation
do not get the chance to.
Setting
as credible because it was the first setting that was
Shmacked” has become a cultural phenomenon to
around the country to the top party schools and
Jeffrey Ray, tries to capture the best party moments
students who will be entering college. Specifically,
-
take place on college campuses. The scene then
shifts to different new anchor rooms and finally to
the students on their college campuses.
one gets to see different football stadiums, grounds
and other notable spots on college campuses. These
corresponding student body some school pride.
Shippensburg University
Where the parties take place is also a part of the
The dialog that is repeated by the characters fur-
are shown happen at all times of the day and night
and happen inside and outside. The parties usually in
dramatic trigger (an element in the fantasy that
are places that college students dream about. For
YouTube channel. The phrase is a central component
Florida the party took place on the beach.
community, i.e. the students who identify with
Actions
and soon turned into a self-fulfilling prophecy as
partying. The college students are shown playing
beer bong and other party games. The students are
Evaluation
tions. The students are also shown using illicit drugs.
This is presented as the norm among the students.
This study of this fantasy contributes to our understanding of a cultural phenomenon in the age of
a cult following and manipulated students and the
newscaster frames the news as a breaking story, a
attend college is to party. The fantasy that is created
is a fantasy that many college age students want
presenting the information.
Rhetorical Vision
following. Through the use of one hand held camera
actually there. The setting also helps to establish the
The way that the camera cuts from one setting to the
ing because the reality is outside of the norm and
unusual.
announce that they are going to a particular school
the students of that school cannot wait to show their
part of the college campus culture. The way that the
parties are captured on film help to create a cult following and depict a reality that is false and obscures
the real life consequences students often face when
they “go wild.”
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
References
generated media are destroying our economy, our
Global Media Journal:
Press.
methods used by the unification church. Religious
Communication Today
Journal of Marketing Research
of an American icon. Film & History
Business Communication Quarterly
The rhetorical criticism of social reality. Quarterly
Journal of Speech
Journal of
Media Practice
Journal of Film & Video,
International Journal of Market Research
Are students seen partying online hurting
go.com/Technology/shmacked-students-
Alcohol references and the (re)rroduction of
masculinity on a college campus. Communication
Quarterly
Student Reflection:
cult following.
of message and network factors. Journal of
Advertising Research,
Shippensburg University
Is There a Physiologic Rationale for the Use of
Compression Stockings During or Post Run?
Will Bennett
ESC 321: Exercise Physiology I
Assignment description:
specific question. Write a synthesis paper that describes the rationale for this research question, the studies that
General Information about
Compression Stockings
Compression stockings are commonly used in
the medicine to help support the circulation of blood
the compression is tighter around the ankles and
gradually decreases in tightness as the garment
from the compression is applied to the underlying
tissue, causing the arterioles to constrict, ultimately
muscle back and forth at a rapid speed causing
damage to muscle fibers, often occurring in running. Compression stockings decrease oscillation
due to the compression being applied to the muscles
Similarly, people in the running world may
Effects of Compression Stockings on
Leg Volume and Complaint
performance. Top caliber runners today are continuare trying to find new ways to feel better during and
during running and ultimately aid in performance
past few years with runners. The question is: are
there significant physiologic benefits associated with
their use by runners?
stockings is due to the compression being applied
was run on the track because it best replicates real
life running circumstances better than running on a
the participant could no longer endure the test at
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
assigned to either the right leg or left during the
wearing compression stockings and once without
them. Sprint times were measured using an electronic infrared timing system. Sprint times, heart
rate, body mass, skin and tympanic temperature,
measurements were taken in a standing position
difference in sprint times with or without compres-
determined that there were no differences in leg
performance. There were also no significant differences between heart rate, body mass, or tympanic
temperature between the two conditions. Skin
temperature, measured at the thigh (mid-quadriceps),
was determined to be significantly higher when
wearing the compression stockings compared to not
km run on the track, the leg with the compression
but no differences were detected at any other time.
muscle soreness was significantly higher after the
running protocol was completed and these measures
were completed
by the participants
to determine a
difference in leg
complaints between
the leg without
a compression
stocking and the leg
with one. These
results showed
no difference in
leg complaints
between each leg
Compression stockings have
dramatically increased in popularity
over the past few years with runners.
The question is: are there significant
physiologic benefits associated
with their use by runners?
ment of performance. Although
no physiological
benefits were
when wearing the
stockings, their
use decreased
soreness suggesting
they could aid in
conclusion, this study found a significant decrease
ing immediately after running. Though this finding
sion stockings on physiological and perceptual
performed consisting of two multi-staged shuttle
whether this decrease was caused by the compression effect of the stockings or by an increase in
-
Effects of Compression Garments on
Exercise Performance and Recovery
ing a shuttle run, running back and forth between
-
was completed twice, once wearing compression
stockings and once without, with each trial separated
and then separated by a 2-week period between
warm-up, a simulated team game that contained a
cool down. This protocol was completed twice, once
that completed the shuttle run. One trial was
completed wearing compression stockings and the
other trial was completed without them, separated by
at least 3 days between trials. The pace for this run
Shippensburg University
between the two conditions along with no differ-
ing to feel better when wearing the stockings. A
soreness between the two conditions. Similar
best understand the effects of compression stockings
slight alterations. Though there were no differences
this because high caliber runners are likely to be
legs compared to recreational runners. Thus, highly
Participants wearing compression stockings during
of the way their legs feel when manipulated. As a
result, use of well-trained runners may increase the
that the use of compression stockings had no significant effect on intermittent running but suggested that
during long continuous running there is a reduction
lower body compression stockings during cycling,
-
other measurements could be taken into consideration like cardiac filling pressure and end diastolic
Is additional research needed?
Further research is needed to help create a better
understanding of compression stockings with respect
rather than the perceptual effects the compression
while
During the cycling trials, heart rate and blood
lactate were measured to determine the physiological
effects the compression stockings created. After
the trials were completed, calf girth, thigh girth, and
research would help clear this up.
My Conclusion
wear compression stockings to run in or not. There
VO
Limitations of Research
form of useful information about the effects of compression stockings on running, there were limitations
stockings do aid in performance but most cases did
report a decrease in delayed-onset muscles soreness. Whether this is due to the perceptual aspect of
or if there is actual physiological reasoning behind
out of my way to buy them at this point based on the
research findings.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Works Cited
Compression Stockings: Physiological and Perceptual
Journal of
Sports Sciences
a Cycling Performance Test.” International Journal
of Sports Physiology and Performance
Van Der Vleuten. “Graduated Compression Stockings
for Runners: Friend, Foe, or Fake?” Journal of
Athletic Training
Gill. “The Effects of Compression Garments on
International Journal of Sports
Physiology and Performance
Print.
Student Reflection:
121
Shippensburg University
The Violent Side of White Collar Crime
Samuel Benson
CRJ 365: White Collar Crime
Assignment description:
include an introduction and conclusion, and must include some discussion on the relationship between your
well as formatting.
forms of crime. As it is usually committed for
some form of financial benefit, white collar crime is
often punished as a financial crime with monetary
penalties. Although by definition a crime must carry
-
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, other-
the fact that many, if not most, white collar crimes
professions to commit their crimes in an attempt
psychological harm. Three of the most prominent
types of white collar crime contribute to countless
deaths annually and millions more dollars spent on
wide-reaching enough that they cannot be measured
on any physical scale. Altogether, they are one of
the greatest threats to the well-being of people in the
disposal companies that are responsible for disposing of third party waste will often illegally dump
in low-populated areas in order to limit the chance
-
boundaries.
with them the potential punishment of prison time,
Environmental Crime
way harms ecological or biological systems and that
of the lesser burden of proof needed to instill punishnot easily defined due to its wide-reaching nature,
most definitions are similar to the one presented
122
offenders meant to harm others with their actions,
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
crush a company or person, as they usually consist
of multi-million dollar fines (Cohen). The publicity
actions causing direct harm to people nearby. One
pursue a lawsuit without the help of the state. Thus,
than most criminals, they do not go unpunished for
the harm that they cause.
crime, be it oil, plastics, or assorted industrial
all manner of ways to dump such waste. Some
in the long run to other people through their actions.
The same cannot be said for medical fraud, which
is the cause of thousands of cases of direct-impact
Medical Fraud
illegally dumped will spread throughout the nearby
the two systems most commonly abused, made a
waste-disposal giant was faced with paying hundreds
strong debut in
of thousands of
dollars for disposing of its waste, but
instead decided to
The terms, “violent” and “white
dump it in abancollar crime” are not often
affordable medical
doned areas along
thought of as coinciding.
and elderly (Payne,
of their creation,
then contaminated
that nobody would attempt to defraud the system
due to its helpful nature, and therefore no safeguards
were put in place to defend against fraud (Payne).
consist of filing false claims for insurance, performing unneeded surgeries, and employing unlicensed
cal practices are performed with deception and trickery in an attempt to obtain monetary benefit, a key
component of fraud in general. As medical fraud
Furthermore, most people do not know many
such screenings are inconsequential when applied
-
spread outward from the dumping site to infect the
nearby water and earth. One does not usually incur
time to word their claims so that they will not appear
it is not likely for that claim to be pursued for
123
Shippensburg University
types of medical fraud, including physician fraud,
prescription fraud, and home healthcare fraud.
Physician fraud consists mainly of licensed physimoney from insurers for procedures not carried out –
but is also committed through the actions of upgrad-
both cases.
The final type of medical fraud discussed here,
home healthcare fraud, is deception that occurs
through interactions with patients within their
homes, where home healthcare is usually carried out
a patient when actually amalgam material was used.
