1986
I nternational Zoo
Yearbook volume 26
E D I T E D B Y P. J . S. O L N E Y
ASSISTANT EDITORS
PAT ELLIS
BENEDICTE SOMMERFELT
P U B L I S H E D B Y T H E Z O O L O G I C A L S O C I E T Y O F L O N D O N 1987
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF L O N D O N
R E G E N T S P A R K , L O N D O N NW1 4 R Y
First Published 1987
© C o p y r i g h t reserved by T h e Z o o l o g i c a l Society o f L o n d o n 1987.
A l l rights reserved. N o p o r t i o n o f this b o o k m a y be r e p r o d u c e d
without the written permission o f the E d i t o r o f the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Z o o Y e a r b o o k ,
T h e Z o o l o g i c a l Society o f L o n d o n
I S S N 0074-9664
Signed articles in the Y e a r b o o k represent the views o f the authors a n d are not
necessarily those o f T h e Z o o l o g i c a l Society o f L o n d o n o r the E d i t o r i a l B o a r d .
Printed in Great Britain by The Whitefriars Press Limited, Tonbridge, Kent
Contents
S E C T I O N 1 A Q U A T I C EXHIBITS
A q u a r i u m Systems for living corals
The C o r a l Rcef exhibit at the John G . Shedd A q u a r i u m
The Pacific C o r a l Rcef exhibit at the Seattle Aquarium
The A t o l l Reef exhibit at Ocean Park in H o n g K o n g
The Wave Crash and Intertidal exhibits at the Monterey Bay Aquarium
The Children's Cove, a North American tidepools exhibit at the National
Aquarium in Baltimore
Cephalopods at the Seattle Aquarium
The Steinhart A q u a r i u m Fish Roundabout: a decade later
Kceping an old aquarium young
The prevention o f goitre in captive sharks
Breeding the T o k y o bitterling T a n a k i a t a n a g o at Ueno Z o o Aquarium
Brecding the C o m m o n foureyed fish A n a b l e p s a n a b l e p s at the Stuttgart
Zoo
The life history and captive reproduetion of the Wolf-eel A n a r r h i c h t h y s
o c e / l a t u s at the Vancouver Public Aquarium
The Graham A m a z o n Gallery at the Vancouver Public Aquarium
Rcaring the Olive ridley L e p i d o c h e l y s o / i v a c e a in artificial sea water
Captive reproduetion of the New Guinea side-necked turtle E m y d u r a
a u s t r a l i s a l b e r t i s i i at the San Antonio Z o o
Exhibiting and breeding the Arafura file snake A c r o c h o r d u s a r a f u r a e
The Penguin Encounter at Sea W o r l d , San Diego
Tcchniques for propagating K i n g and Emperor penguins
p a t a g o n i c a and A . f o r s t e n at Sea W o r l d , San Diego
Renovation of the Penguinarium at the Detroit Z o o
The penguin and seabird building at the Lincoln Park Z o o
1
9
18
26
30
Bruce Hecker
R o l a n d C. A n d e r s o n
John E . McCosker &
E d w a r d E. Miller
Arne
Schiotz
Hiromichi Uchida &
Y o s h i t a k a Ahe
Y. A b e , T. N a g a h a m a , H .
Uchida, H . Takahashi
& Y. S a i t o
34
41
Dieter Jauch
64
Jeffrey
B .Marliave
Murray A. Newman &
Stefani
I. Hewlett
S. P a u l r a j ,
S. S u b b a r a y a l u N a i d u
& J. Pakkiaraj
70
Erik Holmback
R. D u n n , C. Banks
Birkett
F r a n k S. T o d d
94
48
53
59
62
81
90
&J.
98
104
Aptenodytes
Penguins in the Park: The Penguin Environment at Steinhart Aquarium
The Penguin ClifTs exhibit at the Berlin Tierpark
The Seabird Colony at New Y o r k Bronx Z o o
The Polarium at M u n i c h Z o o
The Wave Cove exhibit at Ocean Park in H o n g K o n g
Breeding European Otters L u t r a l . l u t r a in the new otter exhibit at Krefeld
Zoo
Observations on keeping the Pacific walrus Odobenus
rosmarus divergens
at Hanover Z o o
Pinnipeds at Taronga Zoo: from Seal Theatre to Marinelife Sanctuary
V
Bruce A . Carlson
David D . Lonsdale &
Roger
Klocek
K r i s t i n e 0. N e l s o n
J. C h i n
Charles Farwell, John
Christiansen, M a r k
Ferguson,
Roger
Phillips & Freya
Sommer
F r a n k S. T o d d
Steve G r a h a m
Kevin Bell & Christina
Kelly
Christina Joie Slager
H e i n r i c h D a the
D o n a l d F . Brüning &
Christine Sheppard
B . Rau, G. v o n H e g e l &
H.
Wiesner
J. C h i n
110
125
Paul Vogt
157
Lothar Dittrich
Laura M u m a w , George
Steele,
M a x Elliott, E d
Lonnon, Kerrie HaynesL o v e l l & Ady d ' E t t o r r e
163
132
136
140
142
146
154
171
S E C T I O N 2 N E W D E V E L O P M E N T S IN T H E Z O O W O R L D
Breeding the Tuatara Sphenodon
p u n c l a t u s at Auckland Z o o
Fertility following caesarean section in an A r u b a Island rattlesnake
Crota/us unicolor
Food intake and growth rate of Cassowary chicks C a s u a r i u s spp reared
at Mendi, Southern Highland Papua New Guinea
Breeding biology of the Humboldt penguin Sp/wniscus
H u m b o l d t i at
Emmen Z o o
Breeding the African pygmy goose N c t t a p u s a u r i t u s in the H o n g Kong
Zoological and Botanical Gardens
Parent-reared Pesquet's parrots P s i t t r i c h a s f u l g i d u s at the Los Angeles
Zoo
Husbandry and breeding of Matschie's tree kangaroo D c n d r o l a g u s m.
m a t s c h i e i at Adelaide Zoological Gardens
Parturition and development in the Queensland koala P h a s c o l a r c t o s
c i n e r e u s adustus
at San Diego Z o o
Keeping and breeding the Eurasian watcr shrew Ncomys
f o d i e n s under
laboratory conditions
Successful breeding o f Demidoffs galago G a l a g o d. d e m i d o v i at the
Cincinnati Z o o
The integration into a social group of a hand-reared Brown capuchin
Cebus a p c l l a
The Arnhem Z o o colony o f Chimpanzees P a n t r o g l o d y t e s : development
and management techniques
Vernon Tintinger
183
M . L o o m i s & R. S m i t h
187
Brian Reid
189
C. J . Schölten
198
K . C. S e a r l e
D e n n i s Thür s t u n d &
Lynda Paul
Graeme A . Crook & Gert
Skipper
205
Valerie D .
217
Thompson
212
Iwona Michalak
223
M i c h a e l W. D u l a n e y
Elisabetta Visalberghi &
M . Cristina Riviello
Otto M . J. Adang,
Joep
A . B . Wensing & Jan
A . R. A . M . v a n
Hooff
229
Behaviour of wild gorillas G o r i l l a g o r i l l a and their management in
A. H .Harcourt
captivity
Hand-rearing a Mexican anteater T a m a n d u a m e x i c a n a at Tuxtla Gutierrez
A l f r e d o D . C u a r o n 0.
Zoo
Jürgen H o t h & H u m b e r t o
A preliminary report on the breeding of the Volcano rabbit R o m e r o l a g u s
Granados
d i a z i at the Chapultepec Z o o , Mexico City
Management and biology o f the Prehensile-tailed porcupine C o c n d o u
Miles Roberts, Fred
p r e h e n s i l i s at Washington N Z P and New Y o r k Zoological Park
Koontz,
Lyndsay
Phillips &
Eugene
Maliniak
Management and breeding o f the Ringtail or Cacomistle B a s s a r i s c u s
Ivo Poglayen-Neuwall
astutus
in captivity
A mother-reared second-captive-generation Aardvark O r y c t e r o p u s afer at
M i c h a e l W. D u l a n e y
the Cincinnati Z o o
Circulating hormones during pregnancy in the Asian and African
J . K . H o d g e s . A . S.
elephants E l e p h a s m a x i m u s and L o x o d o n t a a f r i c a n a : a diagnostic test
M c N e i l l y & D . L . Hess
based on the measurement of prolactin
Ludek J. Dobroruka,A .
A n analysis of the population of Grevy's zebra Equus g r e v y i in Dvur
Holejsovska, I. Maslova
Kralove Z o o
& V. N o v o t n y
Ludek J. Dobroruka
Breeding season of the Lcchwe K o b u s I c c l w
M i c h a e l H u t c h i n s , G r egg
Management and breeding o f the Rocky Mountain goat O r c a m n o s
Thompson, Barbara
a m e r i c a n u s at W o o d l a n d Park Z o o
Sleeper
& James
W.
F a s t er
W. R. B r a u c h & N .
A new educational foyer to the Snake Park at the Port Elizabeth
Schaefer
Museum Complex
Panorama o f Africa: a complex for large African mammals
M i c h a e l G o r gas
VI
208
232
236
248
255
261
265
276
281
285
290
294
297
309
315
SECTION 3 R E F E R E N C E SECTION
Zoos and aquaria of the world
Index to list of zoos and aquaria o f the world
New buildings and exhibits
Species of fishes bred in captivity during 1984 and multiple gcneration births
Species of amphibians bred in captivity during 1984 and multiple gcneration births
Species of rcptiles bred in captivity during 1984 and multiple gcneration births
Species of birds bred in captivity during 1984 and multiple generation births
Species of mammals bred in captivity during 1984 and multiple generation births
Census of rare animals in captivity 1985
Studbooks and world registers for rare species of wild animals in captivity
Appendix 1: taxonomic authorities consulted in the Y e a r b o o k
Author index - volumes 22-26
Subject index - volumes 22-26
\ ii
321
395
407
412
416
417
423
467
507
547
555
557
561
A Q U A T I C I-XHIB1TS
146
The Polarium at Munich Zoo
B. R A U ,
Münchner
Germany
G. V O NHEGEL & H. WIESNER
T i e r p a r k H e l l a b r u n n , S i e b e n b r u n n e r S t r a s s e 6, 8 0 0 0 München
T h e P o l a r i u m at M u n i c h Z o o is a large
complex
containing
three
sets
of
enclosures specifically designed for the
display o f A r c t i c species. C o m p l e t e d i n
1974, a n d fully o p e r a t i o n a l in 1975, the
60 x 100 m c o m p l e x spreads across a
shady slope in the southeastern area o f
the park. D e s i g n e d by the architect Peter
L a n z , it is essentially an isolated concrete
construction d i v i d e d i n the centre by a
wide p u b l i c pathway; o n one side is an
exhibit c o n t a i n i n g v a r i o u s species o f seal
a n d o n the other are two adjacent but
separate exhibits i n w h i c h penguins a n d
P o l a r bears T h a l a r c t o s m a r i t i m u s are
maintained (Plate 1).
PENGUIN EXHIBIT
T h e penguin area comprises two separate
glass-fronted i n d o o r display sections l y i n g
90,
West
on either side o f a s m a l l e r off-exhibit
section w h i c h is open to the air from
above ( F i g . 1). T h e two i n d o o r enclosures
cover an area o f 74 m
and 77 m ,
respectively, a n d are 2-4 m h i g h . A service
area lies b e h i n d the centrally placed ofTexhibit section w h i c h measures 38 m .
T h e smaller o f the i n d o o r displays
contains ten K i n g Aptenodytes
patagonica
a n d six G e n t o o penguins
Pygoscelis
p a p u a , the other h o l d s 32 H u m b o l d t
Spheniscus
h u m b o l d t i a n d six R o c k h o p p e r
penguins Eudyptes
c r e s t a t u s ; o n l y the two
last species have access to the o u t d o o r
enclosure.
There
are
no
night-time
quarters.
A l l three displays c o n t a i n a p o o l at the
front a n d a n area o f l a n d extending out
f r o m the back w a l l . T h e water in the p o o l
rises 1-2 m from just b e l o w g r o u n d level,
2
2
2
147
AQUAT1C EXHIBITS
Plate 1. General view of the Polarium at Munich Zoo showing the seal exhibit with its pools, the Polar bear
T h a l a r c t o s m a r i i i m u s enclosure (top right) and penguin enclosures (top left).
o c c u p y i n g the space between the land a n d
the viewing w i n d o w w h i c h forms the
front w a l l o f each exhibit. T h e w i n d o w ,
w h i c h is made o f double-sided safety glass
3-8 c m thick, extends almost to the
g r o u n d in order to give visitors the
opportunity
to w a t c h
the
penguins
s w i m m i n g under water. T h e land area is
c . l m above g r o u n d level, being just a few
centimetres above the edge o f the water.
V i s i t o r s are thus given a clear view o f the
birds' activities at a l l times. In order to
cut d o w n o n reflections, a n d to p r o v i d e
the viewing w i n d o w w i t h some p r o t e c t i o n
from w i n d a n d r a i n , a large slab o f
concrete (which is a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the
r o o f in the case o f the two i n d o o r
enclosures) juts out over the visitor area
to give shade. T h i s has the added benefit
of preventing direct sunlight from heating
the glass a n d raising the temperature
inside.
M o s t o f the land area in the two i n d o o r
enclosures is covered w i t h 2 x 2 c m tiles,
laid i n order to prevent the occurrence
of bumblefoot (with almost complete
success). There is also a 5 m gravel
bed,
10-30 m m deep
with
drainage
2
148
A Q U A T IC L X H l B I T S
Fig. 1. Plan of the Polarium at Munich Zoo. 1. indoor enclosure for King A p i e n o d y t e s p a t a g o n i c a and Gentoo
penguins P y g o s c e l i s p a p u a ; 2. indoor enclosure for Humboldt Spheniscus
h u m b o l d t i and Rockhopper penguins
Eudyptes
c r e s t a t u s ; 3. outdoor enclosure for Humboldt and Rockhopper penguins; 4. small outdoor enclosure,
with a pool at the front, for Polar bears T h a l a r c t o s m a r i t i m u s (mainly intended for mothers with young); 5. main
Polar bear enclosure with pool; 6. stall; 7. birthing room; 8. visitors Observation room; 9. keepers' work room; 10.
service corridor; 11. freezers (capacity: 40 tonnes frozen fish); 12. outdoor enclosure for Southern sealions O t a r i a
b y r o n i a ; 13. outdoor enclosure for Californian sealions Zcdophus
c a l i f o r n i a n u s and South American für seals
A r c t o c e p h c d u s a u s t u d i s ; 14. stall; 15. central Service yard; 16. water basin; 17. public path; 18. Cafeteria.
9
underneath, for use d u r i n g the m o u l t a n d
at the start o f the breeding season w h e n
pair b o n d i n g begins a n d nesting m a t e r i a l
is required. S m a l l caves 40 x 30 x 30 c m
high have been set into the back w a l l for
use as nests. T h e l a n d area in the K i n g
and
G e n t o o penguin enclosure
has
p r o v e d to be too n a r r o w for y o u n g c h i c k s
to negotiate w i t h safety, so d u r i n g the
breeding season a fence is erected a l o n g
the outside edge to prevent the y o u n g
from d r o w n i n g (Plate 2).
N a t u r a l light enters the i n d o o r exhibits
through frosted glass Skylights i n the
ceiling as well as t h r o u g h the front
w i n d o w . W h e n necessary artificial light is
p r o v i d e d by 6 5 W incandescent neon tubes
(44 for the K i n g penguins a n d 42 for the
H u m b o l d t penguins) a n d
underwater
Spotlights. A one-year experiment i n v o l -
v i n g the development o f a c o m p u t e r i s e d
l i g h t i n g schedule s i m i l a r to the n a t u r a l
p h o t o p e r i o d s h o w e d n o apparent effect
on breeding success.
The i n d o o r d i s p l a y s are served by airc o n d i t i o n i n g , the temperature
usually
v a r y i n g from 4 - 1 2 ° C d e p e n d i n g o n the
season; i f the temperature outside is 3 5 ° C ,
the m a x i m u m inside w i l l be 1 2 ° C a n d i f
the temperature outside is — 1 5 ° C the
m i n i m u m inside w i l l be 4 ° C . In the
breeding season, however, ( F e b r u a r y to
A p r i l for the H u m b o l d t penguins a n d
A p r i l to June for the K i n g a n d G e n t o o
penguins) the temperature is kept at a
constant 1 5 ° C . T h e a i r is changed 1-5
times per 24 h o u r s , the m a i n
filtration
o c c u r r i n g t h r o u g h a dust filter c o n t a i n i n g
glass w o o l . I f necessary fresh a i r c a n be
sterilised using u l t r a v i o l e t light beams
149
A Q U A T I C EXHIB1TS
Plate 2. King penguins Apienodytes
p a t a g o n i c a in their enclosure showing the gravel bed, tiled land area and
fence erected during the breeding season to prevent the young from falling into the pool and drowning.
within
a t w o - w a y Channel. R e l a t i v e
h u m i d i t y is kept at 8 0 % .
W a t e r for the p o o l s is o b t a i n e d from a
local s p r i n g , o w n e d by the z o o , a n d is
recycled constantly t h r o u g h quartz-sand
Alters, changed at a rate o f 10%/24 h a n d
renewed completely every 14 days. In an
emergency, water can be taken from the
m a i n s u p p l y . T h e water v o l u m e is 43 m
a n d 30 m
in the smaller a n d larger
i n d o o r enclosures, respectively, while that
in the o u t d o o r p o o l is 25 m . N o
chemicals are added.
N e i t h e r the K i n g n o r the G e n t o o
penguins are n o r m a l l y a l l o w e d outside;
during
winter,
however,
the
King
penguins are released into the park for a
15-minute walk twice a day. Access to the
outdoor
enclosure
is given to
the
H u m b o l d t and R o c k h o p p e r penguins v i a
an 80 x 80 c m underwater Channel w h i c h
is usually b l o c k e d by a s l i d i n g d o o r w h i c h
can be opened m a n u a l l y . W h e n the d o o r
is left o p e n the birds can choose whether
or not to go outside. T h e o u t d o o r p o o l
remains filled even i f the exhibit is not i n
3
3
3
use. A s mentioned earlier the enclosure is
glass fronted, w i t h a concrete overhang to
p r o v i d e shade a n d p r o t e c t i o n , but has no
roof.
POLAR BEAR EXHIBIT
The P o l a r bear c o m p l e x lies adjacent to
the penguin exhibit a n d comprises two
o u t d o o r areas, each w i t h a p o o l , and a
n u m b e r o f i n d o o r facilities i n c l u d i n g
three small r o o m s used for 99 giving
b i r t h , four Stalls for the
short-term
maintenance o f i n d i v i d u a l s , a visitors'
Observation r o o m a n d v a r i o u s Service
areas ( F i g . 1).
One
of
the
outdoor
areas
is
considerably
larger
than
the
other
( F i g . 1), h a v i n g a l a n d area o f 760 m
a n d an unpainted concrete p o o l c o n t a i n i n g 675 m
o f water, measuring
4 0 x 8 - 5 x 2 - 0 m deep. It is here that the
1.4 P o l a r bears currently o n exhibit spend
most o f their time. A s i n the penguin
enclosures, the p o o l lies between the
p u b l i c p a t h w a y a n d the remainder o f the
exhibit a l t h o u g h i n this case the edge o f
2
3
150
A Q U A T IC l i X H I B I T S
the p o o l is at g r o u n d level w i t h the
water's surface being 10 c m below the
edge. V i s i t o r s view the area f r o m the
p a t h w a y t h r o u g h a 3-8 m h i g h barrier
made o f safety glass held i n place w i t h
steel bars b u r i e d i n concrete. T h e barrier
forms one side o f the exhibit, the other
three sides being made
o f concrete
3-8^4-8 m h i g h . T h e t o p section o f the
back w a l l is i n c l i n e d slightly. T h e l a n d
area runs out from the b a c k a n d side
walls, c o n s i s t i n g o f concrete slabs piled
o n t o one another i n v a r i o u s f o r m a t i o n s to
m a k e an uneven surface w h i c h varies in
height from 0-5-5 m , being highest at the
back w a l l . P a r t o f the surface hangs over
the p o o l .
The
smaller o u t d o o r
enclosure
is
intended for use m a i n l y by 99 a n d their
offspring a l t h o u g h it is also used for the
t e m p o r a r y i s o l a t i o n o f one o r m o r e
individuals w h e n a change in g r o u p
structure is required o r i f the larger area
is being cleaned. T h e l a n d section, set at
various heights, Covers an area o f 92 m
a n d the p o o l , w h i c h is 1 0 x 3 - 6 x l - 8 m
deep, contains 64 m o f water. T h e water
in b o t h p o o l s has n o added chemicals, is
changed at a rate o f 1 0 % / 2 4 h a n d
renewed t o t a l l y every
14 days. T h e
constant flow o f water i n a n d out o f the
p o o l s prevents them from freezing over in
winter.
2
3
Lying
between
the
two
outdoor
enclosures is a v i s i t o r s ' Observation r o o m ,
entered from the p a t h w a y , at the back o f
w h i c h are the three s m a l l b i r t h i n g r o o m s
2-5 x 2 x l - 8 m
high
( F i g . 1).
When
required the r o o m s are heated to C . 1 5 ° C
from under the floor, a n d lit with a red
b u l b . U n f o r t u n a t e l y the Observation area
is not c u r r e n t l y i n use since the s o u n d
p r o o f i n g between it a n d the b i r t h i n g
r o o m s is t o o p o o r .
