Discovering
Simple Machines:
COMPOUND
MACHINES
Instructor’s Guide
Discovering
Simple Machines:
COMPOUND
MACHINES
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Written and Produced by
John Colgren
Published and Distributed by...
United Learning
1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100
Evanston, Illinois 60201
(800) 323-9084, Fax (847) 328-6706
http://www.unitedlearning.com
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Copying, transmitting, or reproducing in any form, or by any
means, without prior written permission from the copyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. Code Sections 501 and 506).
©MMI John Colgren
Discovering Simple Machines:
COMPOUND MACHINES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Instructional Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Links to Curriculum Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Student Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Assessment Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Teacher Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Introducing the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
View the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Blackline Master Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Enrichment Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Internet Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Script of Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CC
This video is closed captioned.
The purchase of this video program entitles the user to the right to
reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guide and
the blackline master handouts that accompany it for the purpose of
teaching in conjunction with this video, Discovering Simple
Machines: Compound Machines. This right is restricted only for
use with this program. Any reproduction or duplication in whole or in
part of this guide and the blackline master handouts for any purpose
other than for use with this program is prohibited.
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Discovering Simple Machines:
COMPOUND MACHINES
GRADE LEVELS: 1-4
INTRODUCTION
This live-action program is designed for use with the primary grade levels
(1-4).
A machine is a devise or tool that does one or more of these three things:
makes work easier, makes work faster, or changes the direction of the force.
Two or more simple machines used together make a compound machine.
This video is about the compound machines that we find all around us. They
have all been influenced in some way by the six simple machines.
INSTRUCTIONALNOTES
Before presenting this lesson to your students, we suggest that you preview
the program and review this guide and the accompanying blackline master
activities in order to familiarize yourself with their content.
As you review the materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, additions, or deletions to meet the specific
needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailoring this
program to your class will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits
afforded by the materials.
It is also suggested that the program presentation take place before the entire
group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context
of the program; therefore, the presentation should be a common experience
for all students.
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LINKS TO CURRICULUM STANDARDS
This Unit of Study addresses the following National Science Education
Standards for grades K-4:
Science as Inquiry
Content Standard A:
• Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Plan and conduct simple investigations.
Employ simple equipment and tools to gather data.
Use data to construct a reasonable explanation.
Communicate investigations and explanations.
• Understanding about scientific inquiry
Physical Science
Content Standard B:
• Position and motion of objects
An object’s motion can be described by tracing and measuring its
position over time.
The position and motion of objects can be changed by pushing or
pulling. The size of the change is related to the strength of the push
or pull.
Science and Technology
Content Standard E:
• Abilities of technological design
• Understanding about science and technology
People have always had questions about their world. Science is
one
way of answering questions and explaining the natural world.
People have always had problems and invented tools and tech
niques to solve problems.
Scientists and engineers often work in teams.
Tools help scientists make better observations, measurements, and
equipment for investigations.
History and Nature of Science
Content Standard G:
• Science as a human endeavor
Science and technology have been practiced by people for a long
time.
Men and woman have made a variety of contributions throughout
the history of science and technology.
Although men and women using scientific inquiry have learned
much about the objects, events, and phenomena in nature, much
more remains to be understood. Science will never be finished.
Many people choose science as a career and devote their entire
lives
to studying it.
2
STUDENT OBJECTIVES
After viewing the video and participating in the follow-up activities, students/participants should be able to...
• Define what makes a machine.
• Define the term compound machine.
• Identify which simple machines are found within certain compound machines.
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
This lesson provides you with three different assessment tools. Together
they make it possible to follow closely the progress of your students and to
judge their mastery of the subject matter.
The Pre-Test (Blackline Master 1) can be used to get some idea of students’ understanding of the topic before the program is presented.
The Post-Test, presented as Blackline Master 6, can be used as a final test
for the lesson.
The Video Quiz and its accompanying answer sheet (Blackline Master 2)
can be used either as a way to introduce the topic prior to showing the program or to judge student mastery once the progra has been presented.
TEACHER PREPARATION
View the program and review the accompanying activities. Duplicate any
blackline masters you wish to distribute. If you plan to use the Video Quiz,
which immediately follows the program presentation, you may wish to have
copies of the quiz ready to distribute at the completion of the program. Also,
plan to pause the tape between questions if students require more time.