Double-billing occurs when a physician bills more
the home. A few types of fraud that are more unique
ployment of unqualified personnel (Payne). Payne
for the same amount of money (Payne).
the other hand, employing unqualified/unlicensed
patients to other medical facilities for operations or
tests that are not actually needed, creating the image
of a ball (patient) getting hit back and forth between
two paddles (medical offices) (Payne). The final
type mentioned here, unnecessary surgery, is likely
the most egregious form of physician fraud as it is
the action most likely to result in death or serious
necessary surgery would be an open-heart surgery on
a patient who has no heart problems, or has probdifficult to pinpoint as there can be substantial differences of opinion between doctors when deciding
how to treat a patient (Payne).
state licenses needed to practice medicine (Payne).
money for the employer, but fraudulent actions like
healthcare crimes often lead to immediately harmful
easier to prosecute the perpetrators of medical fraud
in a criminal trial, and those who cause the death
of a patient are treated the same as murderers in the
crime are also imposed, as is forced restitution to the
prescription fraud consists of actions committed
scription fraud are associated with physician fraud,
including double-billing, billing for prescriptions not
unique, forms of prescription fraud are short-counting and generic drug substitution (Payne). Shortcounting occurs when less-than-indicated amounts
the bill (Payne). This can be carried out discretely,
especially with pill prescriptions, due to the number
of people who assume that they will always get the
correct amount of their prescription. Anyone who
while they can be the cause of great financial
duress to patients, fraudulent actions perpetrated by
professionals in the medical field hurt the bodies of
The estimated number of deaths each year due to
to mistakes made by medical practitioners alone
-
prescription (Payne).
lasting psychological harm on the patient, most of
124
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
tent physicians and medical personnel. This is due
to the fact that the same personnel can be the cause
ence or lack of a medical license, which is why the
hiring of unlicensed medical personnel is so danger-
been created to protect workers from these incidents,
states that employers must keep the workplace free
employees of companies were more responsible for
dangerous in the prescription world because of the
incidents compared to 23 percent), which is harder to
counteract against than the more structural problem
of workplace safety and employee well-being
harmful types of medical fraud, are the selling of
faulty medical products and the leaking of patient
two are generally not noticed is because of the trust
we place in our doctors and medical professionals.
of actions associated with them, most acts of worknot be surprising that we would trust our doctors
workplace were not reported to the proper authorities
medical professionals can be as untrustworthy as
selling faulty products, a manufacturer released a
tion can also be abused by corrupt medical professionals to alter patient data, be it for their own profit
not report criminal action in the workplace, be it
assault or harassment, to the proper authorities can
the worker who will not let the actions against them
go unpunished. Continuous unreported harassment
to be rid of the torment caused by their coworkers or
making it difficult for those patients to acquire
crime do not account for harmful effects of white
collar crime such as these, which is partly the
shootings or beatings, yet the media usually focuses
on the personal aspects of the offenders rather than
the situational factors that led up to their actions.
While it has been shown that the perpetrators of
workplace homicide and the like are responsible for
throughout the medical world.
Workplace Violence
harmful actions are carried out by the employees or
owners of a company against their fellow coworkers/
First impression perceptions of workplace crime
of psychopathy. Thousands of employees suffer
the territory,’ workplace crime can be defined along
the spectrum of any actions that cause psychologion the basis of the personal characteristics of race,
Shippensburg University
feelings of insecurity, inequity, low self-esteem,
tal and medical criminals, as well as the actions
-
-
-
factors that can bring about the same feelings,
under the radar in terms of being the direct cause of
such things.
Conclusion
criminals and workplace criminals are treated more
leniently because their criminal impacts are not as
not often thought of as coinciding, mainly because
crimes is limited by the fact that they, like most
crimes in general, are underreported. This creates
to further assume that they need not instill strict
against that fact. The truth is that if there is any
opportunity at all for a white collar crime to be
committed, it will be committed by someone and the
many cases, these effects will be physically harmful,
earning the attribution of violent.
we trust and interact with on a daily basis.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Works Cited
Organization
The Independent
from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/
Science, 11
punishment: Legal/economic theory and empirical
Encyclopedia of White Collar & Corporate Crime
statutes. The Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology, 82
Qualitative
white collar crime: A different kind of “white collar”
prosecution. Natural Resources & Environment,
23
corporate security. Risk Management, 8
Sociology, 27
Encyclopedia
of White Collar & Corporate Crime
In
Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment (Vol. 2, pp.
The Journal of Criminal
Law and Criminology, 96
Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. (Vol. 2, pp.
Encyclopedia
of Crime and Punishment
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21st century criminology: A reference
handbook
Crime and Justice, 32
Student Reflection:
official statistics regarding the incidence rates of the three specific types of white collar crime discussed
had been prosecuted. Though it was possible to find more specific incidence rates elsewhere (encyclope-
Shippensburg University
Provost’s Award for the John L. Grove College of Business
Social Responsibility in Family
Friendly Businesses
Dakota C. Bricker
HON 447: Honors Business & Society
Assignment description:
class.
economic harm, building legitimacy, and creating
family-friendly policies that allow for employees
to work while maintaining family life (Chinchilla
in many forms. Onsite childcare was one of the
first family-friendly policies to be implemented
may create family- friendly programs or policies for
employees because of the possibility of creating a
more committed workforce and decreasing human
important to a company: such a workforce is usually
part-time work, supplements to help families pay for
care of children or the elderly, telework, and many
efficiently, they tend to be better employees and
to discuss the ethical and socially responsible aspects
of family-friendly business and to suggest recommendations for implementing these practices.
pany. This theory states that if employees feel they
are being treated well they will treat their employers
Why is Family Important to Business?
Another pragmatic reason for companies to become family-friendly is the idea that social responsibility regarding family issues has the potential to
within the law and social norms, and maintain a
good reputation. Strategic reasons keep the company ahead of its competitors and at the top of the
company’s market and industry. Ethical reasons
employees spent with their family and the desired
ing hours spent at work. They concluded that the
greater the discrepancy or difference in the time an
employee wants to spend with family and the actual
time they get for that purpose, the more likely they
these three main groups of social responsibility.
Pragmatic Reasons to have a Family Friendly
Business
Pragmatic reasons for family-friendly business
friendly programs, such as its written policy stating
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
potential employees to choose from and a competiThis is only one of many family friendly policies
Ethical Reasons to have Family Friendly Business
a responsibility to contribute to the greater good of
Strategic Reasons to have Family Friendly
Business
some sort of benefit to the company such as greater
Strategic reasons to be socially responsible keep
it makes companies think about potential problems
of employees who are affected by the company’s
decisions before they actually become problems
reasons to be socially responsible may not benefit
the company at all. Though the company may not
benefit from these reasons, it is still important to
doing.
One of the biggest ethical reasons to promote
family friendly policies in business is to support
these workers walk
through the door.
family responsibilities as important to
implements policies
that promote and
switch the tradition-
The most desirable family
friendly policy is probably
flexible work schedules.
in a family, women
share of caring
responsibilities at
home (den Dulk et
it is possible that
applicants are more attracted to that company rather
than its competitors. The benefit of strategic reasons
to be socially responsible is that it does not limit
more and more
women are going into careers that put pressure and
stress on these responsibilities. With this occurring,
women may tend to take lower positions with less
responsibility at work so they can maintain their
company look into how it does business and determine how it can do it better by eliminating possible
fewer women in top management positions when
compared to the amount of women in lower and
Family friendly business has the ability to
attract better workers to a company rather than to
the competitors of that company. Recruitment of
equally with men in managerial positions.
management tended to be single or married without
children. This suggests that women who wanted to
policies in American companies, it is possible that
the corresponding policies in competing companies
marriage with children as sole bread winner tend to
be the most rewarded, in terms of good salary and
This would take them away and out of the grasp of
competitors and put into the ranks of the company
“burden” of family more than men. So, what will alings, because people want to work in a company
structure and family responsibilities that potentially
holds them back?
Shippensburg University
The authors of this study suggest that family-
that child.
Some may argue that parents should want to
that despite the implementation of family-friendly
policies in recent years, women are still stuck with
family responsibilities that are holding them back
work so they can maintain a high income to pay for
-
more time spent with children yielded more gains to
between a parent’s work and family life and so
may not be enough to completely counteract and
eliminate gender inequality in the workplace, it is a
start and companies can combat inequality as best
they can to make the workplace the best possible for
Family-friendly policies can also benefit society
by allowing parents more time with their children
and future generations of workers. Society tends
to put an emphasis on businesses going green to
put more emphasis on future generations to build a
so when they take their positions in society they become well rounded, future workers. A parent’s work
affects the children. Time may be lost in assisting
affected by long parental work hours.
on work-family conflicts suggests that a parent’s
family-friendly policies can help. Though this
working fathers (and potentially mothers) with their
oping process for them as well. With this benefit
comes a new generation of people who will be more
adapted for the future.
How can Businesses become More
Family-Friendly?
There are many reasons why a company would
want to become family friendly but how can a
company do this? There are many types of policies
ers can be educated on the importance of familyfriendly business and a better leadership structure
company leadership must understand that policies
and programs that can be considered family-friendly
As was mentioned before, family-friendly
policies and programs can come in many forms.
programs is onsite child care facilities. Starting in
is no surprise with more and more women entering
and the West, research concludes that long hours
at work or a demanding work schedule can lead
schedules could be used to lessen the burden of work
on families. Samples included children within 4th
th
groups were used to measure children’s self-esteem
The study found that a child’s self-esteem was
programs through financial assistance (Friedman,
pay for child care in nearby facilities is also an
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Care for school age children is another type of
family friendly program that can be used. Some
the summer and still work while they are in school.
Another type of part-time work that is being imple-
that sends trained professionals into the home in case
of emergency to take care of a sick child (Friedman,
one can work at one time while the other can work
employees.
Another way to help working parents is implementing a way for them to work at home. This
can be beneficial by cutting down on wasted time
commuting and allowing the employee to work and
be there for their family at the same time. A way
to implement this is through telework. Telework or
ability to work part-time.
Another way of being family friendly is to offer
a paid week off between Christmas and New Year’s
-
technology to allow employees to work at home
away from the main worksite for a portion of the
The most desirable family friendly policy is
own work schedules around their family responsitraining program to employees who wish to take
change the total number of hours worked, such as
efficiently use the technology and to see if telework
the ability to arrange their hours to allow for them
a result of offering telework along with a decrease
to attend the child’s school play or their baseball
Elder care is seen as a growing need for America
and will continue to grow as baby boomers continue
to rearrange their schedule so they can meet their
such as going to doctor’s appointments or help with
medication and other requirements. Companies are
starting seminars and programs that teach employ-
Family-friendly policies can be important within
a business but are they enough? A family-friendly
care of possible elder dependents. Some companies
Employees may know that there are family-friendly
Stride Rite Corporation went so far as to offer onsite
day care for not only children of employees but for
Part-time work is another way to become a
family-friendly company. Companies that offer
if a mother has a sick child at home and must stay
home to take care of that child, her employer may
be angry when workers do not show up to work.
reduced amount of time so they can maintain family
was not in alignment with the family-friendliness of
the policy. As a result, the mother may not maintain
and schedule work days around school hours for the
how family-friendly policies may not yield recipro-
131
Shippensburg University
assessable. Employees may feel that their finances
family friendly business practices so that company
encourage employees who may qualify for such poli-
not allow for taking a day to take care of a sick child
work properly, employees must feel that they can
access the programs and policies.
not feel bad about using the programs. Employees
management who are educated about these policies,
this can be less of a burden for employees.
mational leader. Transformational leaders attend to
followers’ needs, act as mentors, and listen to con-
flyers and newsletters to educate employees on
family-friendly policies in place. They can also be
responsible for protecting employees from unsupsibility to inform their members of such policies
also through flyers and newsletters. Workshops
and training sessions are other ways of educating
personal care and concern for followers’ well-being
friendly policies and make it easier for employees
to approach management. Wang and Walumbwa
leadership must be in place. Without it, the employees and the company will benefit less.
in a designated department separate from human
The last important thing that needs to be done
for a business to become more family friendly is to
one in the workforce. To be fair, family friendly
comes to family friendly policies is to build accesperson comes to management and has a scheduling
problem because of a sick child, the policy should
to employees which are family friendly but if the
or another will be faced with similar problems and
sick days allowed for children by the company if
she feels that there may be repercussions if she does.
amount of employees who work for companies with
132
ment to the company by possible employees without
families.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
References
institute: A case (with teaching note) on the role of
senior business leaders in driving work/life cultural
change.