A c o r r i d o r b e h i n d the b i r t h i n g r o o m s
l i n k s the t w o o u t d o o r enclosures a n d also
leads i n t o the centrally placed w o r k r o o m
( F i g . 1) where a l l f o o d p r e p a r a t i o n takes
place. T h r e e freezer r o o m s (for deepfreezing, shock-freezing a n d defrosting),
as well as facilities for the keepers, lie next
to the w o r k r o o m o n one side w h i l e o n
the other side at the b a c k is a c o r r i d o r
leading to the four Stalls a n d to the m a i n
o u t d o o r enclosure. T h e Stalls, w h i c h
measure 2 - 9 x 2 m , 2-9 x 2-5 m a n d are
2 1 m h i g h , are not used for the i s o l a t i o n
o f sick a n i m a l s because it is i m p o s s i b l e to
keep the r o o m s w a r m e n o u g h to prevent
an i n d i v i d u a l f r o m d e v e l o p i n g p n e u m o n i a
after a short time. S i n c e there is n o
underfloor heating the Moors r e m a i n
extremely c o l d even i n s u m m e r . Instead
the r o o m s are o f v a l u e for a n i m a l
m o v e m e n t . A l l four are i n t e r c o n n e c t e d
via s l i d i n g d o o r s a n d three exit d i r e c t l y
i n t o the large enclosure as w e l l as i n t o the
b a c k service c o r r i d o r . T h e stall nearest
the w o r k r o o m ( F i g . 1) exits i n t o the
front c o r r i d o r to a l l o w a n a n i m a l to be
m o v e d i n t o a b i r t h i n g r o o m o r i n t o the
small
outdoor
enclosure.
This
stall
c o n t a i n s a squeeze-cage but, f o l l o w i n g the
d e v e l o p m e n t o f successful i m m o b i l i s a t i o n
techniques for the treatment o f sick
a n i m a l s , this is no l o n g e r i n use. A l l
s l i d i n g d o o r s c a n be o p e r a t e d f r o m the
w o r k r o o m o r the h a l l w a y b y a System o f
pulleys w h e n necessary. T h e l o c a t i o n o f
the w o r k r o o m means that a l l enclosures
can be serviced easily. T h e d o o r s to the
i n d o o r areas are a l w a y s left o p e n at night
so
that
the
P o l a r bears
have
the
o p p o r t u n i t y to sleep there i f they w i s h ;
most o f them d o .
F r e s h air is p u m p e d i n t o the i n d o o r
c o m p l e x t h r o u g h pipes set i n t o cavities in
the walls a n d a i r leaves t h r o u g h vents in
the ceiling. A s k y l i g h t i n the r o o f p r o v i d e s
the w o r k r o o m w i t h some n a t u r a l light
but i n a l l other service areas a n d in the
h o l d i n g r o o m s the l i g h t i n g is artificial.
SEAL EXHIBIT
The seal e x h i b i t is situated o n the other
side o f the p u b l i c p a t h w a y , f o r m i n g a
separate unit. It consists o f t w o 35 x 20 m
u n p a i n t e d concrete p o o l s w i t h a n i n d o o r
c o m p l e x o f Stalls a n d service areas l y i n g
between them ( F i g . 1). T h e northeastern
enclosure c o n t a i n s 1.5 S o u t h e r n sealions
O t a r i a b y r o n i a a n d Covers a total area o f
AQUATIC EXHIBITS
2
151
2
668 m , o n l y 80 m o f w h i c h consists o f
l a n d . T h e p o o l c o n t a i n s a water v o l u m e
o f 1300 m a n d is 1-8 m deep except for a
Single ' d i v i n g p i f w h i c h is 2-8 m deep.
M o s t o f the outer edge o f the p o o l is
s u r r o u n d e d by a 90 c m barrier o f safety
glass m o u n t e d o n a 60 c m concrete w a l l .
O n e p o r t i o n , however, has n o glass
barrier but instead forms a thick w a l l
80 c m high over w h i c h visitors c a n lean
and l o o k into the water.
A n island lies i n one c o r n e r o f the p o o l ,
the remainder o f the l a n d area being
located o n the side leading i n t o the Stalls
3
a n d service area. T h e r o o f o f the b u i l d i n g
is r o u g h l y tiered, the various levels h a v i n g
been planted w i t h small shrubs a n d other
greenery. Part o f the r o o f hangs over the
l a n d area to give a cave-like atmosphere.
T w o o u t c r o p s o f l a n d are suspended over
the water a n d between them is a b a y '
where the l a n d becomes submerged in a
series o f Steps. T h e d i v i n g pit is located
under one o f the overhangs. W h e n
required i n the breeding season the p o o l
is d i v i d e d by a fence w h i c h is installed
from the bay to the outer w a l l o f the p o o l
(Plate 3). T h e l a n d area c a n also be
4
Plate 3. View of the seal exhibit showing the two display pools and central indoor complex; part of one of the
pools has been fenced off to allow a mother and her young to remain separate from the other members of the
group while maintaining some contact with them.
A Q U A T 1 C 1-XHIB1TS
152
remainder can be entered f r o m o n l y one
enclosure
or
the
other.
The
stall
d i m e n s i o n s are 4 x 3 - 8 m , 5 x 3 - 5 m ,
6 x 5 - 9 m , 7-8 x 3-8 m a n d 7 - 2 x 4 - 0 m .
The
first
t w o are 2 0 m h i g h ,
the
remainder are 2-5 m h i g h , a n d the two
largest c a n be d i v i d e d i n h a l f i f necessary.
All
open
into
the
central
yard
7 x 5-2 x 2-5 m a n d are intended for the
maintenance o f one a n i m a l at a time
a l t h o u g h m o r e can be kept together i f
they are c o m p a t i b l e . E a c h stall is heated
electrically from under the floor, w h i c h is
also p r o v i d e d w i t h d r a i n a g e , a n d a
Skylight i n the r o o f p r o v i d e s n a t u r a l light.
The y a r d is used for f o o d p r e p a r a t i o n a n d
acts as a Station t h r o u g h w h i c h a n i m a l s
can be m o v e d f r o m one place to another
w i t h relative ease. In a d d i t i o n , it is
v a l u a b l e as an i s o l a t i o n area for the
treatment o f i n d i v i d u a l s . T h e salt-water
basin is used for the treatment o f blue
e y e s \ a c o n d i t i o n p r o b a b l y caused by the
a n i m a l s ' being kept i n fresh rather than
salt water. H e a t i n g i n the service area is
p r o v i d e d by gas, a n d l i g h t i n g is m a i n l y
artificial. T h e d o o r s between the exhibit
and the t w o largest Stalls ( F i g . 1) are left
o p e n at night.
d i v i d e d , a l l o w i n g a m o t h e r a n d c u b to be
protected while r e m a i n i n g i n contact with
the g r o u p .
A t one time the water level i n the p o o l
was varied to simulate l o w a n d high tides,
the water at ' h i g h tide' being 1-8 m deep
so that the w h o l e o f the island plus 6 0 %
o f the l a n d area was under water. It was
intended that the procedure w o u l d force
the seals to exercise m o r e , but this d i d not
happen a n d the water is n o w permanently
at the high tide level.
The second seal exhibit is s i m i l a r to
the first but contains 2.5 C a l i f o r n i a n sealions Z a l o p h u s
c a l i f o r n i a n u s and
1.2
S o u t h A m e r i c a n für seals A r c t o c e p h a l u s
a u s t r a l i s . It Covers a total area o f 639 m ,
o f w h i c h 61 m is l a n d , a n d has a water
v o l u m e o f 1200 m ; the p o o l is o f the
same depth as that i n the other enclosure.
N o chemicals are a d d e d to the water o f
either p o o l w h i c h is renewed at a rate o f
10%/24 h a n d changed completely every
14 days o r as needed. A t this time the
pools are cleaned a n d algae a n d other
aquatic plants are r e m o v e d w i t h a h i g h pressure water jet. D r a i n a g e points are
located at the lowest p o i n t o f each d i v i n g
pit.
Inside the central b u i l d i n g are five Stalls
and a salt-water basin p o s i t i o n e d i n a
circle a r o u n d a central service y a r d
( F i g . 1). O n e o f the Stalls c a n be accessed
from either o f the o u t d o o r areas, the
2
2
3
SPECIES
K i n g penguin Aptenodytes
patagonica
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis
papua
Rockhopper penguin Eudyptes
crestatus
Humboldt penguin Spheniscus
humboldti
Polar bear Thcdarctos
maritimus
Californian sealion Zalophus
californianus
South American für seal A r c t o c e p h a l u s
australis
Grey seal H a l i c h o e r u s
grypus
Southern sealion O t a r i a h y r o n i a
Southern elephant seal M i r o u n g a l e o n i n a
STOCK
31 Dec
1975
10
12
20
2.5
1.3
2.1
1.5
0.1
4
A N I M A L HISTORY
S t o c k movements, births a n d deaths o f a l l
the species m a i n t a i n e d i n the P o l a r i u m
from 1975 to the present d a y are given i n
RECD
OF WHICH
DIED
10
1.1
3.2
6.0
7.3
0.2
0.2
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
0.1
1.2
0.1
SOLD
5
3.2
1.0
1.1
BORN
REARED
STOCK
30 Oct
1986
2
4
2
1
34
1.1.1
6.2.1
27
10
6
6
32
1.4
2.5
2.1
0.1
1.2
3.2.5
1.5
Table 1. Stock movements, births and deaths of all species maintained in the Polarium at Munich Zoo from 1975
to October 1986.
153
A Q U A T I (' E X H l B I T S
SPECIES
K i n g penguin
Gentoo penguin
Rockhopper penguin
Humboldt penguin
Polar bear
Californian sealion
South American für seal
Grey seal
Southern sealion
Southern elephant seal
NO. &
SEX
DATE
ARR1VED
DATE
DIED
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.1
Aug
Aug
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Jun
A p r 1979
Jun 1984
Jul 1976
Jun 1977
A p r 1982
M a r 1983
Feb 1985
M a r 1985
Dec 1978
Oct 1978
A p r 1979
A u g 1981
M a r 1983
Jun 1983
Jan 1981
1.0
0.1
1.0
1.0
4.1
A u g 1980
Dec 1975
Dec 1975
Jul 1983
1983-1984
A u g 1981
A u g 1983
A u g 1985
Sep 1985
1983-1984
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
Oct
Sep
Aug
May
Dec
Dec
Mar
Nov
Dec
Aug
Aug
Sep 1978
Jan 1981
M a y 1981
A p r 1984
M a y 1981
Feb 1984
Jun 1977
N o v 1980
N o v 1980
Jul 1984
M a y 1982
1976
1976
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1979
1977
1957
1975
1983
1975
1975
1976
1974
1975
1975
1975
AGE
(years)
1.5
1
2
90-180
days
3
30
II
t
7
4
14
9
POST-MORTEM
FINDINGS
gout
renal tumour
trauma
nephrosis
foreign object
degeneration of heart muscle
aspergillosis
poisoning
nephritis
unknown
trauma
aspergillosis
unknown
nephritis
foreign objccts (two 5 x 5 cm
pieces of wood)
aspergillosis
trauma
Pseudomonas
infection
foreign object (plastic)
aspergillosis
encephalitis
acanthosis nigricans
nephrosis
foreign object (coin)
trauma
foreign object (woollen cap)
struggle injuries
pasteurellosis
laryngopharyngitis
heart failure
virus pneumonia
Table 2. Perinatal mortalities and post-mortem results for all species maintained in the Polarium from 1975, when
animals were first introduced into the exhibit, to the end of 1985.
T a b l e 1. T h e species kept in each section
remain the same as those first housed,
a l t h o u g h i n the northeastern p o o l o f the
seal exhibit a S o u t h e r n elephant seal
M i r o u n g a l e o n i n a a n d a few G r e y seals
H a l i c h o e r u s g r y p u s have been added to
the S o u t h e r n sealion g r o u p o n o c c a s i o n .
The elephant seal died after seven years
and the G r e y seals were r e m o v e d after
a b o u t a year because they p r o v e d to be
i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h the S o u t h e r n sealions;
one G r e y seal died as a result o f injuries
caused by a S sealion.
A s u m m a r y o f a l l perinatal deaths
w h i c h have occurred i n the P o l a r i u m ,
including
post-mortem
results,
is
presented in T a b l e 2. F o r e i g n objects
w h i c h have been swallowed can be
regarded as the m a i n cause o f death i n
m a m m a l s as well as i n birds. Aspergillosis
is another serious p r o b l e m in the birds,
especially
the
H u m b o l d t penguins.
N e o n a t a l m o r t a l i t y w i t h i n one to 11 days
(including a b o r t i o n s i n the m a m m a l s ) has
been recorded for 1.1.1 P o l a r bears, 5.2
C a l i f o r n i a n sealions, 1.0 S o u t h A m e r i c a n
für seal, 4.4 S o u t h e r n sealions, one K i n g
penguin, three G e n t o o penguins a n d
seven
Humboldt
penguins.
Three
C a l i f o r n i a n sealion pups have survived to
154
m a t u r i t y a l t h o u g h they h a d to be handreared because their mothers suffered
f r o m agalactia.
The
P o l a r i u m at
Munich
is
an
attractive
exhibit
which
provides
interesting a n d u n h a m p e r e d views o f
Arctic
animals
in
comparatively
I n t . Z o o Yb. (1987) 26: 154-157
A Q U ATI C F X H I B I T S
naturalistic surroundings. D u r i n g its 12
years
o f Operation
it
has
proved
increasingly p o p u l ä r w i t h o u r visitors
from at home and a b r o a d .
M a n u s c r i p t submitted 29 D e c e m b e r 1986;
revised F e b r u a r y 1987
© T h e Zoological Society of L o n d o n
APPENDIX 1
T A X O N O M I C A U T H O R I T I E S C O N S U L T E D IN T H E Y E A R B O O K
A s in previous years, scientific a n d c o m m o n names used i n the Y e a r b o o k have been
standardised a n d brought up to date i n accordance w i t h the latest available w o r k s o f
reference. T h e f o l l o w i n g is a list o f major t a x o n o m i c authorities consulted. A t t e n t i o n is
d r a w n i n p a r t i c u l a r to the rearrangement a n d reclassification o f the birds to follow
M o r o n y et cd. ( 1 9 7 5 ) , a n d the majority o f m a m m a l s to follow C o r b e t ( 1 9 7 8 ) a n d C o r b e t
& Hill (1980).
Fishes
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COGGER,
G . &
ILES,
T.
D.
(1972):
c i c h l i d fishes o f t h e g r e a t lakes
Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
G R E E N WOOD,
P.
H.
H a p l o c h r o m i n e fishes
lakes.
Munich:
Organization.
HUREAU,
J . C.
&
The
o f Africa.
(1981):
The
o f t h e East
African
Kraus-Thomson
MONOD,
T.
(1973):
C h e c k l i s t o f t h e fishes o f t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n
A t l a n t i c a n d o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n 1. Paris:
UNESCO.
J H I N G R A N , V . G . ( 1 9 8 2 ) : Fish
o f I n d i a . Delhi:
C o r p (India).
MASUDA,
andfisheries
Hindustan
H., ARAGA, C ,
Publishing
YOSHINO,
( 1 9 7 5 ) : C o a s t a l fishes o f s o u t h e r n
T o k y o : T o k a i U n i v e r s i t y Press.
M U N R O , I. S. R . ( 1 9 6 7 ) : The
fishes
T.
Japan.
of
New
Guinea.
Port
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Dept
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N E L S O N , J . S. ( 1 9 7 6 ) : Fishes
of
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world.
New Y o r k & London: Wiley.
SHIINO,
S.
M . (1976):
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(1983):
The
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e n c y c l o p a e d i a . Poole: B l a n d f o r d Press.
TREWAVAS,
E. (1983):
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fishes
of
t h e g e n e r a Sarotherodon, Oreochromis
a n d D a n a k i l i a . L o n d o n : British M u s e u m
(Natural History).
Amphibians and Reptiles
COGGER,
H.
G .
(1975):
amphibians
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London: Read.
Sydney
and
&
CAMERON,
E. E. &
C O L L I N S , J. T., H U H E E Y , J. E . , K N I G H T ,
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P.
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K . P. & I N G E R ,
H.
(1979):
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P . F . (1961):
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G.,
J . L . & S M I T H , H . M . (1978): S t a n d a r d
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Mise.
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Soc. Stud.
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R e p t i l e s H e r p e t . C i r c . N o . 7.
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C h e c k l i s t o f West
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556
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u n d
HALL,
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HOWARD,
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MOORE,
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A
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O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press.
M O R O N Y , J. J., B O C K , W . J. & F A R R A N D ,
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and behavior o f a n endangered
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(1965):
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B o r n e o : f i e l d keys
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g u i d e t o t h e l i v i n g species.
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NAPIER,
J. R. & N A P I E R ,
P . H . (1967): A
h a n d b o o k o f living p r i m a t e s . New York:
A c a d e m i c Press.
N O W A K , R . M . & P A R A D I S O , J . L . (1983):
W a l k e r ' s mammals
o f t h e w o r l d 1 & 2 (4th
edn).
Baltimore
& London:
Johns
H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y Press.
R I D E , W . D . L . (1970): A g u i d e t o t h e
n a t i v e mammals
o f A u s t r a l i a . Melbourne:
O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press.
S T R A H A N , R . (Ed.) (1983): The A u s t r a l i a n
Museum
complete
book
o f Australian
m a m m a l s . L o n d o n , Sydney, M e l b o u r n e :
A n g u s & R o b e r t s o n Publishers.
author index to
volumes 22-26
A cumulative index to senior authors in Volume 1-17 o f the Yearbook
is contained in Volume 17. The author
index for Volumes 17-21, published in Volume 21, additionally includes a cross-reference from co-authors, as
does the present index.
A
A B F . Y . , N A G A H A M A , T., U C H I D A , H . , T A K A H A S H I ,
H . & SAITO, Y . 26, 62-64
A D A N G , O . M . J . , W E N S I N G , J . A . B. & VAN
H O O F F , J . A . R . A . M . 26, 236-248
A M U N D I N , M . 24/25, 263-271
A M U N D I N , M . & SVENSSON, U . 23, 117-121
A N D E R E G G . R . , F R E Y , H . & M Ü L L E R , H . U . 23,
35-41
ANDERSON, D . see Beck, B . B .
ANDERSON, J . L . 24/25, 192-199
ANDERSON, P . H . see Brush, P . J .
ANDERSON, R . C . 26, 41^48
A N S A H , G . A . see Brock, M . K .
A N T H O N E Y , T . R . see Kaemmerer, K . R .
A R C H I B A L D , G . W . see Luthin, C . S .
ASPER, E . D . see Cornell, L . H .
A S U K E , M . see Uchida, I.
ATKINSON, R . W . 22, 168-171
BOEVER, W . J . see Merilan, C . P .
B O N D , M . R . & B L O C K , J . A . 22, 256-261
BORNE, B. see Widholzer, F . L .
B O Y L A N , T. 23, 144-148
B O Y L E , H . see L a w , G .
B R A I N , P . F . see Llewellyn, P . J .
B R A N C H , W . R . & SCHAEFER, N . 26, 309-314
BREJLA, C . see Beck, B . B .
B R O C K , M . K . , BIRD, D . M . & A N S A H , G . A . 23,
67-71
B
B A K E R . S. J . 24/25, 200-205
B A L L O U , J . D . see K l e i m a n . D . G .
B A N K S . C . 23, 159-162: see also D u n n . R .
B A N K S , D . R . see Randall, P .
BARNES, R . see Thomas, W . D .
BECK, B. B . , ANDERSON, D . , O G D E N , J . , RETTBERG,
B. , BREJLA, C SCOLA, R . & W A R N E K E , M . 22,
106-114
BEHLER, J. L . see M c C r y s t a l , H . K .
B E L L , K . & K E L L Y , C . 26, 132-136
B L L S , V . L . & VAN DEN S A N D E , P . A . 24/25,
231 236
BENIRSCHKE, K . & K U M A M O T O , A . T . 23, 220-223
BERGERHAUSEN, W . see Frankenberg, O . von
B E R R Y , R. J . , T O D D , W . & PLASSE, R . 22, 171-175
B E R T R A M , B . C . R . 22, 84-87: 24/25, 99-106
BEST, R. C , RIBEIRO, G . A . , Y A M A K O S H I , M . &
DA SILVA, V . M . F . 22, 263-267
BEUTEL, P . M . , DAVIES, S . J . J . F . & PACKER, W .
C . 23, 175-181
BIGG, K . see Maple, T. L .
BIRCHARD, G . F . , S N Y D E R , G . K . , B L A C K , C . P . ,
SCHMITT, E . , L Y V E R E , P . & K A N E , B . 22,
164-167
BIRD, D . M . see Brock, M . K .
BIRKETT, J. see D u n n , R .
B L A C K . C . P . see Birchard, G . F .
B L O C K . J . A . see Bond, M . R .
B L O D Y . D . A . 23, 206-207
B L O X A M . Q. M . C . & T O N G E , S . J . 24/25, 49-56
C
C A D E , T. J . 24/25, 1-20
C A R L S O N , B. A . 26, 1-9
C A R M A N , M . see Dixson, A . F .
C A R N I O , J . , C H U P A , B . & STONER, J . 22, 207-214
CARPENTER, J . W . see H i l l m a n , C . N .
C A R R O L L , J. B . 22, 101-105
C H I N , J . 26, 26-29, 154-157
CHRISTENSON, T . see Maple, T . L .
CHRISTIANSEN, J . see Farwell, C .
C H U P A , B. see Carnio, J .
C O E , J . C . & K L E I N , H . 24/25, 332-339
COIMBRA-FILHO, A . F . see Mittermeier, R . A .
CONRADSEN, L . see Maple, T. L .
CONSTABLE, I. D . see Mittermeier, R . A .
CONWAY, W . G . 24/25, 210-219
COOPER, J . E . 23, 1-7: 24/25, 74-76
C O R N E L L , L . H . , ASPER, E . D . & D U F F I E L D , D . A .
22, 227-232
C R O O K , G . A . & SKIPPER, G . 26, 212-216
C R O T T Y , M . see Thomas, W . D .
C R O X T O N , J . M . see Shoemaker, A . H .
C U A R O N , O . A . D . 26, 255-260
C U L L E N , L . K . see Richardson, K . C .