INTRODUCING THE PROGRAM
Have the class identify the six simple machines. Tell them that all of our
modern machines are linked in one way or another to those six simple
machines. When more than one simple machine is used in a devise or tool
that devise or tool is considered a compound machine.
VIEW THE PROGRAM
Viewing time for this program is 10 minutes. The video quiz that follows
the presentation will take about five minutes when you build in pauses for
recording answers.
3
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
You may wish to conduct a discussion after viewing the video based on the
following:
1. Ask the students to describe some compound machines they use around
the house. Can they pick out which simple machines are used in each compound machine?
2. How would life be different if we didn’t have any machines?
BLACKLINE MASTER DESCRIPTIONS
This program contains six blackline masters that can be used to reinforce
ideas and information presented in the program.
• Blackline Master 1, Pre-Test, provides a way of finding out how much students know about the material covered in this lesson before you present it.
Student scores on the Pre-Test can be compared with their scores on the final
Post-Test (Blackline Master 6).
• Blackline Master 2, Video Quiz, is to be used at the end of the program.
At the completion of the program, there is a short quiz. The narrator will
read the questions which are displayed on the screen. Students can use
Blackline Master #2: Video Quiz to record their answers. Answers to the
questions are provided in the Answer Key section of this instructor’s guide.
• Blackline Master 3, Pick Six, is a worksheet with two different parts. In
part A, students are asked to identify some common items as levers, wedges,
wheel and axles, pulleys, inclined planes, or screws. Part B contains items
which are compound machines that contain more than one simple machine.
Students are asked to identify the simple machines contained with the compound machines.
• Blackline Master 4, Home Hunt, asks students to find example of simple
machines around their home. They are encouraged to identify simple
machines that might be included in compound machines.
• Blackline Master 5, Word Search, contains twelve terms associated with
the study of simple machines.
• Blackline Master 6, Post-Test, is an evaluation tool for this unit.
ENRICHMENTACTIVITIES
• Have some students find out about Archimedes. He was a famous mathematician and inventor who made excellent use of all simple machines.
4
• You may wish to dress up like Archimedes and visit the classroom as a
guest speaker. A white beard and toga would add a nice touch.
ANSWER KEY
• Blackline Master 1, Pre-Test
1. Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw.
2. A machine is a tool or devise that does one or more of the following;
makes work easier, makes work faster, changes the direction of the force.
3. A compound machine is more than one simple machine used in the same
tool or devise.
4. A wheelbarrow has a wheel and axle but also is a lever with a fulcrum at
the wheel and axle, the resistance in the bin and the effort at the handles.
5. A pencil sharpener uses a wheel and axle and wedges. The crank is a
wheel. The axle which spins as the crank is turned contains wedges that cut
the pencil wood away.
6. The egg beater has a wheel and axle and wedges in the spinning beater
blades.
• Blackline Master2, Video Quiz
1. c
2. a
3. lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw
4. c
5. b
• Blackline Master 3, Pick Six
Part A
hammer - lever
saw - wedge
skateboard - wheel and axle
Part B
egg beater - wheel and axle, wedge
wheelbarrow - lever, wheel and axle
scissors - lever, wedges
ax - lever, wedge
• Blackline Master 4, Home Hunt
Answers will vary
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• Blackline Master #5: Word Search
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• Blackline Master 6, Post-Test
1. A compound machine is a devise or tool that is made up of two or more
simple machines.
2. Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw
3. b, e, g
4. Answers will vary.
5. Answers will vary.
INTERNET RESOURCE
The following website may be a valuable source of additional information
to reinforce the objectives of this lesson:
1.) Discovering Simple Machines at http://www.unitedlearning.com will
be designed as an electronic learning module specifically correlated to this
Unit of Study. It will support and enhance the content and ideas presented
in this series of video tapes. Axle the Robot will act as host of the web
pages.
Script of Program Narration
DISCOVERING SIMPLE MACHINES:
Compound Machines
We depend on machines to help get work done. Some machines are used to
lift heavy iron or steel beams into place. Some machines are used to lift us
into the air. Some machines help us get from one place to another. Some
machines help to get other things from one place to another.