Organizational Behavior.
accessibility. Human Resource Management, 45, 1,
23-42.
Encyclopedia of
business ethics and society
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
in adoption of workplace work–family arrangements
in Europe: The influence of welfare-state regime and
International Journal
of Human Resource Management, 23, 13
strategic plan. Human Resource Planning, 13, 2
and nontraditional work hours. Journal of Business &
Psychology, 27, 13
case. Social Indicators Research, 95, 3
International
Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 20,
family time discrepancies. Journal of Business &
Psychology, 27, 3, 331-343.
without a wife: Family structure and managerial
career success. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 1,
Managing
business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right.
withdrawal: The moderating role of transformational
leadership. Personnel Psychology, 60, 2
legitimacy. International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 21, 10
human resources research. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 83, 2
Student Reflection:
perform better when family friendly practices are in place. Rationale for creating social responsibility
through family friendly policies and practices in business can be broken up into three categories: pragmatic reasons, strategic reasons, and ethical reasons. Some of these practices result in higher productraining leaders, making programs accessible to employees, and by applying the policies and practices to
if these practices are appropriate for the business and, if so, the best way to implement family friendly
practices.
133
Shippensburg University
The Heart’s Desire Project: A book review
of Louise Erdrich’s Shadow Tag
Abigail M. Brumback
ENG 464: Seminar in a Major Author
Dr. Erica Galioto
Assignment description:
After reading Shadow Tag
be done in a way that made the Shadow Tag
The Heart’s Desire Project
When thinking how to desperately fulfill the
dreams of his family, Gil, a character in Shadow
Tag
life that she wants him to know, he falls deeper into
loss and questioning of where he ruined their marread for the particular day and is able to manipulate
Shadow Tag
Another Erdrich ingredient comes in the form
of the struggle to keep a family together despite
obstacles which continue to tear it apart. Throughout
Love Medicine
the characters continue to struggle with the ability to
race and age as they all capture and forefront the
disgusting that many readers tend to flee. Readers
are encouraged to follow the heart’s desire in all
of the characters in Shadow Tag, whether that be
family connected. Shadow Tag encourages readers to
“family” is not solely based on blood-line which
differs from Western understanding of family, but
the ability to keep that family together is no easier.
Like the characters in Love Medicine, the characters
in Shadow Tag struggle with their failing family.
and the manipulation of both.
Shadow Tag incorporates
tions who are able to manipulate the outcome of
of three, finds that her husband is reading her diary,
sneaking into her innermost thoughts, she writes:
then creates two diaries, one that she keeps in a safe,
and read. She becomes powerful in her manipulation
of Gil, her husband, because she is able to know
134
Erdrich present the failure of a marriage and family
to her readers but she forces them to confront the
ugly in life.
Erdrich, as she does in Four Souls, Love
Medicine, The Round House, and other of her
While many of her women are powerful in all of her
Shadow
Tag
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
homes become hunting grounds as though they were
police because there is nothing they can do, and that
-
readers comfortable with a peaceful ending of their
relationship. With the children around to watch all
assimilation in history, the more women are brutalunderstanding. Erdrich manipulates her readers,
own and the deaths of others. Clearly, Shadow Tag is
no different in its incorporation of death as a theme,
but Erdrich does not add this component without a
to make sense of her conclusion.
Shadow Tag
-
interpretation of the marriage while Gil continually
tries to manipulate the image of his wife through his
is constructed around the themes and thoughts of
and the dependence of their own children. Desperate
to get out of the relationship, yet haunted by her own
hostage after she no longer felt the high of being the
wife of an acclaimed artist. After
being painted and
drawn in the most
The novel is constructed around
humiliating ways,
innermost thoughts
of her character to
couldn’t let go of
readers are able to
picture the pure
destruction of
the themes and thoughts of the
characters in a dying relationship.
it is also through
was so focused on
“all-knowing” character in this story of wonder and
question of what do people actually know, and what
The identities of these two people fade away
yet are constantly grafted together. Gil’s, and the
-
dream of earning her PhD fall by the wayside as she
feels that her husband has drained the life from her.
identities they continually stay together for the sake
of their three children. Stoney, Riel, and Florian,
the children, range in age yet are so powerful in the
Love
Medicine, Tracks, and The Round House, Erdrich
crafts characters who deal with real life traumatic
Shadow Tag
world of the disgusting and painful, Erdrich isn’t
afraid to confront readers and question their reactions. She makes her readers as uncomfortable as the
characters, which ultimately makes them relatable.
Shadow Tag
ence for readers to connect, interpret, and become
shocked. She does not hide any details in order to
make readers more comfortable with her approach
yet she masterfully engulfs readers with her manipulation. She is powerful, gripping, and intriguing and
nothing has limits for her style. She forces readers
to question their own relationship, identity and
put down.
Shippensburg University
Student Reflection:
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Provost’s Award for the College of Education and Human Services
Application of Crime Control
Theories to Human Traffickers
Brandon Duelley
CRJ 309: Theories of Crime and Crime Control
Assignment description:
of your decisions (i.e., why each of these theories – and their components – are applicable/not applicable in
The leaders of human trafficking networks typiWhether it is due to religious, military, or financial
labor for one purpose or another. This remains true
in today’s world where across the globe people are
taken from their homes and families and put in the
-
traffickers are always males is a false one and it will
-
-
the illegal trafficking of humans in order to make the
-
possible offender. Some of the occupations of human
traffickers include but are not limited to pimps, gang
networks, brothel owners, labor brokers, agriculture
public knowledge and much is yet to be learned.
traffickers if they better understand the origin of
small business, and without demand, their businesses
would fail, but both legal and illegal businesses support these rings, allowing this cycle to continue.
multiple crime theories may or may not pertain to
the practice of human trafficking in order to gain an
understanding of this crime. Once human trafficking can be understood, a prescribed solution will be
easier to determine in order to combat this practice.
Shippensburg University
Social Disorganization
which is produced by ethnic and racial heterogeneity,
these factors increase in an area, crime rates will also
when she was released, the only real skills she had
her captors and handlers. The process in which Asia
trafficking because traffickers use the economic and
Strain
lessness of young women as a way to lure them into
-
classic strain theory suggests that people adapt in a
ment is the perfect place for human traffickers to
many different ethnicities grouped closely together,
and high residential mobility). The weakening of the
bonds that holds communities together due to these
factors causes an atmosphere of normlessness that
Differential Association
of interaction with those who know the technicalities
-
they cannot reach their goals through legitimate
to meet their goals, and many times the means are
illegal.
Strain theory does in fact apply to human
traffickers because all human traffickers are committing crimes for the sole purpose of financial gain
that they cannot make so easily through legitimate
money in one way or another and generally pursue it
society places such an emphasis on the pursuit of
wealth that for those who cannot reach it, they must
resort to illegal ways – and human trafficking is a
is the predominant determinant of self-worth and
frequency, priority, duration and intensity (Williams
Applying the theory of differential association
shows that this theory does in fact apply to human
gain wealth, and humans will continually be brought
Self-Control
-
trade” and may continue to work for the ring leaders
to learn self-control through proper child-rearing
turning into offenders is seen in the life of Asia
-
lower probability of committing crime by showing
that suggest low self-control. These include impul-
pretty to stay outside” at the time she was alone in a
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
the industry, know they intend to make profit off of
settings and to conform to the norms and laws of
loyalties because human trafficking is a profit-based
-
Self-control theory both applies and does not apply to human trafficking due to the multiple typologies of human traffickers. There is a cycle of mothmeaningless to these criminals, with many of them
ers – and committing these types of crime becomes
-
that many of these criminals do not conform to the
the children become adults they may not be able to
One strange finding from the mother-daughter
relationship in human trafficking is that the mothers
in human trafficking demonstrates
that child-rearing
practices in fact do
affect the selfcontrol of criminals
later in life.
While self-
Rational Choice
Human trafficking rings run
much like a small business.
There is also an
analysis of risk
and reward that
helps the possible
offender decide
whether to continue
with the criminal
act or not (Williams
meet the needs they desire, must make the decision
thirst for wealth. This suggests that the concept of
self-control and child rearing practices do not apply
to the leaders of these operations, who are making
calculated risks in their efforts to make financial
gain.
Social Bond
needs. Two key types of decisions must be made,
decisions are the initial decisions that are made
cisions deal with determining the tactics which need
The theory of rational choice applies perfectly
to human traffickers because the leaders of human
trafficking rings are making rational “educated”
normally adhere to the rules of society – but may
drift from time to time (from freedom to restraint)
they commit. The drifting in and out of conformity is
a thousand times.” With the reusable resources for
condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to
the crime as well as use predatory tactics to recruit
There does not appear to be any “drift” associated with human traffickers, as they tend to operate
profitable crimes imaginable.
Shippensburg University
Life Course
are often targeted and approached by a “recruiter”
-
life progresses in two distinct manners, through
the trust of young girls much faster than men can
Lastly, there is an absence of a capable guardian
-
-
-
the offender in an attempt to gain the girls’ trust and
Life course theory applies to human traffickers
his daughter’s friend while she was staying at their
-
a criminal ring as a worker, which changed their
trade leads many of the former workers to become
trafficking rings – while they are supposed to be
different, suggesting that life course theory applies to
human traffickers.