BRODIE, E . D . , Jr see Brodie, E , D . , III
BRODIE, E . D . , III, BRODIE, E . D . , Jr & JOHNSON,
J . A . 22, 195-197
B R O W N , C . 23, 71-75
BRÜNING, D . F . 23, 11-14
BRÜNING, D . F . & SHEPPARD, C . 26, 142-146
B R U S H , P . J . & A N D E R S O N , P . H . 24/25, 316-321
B U N K F E L D T , L . see Maple, T. L .
BUSSE. H . see Minnemann, D .
D
D ' E T T O R R E , A . see M u m a w , L .
DA SILVA, V . M . F . see Best, R . C .
DA SILVEIRA, C . L . & PAIS, J . A . 24/25, 244-247
D A T H E , H . 26, 140-142
DAVIES, S . J . J . F . see Beutel, P . M .
A U T H O R I N D E X V O L S 22 26
558
DE BOER, L . E . M . 22, 1 1 9 - 1 2 4
D E N A R I , J . H . see Nagle, C . A .
D E N S M O R E , M . A . & K R A E M E R , D. C . 24/25,
303-306
DEVISON, D. see Oyarzun, S . E .
DiTTRiCH, L . 26, 1 6 3 - 1 7 0
D I X O N , A . M . 24/25, 4 5 - 4 9
D I X S O N , A . F . 22, 1 1 5 - 1 1 9
D I X S O N , A . F . , K N I G H T , J . , M O O R E , H . D. M . &
C A R M A N , M . 22, 2 2 2 - 2 2 7
D O B R O R U K A , L . J . 26, 2 9 4 - 2 9 6
D O B R O R U K A , L . J . , HOLEJSOVSKA, A . , M A S L O V A , I .
& N O V O T N Y , V . 26, 2 9 0 - 2 9 3
D O H E R T Y , J . G . see Weeks Thomas, L .
DRESSER, B . L . 24/25, 1 3 8 - 1 4 2
D R Ü W A , P . 24/25, 2 7 1 - 2 7 4
D U F F E L M E Y E R , J . see Weeks Thomas, L .
D U F F I E L D , D. A . see Cornell, L . H .
D U L A N E Y , M . W . 26, 2 2 9 - 2 3 1 , 2 8 1 - 2 8 5
D U N N , R . W . 23, 8 3 - 8 4 , 1 8 1 - 1 8 3 : 24/25, 2 3 7 - 2 4 0
D U N N , R . , B A N K S , C . & BIRKETT, J . 26, 9 8 - 1 0 3
H E N C H , M . see Fontaine, R .
H E R B E R T , D . see Samour, H . J .
H E R R L I N G E R , E . see Frankenberg, O . von
HESS, D . L . see Hodges, J . K .
HEWLETT, K . G . see F i t z - G i b b o n , J .
HEWLETT, S. I . see Newman, M . A .
H I L L M A N , C . N . & C A R P E N T E R , J . W . 23, 186-191
H J E R N , M . see Larsson, H . - O .
HODGES, J . K . 24/25, 126-130
HODGES, J . K . , M C N E I L L Y , A . S. & HESS, D . L . 26,
285-289
HOLEJSOVSKA, A . see D o b r o r u k a , L . J .
H O L M B A C K , E . 23, 157-158: 26, 94-98
H O T H , J . & G R A N A D O S , H . 26, 261-265
HUTCHINS, M . , THOMPSON, G . , SLEEPER, B . &
FOSTER, J . W . 26, 297-308
J
J A U C H , D . 26, 64-70
JOHNSON, J . A . see Brodie, E . D . , I I I
JONES, C . G . 23, 76-82
JONES, M . see Thomas, W . D .
E
EISENBERG, J . F . see Rudran, R .
E L L I N G T O N , S . see Maple, T . L .
ELLIOTT, M . see M u m a w , L .
EVANS, D. see M a i t l a n d , P . S .
EVANS, R . F . see K l e i m a n , D. G .
F
F A R W E L L , C , CHRISTIANSEN, J . , F E R G U S O N , M . ,
PHILLIPS, R . & SOMMER, F . 26, 3 0 - 3 4
F E N T Z L O F F , C . 23, 1 8 - 3 5
FERGUSON, M . see Farwell, C .
FITZ-GIBBON, J . & HEWLETT, K . G . 23, 2 0 7 - 2 0 9 ,
223-224
FONTAINE, R . & H E N C H , M . 22, 7 7 - 8 4
FOSTER, J . W . see Hutchins, M .
F R A N K E N B E R G , O . VON, H E R R L I N G E R , E . &
BERGERHAUSEN, W . 23, 9 5 - 1 0 0
F R E Y , H . see Anderegg, R .
G
G A L L O , J . M . 23, 2 0 9 - 2 1 5
GLATSTON, A . R . 24/25, 1 6 2 - 1 6 7
G O L D I N G , R . R . & W I L L I A M S , M . G . 24/25,
248-252
G O L D M A N , C . A . 24/25, 2 8 6 - 2 9 4
G O R G A S , M . 26, 3 1 5 - 3 1 8
G R A H A M , S . 26, 1 2 5 - 1 3 2
G R A N A D O S , H . see H o t h , J .
H
H A G E L I N , M . see Larsson, H . - O .
H A I G H , J . C . & L A T O U R , S . 22, 2 6 2 - 2 6 3
H A I G H , R . 23, 5 1 - 5 8
H A R C O U R T , A . H . 26, 2 4 8 - 2 5 5
H A R T M A N , L . see Luthin, C . S .
H A V E L K A , P . 23, 1 2 5 - 1 3 2
H A Y N E S - L O V E L L , K . see M u m a w , L .
H E A R N , J . P . 22, 1 3 8 - 1 4 3 : 24/25, 1 4 8 - 1 5 7
H E C K E R , B . 26, 3 4 - 4 1
K
K A E M M E R E R , K . R . & A N T H O N E Y , T . R . 22,
131-138
K A N E , B. see Birchard, G . F .
K E A R , J . 24/25, 21-25
K E L L Y , C . see Bell, K .
K I R K W O O D , J . K . & THOMPSON, K . 23, 114-117
K L E I M A N , D . G . , B A L L O U , J . D . & EVANS, R . F .
22, 94-101
K L E I N , H . see Coe, J . C .
K L I N E , C . see Weeks Thomas, L .
K L O C E K , R . see Lonsdale, D . D .
K L Ö S , H . - G . 23, 14—16
K L Ö S , H . - G . & L A N G E , J . 24/25, 322-332
K L Ö S , U . 23, 100-102
K N I G H T , J . see Dixson, A . F .
KNOWLES, J . M . 24/25, 206-210
KONSTANT, W . R . & MITTERMEIER, R . A . 22,
69-77
K O O N T Z , F . W . 23, 218-219: see also Roberts, M .
K R A E M E R , D . C . see Densmore, M . A .
K R A N Z , K . R . see Ralls, K .
K R A N Z , K . R . & L U M P K I N , S. 22, 232-240
K R A N Z , K . R . , X A N T E N , W . A . , Jr & L U M P K I N , S.
23, 195-203
K U M A M O T O , A . T. see Bcnirschke, K .
L
L A N G D O N , D . & SCHMIDT, K . 22, 268-269
L A N G E , J . see Klös, H . - G .
LARSSON, H . - O . , H A G E L I N , M . & H J E R N , M . 22,
88-93
L A S Z L O , J . 23, 166-174
L A T O U R , S. see Haigh, J . C .
L A W , G . & B O Y L E , H . 23, 191-195
L E E F L A N G , P . D . & M A R K H A M , R . J . 24/25,
256-260
LEO L U N A , M . 22, 47-52
L E S H E M , Y . 23, 4 1 ^ 6
A U T H O R I N D E X VOLS 22-26
L I N D E M A N N , H . 2 3 , 225-233
L L E W E L L Y N , P. J. & B R A I N , P. F . 2 3 , 121-125
L O N N O N , E . see M u m a w , L .
LONSDALE, D . D . & K L O C E K , R . 2 6 , 9-18
LOOMIS, M . & SMITH, R. 2 6 , 187-188
L O U W M A N , J . W . W . 2 2 , 153-156
L U C A S , G . & O L D F I E L D , S . 2 4 / 2 5 , 123-126
L U K A S , J. see Maple, T. L .
L U M P K I N , S . see K r a n z , K . R.
L U N D R I G A N , B. see Ralls, K .
L U T H I N , C . S., A R C H I B A L D , G . W \ , H A R T M A N , L . ,
M I R A N D E , C M . & SWENGEL, S . 2 4 / 2 5 , 25-39
L Y V E R E , P. see Birchard, G . F .
M
M A C E , G . M . 2 4 / 2 5 , 167-174
M A C K A Y , M . 2 2 , 250-252
M A C L A U G H L I N , K . see Weeks Thomas, L .
M A G I L L , R . N . 2 2 , 156-158: 2 3 , 139-143
M A I T L A N D , P. S . & EVANS, D . 2 4 / 2 5 , 66-74
M A L I N I A K , E . see Roberts, M .
M A P L E , T. L . , L U K A S , J . , M U R D O C K , G . K . ,
B U N K F E L D T , L . , BlGG, K . , CONRADSEN, L . ,
E L L I N G T O N , S . & CHRISTENSON, T. 2 2 , 218-221
M A R C E L L I N I , D . L . see White, J .
M A R D E R , U . see Mendelssohn, H .
M A R K H A M , R. J. see Leeflang, P. D .
M A R L I A V E , J . B . 2 6 , 70-81
M A R U S K A , E . J . 2 4 / 2 5 , 56-65
M A S L O V A , I . see D o b r o r u k a , L . J.
M A Y O R , J. 2 3 , 243-248
M C C O S K E R , J . E . & M I L L E R , E . E . 2 6 , 48-53
M C C R Y S T A L , H . K . & B E H L E R , J . L . 2 2 , 159-163
M C N E I L L Y , A . S . see Hodges, J . K .
MENDELSSOHN, H . & M A R D E R , U . 2 3 , 47-51
M E R I L A N , C . P., R E A D , B. W . & BOEVER, W . J. 2 2 ,
241-244
M E R I I T , D . A . , Jr 2 2 , 128-131
M E Y B U R G , B . - U . 2 3 , 110-113
M E Y E R , J. R . & W I L C O X , C . 2 2 , 252-255
M I C H A L A K , I. 2 6 , 223-228
M I L L E R , E . E . see M c C o s k e r , J . E .
M I N N E M A N N , D . 2 3 , 16-18, 102-108
M I N N E M A N N , D . & BUSSE, H . 2 3 , 59-62, 108-110
M I R A N D E , C . M . see L u t h i n , C . S .
M I T C H E L L , L . A . see M u r p h y , J . B .
M i n E R M E I E R , R. A . 2 2 , 1-2: see also Rylands, A .
B., Konstant, W . R.
MITTERMEIER, R. A . , C O I M B R A - F I L H O , A . F . ,
CONSTABLE, I . D . , R Y L A N D S , A . B . & V A L L E , C .
2 2 , 2-17
MITTERMEIER, R. A . & VAN R O O S M A L E N , M . G .
M . 2 2 , 59-68
M O N T A N U C C I , R. R. 2 3 , 148-156
M O O R E , H . D . M . see Dixson, A . F .
M O R N E R , T . 2 4 / 2 5 , 189-192
M O T T R A M , K . see Oyarzun, S. E .
M Ü L L E R , H . U . see Anderegg, R .
M U M A W , L . , STEELE, G . , ELLIOTT, M . , L O N N O N ,
E., HAYNES-LOVELL, K . & D'ETTORRE, A . 2 6 ,
171-179
M U R A K A M I , N . see M u r a t a , K .
559
M U R A T A , K . , TANIOKA, M . & M U R A K A M I , N .
24/25, 274-279
M U R D O C K , G . K . see Maple, T. L .
M U R P H Y , J . B . see Radcliffe, C . W .
M U R P H Y , J. B. & MITCHELL, L . A . 2 3 , 135-137
M U R P H Y , M . F. 2 2 , 180-185
N
N A G A H A M A , T. see Abe, Y .
N A G L E , C . A . & DENARI, J. H . 2 2 , 1 4 3 - 1 5 0
N A I D U , S. S. see Paulraj, S.
NELSON, K . O . 2 6 , 18-26
N E W M A N , L . see Roberts, M .
N E W M A N , M . A . & HEWLETT, S. I . 2 6 , 8 1 - 9 0
N O V O T N Y , V . see D o b r o r u k a , L . J .
O
O ' C O N N O R , S. M . 2 4 / 2 5 , 2 9 7 - 3 0 3
O G D E N , J. see Beck, B . B.
O L D F I E L D , S. see Lucas, G .
O L N E Y , P. J. S. see Samour, H . J.
O Y A R Z U N , S. E . , DEVISON, D . & M O T T R A M , K . 2 3 ,
248-253
P
P A C K E R , W . C . see Beutel, P. M .
PAINE, F . L . & WEINHEIMER, C . J. 2 3 , 2 0 4 - 2 0 5
PAIS, J . A . see da Silveira, C . L .
P A K K I A R A J , J . see Paulraj, S.
P A U L , L . see Thurslund, D .
P A U L L , L . M . see Wisniewski, P. J .
P A U L R A J , S., N A I D U , S. S. & P A K K I A R A J , J. 2 6 ,
90-94
PETERSON, G . see Roberts, M .
PFEIFER, C . 2 4 / 2 5 , 2 5 3 - 2 5 6
PHILLIPS, J . A . 2 4 / 2 5 , 3 1 1 - 3 1 5
PHILLIPS, L . see Roberts, M .
PHILLIPS, R. see Farwell, C .
PLASSE, R. see Berry, R. J .
PLATT, J. B . 2 3 , 8 4 - 8 8
P O G L A Y E N - N E U W A L L , I. 2 6 , 2 7 6 - 2 8 0
R
R A D C L I F F E , C . W . & M U R P H Y , J. B. 2 3 , 1 6 3 - 1 6 6
R A L L S , K . , L U N D R I G A N , B. & K R A N Z , K . 2 2 ,
244-249
R A N D A L L , P., T A Y L O R , P. & B A N K S , D . R. 2 3 ,
183-185
R A U , B . , VON H E G E L , G . & WIESNER, H . 2 6 ,
146-154
R E A D , B. 2 4 / 2 5 , 2 9 4 ^ 2 9 7
R E A D , B . W . 2 2 , 2 6 9 - 2 7 0 : see also Merilan, C . P.
REID, B. 2 6 , 1 8 9 - 1 9 8
RETTBERG, B . see Beck, B. B.
RIBEIRO, G . A . see Best, R. C .
RICHARDSON, K . C & C U L L E N , L . K . 2 3 , 2 1 5 - 2 1 8
RIDLEY, M . W. 2 4 / 2 5 , 4 0 - 4 4
RIVIELLO, M . C . see Visalberghi, E .
ROBERTS, M . , K O O N T Z , F . , PHILLIPS, L . &
MALINIAK, E . 26, 265-275
ROBERTS, M . , N E W M A N , L . & PETERSON, G . 2 2 ,
185-194
560
ROWE, B. E . 24/25, 3 0 6 - 3 1 0
R U D R A N , R . & EISENBERG, J . F . 22, 5 2 - 5 9
RÜEDI, D . 23, 2 5 7 - 2 5 9
R Y D E R , O . A . 24/25, 1 5 7 - 1 6 2
R Y L A N D S , A . B. see Mittermeier, R. A .
R Y L A N D S , A . B. & M I T T E R M E I E R , R . A . 22, 1 7 - 3 7
S
SAITO, Y . see Abe, Y .
SAMOUR, J . H . 24/25, 1 4 3 - 1 4 8
SAMOUR, H . J . , O L N E Y , P . J . S . , H E R B E R T , D . ,
SMITH, F . , W H I T E , J . & W O O D , D . 23, 7 - 1 1
SCHAEFER, N . see Branch, W . R .
SCHERPNER, C . 22, 2 7 6 - 2 8 7
SCHIOTZ, A . 26, 5 3 - 5 9
SCHMIDT, C . R . 24/25, 1 0 7 - 1 2 3
SCHMIDT, K . see L a n g d o n , D .
SCHMITT, E . see Birchard, G . F .
SCHÖLTEN, C J . 26, 1 9 8 - 2 0 4
SCOLA, R . see Beck, B . B .
S E A L , U . S . 24/25, 1 7 4 - 1 7 9
SEARLE, K . C . 26, 2 0 5 - 2 0 7
SEIDENSTICKER, J . 23, 2 3 4 - 2 3 6
SHEPPARD, C . see B r ü n i n g , D . F .
SHOEMAKER, A . H . 22, 1 2 4 - 1 2 7 , 1 9 8 - 2 0 6
SHOEMAKER, A . H . & C R O X T O N , J . M . 22, 1 7 6 - 1 8 0
SKIPPER, G . see C r o o k , G . A .
SLAGER, C . J . 26, 1 3 6 - 1 3 9
SLEEPER, B. see Hutchins, M .
SMITH, F . see Samour, H . J .
SMITH, R . see Loomis, M .
SNYDER, G . K . see Birchard, G . F .
SOINI, P . 22, 3 7 - 4 7
SOMMER, F . see Farwell, C .
STANLEY PRICE, M . R . 24/25, 1 7 9 - 1 8 8
STEELE, G . see M u m a w , L .
STONER, J . see C a r n i o . J .
STUDER-THIERSCH, A . 24/25, 2 4 0 - 2 4 3
STYLES, T . E . 22, 2 1 5 - 2 1 7
SUMMERS, P . M . 24/25, 1 3 1 - 1 3 8
SVENSSON, U . see A m u n d i n , M .
SWENGEL, S. see L u t h i n , C . S.
T
T A K A H A S H I , H . see A b e , Y .
T A N I O K A , M . see M u r a t a , K .
T A Y L O R , P . see Randall, P .
TESCHE, T . see Widholzer, F . L .
THOMAS, W . D . , B A R N E S , R . , C R O T T Y , M . &
JONES, M . 24/25, 7 7 - 9 9
THOMPSON, G . see Hutchins, M .
THOMPSON, K . see K i r k w o o d , J . K .
A U T H O R I N D E X VOLS 22-26
THOMPSON, V . 26, 217-222
THOMSETT, S. 23, 62-64
T H U R S L U N D , D . & P A U L , L . 26, 208-212
TINTINGER, V . 26, 183-186
T O D D , F . S. 26, 104-109, 110-124
T O D D , W . see Berry, R . J .
T O N G E , S. J . see Bloxam, Q . M . C .
U
U C H I D A , H . see A b e , Y .
U C H I D A , H . & YOSHITAKA, A . 26, 59-61
U C H I D A , I. & A S U K E , M . 22, 271-276
U D E L L , C . C . 23, 237-242
V
V A L L E , C . see Mittermeier, R . A .
VAN DEN S A N D E , P. A . see Bels, V . L .
VAN H O O F F , J . A . R . A . M . see A d a n g , O . M . J .
VAN R O O S M A L E N , M . G . M . see Mittermeier, R . A .
VISALBERGHI, E . & RIVIELLO, M . C . 26, 232-236
V O G T , P. 26, 157-163
VON H E G E L , G . see R a u , B .
W
W A R B U R T O N , T . 23, 88-95
W A R N E K E , M . see Beck, B . B .
WEEKS THOMAS, L . , K L I N E , C , DUFFELMEYER, J.,
M A C L A U G H L I N , K . & D O H E R T Y , J . G . 24/25,
279-285
WEINHEIMER, C . J . see Paine, F . L .
W E N N R I C H , G . 23, 64-66
W E N S I N G , J . A . B. see A d a n g , O . M . J.
W H A R T O N , D . C . 24/25, 260-263
W H I T E , J . see Samour, H . J .
W H I T E , J . & M A R C E L L I N I , D . L . 24/25, 340-343
WIDHOLZER, F . L . , BORNE, B . & TESCHE, T . 24/25,
226-230
WIESNER, H . see R a u . B .
W I L C O X , C . see Meyer, J . R .
W I L K E , H . 23, 137-139
W I L L I A M S , M . G . see G o l d i n g , R . R .
WISNIEWSKI, P. J . & P A U L L , L . M . 24/25, 223-226
W O O D , D . see Samour, H . J .
W Y L I E , S. R . 23, 253-257
X
X A N T E N , W . A . , Jr see K r a n z , K . R .
Y
Y A M A K O S H I , M . see Best, R . C .
YOSHITAKA, A . see Uchida, H .
cumulative index to
volumes 22-26
Previous cumulative indexes are contained in Volume 11 (Volumes 1-11), Volume 16 (Volumes 12-16) and
Volume 21 (Volumes 17-21). In the present index figures in bold indicate the volume number. Plates are
indicated by (PI) after the relevant page number(s). Where the name o f a town is indexed this refers to the zoo,
aquarium or other institution in that town. A n i m a l species covered at any length in the text are crossreferenced from the vernacular to the scientific name and the main reference to the species appears under the
scientific name and/or the name o f the institution concerned.