A machine is a device that does one or more of the following three things:
makes work easier, makes work faster, changes the direction of the force, or
effort. Therefore, to be considered a machine, a tool or device must do one
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or more of these three things. A can opener makes work easier and faster so
it is a machine. If you couldn't find the can opener, the job of taking out the
peaches would take a long time.
There are six simple machines that have been used throughout history by
people everywhere. These six simple machines are the basis for all other
machines. Here are the six simple machines: the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.
The lever is made up of a plank, or board, and something to rest it on. This
resting point is called the fulcrum and the plank moves around it freely.
Axle can lift his friend with just one hand.
The wheel and axle makes work easier. It makes moving the boat onto its
trailer easy and fast.
A pulley is a wheel with a groove down the middle. A rope goes along that
groove and things can be lifted by pulling on the rope. A single fixed pulley
doesn't make work easier, it just changes the direction of the effort. The boy
pulls down and the flag goes up. Moveable pulleys will make a job easier.
The amount of force needed to lift something with a moveable pulley is only
half as much as the object weighs.
An inclined plane is used to lift objects from one height to another. This
heavy box can be moved into the van with less effort if the man uses an
inclined plane.
Anything that cuts is considered a wedge, knives, tips of shovels, scissors,
can openers. These are all wedges, for they can cut through things.
The screw is the last simple machine. It is used to hold things tightly together. Things like furniture and automobiles need to be held together and not
come loose.
So there in a very quick explanation are the six simple machines. They can
be found in use in many different ways. For instance, these brooms are actually levers that make the work of sweeping up much easier.
The wedge shape of this knife helps to cut through this cake easily. Without
the use of that simple machine, the cake becomes a mess.
Many tools are actually composed of two or more simple machines. They
are called compound machines. This shovel is a compound machine. It is
used as a lever and the wedge shaped edge of the shovel blade makes cutting into the ground easier.
7
The wheel and axle are easy to see in this pencil sharpener. Inside are
wedge-shaped blades that cut the wood away.
This compound machine is made up of three simple machines. Can you tell
what they are?
This can opener uses a wedge-shaped blade to cut into the metal of the can.
The handles are levers. The longer the handles, the easier it is to cut into the
can. The crank works like a wheel and axle.
Here is another compound machine. It is used to trim tree branches. Look at
it closely and identify the simple machines. The blades are wedges designed
to cut through strong wood. The handles provide leverage, they are levers.
The handles are long to create greater leverage and make it easier to cut into
thick branches.
An axe is another example of a wedge and a lever. The longer the handle,
the greater the leverage. In other words, a long handle will make chopping
easier.
Look at this compound machine carefully. Can you identify the two simple
machines that are used in its design? The blades are wedges for cutting. The
handle and blades are a lever--actually two levers using the same fulcrum.
See where the fulcrum is? Effort is applied to the handles and the blades cut
the resistance.
These metal cutters are used to cut through strong metal. Can you tell why
the handles are so long? Long handles make it easier to cut through tough
metals. This is a lever, so you want the effort far from the fulcrum and the
resistance close to the fulcrum.
Find the two simple machines in this compound machine. It's easy to see the
wheel and axle. The rest of the wheel barrow is a lever. The handles are
where the effort is applied. The bin is where the resistance is stored. The fulcrum is at the wheel.
Well, we can find machines simple and compound being used all the time all
around us. They make a big difference in the way things are done in our
world.
The simple machines have been used by people for thousands of years to
make work easier, faster, or to change the direction of force. One man in
history was very good at using simple machines. His name was Archimedes
and he lived over 2000 years ago (born 287 B.C.) in the city called Syracuse
on the island of Sicily.
8
Archimedes was a great mathematician and scientist. He made many important discoveries. One day he told the king that if there was a place for him
to stand, he could move the earth using a simple machine called a lever.Well
the king laughed and challenged Archimedes to a test.
The king had a very large warship loaded down with cargo in his docks. He
challenged Archimedes to move that ship by himself. Archimedes agreed.
Archimedes set up a series of pulleys and ropes, as well as a wheel and axle,
and a screw-like device. He told the king he was ready and began to turn
the crank. At first, it seemed that nothing was happening. But as the ropes
tightened people could see that the ship was actually moving. Archimedes
and his simple machines had solved the problem.
Maybe Archimedes was right. Maybe if he did have a place to stand he could
move the earth with the help of science. What do you think?