Routine Activities
suitable target, and lack of capable guardianship are
trafficking.
Conclusion
capable guardian come together in time and space
trafficking fits into the mold of this theory, because
this type of crime with an international effort and
their illegal or legal businesses to seek targets that
-
Victims who end up being a part of these human
come forward to become part of the solution and not
the problem. Only through informants closest to the
this begins with the understanding of this type of
crime and criminal by application of important crime
theories.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Bibliography
USA Today.
http://web.ebscohost.com.
Characteristics
of suspected human trafficking incidents, 20082010
Woman, child for sale. New York, NY:
Penguin Group.
the traffickers
.
Trafficking in persons report
2012
dichotomy in efforts to combat human trafficking:
Indiana Journal of Global Legal
Studies, 19
Criminological theory
NJ: Pearson Education.
Student Reflection:
practices are, especially in third world nations. The statistic that was most shocking to me was that we
141
Shippensburg University
The Shifting Roles of Native American Women
Stephanie Ehrets
ENG 464: Seminar in a Major Author
Dr. Erica Galioto
Assignment description:
Spirituality, and Present-Day Domestic Violence.
Horse
their culture since the coming of the white man,
yet is distracted by worldly pleasures, such as men
tions with less direct tribal bloodlines, the fight to
hold onto past traditions and beliefs became more
difficult. The oral storytelling that taught lessons and
held tribal histories was replaced with white board-
and a flood that destroys her home and sends her
flood. She wraps herself in his clothing, cuts her
she has nothing left. This is Agnes’ first step into
the realm of manhood, and her encounter with the
daily life began to change. A large result of this
change was the shift from an egalitarian and matriarchal tribal system to a patriarchal tribal system.
Through this change, women lost their power,
respect, and high regard within their tribes. Louise
instances of patriarchy that Erdrich writes about
fully.
Americans, she constantly tries to hide her true
because of her gender, as high positions in the
generations of women to show the introduction
of patriarchy, loss of spirituality and power, and
Agnes must fully commit to being male by erasing
her female identity and replacing it with a false manhood: to become a man was the only way she could
drastically altered as a result.
had to conceal all of her feminine parts, including
The Introduction of Patriarchy in The Last
Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse
She made a list of rules to “assist her transformation,” including rules such as “make[ing] requests
in the form of orders, ask[ing] questions in the form
promoted harmony and balance: women were seen
began to change. Erdrich shows this change in her
The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No
142
this list, Erdrich shows the difference between men
and women in the Western world. To become a man,
Agnes must change the way she interacts with others, especially women, and she must assert authority
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Agnes’ list shows that men are able to gain their
power within a patriarchy by simply following a
using language to erase equal boundaries, they are
in man’s clothes,” but not in the same way that
someone of the Western world would question her.
From this, she learns that she would be accepted into
about this change in her article “Can the Squaw
though she must still remain a man because of the
possible detection of the Western world.
structedness of roles in the Western scopic regime”
American people, Agnes had to remain concealed
as Damien in order to keep her status in the Western
world. Agnes had to try harder to hide her femininity
and employ more characteristics of a man so she
-
she adheres to the set guidelines, her transformation
shows how the Western world has created differenc-
in gender roles as
the Western world
does.
Agnes finds this
in her friendship
with Nanapush,
who teaches her
American life.
Agnes learns about
that Agnes faced as a woman is the first indication
of what patriarchy
would bring to the
She experienced the way they
commoditized women, the
way they wanted authority and
power over women, and the
violent way they reacted when
their power was challenged.
on life, and
traditions, which
she finds are drastically different than those of the
Western world. Agnes and Nanapush’s friendship
is the most important relationship within TLR,
because it shows the differences of actions and
beliefs of both cultures. While Agnes is learning to
portray a man within her guise of Father Damien,
power that Father Damien’s title possesses. This is
and women before the patriarchal system that the
Westerners introduced.
This belief in equality is shown further when
Nanapush questions Agnes’ true gender. Nanapush
asks Agnes if she is a “man priest or a woman
has kept this knowledge entirely to herself, yet at the
As a man, Agnes
a life of power and
authority, but as a
woman, she was
unable to obtain
authority. Susan
Castillo talks about
this male-based
authority in her
article “Women
Aging into Power.” She states that the “concept of
power and authority” in terms of women is hard to
or commands that are followed because of hierarchy
This is true in Agnes’ life, as before she became
Father Damien she had power within her marriage,
and was able to make decisions about how the
and became a man. This is shown through her lack
of knowledge about how to conduct herself in the
presence of men and women, as well as the way that
she struggled with making demands in the beginboth power and authority, she could not do it as a
woman, but rather had to pretend to be a man. This
a woman in white society, which foreshadows the
Nanapush presses Agnes for an answer, she learns
American society.
143
Shippensburg University
The Loss of Spirituality and Power in
Tracks and Four Souls
her habits, drew them close with careless ease and
cast them off with the same indifference” (Erdrich,
American culture and beliefs began to change, so
she used both for personal gain. She entered poker
games with the men she worked with, something that
“women didn’t usually play with men,” and began to
annoy and outsmart the men with her constant one
dollar winnings.
Through her games with the men, Fleur lessened
the gap between men and women in the Western
references this change in her article “When Women
states that “The coming of the white man created
chaos in all the old systems, which were for the
most part superbly healthy, simultaneously cooperawomen, who were once held to the same regard as
ian and matriarchal practices of the tribes slowly
began to disintegrate.
With this change, women lost their power
within the tribes, as well as their own spirituality.
Erdrich shows this through the character of Fleur,
who is powerful and “firmly rooted in her culture’s
Fleur, Erdich shows the original strength and power
Tracks, Erdrich introduces Fleur Pillager, who
is said to be the most powerful woman in the tribe.
This power is attributed deeply to her spirituality,
which is “at the core of an identity that is deeper
around them. Fleur uses her spirituality as power,
and because of it, is both feared and respected within
her tribe. The Fleur the reader sees in Tracks embodies this spirituality, and can be seen as the symbol of
patriarchy was introduced.
Tracks,
as she battles the sickness that kills her family,
and uses it to trick the white man for her personal
came aware of how great the difference was between
by side, as her and Nanapush often did, both winning
shop it was clear that the men were not happy about
being beaten and outsmarted by a woman. As a
result, they beat and raped her.
Western culture was in the roles of women and men.
ing her as she played poker with the men was okay
because their authority was not challenged, but her
beating the men was not. This upset the dominant
control women, and therefore Fleur had to be taught
teachings of a person’s place in society, stating that
“The Western scopic regime that [people] are social-
within the Western world, it does not apply to Fleur
who was taught to find herself through the spirits.
a place within the circle. Their place, their role is
of this, Fleur is able to create who she is, and is not
told by a higher authority how to act or who to be.
American culture and the Western culture, she has
not yet been changed by them. She still holds power,
and this is shown through her stay in Argus when
she is employed in a butcher shop and works among
commodity, noticing only her looks and body, Fleur
actions and manipulated them because she had that
swayed them, sotted them, made them curious about
144
because she was not raised to be subordinate to men,
Fleur’s rape at the butcher shop was the first
instance of white dominance that Fleur came into
contact with, yet she was still able to keep her power
ished the men with a tornado that she created using
her spiritual powers, and she used the money she
won to keep her land from being sold to the white
man. At this point in Tracks, Fleur was able to see
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
that the Western culture was dangerous to her people
attached to her in Argus and still remained distant,
she does not kill him, she agrees and marries him,
Fleur remained strong despite this knowledge and
continued to challenge the white culture by fighting
to keep her land, one of the sources of her power.
While Fleur continues to keep her power and
spirituality within the tribe, towards the end of the
power within the Western world as a woman. This
along with her power. Fleur becomes broken as the
culture and life that she has known becomes interFleur has truly lost her spirituality and power that
own, as she was taught, but rather needed a man to
moment. This action shows that Fleur has lost the
dominant role.
although there is still a superiority that is not present
within her own culture. Although Fleur has power
does she fail to gain access to her spirit helper in the
mask only few can see through), she also loses her
self-image as a self-assured, determined woman
with an identifiable and unbreachable place firmly
located within the dense web of Anishinaabe culture.
As the culture is threatened and changes, so does
Western world, this power is what destroys the rest
of Fleur. She changes her clothes and hair to look
like a white woman, and becomes an alcoholic to
cope with the separation from her original culture.
power, yet lost her original self in the process. The
dominate to gain power instead of looking inside of
-
power within the tribe because the white culture is
erasing it by taking away her land.
ity and power does not.
that she begins to regain focus on what she originally
the Western world is stripping her of her power. She
has nothing left because her land was the tie to her
culture, and without it, both she and the forest “lose
its real and spiritual presence.” This loss of land was
rectly into the Western world. Tracks ends with Fleur
Four
Souls (FS)
, the powerful and spiritually connected
Fleur who was present in Tracks has disappeared,
she is able to win her land and begin to try to repair
what is left of her old life. While many can see the
changes in Fleur, such as her hair, clothes, and fancy
car, they are not concerned with what she has gained
while in the Western world, but rather what she has
lost. Nanapush sees that Fleur has become dependent
sion quest in his article “Voice, Representation, and
has already been weakened by the white world in
Power comes to people who listen carefully to the
created a change in Fleur, and when she enters John
the story of a person’s life becomes that of life as a
Shippensburg University
and restore her, and she will be connected with her
spirituality again.
At the end of FS, Nanapush tells about Fleur
held in the same regard as her husband. Rather, she
is seen by Gil as a commodity, as the white man
originally saw Fleur, and he paints and sells her to
about the change within her, stating that although
the spirits understand her once more, she is not
about Gil’s paintings of her when she references
the incorrect history of painter Catlin, who painted
doesn’t drown men anymore or steal their tongues,
she doesn’t gamble. She doesn’t rub her hands with
because her soul was within the portrait. Although
be same.
Domestic Violence in Shadow Tag
-
and manipulates her with alcohol to control her,
culture drastically changed. Tribes were broken
apart, traditional language was lost, and equality
Americans, this difference affected women the most.
Their power within the tribes was buried under patriarchy, their spirits were broken, and they became
Shadow
marriages, as men and women respected each other
at least once within their lifetime, and thirty-nine
Tag
almost one hundred year gap, Erdrich shows how
relationship is disturbing, it is not out of the ordi-
instead has been replaced with a dominant white
This is change is shown through the character of
American than anything, as her last name suggests.
almost no authority in her marriage to Gil, her abuwith him as he beats both her and their children. The
from the world around them.