A
Aardvark, see O r y c t e r o p u s afer
A b r a m i s b r a m a , 24/25, 70
A b u d e f d u f cyaneus,
26, 23
A b u d e f d u f s a x a t i l i s , 26, 16
A c a n t h i s c a n n a b i n a , 24/25, 146
A v a n t h u r u s b a h a i n u s , 26, 16
A c a n t h u r u s c h i r u r g u s , 26, 16
A c a n t h u r u s c o e r u l e u s , 26, 16, 17
A c a n t h u r u s t r i o s t e g u s , 26, 23
A c c i p i t e r , breeding, artificial incubation, 23, 51-58
A c c i p i t e r c o o p e r i i , 24/25, 4, 8
A c c i p i t e r f a s c i a t u s , 24/25, 8
A c c i p i t e r g e n t i l i s , 23, 19, 51, 54, 104, 109, 119:
24/25, 2, 4, 8
A c c i p i t e r m e l a n o l e u c u s , 23, 6: 24/25, 8
A c c i p i t e r n i s u s , 23, 51, 72, 73, 119, 122: 24/25, 4, 8
A c c i p i t e r n o v a e h o l l a n d i a e , 24/25, 8
A c c i p i t e r s t r i a t u s , 24/25, 4, 8
A c h a t i n a , 24/25, 74
A c i n o n y x j u b a t u s , 24/25, 194, 317, 318
A c i p e n s e r b r e v i r o s t r u m , 24/25, 71
A c i p e n s e r fulvescens,
24/25, 69
A c i p e n s e r o x y r h y n c h u s , 24/25, 69
A c i p e n s e r s t u r i o , 24/25, 69
A c i p e n s e r t r a n s m o n t a n u s , 26, 51
Acrochordus arafurae,
breeding, Melbourne, 26, 98-103(Pl)
A c r o c h o r d u s g r a n u l a t u s , 26, 98
A c r o c h o r d u s j a v a n i c u s , 26, 98-99, 102
A c t o p h i l o r n i s a f r i c a n a , 26, 206
A d d a x n a s o m a c u i a t u s , 24/25, 83, 92, 162, 319
reproductive data in captivity, review, 24/25,
303-306
Adelaide,
breeding, Matschie's tree kangaroo, 26, 212-216
A e g o l i u s f u n e r eus, 23, 100, 105
A e g y p i u s monachus,
23, 19, 47, 102, 104, 109:
24/25, 7
Aepyceros
melampus,
22, 243: 24/25, 159, 195, 197
A e t o b a t u s n a r i n a r i , 26, 15
African plains exhibit, Augsburg, 26, 315-318
African savanna exhibit, Seattle W P , 24/25,
332-339
African wildlife,
reintroduction, national park, 24/25, 192-199
A f r o p a v o congensis,
24/25, 43
A g a l y c h n i s c a l l i d r y a s , 24/25, 57-58(Pl)
A g k i s t r o d o n b i l i n e a t u s , 23, 165
A g k i s t r o d o n p i s c i v o r u s , 23, 164
A i l u r o p o d a m e l a n o l e u c a , 24/25, 129, 155, 317, 318
oestrous behaviour, related to urinary oestrogen,
24/25, 274-279(Pl)
A i l u r u s f u l g e n s , 22, 100: 24/25, 163
A i x g a l e r i c u l a t a , 24/25, 203
A i x sponsa,
24/25, 203
A l b u r n u s b i p u n c t a t u s , 24/25, 69, 70
A l c a t o r d a , 26, 107, 134
A l c e l a p h u s buselaphus
c a a m a , 24/25, 93, 195, 198
Ahes a l c e s , 24/25, 198, 318
Algae, in intertidal exhibit, 26, 32
A l l e n o p i t h e c u s n i g r o v i r i d i s , 24/25, 113
A l l i g a t o r m i s s i s s i p p i e n s i s , 22, 157: 24/25, 227, 328
A l l i g a t o r sinensis,
24/25, 213
A l l o c e b u s t r i c h o t i s , 24/25, 109
A l o p e x l a g o p u s , 24/25, 189, 203
A l o p i a s v u l p i n u s , 26, 51
A l o p o c h e n a e g y p t i a c u s , 24/25, 333
A l o u a t t a , 22, 13-14, 47, 125, 132
A l o u a t t a b e l z e b u l , 22, 5, 25, 32, 34
A l o u a t t a b e l z e b u l b e l z e b u l , 22, 29, 32, 34
A l o u a t t a b e l z e b u l d i s c o l o r , 22, 29, 32
A l o u a t t a b e l z e b u l n i g e r r i m a , 22, 29, 32
A l o u a t t a b e l z e b u l u l u l a t a , 22, 4, 5, 29, 32, 34
A l o u a t t a c a r a y a , 22, 13
acclimatisation, feeding, Chicago L P , 22,
128-131
A l o u a t t a f u s c a , 22, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13-14: 24/25, 110
A l o u a t t a f u s c a b e n i e n s i s , 22, 13
A l o u a t t a f u s c a c l a m i t a n s , 22, 4, 5, 6, 13
A l o u a t t a f u s c a f u s c a , 22, 5, 13
A l o u a t t a p a l l i a t a , 22, 37
A l o u a t t a s e n i c u l u s , 22, 13, 25, 32, 39, 40, 44, 53, 54,
61-65, 67, 72, 79, 128
A l o u a t t a s e n i c u l u s s a r a , 22, 129
A l o u a t t a s e n i c u l u s s e n i c u l u s , 22, 43, 45
A l o u a t t a v i l l o s a , 24/25, 110
Alpha-tocopherol, levels in plasma, zoo animals,
24/25, 316, 321
Amazon regional exhibit, Vancouver A q u , 26,
81-90 (PI)
A m a z o n a l e u c o c e p h a l a he st er n a , 24/25, 145
562
Amazona
v i t t a t a , 23, 67
A m b l y g l y h i d o d a n x a n t h u r u s , 26, 29
Ambystoma
andersoni,
24/25, 64
AmbyStoma
d u m e r d i dumerüi, 24/25, 63-64(Pl)
Ambystoma
mexicanum,
23, 167: 24/25, 64
Ambystoma
t a l p o i d e u m , 23, 166
Ambystoma
t a y l o r i ( = subsalsum),
24/25, 64
Ameiva
ameiva,
breeding, N Y Bronx, 22, 159-163(P1)
Ameiva
ameiva
p e t e r s i i , 22, 162
Ameiva
ameiva
t o b a g a n a , 22, 160, 162
Ameiva
b i f r o n t a t a , 22, 162
Ameiva
chrysolaema,
22, 160
Ameiva
f e s t i v a , 22, 162
Ameiva
q u a d r i l i n e a t a , 22, 162
Ammotragus
l e r v i a , 24/25, 319
Amphibians,
bred in captivity, 22, 366-367: 23, 266-267:
24/25, 430-431: 26, 416
rare, census, 22, 439: 23, 342: 24/25, 566: 26, 508
reproductive patterns, 23, 166-174
review, breeding programmes, 24/25, 56-65(Pl)
Anableps
anableps
anableps,
breeding, Stuttgart, 26,
64^70(P1)
Anableps
d o w i , 26, 64, 68
Anableps
m i c r o l e p i s , 26, 64
Anaesthesia, small macropods, 23, 215-218
A n a r r h i c h t h y s o c e l l a t u s , breeding, Vancouver
A q u a r i u m , 26, 70-81 (PI)
Anas a u c k l a n d i c a c h l o r o t i s , 24/25, 24
Anas a u c k l a n d i c a nesiotis,
24/25, 24
Anas capensis,
24/25, 333, 337: 26, 316
Anas h o t t e n t o t a , 26, 206
Anas p l a t y r h y n c h o s , 24/25, 21, 202
Anas p l a t y r h y n c h o s p l a t y r h y n c h o s ,
143
Anas p o e c i l o r h y n c h a s u p e r c i l i o s a , l A j l S , 202
A n d r i a s , 23, 167
A n d r i a s d a v i d i a n u s , 23, 166: 24/25, 62
A n d r i a s j a p o n i c u s , 23, 166: 24/25, 62-63
Anisotremus
v i r g i n i c u s , 26, 16, 17
A n o d o n t a , 26, 62
A n o l i s c a r o l i n e n s i s , 24/25, 341
A n o l i s l i v i d u s , 24/25, 52
Anser e r y t h r o p u s , 24/25, 190
Anser f a b a l i s , 24/25, 190
Antarctic penguin exhibit, San Diego, Sea W o r l d ,
26, 104~109(P1)
Anteater, G i a n t , see M y r m e c o p h a g a t r i d a c t y l a ;
Mexican see Tamandua
mexicana
Antelope, Sable, see H i p p o t r a g u s n i g e r
A n t h i a s , 26, 23
A n t h r o p o i d e s p a r a d i s e a , 24/25, 28
A n t h r o p o i d e s v i r g o , 24/25, 143
A n t i d o r c a s m a r s u p i a l i s , 22, 243: 24/25, 194, 195,
333
hand-rearing, reintegration, 22, 269-270
A n t i l o c a p r a a m e r i c a n a , 24/25, 81, 88
A n t i l o p e c e r v i c a p r a , 24/25, 319
Antrozous
p a l l i d u s , 26, 229
Antwerp,
breeding, Australian carpet python, 24/25,
231-236
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
Aotus,
22, 1, 28, 125: 24/25, 159
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s , 22, 25, 28, 39, 40, 41, 53, 54, 79,
85, 86
karyological studies, 22, 119-124
reproductive physiology, behaviour, 22, 115-119
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s azarae,
22, 122
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s b o l i v i e n s i s , 22, 120, 122
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s g r i s e i m e m b r a , 22, 115, 121, 122
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s n i g r i c e p s , 22, 41, 45, 121, 122
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s r o b e r t i , 22, 122
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s t r i v i r g a t u s , 22, 41, 45, 121, 122
Aotus
t r i v i r g a t u s v o c i f e r a n s , 22, 121, 122
Aphanius
i b e r u s , 24/25, 69
Aphyosemion,
26, 56
Apis m e l l i f e r a , 24/25, 329, 330
A p l o p e l i a l a r v a t a , 26, 206
Apogon
k a l l o p t e r u s , 26, 23
Aptenodytes
f o r s t e n , 26, 104, 127
breeding, San Diego, Sea W o r l d , 26, 110-124(P1)
Aptenodytes
p a t a g o n i c a , 26, 104, 105, 127, 146, 148,
149(P1), 152
breeding, San Diego, Sea W o r l d , 26, 110-124(P1)
Aquarium (incl. reptiles/amphibians/invertebrates),
Berlin W , 24/25, 322-332(Pl)
Aquarium Systems, living corals, a review, 26, 1-9
A q u a r i u m , modernisation o f exhibits, 26, 53-59
A q u i l a audax,
23, 17, 102, 104, 109: 24/25, 9
breeding, Berlin E , 23, 59-62(Pl)
A q u i l a chrysaetos,
23, 17, 60, 104, 108(P1), I I I , 119:
24/25, 4, 9
A q u i l a chrysaetos
daphanea,
23, 72, 73
A q u i l a c l a n g a , 23, 104, 109, 112: 24/25, 9
A q u i l a h e l i a c a , 23, 109: 24/25, 9
A q u i l a h e l i a c a a d a l b e r t i , 23, I I I
A q u i l a h e l i a c a h e l i a c a , 23, 111
A q u i l a p o m a r i n a , 23, 107, 109, 110
A q u i l a r a p a x , 23, 19, 60, 104, 106(P1), 107, 109:
24/25, 9
A q u i l a r a p a x n i p a l e n s i s , 23, 29
A q u i l a v e r r e a u x i , 23, 110
Ära c h l o r o p t e r a , 24/25, 145
Ära macao,
2AJ25, 145
A r a p a i m a g i g a s , 24/25, 69: 26, 83
A r a t i n g a g u a r o u b a , 24/25, 145
A r c t o c e p h a l u s , 22, 231
A r c t o c e p h a l u s a u s t r a l i s , 22, 228: 26, 148, 152
A r c t o c e p h a l u s f o r s t e r i , 26, 171, 173
A r c t o c e p h a l u s p u s i l l u s , 22, 228: 26, 154
breeding, Toronto, 22, 207-215
A r c t o c e p h a l u s p u s i l l u s d o r i f e r u s , 26, 171, 173
A r c t o c e p h a l u s t r o p i c a l i s , 26, 167, 171, 173
A r d e a c i n e r e a , 23, 19, 29, 33
A r g o n a u t a , 26, 48
A r i u s f e l i s , 26, 16
Armadillo, Large hairy, see Chaetophractus
villosus
Arnhem,
Chimpanzee colony, 26, 236-248
A r t i b e u s jamaicensis,
22, 187: 26, 266
Artificial breeding techniques,
problems/practicalities, 24/25, 148-157
recent advances, birds/reptiles, 24/25, 143-148
Artificial Insemination,
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
cryogenic preservation, spermatozoa, F a l c o
s p a r v e r i u s , 23, 67-71 (PI)
semen collection, 22, 241-244
A r v i c o l a t e r r e s t r i s , 24/25, 202
Asio
flammeus,
23, 72, 73, 94
Asiootus,
23, 105, 119
Asio otus otus, 23, 100
Asio otus w i l s o n i a n u s , 23, 110
Aspidites
melanocephalus,
23, 169
Ataenobius
t o w e r i , 24/25, 70
Atelerix pruneri,
breeding, Adelphi University, 22, 195-197(P1)
Ateles,
22, 14, 32, 34, 44, 125: 24/25, 159
housing, outdoors, low temperature, 22, 131-138
Ateles
belzebuth,
22, 25, 33, 39, 40, 53, 54, 57, 85:
24/25, 110
Ateles
belzebuth
belzebuth,
22, 33, 43, 45, 51
Ateles
belzebuth
m a r g i n a t u s , 22, 29, 33
Ateles fusciceps,
24/25, 110
Ateles fusciceps
robustus,
22, 132
Ateles
g e o f f r o y i , 22, I33(P1): 24/25, 108, 110, 114
Ateles
g e o f f r o y i o r n a t u s , 22, 132
Ateles
g e o f f r o y i panamensis,
22, 70
Ateles
paniscus,
22, 25, 33, 39, 40, 43, 61, 65, 77,
85: 24/25, 108, 110, 114
Ateles
paniscus
chamek,
22, 33, 43, 45, 51
Ateles
paniscus
paniscus,
22, 33, 62, 63, 64, 66(P1),
67, 68
Atelopus
b u f o n i f o r m i s , 23, 167
Atelopus
ignescens,
23, 167
Athene
b r a m a , 23, 72, 73, 105
Athene
n o c t u a , 23, 19, 72, 73, 101, 102, 105: 24/25,
1, 204
A t o l l reef exhibit, H o n g K o n g O P , 26, 26-29
A t r a c t o s c i o n n o b i l i s , 26, 51
A t t a sexdens
l i m a s , 24/25, 329
Auckland,
breeding, Tuatara, 26, 183-186(P1)
Augsburg,
African plains exhibit, 26, 315-318(P1)
A v a h i l a n i g e r o c c i d e n t a l i s , 24/25, 109
A v i c e d a s u b c r i s t a t a , 24/25, 6
A x i s a x i s , 24/25, 318
A y t h y a novaeseelandiae,
24/25, 238
A Z W U , reintroduction to the wild, European eagle
owls, 23, 95-100
B
Balaeniceps
rex, 24/25, 34
B a l a e n o p t e r a musculus,
24/25, 175
B a l e a r i c a r e g u l o r u m , 24/25, 333: 26, 316
Balistes
c a p r i s c u s , 26, 16
Baltimore A q u a r i u m ,
tidepool exhibit, 26, 3 4 ^ 1
Barbus
c u m i n g i , 24/25, 69, 70
Barbus
n i g r o f a s c i a t u s , 24/25, 68, 69, 70
Barbus
t i t t e y a , 24/25, 69
Barbus
t r e u r e n s i s , 24/25, 69
Barbus
t r e v e l y a n i , 24/25, 69
B a s i l i s c u s p l u m i f r o n s , 24/25, 51, 53, 329
Basle,
enclosure, D w a r f mongoose, 23, 257-259(Pl)
563
sexing by tarsus length, flamingos, 24/25,
240-243
Bassariscus
astutus,
management, biology, Tucson Reid Park, 26,
276-280
Bassariscus
astutus
arizonensis,
26, 277
Bear, A m e r i c a n black, see Ursus
(Euarctos)
americanus
B e g o n i a s o c o t r a n a , 24/25, 125
Behavioural studies,
data, collection, volunteers, 22, 244-249
B e l o n t i a s i g n a t a , 24/25, 69
Berlin, East (Berlin Tierpark),
breeding, A m e r i c a n bald eagle, 23,
16-18(P1)
Wedge-tailed eagle, 23, 59-62(Pl)
breeding, cross-fostering, birds o f prey, 23,
102-108(P1)
longevity, birds o f prey, 23, 108-110
penguin exhibit, 26, 140-142(P1)
Berlin, West,
A q u a r i u m (incl. reptiles/amphibians/
invertebrates), 24/25, 322-332(Pl)
breeding, A n d e a n condor, 23, 14-16
owls, 23, 100-102
B e t t o n g i a p e n i c i l l a t a , 24/25, 104, 213, 215
Bird house, St Louis, 23, 254-257(PI)
Birds,
bred in captivity, 22, 372-405: 23, 272-307:
24/25, 445-506: 26, 423-466
captive management for conservation, 24/25,
45-49
rare, census, 22, 444-450: 23, 346-351: 24/25,
573-582: 26, 513-520
Birds o f prey,
breeding, Berlin E , 23, I02-108(P1)
in captivity, review, 24/25, 1-20
longevity, 23, 108-110
marking techniques, 23, 125-132(P1)
nutrition, 23, 114-117
principles conservation, captive management, 23,
1-7
veterinary care/release, injured wild, 23, 117-121,
I2I-I25
Birmingham, U S A ,
breeding, hand-rearing, Long-billed corella,
24/25, 253-256(Pl)
B i s o n b i s o n , 24/25, 141, 318
B i s o n bonasus,
22, 198: 24/25, 162, 174, 318
B i t i s a r i e t a n s ( = l a c h e s i s ) , 23, 169
B i t i s a t r o p s , 23, 169
B i t i s g a b o n i c a g a b o n i c a , 23, 169
B i t i s g a b o n i c a r h i n o c e r o s , 23, 169
Bitterling, T o k y o , see T a n a k i a
tanago
Blastocerus
dichotomus,
24/25, 79, 80
B o a c o n s t r i c t o r c o n s t r i c t o r , 23, 169, 171
B o a c o n s t r i c t o r o c c i d e n t a l i s , 23, 171
B O B A R S , breeding, reintroduction, Barn o w l , 23,
88-95(Pl)
B o m b i n a b o m b i n a , 24/25, 331
B o m b i n a o r i e n t a l i s , 24/25, 331
Bombyx
m o r i , 2AJ25, 74
564
Bongo, see Tragelaphus
eurvceros
Bosgaurus,
22, 100: 24/25, 82, 90, 101, 133, 134,
141, 163, 318
Bos i n d i c u s . 24/25, 134, 141
Bos j a v a n i e u s , 22, 243: 24/25, 82. 90, 141
Bos sauveli,
24/25, 218
Bos t a u r u s , 24/25, 134, 141: 26, 316
Boselaphus
t r a g o c a m e l u s , 24/25, 318
B o t h r o p s u n d u l a t u s , 23, 169
B r a c h y l o p h u s fasciatus,
23, 169
Brachyteles
a r a c h n o i d e s , 22, 5, 6, 7, 14—I5(PI):
24/25, 111
B r a n t a canadensis,
24/25, 190
B r a n t a canadensis
l e u c o p a r e i a , 24/25, 25
B r a n t a leucopsis,
24/25, 190
B r a n t a sandvicensis,
22, 199: 23, 67: 24/25, 24, 143
Brazil, Atlantic forest region, primates, Status and
conservation, 22, 2-17
Brazilian Amazonia, primates, Status and
conservation, 22, 17-37
Bristol,
food/energy consumption, birds o f prey, 23,
114-117
Bubalus
b u b a l i s , 24/25, 141
Bubalus
depressicornis,
24/25, 81, 90, 91, 162
Bubalus
m i n d o r e n s i s , 24/25, 218
Bubalus
q u a r l e s i , 24/25, 81, 90
Bubo a f r i c a n u s , 23, 101
Bubo a f r i c a n u s a f r i c a n u s , 23, 105
Bubo a f r i c a n u s cinerascens,
23, 72, 73
Bubo bubo, 23, 19, 20, 21, 29, 33, 114, 115, 119:
24/25, 189-190
Bubo bubo bengalensis,
23, 72, 73, 105, 110
Bubo bubo bubo, 23, 72, 73, 94, 100, 105: 24/25,
200
reintroduction to wild, 23, 95-100
Bubo bubo n i k o l s k i i , 23, 72, 73
Bubo bubo omissus,
23, 105, 110
Bubo capensis
m a c k i n d e r i , 23, 105
Bubo lacteus,