And now it's time for the Video Quiz. There will be five questions on this
quiz. Most of the questions are multiple choice.
Question number one.
A machine is a device that does one or more of the following three things;
makes work easier, makes work faster, or ____________
a. uses a force
b. is a push or pull
c. changes the direction of the effort
d. includes one of the simple machines
And now question number two.
A compound machine is _________________
a. made up of two or more simple machines
b. a tool that uses a force to move an object
c. made up of a wedge and lever
d. very expensive
And now question number three.
List the six simple machines,
_____________, _____________, ______________, _____________,
_____________, _____________.
And now question number four.
What simple machines are found in a wheelbarrow?
a. lever and incline plane
b. wedge and wheel and axle
c. lever and wheel and axle
d. inclined plane and wedge
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And finally question number five.
What simple machines are found in a pencil sharpener?
a. lever and inclined plane
b. wedge and wheel and axle
c. lever and wheel and axle
d. inclined plane and wedge
10
Name
1
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
PRE-TEST
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. Name the six simple machines.
2. What is a machine?
3. What is a compound machine?
4. How is a wheelbarrow a compound machine? What simple machines are
found in a wheelbarrow?
5. A pencil sharpener is a compound machine. What simple machines are used
in a pencil sharpener?
6. What simple machines are found in this egg beater?
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
©2001 Colgren Communications
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.
Name
2
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
VIDEO QUIZ
This is the video quiz for the video called “Discovering Simple Machines: Compound
Machines.” Questions will appear at the end of the video. Write your answers on this sheet of
paper.
1. A machine is a device that does one or more of the following three things: makes work
easier, makes work faster, or ___________.
a. uses a force
b. is a push or pull
c. changes the direction of the effort
d. includes one of the simple machines
2. A compound machine is ___________.
a. made up of two or more simple machines
b. a tool that uses a force to move an object
c. made up of a wedge and lever
d. very expensive
3. List the six simple machines. ____________ _____________ _________________
______________ ______________ ______________
4. What simple machines are found in a wheelbarrow?
a. lever and inclined plane
b. wedge and wheel and axle
c. lever and wheel and axle
d. inclined plane and wedge
5. What simple machines are found in a pencil sharpener?
a. lever and inclined plane
b. wedge and wheel and axle
c. lever and wheel and axle
d. inclined plane and wedge
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
©2001 Colgren Communications
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.
Name
3
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
PICK SIX
Part A Directions: Name the simple machines pictured below as levers, wheel
and axles, pulleys, inclined planes, wedges, or screws.
Saw
Hammer
Skateboard
Part B Directions: Some tools have more than one simple machine working for
them. Name the simple machines you see in each of these compound machines.
Egg beater
Scissors
Wheelbarrow
Ax
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
©2001 Colgren Communications
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.
Name
4
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
HOME HUNT
DIRECTIONS: Find examples of simple machines in and around your home. Include a picture and a description of each. The description should tell what simple machine or machines
are used in each device.
Example: Can Opener
a. Wedge - cuts into lid of can
b. Wheel and axle - as handle
is turned, it moves in a circle
like a wheel and axle. Wheel
or handle is on other side.
c. Lever - the longer the handle, the
easier it is to cut into can.
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
B
C
A
©2001 Colgren Communications
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.
Name
5
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
WORD SEARCH
DIRECTIONS: Find the words listed at the bottom of the page in the word search below.
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WORD LIST
incline
wheel
push
screw
axle
pull
wedge
work
pulley
lever
force
resistance
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
©2001 Colgren Communications
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.
Name
6
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
POST-TEST
DIRECTIONS: Use the space provided to write answers to the following questions.
1. What is a compound machine?
2. What are the six simple machines?
3. To be considered a machine, a tool or device must do at least one of three things.
Complete this definition by circling the three lettered statements that belong.
A machine is a tool or device that does one or more of the following: ______________,
________________, or ________________.
a. makes work fun
b. makes work easier
c. pulls nails from walls
d. makes work enjoyable
e. makes work faster
f. changes the color of something
g. changes the direction of the force
h. changes the direction of the fulcrum
4. Describe a compound machine around your house, school, or playground.
5. Which simple machine do you feel is the most important?
Discovering Simple Machines: Compound Machines
©2001 Colgren Communications
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.