American beliefs, because she is not respected or
stating that “a women could end an unsatisfactory
forced to remain with a bad husband” (14). This
that the children would remain with their mother,
dignity, her children, and most importantly, a sense
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
to restore her own power. She planned to do this
by dismissing her father’s power and creating some
decision was this: she would take away his power”
Riel is taking a step away from Western patriarchy.
She is trying to restore power for herself, as well as
Through Riel, Erdrich shows that it is possible for
they try.
acter who tried to regain this power, and is the only
American communities is tied to the history of
ers, they were well respected. They were considered
culture was the same as it was in the beginning,
book was written by Riel for her thesis, but what the
book does is more important than the thesis itself.
Riel went to therapy and continued her fight, and
writing the book helped her to become aware of
the world must be aware of it.
children instead of enabling them.
Although Riel does not know the full details of the
man she was named for, another area of knowledge
women. The fourth [step] is to guide our thinking
as her ancestors were, she instead decides to reach
-
to start the process.
Erdrich’s Shadow Tag begins this process by
women. She wants to show that she can restore her
Erdrich uses Riel to show this, as well as to raise
also shows this through Fleur, who returned to her
people to heal, and as a result, found a part of herself
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Work Cited
characters like Fleur and Riel. Although it is not possible to fully erase the damage that has been done to
-
The Sacred
Hoop. 31-42. Print.
Castillo, Susan. “Women Aging into Power: Fictional
Representations of Power and Authority in Louise
Erdrich’s Female Characters.” Studies in American
Indian Literatures
Erdrich, Louise. Four Souls.
-----. The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse.
their community.
While it is sure to be a long and difficult process,
American culture after colonialism and informing
readers of its effects is possible. Throughout her
functioned, and how it was changed through the
introduction of new characters, as well as through
her characters beliefs, actions, and personalities.
Although the power, freedom, and spirituality of her
reach present-day, her writing still shows that
-----. Shadow Tag.
Print.
-----. Tracks
.
New York:
American Women from Domestic Violence.”
California Law Review
Tracks and
The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse
by Louise Erdrich.” American Studies
121-142. Print.
Women, and Child Abuse.” Studies in American
Indian Literatures
Women.” Social Justice
Ridington, Robin. “Voice, Representation, and Dialogue:
the people they once were, but they can seek healing
within the remains of their culture, and like Erdrich,
they can educate with their stories.
American Indian Quarterly
Print.
Visioning Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” Studies in
American Indian Literatures
Student Reflection:
was shocking to see how much their way of life differed from Western society. Comparing the way white
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Synthetic Transcendentalism vs. Sylvia
Mollie Fenby
ENG 381: Studies in 19th Century American Literature
Assignment description:
-
her. She waded on through the brook as the cow
The Machine in the Garden, Leo
ing on traditional pastoralism, both in literature and
heart that beat fast with pleasure. There was a stir-
Alcott’s “Transcendental Wild Oats” and Sarah
little birds and beasts that seemed to be wide awake”
glaring differences between the symbols of the
garden represented in each story. Jewett describes an
story, while Alcott speaks of transcendentalism in a
ing imagery of the garden responds differently to
as the moths caress her, and the birds stir in the trees,
teraction with nature is much less imposing than that
garden scarred but intact, while destroying Alcott’s.
the land into anything other than what it already
-
Alcott) and his friend (Charles Lane), who are
represented as Abel Lamb and Timon Lion respectranscendentalism from one who is not so persuaded
by it. Alcott begins by telling us that her family
woods around her.
transcendentalists struggle to “raise [their] own
farmers, and do not fully understand nature, but they
are trying to make it work for their purposes. Author
Claudia Johnson informs us of the labor system
used by the Fruitland transcendentalists, and their
“theoretical refusal to sanction the labor of animals,
though the family - along with their small group (Johnson). Originally, the transcendentalists wanted
in and made use of cows (Alcott). The transcendentalists, in spite of their supposed immersion in nature
by Fruitlands, Jewett shows us what a true garden
while the great twilight moths struck softly against
if they left the machine behind at all when they
embarked on their mission, or if it followed them to
Fruitlands.
Shippensburg University
The transcendentalists abandon life in the town
does not belong, and associates it with “the enemy”
-
that it was a good change for a little maid who had
tried to grow for eight years in a crowded manufac-
that “more often than not in these episodes, the machine is made to appear with startling suddenness”
nature, and she flourishes on the farm with her
garden as a man with a gun, and “tension replaces
repose, the noise arouses a sense of dislocation,
by hers, while the transcendentalists clearly do not
understand theirs. Rather, their synthetic garden
with the machine at first, and she is wary of the man
helped by the “entire ignorance of the husbandmen”
(Alcott). The Fruitlands transcendentalists illustrate
ways has been an impediment to clarity of thought
further to draw
out the effects of
“when this impulse
is unchecked,
the result is
simple-minded
wishfulness, a
sion of thought
symbolism behind the ornithologist, identifying his
scientific knowledge, industrialism, and imperialistic militarism”
Jewett describes an unadulterated
picture of nature interwoven with
her story, while Alcott speaks of
transcendentalism in a way that
allows us to believe that it created
a flawed, synthetic type of garden.
with the transcendentalists, as they “were so busy
discussing and defining great duties that they forgot
natural life in his
quest for birds to
shoot, and while he
frightens her initially, she quickly
becomes comforther first fear of
the friendly lad”
to like so much” (Jewett). While she accepts the
friendly nature of the ornithologist, she doesn’t appreciate his occupation, or the gun, which is a clear
for purity and the symbolic garden the Fruitlands
remain ideas alone, without an actual practical
its purpose.
time the grain was ready to house, some call of the
other symbol of the machine – in return for leading
-
as those who are seeking a utopic, transcendent state
are so bound by their quest and the rules of how to
nature. We see this as the ornithologist describes the
return to nature.
While the transcendentalists are unable to escape
hop-toad in the narrow footpath” (Jewett). As soon
as he mentions a ten dollar reward for the heron,
in the woods: “suddenly this little woods-girl is
creature wished to get to its hole under the door-
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
at a transcendent point in her life, as she is about to
the money, and consequently, the machine.
naturalistic way of life, when in fact, their entire
method is an ideological machine, surrounded by a
table,” she was “publicly reprimanded by Timon”
who lectured: “know ye not, consumers of flesh
meat, that ye are nourishing the wolf and tiger in
your bosoms?” (Alcott). They speak of many lofty
from accommodating the young man’s wishes” (43).
As she returns from her lookout, thinking about
the alluring money, “she remembers how the white
heron came flying through the golden air and how
they watched the sea and the morning together, and
wanted to inform the ornithologist of the white
doing so” (43). Though she was sidetracked by the
(which included most of the adult males) worked”
and the garden is more substantial, as she once again
-
(Alcott 3). A critic of Fruitlands, Johnson points out
the contradictions preached by the transcendentalists
there: “They declare that they will grow their own
to the point of self-indulgent idleness rather than
responsibility and labor” (Johnson). As we consider
these contradictions the transcendentalists tried to
the ornithologist is a dead one, the perfect bird for
no to the temptation represented by the glamorous
young scientist so eager to make a girl his partner”
worth the sacrifice of the heron, of her home, of the
made of inconsistent rules, the manmade garden
and forced return to nature made the collapse of
nature to be stronger than her relationship with the
ornithologist.
decision is “not merely a cowering, a retreat, or a
chooses, it will cost her the life of the white heron,
this by saying that “placing the machine in opposition to the tranquility and order located in the
unscathed. On the contrary, at the end of the story
of the unfeeling utilitarian spirit, and of the frag-
the echo of his whistle haunting the pasture path as
she came home with the loitering cow” (Jewett). The
characteristics embodied in the ornithologist as he
unfeelingly destroys nature for his own personal
chine, as “perhaps she has lost her one opportunity
for the machine-like man, and will make the right
decision with regards to the location of the heron.
belong in his world run by the machine, she belongs
in her own garden. Without a doubt the ornithologist,
Shippensburg University
sharp report of his gun and the sight of thrushes and
sparrows dropping silent to the ground, their songs
hushed and their pretty feathers stained and wet with
blood” (Jewett). While she is a bit nostalgic, we
Works Cited
Women’s
History.
Colby Library Quarterly 22.1
Artemis Literary Sources.
scraped, but resilient and still fully intact.
with the machine, back at Fruitlands the problem of
unsuccessfully separating from the machine is what
tears the transcendental utopia apart. Alcott herself
Studies in Short Fiction
Academic Search Complete.
yet” (Alcott). The group quickly disbands as winter
descends, and Timon, who retreats to the nearby
Shaker community, states matter-of-factly “it was an
Freeman.” Studies in Short Fiction
Academic Search Complete
our losses as we can” (Alcott). This use of the word
Quarterly
Sources.
Colby Library
Artemis Literary
Coe College.
he did. And when winter hit, he gracelessly make
to be unsuccessful, as their attempt at pastoralism
was disastrous. Each person is forced to forsake
the synthetic garden and return to the machine, or
sought to create their own superior garden in order to
escape the machine of modern society, their ideol-
Johnson, Claudia Durst. “`Transcendental Wild Oats’ Or
Atq 12.1
Academic
Search Complete
The Machine in the Garden: Technology and
the Pastoral Ideal in America.
Smith, Gayle L. “The Language of Transcendence in
Colby Library
Quarterly
Artemis Literary
Sources.
a while, but ultimately chose what was dearest and
dentalists seek transcendence and celestial separation
Student Reflection:
th
The Machine in the Garden.
part of Write the Ship!
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
The Western-Style, Single-Player
Role Playing Video Game: A Generic
Description of the Sub-Genre
Evan Glass
HCS 370: Rhetorical Criticism
Assignment description:
Conduct a study in rhetorical criticism in which you employ a systematic method of criticism applied to specific
rhetorical artifacts.
Ludology is the fledgling interdisciplinary field
be will make it possible to identify these character-
as of the time this study is written, and as such this
study is intended to establish a connection between
a window into how culture is formed and how it
the Western-style, single-player role-playing game
sub-genres by comparison.
To this end the essay proceeds in four parts. Part
elements of the artifacts for meaning. Part four is a
discussion on the implications this reading has for
rhetorical theory and practice as well as a prescription for areas of further research.