23, 101, 102, 105
Bubo poensis,
23, 105
Bubo s u m a t r a n a , 23, 100, 105, 110
Bubo v i r g i n i a n u s , 23, 19, 29, 100, 105, 110
Buceros
b i c o r n i s , breeding, Burford, 24/25,
248-252(Pl)
Bucorvus
cafer, 26, 316
Budorcas
t a x i c o l o r t a x i c o l o r , 24/25, 84, 95
Buffalo,
tube feeding, frogs, 23, 204-205
Bufo b l o m b e r g i , 24/25, 60
Bufo houstonensis,
24/25, 60
Bufo lemur,
24/25, 60, 64, see also P e l t o p h r y n e
lemur
Bufo m a r i n u s , 24/25, 341
use for pest control, 26, 88
Bugeranus
c a r u n c u l a t u s , 24/25, 26, 27, 213
Burford,
breeding, Great Indian hornbill, 24/25,
248-252(Pl)
B u r h i n u s oedicnemus,
23, 85
Buteo,
22, 79: 23, 107
breeding, artificial incubation, 23, 51-58
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
Buteo
buteo,
23, 51, 54, 72, 73, 104, 107, 119, 121,
122, 123: 24/25, 8, 16
Buteo jamaicensis,
23, 51, 104, 109: 24/25, 4, 8, 14
Buteo
lagopus,
23, 104: 24/25, 4, 8
Buteo
lagopus
s a n t i j o h a n n i s , 23, 109
Buteo l i n e a t u s , 24/25, 8
Buteo n i t i d u s , 24/25, 9
Buteo
r e g a l i s , 23, 51, 54, 104, 107: 24/25, 4, 9
Buteo
r u f i n u s , 23, 16, 19, 29, 104, 109: 24/25, 9
Buteo
rufofuscus,
24/25, 9
Buteogaltus
u r u b i t i n g a , 24/25, 8
C
Cabassous,
22, 194
Cabassous
c e n t r a l i s , 22, 186, 192
C a c a j a o calvus,
22, 25, 30-31, 40, 44
C a c a j a o calvus calvus,
22, 29, 30-31 (PI), 34: 24/25,
110
C a c a j a o calvus r u b i c u n d u s , 22, 30, 42(P1), 45, 79:
24/25, 110
C a c a j a o melanocephalus,
22, 25, 30-31, 53, 54,
55(P1), 58: 24/25, 110
C a c a t u a sanguinea,
24/25, 253
C a c a t u a t e n u i r o s t r i s p a s t i n a t o r , 24/25, 253
Cacatua tenuirostris tenuirostris,
breeding, hand-rearing, Birmingham, 24/25,
253-256(Pl)
Cacomistle, see Bassariscus
astutus
Caesarean section/subsequent birth, A r u b a Island
rattlesnake, 26, 187-188
C a i m a n c r o c o d i l u s , 24/25, 328
C a i m a n c r o c o d i l u s fuscus,
23, 168
C a i m a n c r o c o d i l u s y a c a r e , 23, 168: 26, 83, 95
C a i m a n l a t i r o s t r i s , 24/25, 328
breeding, Sao Leopoldo, 24/25, 226-230
Caiman, Broad-nosed, see C a i m a n l a t i r o s t r i s
Cainism/captive breeding, birds o f prey, 23,
110-113
C a i r i n a moschata,
24/25, 143
C a i r i n a s c u t u l a t a , 24/25, 21, 23
Calgary,
stillbirth, Lowland gorilla, 23, 183-185
C a l l i c e b u s , 22, 125
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h , 22, 25, 28, 39, 40, 44, 79, 85,
132, 136
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h brunnescens,
22, 28
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h brunneus,
22, 41, 45
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h cupreus,
22, 28, 41, 45
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h d i s c o l o r , 22, 41, 45
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h d o n a c o p h i l u s , 22, 28
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h h o j f m a n n s i , 22, 28, 29
C a l l i c e b u s m o l o c h m o l o c h , 22, 28, 29
C a l l i c e b u s personatus,
22, 6, 11: 24/25, 110
C a l l i c e b u s personatus
m e l a n o c h i r , 22, 5, 7, 11
C a l l i c e b u s personatus
n i g r i f r o n s , 22, 5 , 6 , 11
C a l l i c e b u s personatus
personatus,
22, 5, 6, 7, 11
C a l l i c e b u s t o r q u a t u s . 22, 25, 28, 40, 44, 45, 53, 54
C a l l i c e b u s t o r q u a t u s lugens,
22, 28
C a l l i c e b u s t o r q u a t u s t o r q u a t u s , 22, 28, 41, 45
C a l l i m i c o g o e l d i i , 22, 25, 27, 39, 40, 41, 45, 77, 85:
24/25, 104, 108, 110, 114, 207
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
565
breeding, Chicago Brookfield, 22, 106-114
Jersey, 22, 101-105
C a l l i i h r i x . 22, 9
C a l l i t h r i x a r g e n t a t a , 22, 24, 25, 77, 85
C a l l i i h r i x a r g e n t a t a a r g e n t a t a , 22, 24, 29
C a l l i t h r i x a r g e n t a t a l e u c i p p e , 22, 24, 29, 34: 24/25,
110
C a l l i t h r i x a r g e n t a t a m e l a n u r a , 22, 24
C a l l i t h r i x a u r i t a , 22, 5, 6, 7, 8: 24/25, 110
Callithrixßaviceps,
22, 5, 6, 7, 8(P1): 24/25, 110
C a l l i t h r i x g e o f f r o y i , 22, 5, 7, 8, 85
C a l l i t h r i x h u m e r a l i f e r , 22, 24, 25: 24/25, 110
C a l l i t h r i x h u m e r a l i f e r ehrysoleuca,
22, 24, 29, 34
C a l l i t h r i x h u m e r a l i f e r h u m e r a l i f e r , 22, 24(P1), 29
C a l l i t h r i x h u m e r a l i f e r i n t e r m e d i u s , 22, 24, 29
C a l l i t h r i x jacchus,
*22, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 71, 85, 96,
104, 111, 118, 132: 24/25, 102, 133, 134, 153: 26,
83
physiology, 22, 138-143(P1)
C a l l i t h r i x jacchus
jacchus,
24/25, 120
C a l l i t h r i x k u h l i , 22, 5, 7, 8(P1), 9, 11
C a l l i t h r i x p e n i c i l l a t a , 22, 4, 5, 7, 9
C a l l o r h i n u s u r s i n u s , 22, 228, 231
C a l l o s c i u r u s p r e v o s t i , 22, 177
Caloenas
n i c o b a r i c a , 22, 168
Camelus
spp, 24/25, 316
Camelus
b a c l r i a n u s , 22, 241, 242, 247
Camelus
d r o m e d a r i u s , 22, 241, 242: 24/25, 318
Camelus
ferus ( = b a c l r i a n u s ) , 24/25, 318
C a n d o i a c a r i n a t u s p a u l s o n i , 23, 169
Canis familiär i s , 23, 235
Canis
l a t r a n s , 24/25, 79
Canis
l u p u s , 23, 45: 24/25, 160, 189, 203
Canis
lupus l u p u s , 24/25, 191
Canis lupus t u n d r a r u m , 24/25, 213
C a n t h i g a s t e r j a c t a t o r , 26, 23
C a p r a , 24/25, 95-96
C a p r a aegagrus,
24/25, 85, 96
C a p r a aegagrus
b l y t h i , 24/25, 85, 96
C a p r a aegagrus
c r e t i c a , 24/25, 85, 96
C a p r a a r i e s , 23, 251
C a p r a caucasica,
24/25, 96
C a p r a caucasica
( = s e v e r t z o v i ) , 24/25, 96
C a p r a f a l c o n e r i , 24/25, 85, 96, 319
C a p r a f a l c o n e r i f a l c o n e r i , 24/25, 85
C a p r a f a l c o n e r i h e p t n e r i , 24/25, 86
C a p r a f a l c o n e r i megaceros,
24/25, 86
C a p r a h i r c u s , 22, 243: 23, 251, 252
C a p r a ibex, 24/25, 96
C a p r a ibex caucasica,
24/25, 96
C a p r a ibex caucasica
( = s e v e r t z o v i ) , 24/25, 96
C a p r a ibex c y l i n d r i c o r n i s , 24/25, 96
C a p r a ibex ibex, 24/25, 85, 201
C a p r a ibex n u b i a n a , 23, 44: 24/25, 85
C a r c h a r h i n u s melanopterus,
26, 23, 24, 59
C a r c h a r h i n u s plumbeus,
26, 59, 60(P1)
C a r c h a r o d o n c a r c h a r i a s , 26, 51
C a r d u e l i s c a r d u e l i s , 24/25, 145
C a r d u e l i s spinus,
24/25, 145
C a r e t t a c a r e t t a , 24/25, 324
Carettochelys
i n s c u l p t a , 24/25, 213
C a r o l l i a p e r s p i c i l l a t a , 22, 187: 26, 266
Carpococcyx
renauldi,
breeding, Toronto, 22, 168-171
Casarea
dussumieri,
24/25, 50, 51, 52, 55
Cassowary, see C a s u a r i u s
Castor
canadensis,
24/25, 203
C a s t o r f i b e r , 24/25, 201
C a s u a r i u s spp,
food intake, growth rate, 26, 189-198
Casuarius casuarius,
artificial incubation, humidity, 22, 164-167
Cat, Geoffroy's, see F e l i s g e o f f r o y i
C a t h a r a c t a skua l o n n b e r g i , 26, 105
Cathartes
a u r a , 23, 109: 24/25, 6
C a t hartes
a u r a a u r a , 23, 104
Cathartes
b u r r o v i a n u s , 24/25, 6
Catreus
wallichi,
reintroduction to wild, 24/25, 40-43
C a u l o l a t i l u s p r i n c e p s , 26, 108
C a v i a aperea,
26, 282
C a v i a p o r c e l l u s , 26, 286
C e b u e l l a pygmaea,
22, 24, 25, 39, 40, 44, 45
breeding, Skansen A q u a r i u m , 22, 88—93(P1)
Cebus,
22, 57
reproductive physiology, 22, 143-150
Cebus a l b i f r o n s , 22, 25, 27, 28, 39, 40, 53, 54, 72,
132, 143
Cebus a l b i f r o n s cuscinus,
22, 42, 45
Cebus a l b i f r o n s j u r a c u s , 22, 42, 45
Cebus a l b i f r o n s u n i c o l o r , 22, 42, 45
Cebus a p e l l a , 22, 6, 11-13, 25, 27, 39, 40, 44, 53,
54, 61-65, 67, 85, 86, 143
hand-rearing, reintegration, 26, 232-236
Cebus a p e l l a a p e l l a , 22, 62
Cebus a p e l l a l i b i d i n o s u s , 22, 4 , 5 , 12
Cebus a p e l l a macrocephalus,
22, 42, 45
Cebus a p e l l a n i g r i t u s , 22, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12
Cebus a p e l l a robustus,
22, 5, 7, 12(P1)
Cebus a p e l l a xanthosternos,
22, 5, 7, 12(P1), 13
Cebus capucinus,
22, 72, 143
Cebus n i g r i v i t l a t u s , 22, 25, 27, 53, 54, 61-67, 143
Cephalophus
d o r s a l i s , 22, 233, 234, 239: 24/25, 91
Cephalophus
j e n t i n k i , 24/25, 82, 91
Cephalophus
m a x w e l l i , 22, 232: 24/25, 91
Cephalophus
m o n t i c o l a , 22, 232, 233
Cephalophus
r u f i l a l u s , 22, 239: 24/25, 91
Cephalophus
spadix,
22, 233
hand-rearing, M e t r o Toronto, 23, 248-253
C a p r a ibex severtzovi,
24/25, 96
C a p r a ibex s i b i r i c a , 24/25, 85
C a p r e o l u s c a p r e o l u s , 22, 238: 24/25, 189
C a p r i c o r n i s , 26, 297
C a p r i c o r n i s crispus
c r i s p u s , 24/25, 84, 95
Capuchin, Brown, see Cebus
apella
C a r c h a r h i n u s galapagensis,
26, 59
Cephalophus
s y l v i c u l t o r , 23, 199, 238: 24/25, 82, 91
husbandry, breeding, Washington N Z P , 22,
232-240
Cephalophus
zebra,
22, 232: 24/25, 82, 91
Cephalopods, keeping, exhibiting, Seattle
A q u a r i u m , 26, 4 l ^ t 8 ( P l )
Cephalorhynchus
commersoni,
22, 228
Cepphus
c o l u m b a , 26, 107
566
C e r a t o p h r y s , 23, 168
C e r a t o p h r y s o r n a t a . 24/25, 59
C e r a i o t h e r i u m s i m u m , 24/25, 160
C e r a t o t h e r i u m simum
c o t t o n i , 24/25, 160, 297
C e r a t o t h e r i u m simum
s i m u m , 24/25, 160, 195, 196,
317
activity cycles in captivity, Whipsnade, 24/25,
297-303
Cercocehus
g a l e r i t u s g a l e r i t u s , 24/25, 111
Cercocehus
t o r q u a t u s , 24/25, 108, 113, 114
C e r e o p i t h e c u s a e t h i o p s , 24/25, 129
C e r c o p i t h e c u s a e t h i o p s sabaeus,
22, 74
C e r e o p i t h e c u s d i a n a , 2 4 / 2 5 , 108, 113, 114, 312
C e r c o p i t h e c u s d r y a s , 24/25, 113
C e r c o p i t h e c u s e r y t h r o g a s t e r , 24/25, 113
C e r c o p i t h e c u s e r y t h r o t i s , 24/25, 113
C e r c o p i t h e c u s h a m l y n i , 24/25, 108, 113, 114
C e r c o p i t h e c u s I h o e s t i , 24/25, 113
C e r c o p i t h e c u s s a l o n g o , 24/25, 113
C e r e o p s i s n o v a e h o l l a n d i a e gizeus,
24/25, 23
C e r o r h i n c a m o n o c e r a l a , 26, 107
C e r v u s d u v a u c e l i , 24/25, 79, 80, 318
C e r v u s e l a p h u s , 23, 247
C e r v u s e l d i t h a m i n , 22, 238: 24/25, 79, 80, 213
C e r v u s n i p p o n , 24/25, 318
C e r v u s n i p p o n pseudaxis,
24/25, 79, 80
C e r v u s n i p p o n t a i o u a n u s , 24/25, 79, 80
C h a e t o d i p t e r u s f a b e r , 26, 16, 17
C h a e t o d o n a u r i g a , 26, 23
C h a e t o d o n k l e i n i , 26, 23
C h a e t o d o n l u n u l a , 26, 23
C h a e t o d o n m u l t i c i n c t u s , 26, 23
C h a e t o d o n q u a d r i m a c u l a t u s , 26, 23
C h a e t o d o n s e d e n t a r i u s , 26, 16
C h a e t o d o n v a g a b u n d u s , 26, 23
C h a e t o p h r a c t u s n a t i o n i , 22, 185
C h a e t o p h r a c t u s v e l l e r o s u s , 22, 185
Chaetophractus villosus,
breeding, Washington N Z P , 22, 185-194(P1)
C h a m a e l e o , 23, 170
C h a r a d r i u s n o v a e s e e l a n d i a e , transport, eggs, 24/25,
306
C h e i r o d o n a x e l r o d i , 26, 57
C h e i r o g a l e u s medius,
24/25, 104, 105, 108, 114
C h e l o d i n a l o n g i c o l l i s , 23, 168: 26, 95
C h e l o d i n a n o v a e g u i n e a e , 23, 168
C h e l o n i a mydas,
24/25, 146, 324: 26, 27
C h e l y s f i m b r i a t a , 23, 168
C h e r s i n a a n g u l a t a , 26, 314
Chicago Aquarium,
Coral Reef exhibit, 26, 9-18(Pl)
Chicago, Brookfield,
breeding, Goeldi's monkey, 22, 106-114
Chicago, Lincoln Park,
acclimatisation and feeding, Black howler
monkey, 22, 128-131
penguin/seabird exhibit, 26, 132-136
C h i l o s c y l l i u m p u n c t a t u m , 26, 29
Chimpanzee, see P a n t r o g l o d y t e s ; Pygmy, see P a n
paniscus
C h i n c h i l l a l a n i g e r , 24/25, 103
C h i o n i s a l b a , 26, 105
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
C h i r o p o t e s a l b i n a s u s , 22, 25, 29, 31, 32: 24/25, 110
C h i r o p o t e s satanas,
22, 25, 31, 32, 53, 54, 57, 61
C h i r o p o t e s satanas
c h i r o p o t e s , 22, 31, 32, 62-68
C h i r o p o t e s satanas
satanas,
22, 29, 31, 32, 34:
24/25, 110
C h l a m v d o t i s u n d u l a t a , 23, 85
C h l a m y p h o r u s , 22, 185, 186, 189, 191, 192, 194
C h o e r a d o d i s , 26, 88
C h o e r o p s i s l i b e r i e n s i s , 22, 247
hand-rearing, Melbourne, 22, 268-270
C h o l o e p u s d i d a c t y l u s , 22, 187: 26, 87
C h o n d r o p y t h o n , 23, 168, 172
C h o n d r o p y t h o n v i r i d i s , 23, 169
C h o r i o t i s k o r i , 24/25, 333
Christchurch, Orana Park,
hand-feeding, reintegration, Scimitar-horned
oryx, 23, 243-248
C h r o m i s , 26, 23
C h r o m i s a g i l i s , 26, 23
C h r o m i s h a n u i , 26, 23
Chromosomes,
paternity diagnosis, Pygmy chimpanzee, 23,
220-223(Pl)
C h r y s o c y o n b r a c h y u r u s , 24/25, 207
exhibited with M y r m e c o p h a g a t r i d a c t y l a ,
O s n a b r ü c k , 24/25, 271-274(P1)
C i c c a b a w o o d f o r d i , 23, 101, 102, 105
C i c o n i a , 23, 66
C i c o n i a a b d i m i i , 24/25, 34
C i c o n i a c i c o n i a , 24/25, 189
C i c o n i a c i c o n i a b o y c i a n a , 24/25, 27, 35—37(P1)
C i c o n i a c i c o n i a c i c o n i a , 24/25, 34, 35
C i c o n i a episcopus,
24/25, 34
C i c o n i a m a g u a r i , 24/25, 34
C i c o n i a n i g r a , 24/25, 34, 248
C i c o n i a s t o r m i , 24/25, 34
Cincinnati,
breeding, DemidofTs galago, 26, 229-231
embryo transfer, birth Bongo to Eland Surrogate,
24/25, 138-141(P1)
mother-reared, second-generation, Aardvark, 26,
28I-285(P1)
C i r c u s , 24/25, 13
C i r c u s a e r u g i n o s u s , 24/25, 8
C n e m i d o p h o r u s , 22, 163: 23, 157
Cock-of-the-rock, Scarlet/Andean, see R u p i c o l a
peruviana
Coendou prehensilis,
management, biology, Washington N Z P / N Y
Bronx, 26, 265-275(Pl)
C o l o b u s b a d i u s , 24/25, 107, 113
C o l o b u s b a d i u s g o r d o n o r u m , 24/25, 111
C o l o b u s b a d i u s k i r k i , 24/25, 111
C o l o b u s b a d i u s p r e u s s i , 24/25, 111
C o l o b u s b a d i u s r u f o m i t r a t u s , 24/25, 111
C o l o b u s satanas,
24/25, 111
C o l o b u s v e r u s , 24/25, 111
C o l u m b a l i v i a , 22, 234
Columbia (Riverbanks Zoological Park),
breeding, G r o u n d cuscus, 22, 176-180(P1)
White-faced saki, 22, 124-127(P1)
Condor, Andean, see V u l t u r g r y p h u s
S U B J L C 1 I N D E X V O L S 22 26
Connochaetes
g n o u , 22, 243: 24/25, 93
Connochaetes
t a u r i n u s , 22, 246, 247, 248: 24/25,
195, 197
Copenhagen A q u a r i u m (Danmarks Akvarium),
exhibit modernisation, 26, 53-59
Copysychus
s e y c h e l l a r u m , 24/25, 45
C o r a c i a s c a u d a t a , 24/25, 333, 337
C o r a g y p s a t r a t u s , 23, 12, 46, 104, 109: 24/25, 6
Coral Reef exhibit, artificial corais,
Chicago A q u , 26, 9-18(Pl)
Hong K o n g O P , 26, 26-29(Pl)
Seattle A q u , 26, 18-26(P1)
C o r a l l u s c a n i n a , 23, 168, 169
Corais, living, suitability in aquaria, 26, 4-6
Corella, Long-billed, see C a c a t u a
t. t e n u i r o s t r i s
C o r e o b a g r u s i c h i k a w a i , 24/25, 69
C o r i s g a i m a r d i , 26, 23
C o r u c i a z e b r a t a , 23, 169: 24/25, 213
C o r v u s r u f i c o l l i s , 23, 46
C o r y t h o i c h t h y s i n t e s t i n a l i s , 26, 4
Cosmopsarus
r e g i u s , 26, 206
Cossypha
a l b i c a p i l l a , 26, 206
Cotswold W i l d Life Park, see Burford
C o t t u s aeneus.