Literature Review
the artifacts under study as RPGs.
different, critically acclaimed, high-sales, large fanFiction RPG Mass Effect and the Fantasy RPGs,
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and Dragon Age. The
changes to commonly held ideologies and to some
degree push those changes with the RPG acting as
the RPG create as many options for player choice as
is feasible while maintaining the core plot as well as
what this illusion of personal power is intended to
manual, or in intro-sequences, placing the player’s
and/or creating an ideal story that the player has
this sensation of being lost is thought to be a reason
escape a reality in which one feels lost, confused,
and without purpose.
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nature, requiring the player to make the decisions
rules and game world situations) want the player to
make, but all the while the player has the illusion of
The authors argue that these numbers mirror
common media depictions of gender in other forms
discussing the Silent Hill series, writes that:
-
There is nothing else the protagonist can do.
his dead wife, who pleads for release. The
manipulated by game structure in a manner
that parallels game characters’ manipulation
this through the use of gender stereotypes in producing game worlds, characters and player options.
but some critics, including Dill and Thill, argue this
is in correlation to the content of the games rather
creation of hypermasculine protagonists who, with
complete it and while this may seem like a reasonable solution,
the fact that a
spent multiple
hours playing by
this point and will
attachment to finish. Simply not
finishing due to
personal moral
The benefit however, of the RPG
in reference to race and class is
that the player is able to “try on”
these other races and classes
and experience to a degree that
discrimination from NPCs in the game.
male aggression,
reenact the historical processes of
“kill, conquer, and
concept of the male
Western culture.
discusses the
continuing efforts
unlikely and often players will choose to make a
temporary change to their normal ways of acting in
link with the played character and may set his or her
own codes aside and adopt, on a temporary nature,
the game he studied, “Fallout 3 does the opposite.
female characters are found to be constructed
according traditional sets of gender stereotypes
from males, but also on the basis of class. The maor in some cases, middle class backgrounds whereas
in most cases middle class and high class females are
tress which the player’s white, male character must
characters from top-selling American gaming
found that it is indeed true that not only are women
are more likely than male characters to be
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
(lack of clothing) compared to male characters.
Across genres it is common to see females wearing
wealthy and at threat from the poor, or the wealthy
depending on social class whereas males often wear
their bodies, and/or tight-fitting muscle shirts and
preferring to use stereotypes in the place of character
sion of the Lara Croft Tomb Raider series. They
of acting. Generally speaking minority races are
relegated to the lower class and become a common
most of the gender roles attributed to males (such as
being the rough and tough fighter), but their bodies
fantasy such as the RPG, is the creation of races
entirely alien to what would be considered those
masculine traits, it is still a female.
that:
-
while maintaining racism as an important topic.
According to the authors and media, the stereotypes
of different races become absorbed into these fantasy
and reify stereotypes of them at once.
Video games and the RPG specifically are important for study, because they are powerful cultural
nor is identity more generally, but when it is
around them by using the meanings that the mem-
the course of play in such a way that it becomes a
learn first from parents and family, then from peers
what their roles as gendered, raced, and classed
of this programming, or coding as the literature often
-
the ways in which this is portrayed often follows
he or she becomes an adult. (324) Furthermore, Rob
follows all the same stereotypical norms attributed to
race and othering in other forms of popular culture
common stereotypes of the poor, the middle class,
and the wealthy found in wider media and many of
the same trends found in his research are mirrored
A stereotype of the game player as addicted
ego-psychology and pedagogical study and,
with greater force and political affect, in
rhetoric. Frequently, the addicted gamers are
dangerous kids.
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and the player is now required to align all the races
only to consume the game world and its cultural
are beginning to become able of reason and it is the
player’s choice as to whether to let these particular
a way that they legitimately decide the course of the
when he states that “the nondetermined state of the
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim is the latest in a
series of games set in the Fantasy world “Tamriel”
when playing a game has huge implications for how
the Empire and the territory of Skyrim and the
representations of life and making their in-game
player is able to choose the character’s race (of nine
options), gender, and fighting style at the beginning
attributes which resemble the particular mediagameplay. The character begins as a prisoner with
-
Artifacts
Mass Effect is a Science Fiction RPG series
(Dragonborn) which places on him or her special
are at peace with the other galactic races thanks to
a peace treaty demanded by the Galactic Council
though deeply held grudges remain with some other
races. The player takes control of the character,
Commander Shepard (male or female by the player’s
first and only Spectre. A Spectre is a form of special
law. As Commander Shepard the player fights many
battles and conducts negotiations throughout the
three games in order to stop new threats as they
arise. The end of the series sees the player fighting
and lead his team and bring the many races together
and fight this enemy.
Dragon Age is a Fantasy RPG series which
focuses around the in-game world’s conflict with
a supposedly mindless, supernatural enemy, the
Darkspawn, whilst engaged in multiple political,
racial, and religious internal conflicts. The player’s
a law unto himself or herself and has no long-term
-
themes in the genre with similar situational requireof a long-term (13 years at time of writing) “war
groups of ethnic, racial, religious, or gendered
stylistic characteristics which define the genre’s
well as similar socio-political messages are therein
carried for players.
Analysis
not work in its core function of allowing the player
player’s own. These artifacts show similar construc-
characteristics the player’s beginning attributes
the story begins and non-player characters (NPC)
interact with the player are decided. Early in the
game the player becomes a Grey Warden, which
similarly to the Spectre in Mass Effect, is supposed
character back-story constructions, themes, and
methods of intertwining the audience and narrator
into the player who acts as both.
The settings of the RPGs are in either Fantasy
worlds or a distant future depending on the franchise
and these are the popular topics for RPGs on the
entire cultures which appear separate from those
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
in our non-digital world thus allowing the player a
sense of freedom from socio-political constraints
sion into another culture with its own norms which
possible choices which the player is able to select
dialogue. The different actions and dialogues are
for the setting of a strange world which the player is
both a stranger to and a temporary resident of. The
uses of similar political, religious, and class-based
struggles depicted in in-game historical notes (lore)
and heard through the background music in these
player as he or she becomes more firmly entrenched
in the world setting.
NPCs in these artifacts are generally con-
sarcastic, neutral or friendly. The player’s choices
ogy of the story. This creates an illusion of player
independence from the in-game systems as the
player has what almost appear to be fully encompassing options from which to choose depending on
how he or she is roleplaying the character.
in Western society’s ethics, but are simultaneseparation of setting from society’s world and
-
in order to simplify the process of creating these
game worlds, but they also include story elements
which highlight those stereotypes and allow the
tions for different actions they take throughout the
games. The moral ambiguity of these characters
forced into making often difficult moral decisions on
whom to side with or destroy and ultimately how the
story progresses with the NPCs acting as guiderails.
The core theme of these RPGs is that “good,”
represented by the player’s character must be
constructed lens.
Gender depictions in RPGs follow three primary
genre through a process of isolation of the player’s
character and companions from the societies from
which they originate. The player is set in a place
here better described as the nemesis, which seeks
to destroy or control all things while also seeing
player’s character ought to protect. The player’s
character in these games (Spectre, Grey Warden,
actions which the player has the ability to choose to
encourage or repute.
The neutered female character has all the same
acter, often able to use weapons far larger than their
frames ought to allow. With no differentiation at all
between the physical abilities of males or females
a force of “good,” but rather the “Champion” who
fights for his or her own reasons against all the
player the freedom to choose a morality for his or
her character and roleplay that character to its fullest.
The player is equally able to choose a righteous and
impossible chest to hip ratios and non-sensically
small leg and arm muscles as compared to the
actions the characters are performing combined with
the cowboy of Western legend, but through a safe
means which does not require any “real” separation
from Western society’s ethics, laws, or culture.
“armors” the female character’s body is designed to
narrator-audience to whom and from whom all
of the player.
actions the character is performing and thus keeps
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made more accessible in all these artifacts it is approached differently by the different games. Skyrim
is that the player is able to (and often encouraged
discusses the topic in any dialogue or reference at
and classes (especially in Dragon Age and Skyrim)
in nature. Dragon Age and Mass Effect do actually
thoroughly in that the player character’s companions
the player if he or she takes the time to think on it
critically.
RPGs push the Western ideology that one can
become anything he or she desires through hard
preferences. Mass Effect portrays mentally healthy
-
interact with, but Dragon Age depicts these characters as mentally damaged either through establishment of near insanity or in one case of an Elf,
to forge his or her own story in order to sell to
if your character is male, will tell the player if the
lead to the player separating himself or herself from
society in much the same way he or she sees the
characters being separated from their societies. This
to my targets.” This depiction of mentally damaged
but less inclined to adhere to social norms due to
were mirrored in the games these players engaged.
with different meanings inscribed.
Traditional race issues are blurred in their
outright replacement with different ones (whether
fantastic or alien in nature), but social class remains
linked with race throughout. RPGs further normal-
one is able to find stereotypes which were carried
Discussion
This study has been conducted in the attempt to
findings of the study are similar to those findings
speech rhetoric for many of the same themes apply
between these rhetorical forms. This study may act
as a basis from which to draw connections between
these forms of rhetoric as well as create a comparison from which to continue establishing rhetorical
concepts of race. Race is often a primary determiDragon Age
-
Student Reflection:
of communicating identity.
rhetorical community.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
References
Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in
Mass Communication & Society
Springer
Science & Business Media, LLC 2007. February 2
The
Elder Scrolls V
Game Studies: the
International Journal Of Computer Game Research,
1(1).
Mass Effect
Canada: Electronic Arts.
Dragon Age
[Video game series]. Edmonton Offices, Alberta,
identity, time and play in the production of the gamer
addiction myth. Game Studies: the International
Journal Of Computer Game Research,
.
The gendered gameplay of Silent Hill.
Camera Obscura
Critical Studies in Media Communication,
Race, Video games, and consuming the other. Studies
in Media & Information Literacy Education, 3(4),
Sex
Roles,
. Springer
importance of race- and gender-based game studies.
Games and Culture
Science & Business Media, LLC2007.
Creating and Maintaining Hierarchies,
games. The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth,
Games, and Learning
The John
D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series
on Digital Media and Learning.
Medal of Honor: Rising Sun. Critical Studies in
Media Communication
games. Games and Culture
The International
Journal ofComputer Game Research
promises in cinematic and promotional depictions
of children’s digital play. Communication,
Culture & Critique
Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture, 2(2),
Fallout.
Game Studies: the International Journal Of
Computer Game Research,
Games and Culture,
org
Mass Communication & Society
analysis of Tomb Raider II. Institute of Education,
University of London
www.
pauldowling.me
Shippensburg University
Twain and His Garden
Joshua Neil
ENG 381: Studies in 19th Century American Literature
Assignment description:
-
Machine in the
Garden, is a bygone notion. One can go on a walk
in the woods and if they end up lost they need but
pull out their iPhone to find their way out, and if
that fails, pull out a light weight thermal blanket, use
their wet weather matches to start a fire, and chip
an age suddenly aware that machines were making
writer, in this case Twain, didn’t directly say “my
the town down the road from me keeps growing bethe changes that are taking effect across the nation
and with all people that it is worthwhile to assume
that these relationships are on the mind of the writer,
if only unconsciously.
nature of American literature, and the American
th
century within pastoral
what is meant by sentimental pastoralism as well
there are two modes of this representation, sentimenHuckleberry Finn
the picturesque nature of the first half of the book,
dynamic.
First, it is good to understand a few fundamental
an impediment to clarity of thought and, from their
of sentimental pastoralism is one that necessitates
line which sets off the era of machine production
the narration in such a way that it causes the reader
American literature it is impossible to not look at
machine.
or in other words: it is right to apply this theoretical framework to any and all American literature.
toral as social conscience has come increasingly to
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
been made to say something along the lines of, “And
that’s why people should put a motor on a boat,”
to mourn the loss of the boat and call it a tragedy, a
statement which can only be made in reference to
the fact a more amiable state of being for the boat
the harder road of understanding that there isn’t anything to be done to stop it, and then asking what can
be done to as successfully as possible integrate both
that” but the suggestion here is more simple than
that. Twain is choosing to use words that are more
befitting of a human than a machine, which point to
his intention of seeing them integrated.
in his book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Throughout the
unconsciously it
be addressed in the
a unique look at
Twain is creating a very sympathetic
what happens
when the machine
attitude towards an extremely
butts its way into
non-living substance in the
the garden. This
can be seen when
midst of a living environment.
looking closely at
the sections where
the steam boat is
crashed on the rock, as well as the scene where the
late and still, and
then along comes
a steamboat up
aimed right for
us. Often they do
that and try to see
how close they can
bites off a sweep, and then the pilot sticks his
head out and laughs, and thinks he’s mighty
on. The descriptions are where it can be best seen
like a black cloud with rows of glow-worms
hat hanging on the back of it, when the flashes come.
Well, it being away in the night and stormy, and all
big and scary, with a long row of wide-open
furnace doors shining like red-hot teeth, and
her monstrous bows and guards hanging right
so mournful and lonesome in the middle of the
use of language when seeing a metal behemoth
by seeing how close it can get, but then at the same
time it is described in such a fearful way. Not only
is the description of this boat monstrous, but the
actions of this boat as well are equally as monstrous.
rock” is more commonly seen in use with a human,
so mournful and lonesome” again, language that
entity. These phrases point towards a person who is
that displays the danger of using the products of the
more in common than not.
the two worlds, if only in this instance, is the proper
ously without. What happens though? The tools are
used improperly and disaster strikes.
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whole book itself can be seen as a contrast between
Machine in the Garden about
-
dictated by who is or isn’t president, what religion is
and he is within listening distance of the the boat,
“the cannon let off such a blast right before me that
it made me deef with the noise and pretty near blind
Clemens resumed work on the book, three years
later, he still had found no satisfactory way out of
light-hearted resolution, hardly was an appropriate
light-hearted and whimsical, and all of the sudden
gun at the natural and pulling the trigger. Nature, it
their only mode of transportation and separates the
momentary hearing loss from the cannon going off
maintained when such graphic content takes place?
that Huckleberry Finn is, “to be neatly recontained within the while framework of picturesque
hunk of lead in the cannon this would be a different
is certainly contained within this description, and
of the book and it not be suggested that nature and
symbol that was always in contrast to the Shore.
Huckleberry Finn to suggest any great
the whole story has been dependent on the raft, and
of the raft and the “other,” the other being the society
always in trouble, causing trouble, or running from
trouble when they are on the Shore. They bring this
is being looked for by his relations from the boat.
are agents of the Shore and all the wrongness that it
Their introduction to the story points to many of
these motifs which carry throughout the rest of their
story arc:
telling point in this attribute is simply in the way
mimics the way the woods function around him.
... here comes a couple of men tearing up the
me
but they was pretty close to me then, and sung
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
they hadn’t been doing nothing, and was being
Does it lie with those who allowed it to happen?
hard to ignore these questions that lead to the nature
through the brush and get up the crick a little
Closely reading Huckleberry Finn
becomes a challenge for those looking for its deeper
off the scent.” (Twain)
and the way that he is structured in contrast to the
some serious issues about how to embrace this new
all the trickery and ill intent that is born of it, but the
culture itself, which the Shore time and time again
pastoral, one where the reader can look at the Shore
to question the nature of the relationship. Should
and allowing the reader to make their own inferences
about what state of being is right. Whither which
way reader goes in their interpretation, it is clear
that Twain knew that these changes were hear to
embraced and learn to tolerate the rest.
Works Cited
Reappraised.” American Literary History
The Machine in the Garden: Technology and
the Pastoral Ideal in America.
Revue française d’études américaines.
The New England
Quarterly.
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York:
Finn.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction.
Student Reflection:
Shippensburg University
Provost’s Award for the College of Arts and Sciences
Human Influence on Burrowing Owl
Populations over the Last 10 Years in the
Western United States and SW Canada
Stephen Novelli
GEO 301: Introduction to Biogeography
Assignment description:
Introduction:
not specify a single factor that caused such a drastic
The increasing spread of human infrastructure
-
-
as humans continue to alter Earth’s natural habitat
Owls, n.d.).
one species that has suffered the consequences of huof Alberta and Saskatchewan (Figure 1) (Canadian
species, it could create a domino effect and harm
only small sections used as cattle pastures that are
Owl’s population has declined rapidly, thus placing it
on the endangered species list in Southwest Canada
these pastures are the only refuge remaining for
n.d.). Along with the reduction of prairie land for
biotic and abiotic factors. This encompasses things
their own, these factors blend together and become
interconnected influencing one another and creating
Habitat Loss:
Canadian biologists in the city of Regina, the
a significant loss of the owls for the last ten years.
Image 1:
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
their own burrows, but occupy abandoned ones as
their own. Without animals such as Prairie Dogs
plains and prairies are often killed because they are
seen as a nuisance or their habitats are destroyed by
States are primarily confined to the Western plains of
the country (Figure 2).
Figure 1:
Southwest Canada highlighted in gray
Grasslands in which these owls reside are being
cleared away for houses, farms, and roads. Areas
dangers for the owls. These dangers include the
ticular is reducing the amount of suitable habitat area
Colorado is an area of transition between the Great
Owl habitats because it also reduces the habitats of
Figure 2:
ing areas (striped), year-round residency (gray),
area are presented with recommendations for owl
suggestions, but there is no legal enforcement if not
are trying to recreate them as well. The California
Department of Transportation, also known as
Owls on the Johnson Canyon Restoration Site. These
nests act as a refuge for the owls and present a safe
Figure 3:
the Front Range (Front Range Focus Area, n.d.)
-
Shippensburg University
Diagram 1:
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Low Reproduction Rates:
Owls are also affected by abiotic factors due to
amounts of precipitation that can flood their burrows
n.d.). This figure would not be so astounding if this
species had a better fitness and reproduced in greater
perature and drier air is killing the grasslands in
change in climate, droughts often bring forest fires
do not reproduce enough offspring to sustain a
healthy population for the rate at which they die.
of life, including those the owls depend on for food
amount of food present has a direct effect on number
Conclusion:
mental food, the owls were able to successfully
raise larger families than when they obtained food
Their numbers as an entire populous are rapidly decreasing, and humans appear to be held the most resimilar tragedies,
This lead them to
may not be producnumber of offspring
because there is not
enough food naturally present in their
so. The lack of food
reduces offspring
amounts because
-
Although they may appear insignificant
on their own, these factors blend
together and become interconnected
influencing one another and creating
a stressful environment for the owls.
their young with what is present to them in their
High Death Rates:
increasing spread
of agriculture in
Canada’s Southwest
grades and destroys
the natural habitat
(Problems Facing
being made to protect and retain healthy populations
of owls, they still remain a species of concern. Other
too quickly for this species and the human race to
species does not occur, they will no longer be a part
of these two regions’ natural fauna.
Acknowledgments:
Owls, n.d.). Also only producing two offspring
per pair, with an already high chance of death, it is
owl its conditions become much more perilous and
me with the opportunity for this publication through
the Write the Ship Journal of Academic Writing
Williams’ guidance throughout the entirety of the
being preyed upon by their natural predators, but
also on occasion, domesticated dogs and cats will
weasels, and badgers are all natural predators to
ences cited page.
Shippensburg University
Bibliography
Wildlife, n.p.
Photograph. N.p. Ed. Caltrans.
“Front Range Focus Area, Colorado Partners for Fish
Range Focus Area, Colorado Partners for Fish
Student Reflection:
for the information used throughout my paper.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
The Gendering of Language: Kate and
Viola as Independent Speakers
Rebecca Orner
ENG 330: Shakespeare
Assignment description:
For this assignment, we were to create and research a thesis of our choosing. We had the choice to look in depth
at a specific character, theme, play, or critical approach that we found interesting.
considered mentally, emotionally, and physically
women tend to speak indirectly about preferences
and decisions whereas men speak indirectly about
Twelfth Night, it
appears that the differences between true masculine
equal ground. Shakespeare demonstrates this equal
ground through the main female characters of two of
his plays. Viola from Twelfth Night
The Taming of the Shrew use a more masculine, or
and the discussion of relationships.
compared to their other female counterparts, showing their unique independence and strong personalities each in separate ways.
Shakespeare often uses language to denote certain characteristics such as class, relationship to the
listener, and state of mind. Therefore, it would follow that he would also use the language in his plays
to show the different gender relationships between
men and women. Jean Norman in her article entitled
“Can She Talk the Talk? What Speech Patterns
Say about Viola/Cesario” states that “Twelfth Night
comprehend during the time period as there was still
-
eunuch, she has to change her speech slightly in
order to be able to pass as a boy instead of a woman.
therefore “a woman might become a man, but not on
the contrary side a man become a woman” (Crooke
up too much or if she had too much strenuous, physiblurs the gender lines within speech patterns and
Cesario.