26, 38
Cranes,
breeding endangered, review, 24/25, 25-39(Pl)
C r a x b l u m e n b a c h i , breeding, R i o de Janeiro, 24/25,
244-247
C r a x j a s c i o l a t a , 24/25, 246
C r a x r u b r a , 26, 87
C r i c e t o m y s g a m b i a n u s , 26, 229
C r o c i d u r a r u s s u l a , 26, 227
Crocodile, African slender-snouted, see C r o c o d y i u s
c a t a p h r a c t u s : Siamese, see C r o c o d y i u s
siamensis
C r o c o d y i u s a c u t u s , 24/25, 227, 328
Crocodyius cataphractus,
breeding, M i a m i Metro Z o o , 23, 139-143
C r o c o d y i u s i n t e r m e d i u s , 23, 142: 24/25, 329
C r o c o d y i u s j o h n s o n i , 24/25, 329
C r o c o d y i u s n i l o t i c u s , 23, 142: 24/25, 329: 26, 313
C r o c o d y i u s n o v a e g u i n e a e , 24/25, 329
C r o c o d y i u s p o r o s u s , 22, 157
C r o c o d y i u s r h o m b i f e r , 24/25, 213, 329
C r o c o d y i u s siamensis,
23, 141, 142: 24/25, 329
breeding, M i a m i Metro Z o o , 22, 156-158
C r o c u t a c r o c u t a , 24/25, 194
C r o m i l e p t i s a l t i v e l i s , 26, 23
C r o s s o p t i l o n c r o s s o p t i l o n , 24/25, 43
C r o s s o p t i l o n m a n t c h u r i c u m , TAßS, 43
C r o t a l u s , 23, 168
C r o t a l u s adamanteus,
23, 169
C r o t a l u s a t r o x , 23, 163, 169
C r o t a l u s b a s i l i c u s b a s i l i s c u s , 23, 169
C r o t a l u s c a t a l i n e n s i s , 23, 164
C r o t a l u s d u r i s s u s , 23, 170
C r o t a l u s enyo, 23, 164
C r o t a l u s i n t e r m e d i u s , 23, 170, 171
C r o t a l u s l e p i d u s , 23, 168, 171
C r o t a l u s molossus,
23, 171
C r o t a l u s p o l y s t i c t u s , 23, 168, 170, 171
C r o t a l u s p r i c e i , 23, 170, 171
567
C r o t a l u s p u s i l u s , 23, 171
C r o t a l u s s c u t u l a t u s , 23, 171
C r o t a l u s t r a n s v e r s u s , 23, 171
C r o t a l u s t r i s e r i a t u s , 23, 170, 171
Crotalus unicolor,
caesarean section/subsequent birth, 26, 187-188
C r o t a l u s w i l l a r d i , 23, 163, 170, 171
C r y p t o b r a n c h u s a l l e g a n i e n s i s , 23, 166
C r y p t o t i s p a r v a , 26, 227
C t e n o p h a r y n g o d o n i d e l l a , 24/25, 73
C t e n o s a u r a p e c t i n a t a , 26, 260
C t e n o s a u r a s i m i l i s , 26, 260
Cuckoo, Renauld's ground, see C a r p o c o c c y x
renauldi
C u n i c u l u s p a c a , 26, 258
C u o n a l p i n u s , 24/25, 312, 314
Curassow, Red-billed, see C r a x b l u m e n b a c h i
Cuscus, G r o u n d , see P h a l a n g e r g y m n o t i s
C y a n o l i s e u s p a t a g o n u s p a t a g o n u s , 26, 143
C y a n o r a m p h u s m a l h e r b i , transport, eggs, 24/25, 306
C y c l u r a c o l l e i , 24/25, 53
C y c l u r a c o r n u t a c o r n u t a , 24/25, 51, 53, 55
"breeding, Sydney, 23, 144-148(P1)
C y c l u r a n u b i l a l e w i s i , 24/25, 53
C y c l u r a p i n g u i s , 24/25, 53
Cygnus
o l o r , 23, 119
C y n i c t i s p e n i c i l l a t a , 22, 287
C y n o l e b i a s c o n s t a n c i a e , 24/25, 68, 69, 70
C y p r i n o d o n b o v i n u s , 24/25, 71
C y p r i n o d o n elegans,
24/25, 71
C y p r i n o d o n m a c u l a r i u s , 24/25, 69, 71
C y s t o p h o r a c r i s t a t a , 22, 229
D
Dacelo leachi,
breeding, hand-rearing, Melbourne, 23,
181-183(P1)
D a c e l o n o v a e g u i n e a e , 23, 83, 181
Dallas,
behaviour, Long-nosed echidna, 23, 209-215
breeding, A q u a t i c box turtle, 23, 135-137(P1)
D a m a d a m a , 24/25, 318
D a m a l i s c u s d o r c a s d o r c a s , 24/25, 83, 93
D a m a l i s c u s d o r c a s p h i l l i p s i , 22, 234, 243: 24/25, 319
D a m a l i s c u s h u n t e r i , 24/25, 83, 93
D a m a l i s c u s l u n a t u s , 24/25, 195
D a s c y l l u s t r i m a c u l a t u s , 26, 23
D a s y a t i s a k a j e i , 26, 60
D a s y a t i s a m e r i c a n a , 26, 16
D a s y a t i s v i o l a c e a , 26, 51
D a s y p u s , 22, 189, 191, 193
Dasypus
novemeinetus,
22, 186, 192: 26, 258
D a u b e n t o n i a m a d a g a s c a r i e n s i s , 2A\T.$, 109
Deep-sea fishes, exhibiting, San Francisco
Aquarium, 26, 48-53(Pl)
Deer, White-tailed, see O d o c o i l e u s v i r g i n i a n u s
D e l p h i n a p t e r u s l e u c a s , 22, 228, 231
D e l p h i n u s d e l p h i s , 22, 228
Demographic survey, Black rhinoceros, 23, 225-233
D e n d r o b a t e s a u r a t u s , 23, 168: 24/25, 58(P1), 331
Dendrobates histrionicus,
58, 331
D e n d r o b a t e s l e u c o m e l a s , 24/25, 58
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
568
Dendrobates
t i n c t o r i u s , 24/25, 58-59
D e n d r o c y g n a v i d u a t a , 24/25, 333, 337: 26, 316
D e n d r o l a g u s , 26, 212-213
D e n d r o l a g u s g o o d f e l l o w i , 22, 287
D e n d r o l a g u s matschiei
matschiei,
breeding, Adelaide, 26, 212-216
Denver,
artificial incubation, humidity, Cassowary eggs,
22, 164-167
Dermochelys
c o r i a c e a , 26, 90
Desmana
moschata,
24/25, 200
Desmognathus
fuscus,
23, 167
Detroit,
Penguinarium, renovation, graphics, 26,
125-132(P1)
D i a l o m m u s fuscus,
26, 65
D i c e r o r h i n u s sumatrensis,
24/25, 174
D i c e r o s b i c o r n i s , T A j l S , 101, 160, 194, 195, 207,
301, 317
demographic survey, 23, 225-233
D i e m i c t y l u s viridescens,
23, 167
D i n o m y s , 26, 271
D o l p h i n , Bottle-nosed, see T u r s i o p s t r u n c a t u s
D o r c o p s i s m u e l l e r i l u c t u o s a , 26, 213
Douroucouli, see Aotus
trivirgatus
D r o m a i u s , 26, 195
Dromaius novaehollandiae,
physical/physiological data, eggs, chicks, 23,
175-181
D r o s o p h i l a , 24/25, 329
D r o s o p h i l a melanogaster,
24/25, 74
D r y m a r c h o n , 23, 170
D u c u l a b i c o l o r b i c o l o r , 22, 168
Duiker, Yellow-backed, see
Cephalophus
sylvicultor
D u s i c y o n , 22, 193
D v u r Kralove,
birth seasons, Lechwe, 26, 294-296
population trends, Grevy's zebra, 26, 290-293
Dynastes
hercules,
26, 88
E
Eagle owl, European, see Bubo b. bubo
Eagle, American bald, see H a l i a e e t u s
leucocephalus;
Crowned, see Stephanoaetus
c o r o n a t u s ; Wedgetailed, see A q u i l a
audax
Echeneis
naucrates,
26, 16,51
Echidna, Long-nosed, see Zaglossus
bruijni
Echinocactus
g r u n s o n i i , 24/25, 125
Education,
family learning centre, amphibians/reptiles,
Washington N Z P , 24/25, 340-343
touch tank, Himeji A q u a r i u m , 22, 271-276(P1)
graphics, Snake Park entrance, Port Elizabeth,
26, 309-314 (PI)
Elanus
caeruleus,
23, 109
E l a p h e , 24/25, 232
E l a p h e g u t t a t a , 24/25, 341
E l a p h e obsoleta
obsoleta,
24/25, 147
E l a p h e q u a d r i v i t t a t a , 22, 80
E l a p h u r u s d a v i d i a n u s , 22, 247, 248: 24/25, 79, 162,
203, 218
Elephant, African, see L o x o d o n t a a f r i c a n a ; Asian,
see Elephas
maximus
E l e p h a n t u l u s rufescens,
one-way viewing screen, 23,
218-219
Elephas
maximus,
24/25, 160, 298, 317
pregnancy, diagnostic test, prolactin, 26, 285-289
E l e u l h e r o d a c t y l u s johnstonei,
24/25, 52
E l i o m y s q u e r c i n u s , 24/25, 203
E m b i o t o c a j a c k s o n i , 26, 108
Embryo transfers,
Bongo, birth to Eland, 24/25, 138-141(P1)
Grant's zebra, birth to pony, 24/25, 135(P1), 137
Emmen,
breeding biology, sexing, Humboldt penguin, 26,
198-204
Emu, see D r o m a i u s n o v a e h o l l a n d i a e
E m y d u r a a l b e r t i s i , 23, 168
Emydura australis albertisii,
breeding, San A n t o n i o , 26, 94-98
Emys o r b i c u l a r i s , 24/25, 51, 54
Endangered species, see Rare species
E n h y d r a l u t r i s , 22, 228, 231: 26, 44
transport Container, Vancouver A q u , 23,
223-224(Pl)
E p h i p p i o r h y n c h u s a s i a t i c u s , 24/25, 34
E p h i p p i o r h y n c h u s senegalensis,
24/25, 34
E p i c r a t e s , 23, 168, 170
E p i c r a t e s a n g u l i f e r , 23, 169: 24/25, 51, 52-53
E p i c r a t e s i n o r n a t u s , 23, 169: 24/25, 51, 52
E p i c r a t e s s t r i a t u s , 23, 165
E p i c r a t e s subflavus,
23, 169: 24/25, 51, 52, 55
Epinephelus
a k a a r a , 26, 29
Epinephelus
cruentatus,
26, 15, 16
Epinephelus
guttatus,
26, 15, 16
Epinephelus
h o e d t i i , 26, 29
Epinephelus
i t a j a r a , 26, 15, 16
Epinephelus
s t r i a t u s , 26, 17
Equus a f r i c a n u s ( a s i n u s ) , 24/25, 159
Equus b u r c h e l l i , 22, 247, 248: 24/25, 195, 196, 316:
26, 292
Equus b u r c h e l l i a n t i q u o r u m , 24/25, 333
Equus b u r c h e l l i boehmi,
l A f i S , 132, 133, 317
embryo transfer, birth to domestic pony, 24/25,
135(P1), 137
Equus b u r c h e l l i chapmani,
26, 316
Equus c a b a l l u s , 24/25, 160: 26, 292
Equus g r e v y i , 24/25, 168-174: 26, 316, 317(P1)
population trends, D v u r Kralove, 26, 290-293
Equus hemionus,
22, 247: 24/25, 159, 160
Equus hemionus
k u l a n , 24/25, 158, 159, 160
Equus hemionus
onager,
24/25, 158, 159, 160, 162,
317
Equus p r z e w a l s k i i , 22, 198: 24/25, 132, 133, 154,
160, 162, 218, 317
Equus zebra h a r t m a n n a e ,
207', 317
E r e t h i z o n , 26, 271
E r e t h i z o n d o r s a t u m , 26, 265, 276
Eretmochelys
i m b r i c a t a , 24/25, 324: 26, 15, 16, 27
E r i n a c e u s , 22, 195-197
Erinaceus
( A t e l e r i x ) a l b i v e n t r i s , 26, 229
Erinaceus
europaeus,
22, 195: 24/25, 159
E r y t h r o c e b u s patas,
24/25, 333, 335
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
Escapes/releases, exotic species, 24/25, 200-205
Esox l u c i u s , 26, 54
E t h e o s l o m a f o n t i c o l a , 24/25, 71
E u b l e p h a r i s , 23, 171
E u b l e p h a r i s m a c u l a r i u s , 24/25, 341
E u d o c i m u s r u b e r , 22, 59: 24/25, 34: 26, 84
Eudyptes
c h r y s o l o p h u s , 26, 105, 127, 13I(P1), 134
Eudyptes
c r e s t a t u s , 26, 105, 127, 134, 142, 146, 148,
152, 176
E u d y p t u l a m i n o r , 26, 127, 177
breeding, Melbourne, 24/25, 237-240(Pl)
E u m e t o p i a s j u b a t a , 22, 228, 231, 265: 26, 154
Eunectes
m u r i n u s , 23, 171: 26, 83, 85(P1)
Eunectes
notaeus,
23, 171
E u p h r a c i u s s e x c i n c t u s , 22, 186, 189, 192, 193
E u p h r a c t u s v i l l o s u s , 22, 186
F
F a l c o , breeding, artificial incubation, 23, 51-58 (PI)
F a l c o b e r i g o r a , 23, 83: 24/25, 10
F a l c o b i a r m i c u s , 23, 19, 29, 51, 54, 56-57(Pl), 72,
73: 24/25, 1,4, 10
F a l c o c e n c h r o i d e s , 24/25, 10
F a l c o c h e r r u g , 23, 51, 72, 73, 74(P1): 24/25, 4, 10,
16
breeding, ssp, Sulman Falcon Centre, Arabia, 23,
84- 88
F a l c o c h i c q u e r a , 24/25, 10
F a l c o c o l u m b a r i u s , 23, 55: 24/25, 4, 10
F a l c o c o l u m b a r i u s a e s a l o n , 23, 119
F a l c o d e i r o l e u c u s , 24/25, 10
F a l c o e l e o n o r a e , 24/25, 4, 11, 12
F a l c o f e m o r a l i s , 24/25, 11
F a l c o j u g g e r . 23, 51, 54: 24/25, 11
F a l c o m e x i c a n u s , 23, 51, 105: 24/25, 3, 4, 11
breeding, Sulman Falcon Centre, Arabia, 23,
85- 88
F a l c o n a u m a n n i , 24/25, 11
F a l c o n o v a e s e e l a n d i a e , 24/25, 11
F a l c o p e r e g r i n u s , 23, 4, 19, 46, 51, 67, 85, 107, 120:
24/25, 1, 4, 11, 15-16, 145
F a l c o p e r e g r i n u s b a b y l o n i c u s , 24/25, 11
Falco peregrinus macropus,
breeding, Melbourne, 23, 83-84
Sulman Falcon Centre, Arabia, 23, 85-88
F a l c o p e r e g r i n u s submelanogenys,
23, 83
F a l c o p u n c l a t u s , 23, 1, 71, 88, 107: 24/25, 11, 12, 15
captive management, breeding biology, 23,
76-82(Pl)
F a l c o r u f i g u l a r i s , 24/25, 11
F a l c o r u p i c o l o i d e s , 24/25, 11
F a l c o r u s t i c o l u s , 24/25, 4, 5, 12
breeding, Sulman Falcon Centre, Arabia, 23,
85-88
F a l c o s p a r v e r i u s , 23, 3, 4, 51, 72, 73, 78, 105: 24/25,
3, 4, 12, 15, 144
cryogenic preservation, spermatozoa, 23,
67-71 (PI)
F a l c o subbuteo,
23, 119: 24/25, 12
F a l c o t i n n u n c u l u s , 23, 4, 19, 29, 51, 82, 105, 107,
121, 129: 24/25, 12
breeding, hand-rearing, Harpenden, 23, 71-75
569
F a l c o v e s p e r t i n u s , 24/25, 12
Falcon, Peregrine, see F a l c o p e r e g r i n u s
Feeding, reptiles, mechanical aid, 23, 206-207(Pl)
Felis geoffroyi,
breeding, Glasgow, 23, 191-I95(P1)
F e l i s l y n x , 24/25, 189
F e l i s m a r m o r a t a , 24/25, 104
F e l i s n i g r i p e s , 22, 284(P1), 287
F e l i s r u b i g i n o s u s , 22, 287
F e l i s r u f u s , 23, 235: 24/25, 79
F e l i s s e r v a l , 22, 276: 26, 157
F e l i s t i g r i n u s , 24/25, 103
Ferret, Black-footed, see M u s t e l a n i g r i p e s
File snake, Arafura, see A c r o c h o r d u s a r a f u r a e
Fire Salamander, European, see S a l a m a n d r a s.
salamandra
Fishes,
bred in captivity, 22, 364-366: 23, 264-266:
24/25, 422-430: 26,412-415
breeding, endangered spp, review, 24/25, 66-74
suitability for displaying with living corais, 26, 7
Flamingos,
breeding programmes, Wildfowl Trust, 24/25,
21-25
Food/energy consumption, birds of prey, Bristol,
23, 114-117
F o o d intake/growth rate, Cassowaries, 26, 189-198
F o r c i p i g e r l o n g i r o s t r i s , 26, 23
F o r m i c a r u f a , 24/25, 329, 330
F o u d i a flavicans, 23, 76
Foureyed fish, C o m m o n , see A n a b l e p s a n a b l e p s
Frankfurt,
breeding, Pancake tortoise, 23, 137-139
Small M a m m a l House, 22, 276-287(Pl)
F r a t e r c u l a a r c t i c a , 26, 107, 134
F r a t e r c u l a c o r n i c u l a t a , 26, 107
Fratricide/breeding, birds o f prey, 23, 110-113
F r i n g i l l a coelebs,
24/25, 146
Frogs, tube-feeding, 23, 204-205
F u l m a r u s g l a c i a l i s , 26, 167
F u n d u l u s h e t e r o c l i t u s , 26, 35
G
G a b i a n u s s c o r e s b i i , 26, 109
G a l a g o c r a s s i c a u d a t u s , 24/25, 287
G a l a g o d e m i d o v i , 22, 287
Galago demidovi demidovi,
breeding, Cincinnati, 26, 229-231
G a l e o r h i n u s g a l e u s , 26, 51
G a l l i n u l a c h l o r o p u s , 24/25, 229
G a l l u s domesticus,
23, 67
G a m b u s i a affinis,
24/25, 71
G a m b u s i a a m i s i a d e n s i s , 24/25, 70
G a m b u s i a g a i g e i , 24/25, 71
G a m b u s i a n o b i l i s , 24/25, 71
G a s t r o t h e c a , 26, 312
G a z e l l a , 22, 236
G a z e l l a d a m a , 22, 247: 24/25, 83, 94, 319
G a z e l l a d a m a m h o r r , 24/25, 94
G a z e l l a d o r c a s , 22, 199, 234, 246, 247, 248: 23, 44
breeding history, Washington N Z P , 23, 195-203
G a z e l l a d o r c a s massaesyla,
23, 195, 196
570
G a z e l l a d o r c a s p e l z e l n i , 23, 195
G a z e l l a d o r c a s s a u d i y a , 23, 195
G a z e l l a g a z e l l a , 23, 198
G a z e l l a g a z e l l a a r a b i c a , 23, 200: 24/25, 84, 94, 319
G a z e l l a g a z e l l a c o r a , 24/25, 181
G a z e l l a l e p t o c e r o s , 24/25, 84, 94
G a z e l l a s o e m m e r r i n g i , 24/25, 158, 159
G a z e l l a spekei,
22, 243: 23, 198: 24/25, 84, 94, 218
G a z e l l a s u b g u t t u r o s a , 23, 200: 24/25, 94, 159
G a z e l l a t h o m s o n i , 23, 200
Gazelle, Dorcas, see G a z e l l a d o r c a s
Genetics,
management, small populations, 24/25,
167-174(P1)
techniques for use in breeding programmes,
24/25, 157-162
G e o c a p r o m y s b r o w n i , 24/25, 104, 105
G e o c h e l o n e c a r b o n a r i a , 24/25, 51, 54, 55
G e o c h e l o n e e l e p h a n t o p u s , 24/25, 146, 329
Geochelone
emys,
breeding, Wassenaar Z o o , 22, 153-158(P1)
G e o c h e l o n e g i g a n t e a , 22, 155: 23, 168: 24/25, 329