Viola tends to use a more neutral form of com-
students took ten speeches from the play, put them
speech that seems to be a staple for the male char-
asked to decide whether the lines were spoken by
fifty percent of the questions right, showing no real
male and female speech, there are some differences.
cific to professions considered as women’s work and
like fell and cruel hounds, / E’er since pursue me”
(Twelfth Night
the masculine speech throughout the play, but not
simply part of the [men’s] frame of reference and
Shippensburg University
speech comes from her use of strong imagery rather
Petrarchan speech of Orsino as they begin their
her independence and her control of the situation.
The differences between the masculine and femithe difference continues through the way that the
genders speak concerning their relationships. For
fearful” (Twelfth Night
enough of his Petrarchan poetry and does not wish
to take on the role of the beautiful woman to whom
refusals, Viola decides to not speak Orsino’s written
poetry and instead speak from her own heart. When
metaphors rather than discussing his true feelings,
such as the metaphor when he compares himself to
talking to Viola, drilling her for answers to simple
Could be but recompensed, though you were
crown’d
manages to straddle the line between the masculine
and the feminine by using both the indirect and the
direct in her speech.
her encounter with
clear and concise
when she is asking
her questions and
This deviation from the standard
Petrarchan convention shows Viola’s
rejection of the purely masculine
voice and her spontaneous creation
of her own neutral voice.
she becomes more
indirect, describing
an absurd circumstance in her “willow cabin” speech
rather than outright saying her feelings.
spontaneity and her
ity, not the duke’s
banal praises,” that
ultimately wins
for Orsino, but for
from the standard
tion shows Viola’s
The Taming of the Shrew, uses a more masculine
form of communication, but she uses it differ(Twelfth Night
that “in early modern England, men and women use
abstract quality to her neutral speech.
According to Jami Ake in her article “Glimpsing
Twelfth Night,” the play offers
a unique opportunity to witness the creation of
female-female desire through the use of language
women would return the subordinating blows. The
household was a place where women could be subordinated by their husbands, but it was also a place
kind of Petrarchan language” used by characters
Viola’s rhetoric and applies it to her own speech,
is a form of poetry directly addressed to a beautiful
women that was primarily written by and for men
and she makes scathing remarks without thought to
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
And be it moon, or sun, or what you please,
And if you please to call it a rush candle,
put finger in the eye, / and she knew why” (Taming
of the Shrew
people, the first moment being when she strikes
her speech, she retains the one marker of feminine
makes no qualms when it comes to how she feels
about people such as when she says that Petruchio is
“A madcap ruffian and a swearing Jack, / That thinks
but by choosing to appease him, she maintains her
him shows that she still has her free will, despite him
with both Petruchio and the situation that she
interpretation of Petruchio’s character. She says that
Vincentio, Lucentio’s father, for a gentlewoman.
mistaken the old man for a young woman and still
dence through the masculine language in the scene
her, but he does not hit her despite the fact that she
around her to put her into submission and show her
the person she can truly be instead of the person that
fresh and sweet, / Whither away, or where is thy
strong against the threat of Petruchio and that she is
her the strength and independence that she had
wife and needs to learn how to respect her husband.
-
answering their husband’s call as she had. She tells
them that “Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy
before. She can use this channel as a proper way to
of their relationship shows that instead of being a
intellect and courage, trapped in a time when society
be true to herself and pacify her husband.
Two of Shakespeare’s leading ladies, Viola and
Petruchio, making him think that he has tamed her
pease both herself and her husband. Shakespeare’s
She begins to do as he says, but she asserts her
dominance in her own way. She demonstrates this
metaphors and the amount of abstract language.
whether Petruchio is seeing the moon or the sun and
she says
Shakespeare characters, partly due to their strong
personalities and their use of language. Neither
leading lady is likely to be forgotten any time soon
Shippensburg University
Works Cited
Night.” Studies in English Literature, 15001900
MLA International
Bibliography
Shrew.” Studies in English Literature (Rice)
MLA International Bibliography.
Microcosmographia: A
Description of the Body of Man.” Twelfth Night or
What You Will: Texts and Contexts
Print.
The Taming
of the Shrew: An Authoritative Text, Sources and
Contexts, Criticism, Rewritings, and Appropriations.
Of The Shrew.” Modern Language Quarterly
MLA International Bibliography.
Norman, Jean Reid. “Can She Talk The Talk? What
Speech Patterns Say About Viola/Cesario.” Journal
of the Wooden O Symposium
MLA
International Bibliography
Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. The
Taming of the Shrew: An Authoritative Text,
Sources and Contexts, Criticism, Rewritings, and
Appropriations. Ed. Dympna Callaghan. New York:
Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Twelfth Night, Or,
What You Will: Texts and Contexts
Print.
Student Reflection:
men in the Renaissance Period and a couple of other research articles. Dissecting the language of the two
women was probably the most fun part of the paper. Looking at minute details within the word choice
was challenging, but interesting.
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
The Effects of Water and Glucose Drinks
on Thermoregulation and Performance
Ali Stouffer
ESC 321: Exercise Physiology I
Assignment description:
the rationale for this research question.
that compared the physiological effects of water and
glucose-solutions were chosen with the hopes of
-
them all is the importance of hydration. As the body
was included from long endurance tests to shorter
to perform work. As your core temperature rises, the
-
can drastically impair performance.
and in turn becomes harder to pump through the
in an effort to study the effects of fluid and glucose
and potentially cardiac output if the heart rate cannot
compensate. A decrease in these heart functions
contributes to fatigue and a decrease in muscle
ing muscles can become compromised. Remaining
heart rate, body temperature, and other bodily measures associated with an increased thermal load that
-
water with other substances such as electrolytes
pumped per beat of the heart) of the heart can be
-
or other forms of carbohydrate that will replace the
glucose that is being used by the working muscles
for energy, thereby supporting maintenance of work
performance and delaying the onset of fatigue during
infusion on the same systems.
The first set of trials was established to compare
hance work performance. Also of interest is whether
week period. On both days, the cyclists began the
Shippensburg University
trials euhydrated by drinking freely the night before
and the morning of the trial up until 1 hour before
more than 2 beats per minute with glucose infusion.
cyclists’ VO
first week of cycling, no fluid was consumed during
the two hour period. The second week of cycling
-
temperature fluctuations during the glucose-infusion
trials, as they were only completed during the procedures comparing fluid replacement to no fluid. This
trial. The same general procedures were followed as
-
glucose replacement on thermoregulation and
glucose infusion rather than water replacement. An
-
also to distinguish how much performance benefit
would result from both glucose and fluid intake indiheat-acclimated, endurance trained men participated
that VO2
no fluid replacement and fluid replacement. An
increase in VO2
signifies CV drift
and also represents
a greater energy
cost to perform
the work, which
lactate threshold
The main influence on
thermoregulation during exercise in a
controlled environment is fluid intake.
during prolonged
were performed
in a warm room
days were separated
2
the day preceding each trial. Euhydration was acoffset the increase of VO2 and whole body caloric
the day before and also by instructing them to drink
of fluid also had a statistically significant impact on
ment. These slight differences would more likely
with the instruction that they were performance
enhancement treatments. The treatments were fluid
as a triathlon or marathon. Glucose infusion mainthat of the fluid replacement trial. Fluid replacement
also resulted in maintenance of a significantly higher
performance trial was administered in which the
the glucose infusion trial. Cardiac output (blood
without fluid replacement, while fluid replacement
(with and without glucose infusion) resulted in a
perature was significantly lower during the second
for each participant based on preliminary training
and the performance ride was meant to simulate a
“finishing sprint”. Throughout the duration of the
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
-
The results show that the percent of VO
was
minute mark, and body temperature along with other
measurements were also taken throughout the course
of the procedure.
The results showed that both fluid replacement
and carbohydrate ingestion resulted in an increase
the two treatment groups. During the moderately
While ingesting the placebo that contained only
-
the performance test was 11.34 minutes. The time
faster for those who consumed the carbohydrateminutes and also for the carbohydrate treatment at
fluid-carbohydrate treatment that elicited a time
to support work performance during the later stages
mance test, heart rate was significantly higher in
the carbohydrate treatments when compared to no
-
mance benefits to consuming a carbohydrate-elec-
responded to the ability to maintain a higher power
output in the carbohydrate treatments. There was no
significant difference between body temperatures
-
was significantly higher in the treatments that did
not include fluid intake compared to treatments
the treatment that included fluid and carbohydrate,
attire to simulate military training. The temperature
on these findings, carbohydrate based fluids were
trials were completed in a two week period with a
water to drink or a carbohydrate-electrolyte fluid
mining the performance and physiological responses
of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution during a
simulated outdoor distance race in warm and humid
conditions. Eight male distance runners were chosen
perature, and other measurements were also recorded
throughout the course of the procedure. Termination
-
preferred competition diet three days before each of
treadmill speed. When being terminated before each
completed at a moderate pace that was determined
duration when water was consumed was 134 minutes
an artificially sweetened water placebo. Serial doses
VO2, heart rate, and body temperature were also
Shippensburg University
also supported by the results found in the study by
No significant differences in heart rate, body temperature, or dehydration were seen between the two
was seen when fluid was replaced throughout the
Although the addition of glucose to fluid intake
did not appear to influence thermoregulation, it did
tion of a carbohydrate drink, but the difference was
only significant for the first thirty minutes of the
ing the two-hour march when consuming a glucose
that the addition of glucose along with the fluid was
it appears that the main influence on thermoregulafluid intake. There were no significant differences in
core body temperatures between the glucose infused
fluids and plain water because both forms of solution
contained similar intakes of water. This would make
for energy replacement rather than an aid to thermoregulation, and in fact it could impair the efficiency
ed. Also, it appears that thermoregulation becomes
only water. Similar results were seen during the
performance times were recorded when a glucose
containing solution was administered to the athletes.
glucose infused drinks also increase performance
in body temperature with fluid replacement could
through sweat and, therefore, would help to maintain
concentrations of glucose and other sugar combinations to determine if the concentration and type of
Write the Ship, 2013-2014
Works Cited
And Exercise
Medicine And Science In Sports
MEDLINE. Web.
Electrolyte Fluid Replacement During Loaded
Military Medicine
MEDLINE
Drift.” Journal Of Applied Physiology (Bethesda,
Md.: 1985)
MEDLINE. Web.
Medicine And Science
In Sports And Exercise
MEDLINE
Gatorade Tops 1B Gallons in 2011
Student Reflection:
sports drinks were as prominent as the media depicts them to be. Throughout the process of writing this
Shippensburg University