G e o c h e l o n e r a d i a t a , 23, 168: 24/25, 51, 53-54
G e o c h e l o n e s u l c a t a , 23, 168
G e o c h e l o n e y n i p h o r a , 24/25, 54
G e o p e l i a s t r i a t a , 22, 168
G e r a n o a e t u s m e l a n o l e u c u s , 23, 109
G e r a n o s p i z a caerulescens,
24/25, 8
German Raptor Centre,
breeding, reintroduction, White-tailed sea eagle,
23, 18-35
G e r o n t i c u s c a l v u s , 24/25, 35
G e r o n t i c u s e r e m i t a , 24/25, 27, 35
G e r r e s c i n e r e u s , 26, 16
G e r y g o n e a l b o f r o n t a t a , 24/25, 47
G i l a c y p h a , 24/25, 71
G i l a elegans,
24/25, 71
G i l a n i g r e s c e n s , 24/25, 71
G i n g l y m o s t o m a c i r r a t u m , 26, 13, 15, 16
Giraffa
c a m e l o p a r d a l i s , 22, 247: 24/25, 195, 197,
318, 335
Giraffa
c a m e l o p a r d a l i s r e t i c u l a t a , 24/25, 333
Giraffa
c a m e l o p a r d a l i s r o t h s c h i l d i , 26, 316, 317(P1)
G i r e l l a n i g r i c a n s , 26, 109
Glasgow,
breeding, GeoiTroy's cat, 23, 191-195(PI)
G l a u c i d i u m p a s s e r i n u m , 23, 119
G l i s g l i s , 24/25, 203
G l o b i c e p h a l a , 22, 228
G l o s s i n a , 24/25, 75
G l o s s o p h a g a s o r i c i n a , 26, 266
Goat, Rocky M o u n t a i n , see O r e a m n o s a m e r i c a n u s
G o b i o s o m a oceanops,
26, 15, 16
Gomphosus
v a r i u s , 26, 23
G o p h e r u s a g a s s i z i , 23, 145
G o r i l l a g o r i l l a , 22, 74, 222: 24/25, 108, 112, 114,
128, 175, 176
behaviour in wild/captive management, 26,
248-255(Pl)
G o r i l l a g o r i l l a b e r i n g e i , 22, 182: 24/25, 120: 26, 249
G o r i l l a g o r i l l a g o r i l l a , 24/25, 118, 119, 120, 176: 26,
249
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22 26
breeding data, U S zoos, 22, 180-185
stillbirth, Calgary, 23, 183-185
G o r i l l a g o r i l l a g r a u e r i , 24/25, 120
Grand Rapids, H E R P l a b , 24/25, 340
Grande Porto Alegre, see Sao Leopoldo
G r a p s u s , 26, 55
Grass mouse, Striped, see Lemniscomys
striatus
G r u s a m e r i c a n a , 23, 67: 24/25, 26, 27, 30, 46
G r u s a n t i g o n e a n t i g o n e , 24/25, 31
G r u s a n t i g o n e s h a r p i i , 24/25, 26, 27, 32-33(Pl)
G r u s canadensis,
23, 67: 24/25, 30
G r u s canadensis
nesiotes,
24/25, 26, 27
G r u s canadensis
p u l l a , 24/25, 26, 27
G r u s canadensis
t a b i d a , 24/25, 46
G r u s g r u s , 24/25, 29, 32
G r u s j a p o n e n s i s , 24/25, 26, 27, 168-174
G r u s l e u c o g e r a n u s , 23, 88: 24/25, 26, 29-32(Pl)
G r u s m o n a c h a , 24/25, 26, 27
G r u s n i g r i c o l l i s , 24/25, 26
G r u s r u b i c u n d a , 24/25, 31
G r u s v i p i o , 24/25, 26, 27, 213, 215, 218
G u l o g u l o , 24/25, 189
G y m n o b e l i d e u s l e a d b e a t e r i , 24/25, 104
Gymnogyps
c a l i f o r n i a n u s , 23, 1, 47, 67: 24/25, 5,
218
G y m n o m u r a e n a z e b r a , 26, 23
G y m n o t h o r a x f u n e b r i s , 26, 13, 15, 16
Gypaetus
b a r b a t u s , 23, 104, 111: 24/25, 1, 7
Gypaetus
b a r b a t u s a u r e u s , 24/25, 200
breeding, reintroduction to wild, 23, 35-41 (PI)
G y p o h i e r a x a n g o l e n s i s , 23, 109
G y p s , 23, 49
Gyps a f r i c a n u s , 23, 114, 115
Gyps b e n g a l e n s i s , 23, 109: 24/25, 7
Gvps c o p r o t h e r es, 24/25, 7
Gyps f u l v u s , 23, 43, 49, 104: 24/25, 7
Gyps f u l v u s f u l v u s , 23, 48
Gyps h i m a l a y e n s i s , 23, 104, 109: 24/25, 7
Gyps r u e p p e l l i i , 24/25, 7
G y r i n o p h i l u s p a l l e u c u s , 24/25, 61, 62(P1)
H
H a e m a t o p u s b a c h m a n i , 26, 143
H a e m u l o n , 26, 16, 17
Haemulon
flavolineatum,
26, 16
H a e m u l o n m e l a n u r u m , 26, 16
H a e m u l o n s c i u r u s , 26, 16
H a l c y o n m a l i m b i c a , 26, 206
H a l i a e e t u s , 23, 21
H a l i a e e t u s a l b i c i l l a , 23, 104, 109, 111, 119, 120:
24/25, 2, 6, 200
breeding, reintroduction, 23, 18-35(P1)
H a l i a e e t u s l e u c o c e p h a l u s , 23, 5, 23, 60, 67, 102, 104:
24/25, 2, 4, 7
breeding, Berlin E , 23, 16-18(P1)
H a l i a e e t u s l e u c o r y p h u s , 23, 104: 24/25, 13
H a l i a e e t u s p e l a g i c u s , 23, 23, 60, 104
H a l i a e e t u s v o c i f e r o i d e s , 23, 112
H a l i a e e t u s v o c i f e r , 23, 109
H a l i a s t u r i n d u s , 24/25, 6
H a l i a s t u r i n d u s i n d u s , 23, 109
H a l i a s t u r sphenurus,
23, 83: 24/25, 6
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
H a l i c h o e r e s o r n a t i s s i m u s , 26, 23
H a l i c h o e r u s g r y p u s , 22, 229, 231: 24/25, 189, 191,
265, 284: 26, 152, 153, 167
Hanover,
exhibit, management, Pacific walrus, 26,
163-I70(P1)
H a p a l e m u r griseus,
24/25, 104, 109
H a p a l e m u r simus,
24/25, 109
H a p a l o c h l a e n a , 26, 48
H a p a l o c h l a e n a maculosa,
26, 42, 47
Harpenden,
breeding, hand-rearing, C o m m o n kestrel and
others, 23, 7l-75(Pl)
H a r p i a h a r p y j a , 23, 102, 103(P1), 104: 24/25, 9, 14
Heated bed modules, San Diego, 24/25,
311-315(P1)
Hedgehog, African, see A t e l e r i x p r u n e r i
H e l i c o n i u s , 24/25, 76
H e l o d e r m a , 23, 170, 172
Helogale parvula,
enclosure, Basle, 23, 257-259(Pl)
H e m i d a c t y l u s , use for pest control, 26, 88
H e m i g a l u s derbyanus,
22, 285(P1)
H e m i t r a g u s h y i o c r i u s , 24/25, 84, 95
H E R P l a b , amphibians/reptiles,
family learning centre, 24/25, 340-343
Heniochus
acuminatus,
26, 23
Heniochus
diphreutes,
26, 23
H e t e r a n d r i a f o r m o s a , 26, 54
Heterocephalus
g l a b e r , 24/25, 103
Heterodontus
j a p o n i c u s , 26, 59
Hexagrammos
decagrammus,
26, 73, 108
Hexanchus
griseus,
26, 51
H i e r a a e t u s morphnoides,
23, 83
H i m a n t o p u s himantopus,
24/25, 333, 337: 26, 206
H i m a n topus mexicanus,
23, 212
H i m a n t o p u s novaezelandiae,
transport, eggs, 24/25,
307
Himeji A q u a r i u m ,
touch tank, construction, stock, 22, 271-276(P1)
H i p p o c a m p u s , 26, 58
H i p p o p o t a m u s a m p h i b i u s , 22, 247: 24/25, 198, 318,
333, 335
Hippopotamus, Pygmy, see Choeropsis
liberiensis
H i p p o t r a g u s equinus,
23, 243: 24/25, 82, 92, 195,
318
H i p p o t r a g u s n i g e r , 22, 243, 246, 247, 248: 24/25,
92, 195, 197, 318: 26, 316
hand-rearing, reintroduction, 22, 269-270
parturition, 22, 218-221
H i r u d o m e d i c i n a l i s , 24/25, 75
H i s t r i o n i c u s h i s t r i o n i c u s , 26, 107
H o l a c a n t h u s passer,
26, 23
H o l o c e n t r u s , 26, 16
Hong K o n g ,
breeding, African pygmy goose, 26, 205-207
Hong K o n g , Ocean Park,
A t o l l reef exhibit, 26, 26-29(Pl)
Wave cove exhibit, 26, 154-157(P1)
Honolulu A q u a r i u m ,
collecting, displaying, living corais, 26, 1-9
Hornbill, Great Indian, see Buceros
bicornis
571
Houston,
breeding, Scarlet cock-of-the-rock, 22, 171-175
(PI)
H u c h o hucho,
24/25,71
Huso huso, 24/25, 69
H y a e n a b r u n n e a , 24/25, 163, 312
H y a e n a hyaena,
23, 45
Hybrids, birds o f prey spp, bred, 24/25, 4-5
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris,
317
Hydromedusa
t e c t i f e r a , 23, 168: 26, 95
H y d r o m y s chrysogaster,
22, 287
H y d r o p o t e s i n e r m i s , 24/25, 78, 203, 318
H y d r o s a u r u s amboinensis,
24/25, 53
H y d r u r g a leptonyx,
22, 229: 26, 171, 173, 177
H y l a c r u c i f e r , 23, 166
Hylobates
c o n c o l o r , 24/25, 111, 114
Hylobates
klossi,
24/25, 108, 111
Hylobates
l a r , 24/25, 116
Hylobates
m o l o c h , 24/25, 108, 111,114
Hylobates
m u e l l e r i , 24/25, 108
Hylobates
p i l e a t u s , 24/25, 111, 114, 115
H y n o b i u s , 23, 167
Hyposcopops
r u b i c u n d u s , 26, 108
H y s t r i x , 24/25, 203, 204
H y s t r i x c r i s t a t a , 24/25, 204, 287
H y s t r i x hodgsoni,
24/25, 203
I
Ibex, N u b i a n , see C a p r a ibex n u b i a n a
Ibises,
breeding endangered, review, 24/25, 25-39
I g u a n a i g u a n a , 23, 146: 24/25, 312, 314: 26, 87, 260
I g u a n a i g u a n a i g u a n a , 23, 169
Iguana, Rhinoceros, see C y c l u r a c o r n u t a
Inbreeding,
rare leopards, 22, 198-206
Incubator, portable, for developing eggs, 24/25,
306-310(P1)
I n d r i i n d r i , 24/25, 109
I n i a geoffrensis,
22, 228
fnversiden
japonensis,
26, 62
Invertebrates,
breeding, conservation, 24/25, 66-74
in coral reef exhibit, 26, 27(P1)
in intertidal exhibit, 26, 33
in tidepool exhibits, 26, 35, 38, 40
J
J a b i r u m y c t e r i a , 24/25, 34
Jacksonville,
hand-rearing, reintegration, Lion-tailed macaque,
22, 252-255
J a p a t e l l a , 26, 48
J a p a t e l l a heathi,
26, 42
Jersey,
breeding, Goeldi's monkey, 22, 101-105
programmes, endangered reptiles/snails, 24/25,
49-56
John G . Shedd A q u a r i u m , see Chicago A q u a r i u m
572
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22 26
K
Kangaroo, Matschie's tree, see D e n d r o l a g u s
matschiei
K e r o d o n r u p e s t r i s , 22, 177
Kestrel, American, see F a l c o s p a r v e r i u s ; C o m m o n ,
see F a l c o t i n n u n c u l u s ; M a u r i t i u s , see F a l c o
punctatus
K e t u p a ketupu,
23, 100, 105
K e t u p a zeylonensis,
23, 100, 110
K o a l a , Queensland, see P h a s c o l a r c t o s
cinereus
adustus
Kobus
e l l i p s i p r y m n u s , 22, 247: 24/25, 195, 318
Kobus
e l l i p s i p r y m n u s defassa,
26, 316
Kobus
kob l e u c o t i s , 24/25, 92
Kobus kob thomasi,
26, 295
Kobus
leche, 24/25, 318
breeding seasons, in wild/captivity, 26, 294-296
Kobus
leche kafuensis,
26, 294, 295
Kobus
leche leche, 26, 294
Kobus
leche r o b e r t s i , 26, 294
Kobus
leche smithemani,
26, 294
Kobus megaceros,
24/25, 92: 26, 316
Kolmarden D o l p h i n a r i u m ,
breeding, Bottle-nosed dolphin, 24/25,
263-271 (PI)
Kolmarden Rescue Centre, birds o f prey, 23,
117-121
Krefeld,
exhibiting, breeding, European Otters, 26,
I57-163(P1)
K u h l i a sandvicensis,
26, 23
Kyphosus
s e c t a t r i x , 26, 16
L
L a b r o i d e s d i m i d i a t u s , 26, 23
L a c e r t a , 23, 157
L a c e r t a g a l l o t i s t e h l i n i , 24/25, 329
Lagenorhynchus
o b l i q u i d e n s , 22, 228
L a g o d o n rhomboides,
26, 16
L a g o t h r i x , 22, 14, 32, 34, 125
Lagothrix
flavicauda,
22, 40, 43, 44, 45: 24/25, 111
Status and conservation in Peru, 22, 47-52(Pl)
L a g o t h r i x l a g o t h r i c h a , 22, 25, 33, 34, 39, 40, 44, 47,
48, 71, 132: 24/25, 108, 111, 114, 115
L a g o t h r i x l a g o t h r i c h a c a n a , 22, 33, 43, 45
L a g o t h r i x l a g o t h r i c h a l a g o t h r i c h a , 22, 33, 43, 45
L a g o t h r i x l a g o t h r i c h a p o e p p i g i , 22, 33, 40, 43, 45
L a g o t h r i x ( O r e o n a x ) hendeei,
22, 48
L a m a g l a m a , 22, 241, 242: 24/25, 318
L a m a g u a n i c o e , 24/25, 318
Lammergeier, see Gypaetus
barbatus
L a m p r o p e l t i s mexicana,
23, 163, 170
L a m p r o p e l t i s p y r o m e l a n a , 23, 170
L a m p r o p e l t i s t r i a n g u l u m , 23, 164, 170, 171
L a m p r o p e l t i s t r i a n g u l u m s i n a l o a e , 24/25, 147
L a m p r o t o r n i s splendidus,
26, 206
L a r o s t e r n a i n c a , 26, 143
L a r u s d o m i n i c a n u s , 26, 105
L a r u s n o v a e h o l l a n d i a e , 26, 143
L a r u s r i d i b u n d u s , 23, 180: 26, 167
L a r u s serranus,
26, 143
L a s i o r h i n u s l a t i f r o n s , 26, 213
L a t i m e r a chalumnae,
26, 54
Lechwe, see Kobus
leche
L e i o l o p i s m a t e l f a i r i , 24/25, 49, 50-52
L e i o t h r i x l u t e a , 22, 168
Lemniscomvs
s t r i a t u s , 24/25, 212, 213, 215
breeding', N Y Bronx, 24/25, 260-263
Lemur,
24/25, 108
Lemur
c o r o n a t u s , 24/25, 104
Lemur
macaco
flavifrons,
24/25, 109
Lemur
macaco
f u l v u s , 24/25, 100, 159
Lemur
macaco
macaco,
24/25, 100, 104, 109, 114,
207, 218
Lemur
macaco
r u f u s , 24/25, 100, 104, 109, 114, 207
Lemur
macaco
s a n f o r d i , 24/25, 109
Lemur
mongoz,
24/25, 104: 26, 282
Lemur
mongoz
c o r o n a t u s , 24/25, 109
Lemur
mongoz
mongoz,
24/25, 109, 112, 114, 115
Leontopithecus,
22, 9-11, 15-16
Leontopithecus
chrysomelas,
22, 5, 7, 9-11, see also
L. rosalia
chrysomelas
Leontopithecus
chrysopygus,
22, 5, 6, 9-11, see also
L . rosalia
chrysopygus
Leontopithecus
r o s a l i a , 22, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-11, 102
Leontopithecus
r o s a l i a chrysomelas,
22, 94: 24/25,
108, 110
Leontopithecus
r o s a l i a chrysopygus,
22, 94: 24/25,
110
Leontopithecus
r o s a l i a r o s a l i a , 22, 74, 77, 78, 85,
287: 24/25, 102, 104, 107, 10, 164
breeding, population analysis, 22, 94-101
Lepidochelys
olivacea,
rearing, artificial sea water, Madras, 26, 90-94
Lepidophyma
ßavimaculatum,
parthenogenesis, San A n t o n i o , 23, 157-158
L e p i l e m u r mustelinus
d o r s a l i s , 24/25, 109
L e p i l e m u r mustelinus
leucopus,
24/25, 109
L e p i l e m u r mustelinus
r u f i c a u d a t u s , 24/25, 109
L e p t o b o t i a c u r l a , 24/25, 69
L e p t o p t i l o s c r u m e n i f e r u s , 24/25, 34
L e p t o p t i l o s dubius,
24/25, 34
L e p t o p t i l o s j a v a n i c u s , 24/25, 34
Lepus,
23, 85
Lepus
capensis,
24/25, 200
Lepus
t i m i d u s , 24/25, 202
Leucopsar
r o t h s c h i l d i , 24/25, 48
L i c h a n u r a roseofusca,
23, 164
L i c h a n u r a t r i v i r g a t a , 23, 169
L i m u l u s , 26, 54
L i t o c r a n i u s w a l l e r i , 24/25, 83
L i t o r i a c a e r u l e a , 24/25, 57(P1)
Lizard, Central American night, see L e p i d o p h y m a
flavimaculatum;
Giant ameiva, see
Ameiva
ameiva;
Short-horned, see Phrynosoma
douglassi
L o c u s t a , 24/25, 74
L o l i g o , 26, 48
L o l i g o opalescens,
26, 41, 45-46
London Z S L ,
breeding, Andean condor, 23, 7-11
New W o r l d monkeys, 22, 84-87
reproductive physiology, C o m m o n marmoset, 22,
138-143(P1)
Owl monkey, 22, 115-119
SU B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
sexual development, male Orang-utan, 22,
222-227
Longevity, birds o f prey, Berlin E , 23, 108-110
Lophaetus
o c c i p i t a l i s , 24/25, 9
L o p h a l t i c u s , 26, 55
L o p h o p h o r u s I h u y s i i , 24/25, 43-44
L o p h u r a b u l w e r i , 24/25, 43
L o p h u r a eduardsi,
24/25, 43
L o p h u r a i m p e r i a l i s , 24/25, 43
L o p h u r a s w i n h o i i , 24/25, 43
Löhs t a r d i g r a d u s , 22, 287
Los Angeles,
breeding, husbandry, behaviour, Bongo, 23,
237-242
Pesquet's parrot, 26, 208-212
ungulates, 24/25, 77-99
caesarean section/subsequent birth, A r u b a Island
rattlesnake, 26, 187-188
Lotus
b e r t h e l o t i i , 24/25, 125
L o x i g i l l a portohcensis,
22, 74
L o x o d o n t a a f r i c a n a , T A \ 2 S , 100, 127, 160, 194, 195,
298, 317
breeding, Toronto, 22, 215-217
pregnancy, diagnostic test, prolactin, 26, 285-289
L u n d a c i r r h a t a , 26, 107
transport Containers, Vancouver A q u , 23,
207-209(Pl)
L u t j a n u s p e r u , 26, 51
L u t r a l u t r a l u t r a , 24/25, 189
exhibit, breeding, Krefeld, 26, 157-163(P1)
Lycaena
d i s p a r batavus,
24/25, 75
L y c a o n p i c t u s , 22, 234
L y n c o d o n , 22, 193
M
M a c a c a f a s c i c u l a r i s , 22, 74, 79: 24/25, 47
M a c a c a fuscata,
22, 73
M a c a c a m u l a t t a , 22, 70: 24/25, 133: 26, 233
M a c a c a pagensis,
24/25, 111
M a c a c a silenus,
24/25, 108, 111, 114, 312: 26, 234
hand-rearing, reintegration, Jacksonville, 22,
252-255
M a c a c a sylvanus.
24/25, 108, ( I I , 114
Macaque, Lion-tailed, see M a c a c a
silenus
Macdonald Raptor Research Centre,
cryogenic preservation spermatozoa, American
kestrel, 23, 67-71 (PI)
Macronectes
giganteus,
26, 105
Macropods, physical/chemical restraint of small,
23, 215-218
M a c r o p u s , 26, 212, 215
M a c r o p u s eugenii,
23, 215: 26, 213
M a c r o p u s p a r m a , 24/25, 317
M a c r o p u s robustus
erubescens,
26, 213
M a c r o p u s r u f o g r i s e u s , 24/25, 152, 203, 317
M a d o q u a k i r k i , 22, 234, 247: 24/25, 93
Madras (Arignar A n n a Zoo),
rearing, Olive ridley, artificial sea water, 26,
90-94
Malacochersus
t o r n i e r i , breeding, Frankfurt, 23,
137-139
M a l p u l u t t a k r e t s e r i , 24/25, 70
573
M a m m a l House, Small, Frankfurt, 22, 276-287(Pl)
Mammals,
bred in captivity, 22, 405-438: 23, 307-340:
24/25, 506-564: 26, 467-506
rare, census, 22, 4 5 0 ^ 7 3 : 23, 352-374: 24/25,
582-622: 26, 520-546
small, Status in zoos, review, 24/25, 99-106
Manatee, A m a z o n i a n , see Trichechus
inunguis
M a n d r i l l u s leueophaeus,
24/25, 108, 114
M a n d r i l l u s sphinx,
24/25, 108, 111, 113, 114
Marine mammals,
species kept/bred, N o r t h America, 22, 227-232
M a r k i n g techniques, birds o f prey, 23, 125-132(P1)
Marmoset, C o m m o n , see C a l l i t h r i x
jacchus;
Pygmy, see C e b u e l l a
pygmaea
M a r i e s z i b e l l i n a , 24/25, 200
Mazama
a m e r i c a n a , 24/25, 88: 26, 295
Mazama
a m e r i c a n a temama,
24/25, 88
Mazama
g o u a z o u b i r a , 24/25, 88
Mazama
g o u a z o u b i r a p a n d o r a , 24/25, 88
M e d i a l u n a c a l i f o r n i e n s i s , 26, 108
M e g a l e i a r u f a , 22, 241, 242
Megalops
a t l a n t i c u s , 26, 15, 16
Megophrys
nasuta,
24/25, 59
Melbourne,
breeding, Arafura file snake, 26, 98-103(Pl)
Australian peregrine falcon, 23, 83-84
Little/Fairy/Blue penguin, 24/25, 237-240(Pl)
Taipan, 23, 159-162
hand-rearing, Blue-winged kookaburra, 23,
I8I-I83(P1)
Pygmy hippopotamus, 22, 268-270
M e l e a g r i s g a l l o p a v o , 23, 67: 26, 191
Meies meles,
24/25, 204
M e l i c h t h y s n i g e r , 26, 16, 17. 23
M e l i e r a x metabates,
23, 109
M e l o p s i t t a c u s u n d u l a t u s , 24/25, 144
M e p h i t i s m e p h i t i s , 26, 276
M e r g u s a l b e l l u s , 26, 107
M e r g u s merganser,
24/25, 22
Mesocricetus
a u r a t u s , 24/25, 203
Mexico, Chapultepec,
breeding, Volcano rabbit, 26, 261-265
Miami, Metro Zoo,
breeding, African slender-snouted crocodile, 23,
139-143
Siamese crocodile, 22, 156-158
M i a m i , M o n k e y Jungle,
breeding, N e w W o r l d monkeys, 22, 77-84
M i c r o c a n t h u s s t r i g a t u s , 26, 23
M i c r o c e b u s c o q u e r e l i , 24/25, 109
M i c r o c e b u s m u r i n u s , 22, 287
M i c r o h i e r a x caerulescens,
23, 105, 109: 24/25, 10
M i c r o s p a t h o d o n c h r y s u r u s , 26, 16, 17
M i l v a g o c h i m a c h i m a , 24/25, 10
M i l v u s m i g r a n s , 23, 104: 24/25, 6, 13
M i l v u s m i g r a n s g o v i n d a , 23, 72, 73
M i l v u s m i l v u s , 23, 5, 104: 24/25, 6, 13
M i r o u n g a a n g u s t i r o s t r i s , 22, 229
M i r o u n g a l e o n i n a , 26, 152, 153, 167, 171, 177
Mixed species exhibit, Augsburg, 26, 315-318
O s n a b r ü c k , 24/25, 271-274(P1)
574
M o l a m o l a , 26, 51, 54
Mongoose, Dwarf, see H e l o g a l e p a r v u l a
Monkey, Black howler, see A l o u a t t a c a r a y a ;
Goeldi's, see C a l l i m i c o g o e l d i i ; O w l , see A o t u s
t r i v i r g a t u s ; squirrel, see S a i m i r i ; spider, see
Ateles
M o n o d a c t y l u s , 26, 56
Monterey Bay A q u a r i u m ,
Wave crash/intertidal exhibits, 26, 30-34
M o r e l i a s p i l o t e s v a r i e g a t a , breeding, Antwerp,
24/25,231-236
M o r o n e s a x a t i l i s , 26, 51
M o r o t e u t h i s , 26, 48
M o r o t e u t h i s r o b u s t a , 26, 42
M o r p h o menelaus,
26, 88
Mount Hagen,
hand-rearing, Long-nosed echidna, 22, 250-252
Munich,
Polarium, aquatic mammals/birds exhibit, 26,
146-154(P1)
M u n t i a c u s m u n t j a k , 24/25, 318
M u n t i a c u s reevesi,
22, 247: 24/25, 203
M u s c a r o l i , 24/25, 135
M u s m u s c u l u s , 24/25, 135, 159, 203
M u s o p h a g a v i o l a c e a . 26, 206
M u s t e l a , 24/25, 202
M u s t e l a e v e r s m a n n i , 23, 190
Mustela nigripes,
breeding biology, behaviour, Patuxent, 23,
186-191
M u s t e l a p u t o r i u s , 23, 187: 24/25, 291
M u s t e l a v i s o n , 24/25, 203
M u s t e l u s c a l i f o r n i c u s , 26, 51
M u s t e l u s g r i s e u s , 26, 59
M y c t e r i a a m e r i c a n a , 24/25, 35
M y c t e r i a c i n e r e a , 24/25, 35
M y c t e r i a i b i s , 24/25, 34
M y c t e r i a l e u c o c e p h a l a , 24/25, 34
M y l i o b a t i s c a l i f o r n i c a , 26, 51
M y o c a s t e r coypus,
23, 22: 24/25, 200
M y o s o t i d i u m H o r t e n s i a , 24/25, 125
M y r i p r i s t i s b e r n d t i , 26, 23
M y r m e c o p h a g a t r i d a c t y l a , 22, 51
exhibited with C h r y s o c y o n b r a c h y u r u s ,
Osnabrück, 24/25, 271-274(P1)
N
N a j a k a o u t h i a , 23, 169
N a j a m e l a n o l e u c a m e l a n o l e u c a , 23, 169
N a j a n a j a , 23, 161
N a j a n a j a n a j a , 23, 169
N a j a n i g r i c o l l i s p a l l i d a , 24/25, 213, 215
N a s a l i s l a r v a t u s , 24/25, 108, 111, 114, 213
Naso u n i c o r n i s , 26, 23
N a u t i c h t h y s o c u l o f a s c i a t u s , 26, 38
N a u t i l u s p o m p i l i u s , 26, 41, 46
N e c r o s y r t e s monachus,
23, 104: 24/25, 7
N e m o r h a e d u s , 26, 297
N e o c e r a t u s f o r s t e r i , 24/25, 69
Neomys
a n o m a l u s , 26, 227
Neomys
fodiens,
breeding in laboratory, 26, 223-228(Pl)
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
N e o p h o c a c i n e r e a , 26, 171
N e o p h r o n p e r c n o p t e r u s , 23, 19, 46, 104, 109, 114,
115: 24/25, 7
N e o t r a g u s moschatus,
24/25, 83, 93
Nesoenas
m a y e r i , 23, 76, 88: 24/25, 47-48, 213, 215
Nesospiza
w i l k i n s i , 24/25, 45
N e t t a p u s a u r i t u s , breeding, H o n g K o n g , 26,
205-207
N e t t a p u s c o r o m a n d e l i a n u s c o r o m a n d e l i a n u s , 26, 205
New Orleans (Audubon Zoological Garden),
Sable antelope, birth, 22, 218-221
New W o r l d monkeys,
breeding, L o n d o n Z S L , 22, 84-87
M i a m i Monkey Jungle, 22, 77-84
New Y o r k Bronx,
breeding, Andean condor, 23, 11-14
Giant ameiva lizard, 22, 159-163(P1)
Striped grass mouse, 24/25, 260-263
hand-rearing, reintegration, Californian sealion,
24/25, 279-285(Pl)
management, biology, Prehensile-tailed
porcupine, 26, 265-275
seabird colony, 26, 142-146(P1)
New Y o r k , St Catherine^ Island Survival Center,
Sable antelope birth, 22, 218-221
N i n o x n o v a e s e e l a n d i a e , 23, 101, 102, 105
N i p p o n i a n i p p o n , 24/25, 27, 35, 37
N o t o p t e r u s b l a n d , 24/25, 69
N o t o r y n c h u s cepedianus,
26, 51
N o t r o p i s f o r m o s u s , 2 A I 2 5 , 11
N o v a c u l i c h t h y s t a e n i o u r u s , 26, 23
N u m i d a m e l e a g r i s , 26, 316
Nutrition,
Vitamin E , levels in plasma, zoo animals, 24/25,
316-321
N y c t e a s c a n d i a c a , 23, 19, 29, 72, 73, 94, 101, 102,
105, 110, 114, 115
Nyctereutes
p r o c y o n o i d e s , 24/25, 159
N y c t i c o r a x n y c t i c o r a x , 24/25, 204
N y m p h i c u s h o l l a n d i c u s , 24/25, 145
O
Observing small spp, one-way viewing screen, 23,
218-219
O c t o p u s c y a n e a , 26, 42, 47
O c t o p u s doßeini, 26, 41, 44-45, 48, 72
O c t o p u s l e i o d e r m a , 26, 42, 47, 48
O c t o p u s rubescens,
26, 41, 42-43(Pl), 48
O c y u r u s c h r y s u r u s , 26, 15, 16
Odobenus
r o s m a r u s , 22, 228, 231
Odobenus
rosmarus divergens,
exhibit, management, Hanover, 26, 163—170(P1)
Odobenus
r o s m a r u s r o s m a r u s , 26, 163
O d o c o i l e u s hemionus
c o l u m b i a n u s , 22, 235
O d o c o i l e u s v i r g i n i a n u s , 24/25, 320: 26, 302
management, free-living herd, Washington N Z P ,
23, 234-236
O d o n t a s p i s t a u r u s , 26, 51
O e n a n t h e , 23, 46, 49
Oestrogen, urinary, related to oestrous behaviour,
Giant panda, 24/25, 274-279(Pl)
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22 26
O k a p i a j o h n s t o n i , 22, 205: 24/25, 81, 88, 159, 163
O n d a t r a zibethicus,
24/25, 200
Ophiophagus
hannah,
23, 169: 24/25, 213
O p i s t h o t e u t h i s c a l i f o r n i a n a , 26, 48
Orang-utan, see Pongo
pvgmaeus
O r c i n u s o r c a , 22, 228, 231: 24/25, 159
Oreamnos
americanus,
24/25, 84, 95
management, breeding, Seattle W P , 26,
297-308(Pl)
Oreonax
hendeei,
22, 48
O r e o t r a g u s o r e o t r a g u s , 24/25, 83, 93
O r t a l i s v e t u l a , 26, 260
O r y c t e r o p u s afer, 22, 276, 286(P1): 24/25, 155
breeding, Cincinnati, 26, 281-285(P1)
management, review, 24/25, 286-294
O r v c t o l a g u s c u n i c u l u s , 24/25, 200, 275
O r v x dammah,
22, 246, 247, 248: 24/25, 82, 92,
162, 168-174(P1), 319
hand-feeding, reintegration, Christchurch O P , 23,
243-248
O r y x g a z e l l a , 24/25, 194, 195
O r y x g a z e l l a c a l l o t i s , 24/25, 182
O r v x g a z e l l a g a z e l l a , 24/25, 319
O r v x l e u c o r y x , 24/25, 82, 92, 101, 160, 162, 212,
213, 215, 218
reintroduction, Oman, 24/25, 179-188
Oryx, Arabian, see O r y x l e u c o r y x ; Scimitar-horned,
see O r y x
dammah
Osnabrück,
mixed species exhibit, 24/25, 271-274(P1)
Osteolaemus
tetraspis
t e t r a s p i s , 23, 168
O t a r i a b y r o n i a , 22, 228, 231: 26, 148, 150, 152, 167
O t a r i a ßavescens, see O. b y r o n i a
O t i s t a r d a , 24/25, 201
O t o c y o n megalotes,
23, 238
Otter, European, see L u t r a l. l u t r a ; Sea, see
Enhydra lutris
Otter exhibit, Krefeld, 26, 157-163
Otus bakkamoena,
23, 105
Otus scops, 23, 100 105
O u r e b i a o u r e b i , 24/25, 83, 93: 26, 296
Ovibos
moschatus.
24/25, 319
O v i s . 24/25, 96
Ovis ammon,
24/25, 159
Ovis canadensis,
22, 205: 24/25, 86, 96, 319
Ovis canadensis
c a l i f o r n i a n a , 24/25, 86, 96
Ovis canadensis
nelsoni,
24/25, 86, 96
Ovis d a l l i , 24/25, 86, 96
Ovis d a l l i stonei,
24/25, 86, 96
Ovis musimon,
24/25, 133, 134, 319
Ovis o r i e n t a l i s , 24/25, 87, 96
Ovis o r i e n t a l i s cycioceros,
24/25, 87, 96
Ovis o r i e n t a l i s o p h i o n , 24/25, 87
Ovis o r i e n t a l i s o r i e n t a l i s , 24/25, 87
Owl, Barn, see Tyto a l b a ; Eagle, see Bubo
bubo
Owls, breeding, Berlin W , 23, 100-102
Oxyrhopus
t r i g e m i n u s , 23, 170
O x y u r a jamaicensis,
24/25, 204
O x y u r a l e u c o c e p h a l a , 24/25, 24
Oxyuranus
scutellatus,
breeding, Melbourne, 23,
159-162
Ozotoceros
bezoarticus,
24/25, 79, 80
575
P
Pan paniscus,
24/25, 112, 114, 117, 119, 160
paternity diagnosis, 23, 220-223(Pl)
Pan t r o g l o d v t e s , 22, 72, 222, 242: 23, 220, 222:
24/25, 108, 114, 158, 257: 26, 250
breeding colony, Arnhem, 26, 236-248
Pan t r o g l o d y t e s s c h w e i n f u r t h i , 24/25, 117
Pan t r o g l o d y t e s t r o g l o d y t e s , 24/25, 112, 117
Pan t r o g l o d y t e s verus, 24/25, 117
Panda, Giant, see A i l u r o p o d a
melanoleuca
P a n d i o n h a l i a e t u s , 23, 5
care/release of injured, 23, 119
P a n t h e r a l e o . 22, 234: 24/25, 155, 194, 316, 333,
335
P a n t h e r a o n c a , 24/25, 312, 314, 317, 318, 320
P a n t h e r a p a r d u s , 22, 234
inbreeding, rare ssp, 22, 198-206
P a n t h e r a pardus japonensis,
24/25, 312, 314
inbreeding, 22, 198-206
P a n t h e r a pardus
k o t i y a , inbreeding, 22, 198-206
P a n t h e r a pardus
o r i e n t a l i s , inbreeding, 22,
198-206
P a n t h e r a pardus
s a x i c o l o r , inbreeding, 22,
198-206
P a n t h e r a t i g r i s , 24/25, 116, 160
P a n t h e r a t i g r i s a l t a i c a , 22, 199: 24/25, 163, 174,
175, 177, 207, 208, 212, 213, 215
P a n t h e r a t i g r i s c o r b e t t i , 24/25, 177
P a n t h e r a t i g r i s sumatrae,
24/25, 177
P a n t h e r a t i g r i s t i g r i s , 24/25, 177
P a n t h e r a u n c i a , 24/25, 207
Pantholops
hodgsoni,
24/25, 95
Pantodon
b u c h h o l z i , 26, 65
P a p i o cynocephalus,
24/25, 133
P a p i o hamadryas,
24/25, 108, 113, 114, 203
P a r a b u t e o u n i c i n c t u s , 23, 51: 24/25, 3, 4, 8, 14
P a r a b u t e o u n i c i n c t u s x Buteo jamaicensis,
24/25, 4
P a r a c a n t h u r u s hepatus,
26, 23, 29
P a r a c i r r h i t e s a r c a t u s , 26, 23
P a r a l a b r a x c l a t h r a t u s , 26, 108
P a r a l a b r a x n e b u l i f e r , 26, 108
P a r a n t h i a s colonus,
26, 23
P a r o a r i a , 26, 84
Parrot, Pesquct's, see P s i t t r i c h a s f u l g i d u s
Parthenogenesis, lizards, 23, 157-158
P a r t u l a , 24/25, 54, 75
P a r t u l a l o h i v e a n a , 24/25, 54, 55
Parupeneus
m u l t i f a s c i a t u s , 26, 23
Passer domesticus,
24/25, 200
Patuxent,
breeding biology, behaviour, Black-footed
ferrets, 23, 186-191
Pavo er is t a t us, 24/25, 44
Pavo muticus,
24/25, 43, 44
Pedetes
capensis,
22, 287
P e l t o p h r y n e lemur,
24/25, 64, see also Bufo
lemur
Penguin, Emperor, see Aptenodytes
forsten;
Humboldt, see Spheniscus
humboldti;
K i n g , see Aptenodytes
patagonica;
Little/Fairy/Blue, see E u d y p t u l a m i n o r
Penguin/alcid exhibit, San Diego S W , 26, 104-109
Penguin clifls, Berlin Tierpark, 26, 140-142(P1)
576
Penguin exhibit, San Francisco A q u , 26,
136-139(P1)
Penguin/seabird building, Chicago L P , 26, 132-136
Penguinarium, renovation, Detroit, 26, 125— 132(P1)
P e p o n o c e p h a l a e l e c t r a , 22, 228
P e r d i x p e r d i x , 24/25, 200
Peregrine, see F a l c o p e r e g r i n u s
P e r i o p h t h a l m u s , 26, 54
P e r n i s a p i v o r u s , 23, 119
P e r o d i c t i c u s p o t t o , 24/25, 287
Perth,
strongyloidiasis in Orang-utans, control of,
24/25, 256-260
Peruvian Amazonia, primates, Status and
conservation, 22, 37^47
P e t a u r u s b r e v i c e p s , 22, 177, 287
P e t r o i c a m a c r o c e p h a l a c h a t h a m e n s i s , 24/25, 47
P e t r o i c a t r a v e r s i , 24/25, 45, 47
transport, eggs, 24/25, 307
P h a c o c h o e r u s a e t h i o p i c u s , 24/25, 195, 198, 318
P h a g o p h i l u s g r o e n l a n d i c a , 22, 229
P h a l a c r o c o r a x a t r i c e p s , 26, 105
P h a l a c r o c o r a x b o u g a i n v i l l e i , 26, 143, 145(P1)
P h a l a n g e r , 24/25, 100
P h a l a n g e r g y m n o t i s , 22, 287
breeding, husbandry, C o l u m b i a , 22, 176-180(P1)
P h a l a n g e r i n t e r p o s i t u s , 24/25, 103
P h a l a n g e r m a c u l a t u s , 22, 177
P h a l c o b o e n u s a u s t r a l i s , 23, 105: 24/25, 10
P h a l c o b o e n u s m e g a l o p t e r u s , 24/25, 10
P h a n e r f u r c i f e r , 24/25, 109
Phascolarctos cinereus
adustus,
breeding, San Diego, 26, 217-222
P h a s c o l a r c t o s c i n e r e u s c i n e r e u s , 26, 217
P h a s c o l a r c t o s c i n e r e u s v i c t o r , 26, 217
P h a s i a n u s c o l c h i c u s , 24/25, 40, 200
Pheasant, Cheer, see C a t r e u s w a l l i c h i
Pheasants,
breeding endangered, review, 24/25, 40-44
P h e l s u m a , 23, 81
P h e l s u m a g u e n t h e r i , 24/25, 50, 51, 52
P h e l s u m a l a t i c a u d a , 24/25, 329
Philadelphia, H E R P l a b , 24/25, 340
P h o c a h i s p i d a . 24/25, 189
P h o c a l a r g h a , 22, 228
P h o c a s i b i r i c a , 22, 228
P h o c a v i t u l i n a , 22, 229, 231: 26, 167, 171, 173
P h o d i l u s b a d i u s , 23, 110
P h o e n i c o n a i a s m i n o r , 24/25, 22
P h o e n i c o p a r r u s a n d i n u s , 24/25, 23
P h o e n i c o p a r r u s j a m e s i , 24/25, 22
P h o e n i c o p t e r u s c h i l e n s i s , 24/25, 23
sexing by tarsus length, 24/25, 240-243
Phoenicopterus ruber
roseus,
sexing by tarsus length, 24/25, 240-243
P h o e n i c o p t e r u s r u b e r r u b e r , 24/25, 212, 213, 215
sexing by tarsus length, 24/25, 240-243
P h o l i s g u n e l l u s , 26, 38
P h o t o b l e p h a r o n , 26, 57
P h r a c t o c e p h a l u s h e m i l i o p t e r u s , 26, 83
P h r y n o m e r u s b i f a s c i a t u s , 24/25, 59
P h r y n o s o m a a s i o , 23, 148
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22-26
P h r y n o s o m a d o u g l a s s i , breeding, care, longevity, 23,
148-156(P1)
P h r y n o s o m a d o u g l a s s i b r e v i r o s t r e , 23, 148, 150
P h r y n o s o m a d o u g l a s s i d o u g l a s s i , 23, 148, 150
P h r y n o s o m a d o u g l a s s i h e r n a n d e s i , 23, 148, 150, 153
P h r y n o s o m a d o u g l a s s i o r n a t i s s i m u m , 23, 148, 150,
155
P h r y n o s o m a modestum,
23, 148, 149
P h r y n o s o m a p l a t y r h i n o s , 23, 148, 149
P h r y n o s o m a s o l a r e , 23, 149
P h y i l o b a t e s v i t l a t u s , 24/25, 331
P h y s i g n a t h u s c o c i n c i n u s , 24/25, 51, 53
P i c o p i c a , 24/25, 302
Pinniped exhibit, Sydney, 26, 171-179
P i p a p i p a , 24/25, 59: 26, 312
P i s a s t e r b r e v i s p i n n u s , 26, 108
P i s a s t e r g i g a n t e a , 26, 108
P i t h e c i a , 24/25, 100
P i t h e c i a a l b i c a n s , 22, 25, 29, 30, 34
P i t h e c i a h i r s u t a , 22, 25, 30, 39, 40, 41, 45
P i t h e c i a monachus,
22, 25, 30, 40, 41, 45, 79, 132
P i t h e c i a p i t h e c i a , 22, 25, 30, 44, 53, 54, 61-65, 67,
85, 87, 287
breeding, Columbia, 22, 124-127(P1)
P i t h e c o p h a g a jefferyi,
23, 6: 24/25, 14
P l a g i o d o n t i a a e d i u m , 24/25, 103
P l a g o p t e r u s a r g e n t i s s i m u s , 24/25, 71
Plants, conservation in zoos, 24/25, 123-126
in intertidal exhibit, Monterey, 26, 31
P l a t a l e a m i n o r , 24/25, 35
P l a t a x , 26, 53
P l a t e m y s p l a t y c e p h a l a , 23, 168
P l e t h o d o n g l u t i n o s u s , 24/25, 61 (PI)
P l i c a p l i c a , 23, 157
P l o c e u s i n t e r m e d i u s , 24/25, 333, 337
P o d o c n e m i s expansa,
22, 22
P o d o c n e m i s s e x t u b e r c u l a t a , 22, 22
P o d o c n e m i s u n i f i l i s , 22, 22
P o e c i l i o p s i s o c c i d e n t a l i s o c c i d e n t a l i s , 24/25, 71
P o i c e p h a l u s senegalus
v e r s t e r i , 24/25, 144
Polarium, M u n i c h , aquatic mammals/birds exhibit,
26, 146-154(P1)
P o l i h i e r a x s e m i t o r q u a t u s , 23, 105, 109: 24/25, 10
P o l y b o r o i d e s t y p u s , 24/25, 7
P o l y b o r u s p l a n c u s , 23, 19, 29: 24/25, 10
P o l y o d o n s p a t h u l a , 24/25, 69
P o l y p e d a t e s l e u c o m y s t a x , 23, 204
P o l y p l e c t r o n emphanum,
24/25, 43
P o m a c a n t h u s a r c u a t u s , 26, 17
P o m a c a n t h u s I m p e r a t o r , 26, 23, 27
P o m a c a n t h u s p a r t i t u s , 26, 17
P o m a c a n t h u s p a r u , 26, 16, 17
P o m a c e n t r u s , 26, 15, 16
Pomatomus
s a l t a t r i x , 26, 51
P o n g o pygmaeus,
22, 72: 24/25, 108, 112, 114, 117,
1 18, 158, 159, 317, 318, 320: 26, 250
growth, development, twins, 22, 256-261
sexual development, males, 22, 222-227
strongyloidiasis, control of, Perth Z o o , 24/25,
256-260
P o n g o pygmaeus
a b e l i , 22, 222, 223, 225: 24/25, 116
P o n g o pygmaeus
pygmaeus,
22, 222-227
S U B J E C T I N D E X V O L S 22 26
Population management, 24/25, 167-174(P1)
contraception, culling, 24/25, 206-210
Porcupine, Prehensile-tailed, see C o e n d o u
prehensilis
Port Elizabeth,
Educational graphics area, Snake Park entrance,
26, 309-314(P1)
P o l o r o m l o n g i p e s , 24/25, 103
P r a o m y s n a t a l e n s i s , 24/25, 260
P r e s b y l i s geei, 24/25, 111
P r e s b y t i s j o h n i , 24/25, 111
P r e s b y l i s p o t e n z i a n i , 24/25, 111
Primates,
breeding programmes, review, 24/25, 107-123
P r i o d o n l e s , 22, 194
P r i o d o n t e s g i g a n t e u s , 22, 51. 192
P r i o n a c e g l a u c a , 26, 51
P r i s l i s p e c t i n a t a , 26, 16
P r o c a v i a capensis,
22, 235, 276, 287
P r o c y o n l o t o r , 24/25, 200: 26, 277
P r o p i t h e c u s d i a d e m a p e r r i e r i , 24/25, 109
P r o p i t h e c u s v e r r e a u x i , 24/25, 109
P r o t e l e s c r i s t a l u s , 22, 286(P1): 26, 157
P s e u d a c r i s o r n a t a , 23, 166
P s e u d a c r i s S t r e c k e r i , 23, 166
Pseudechis
g u t l a t u s , 23, 161
Pseudemys
s c r i p t a , 26, 87(P1)
Pseudemys
s c r i p t a elegans,
24/25, 146
P s e u d i b i s d a v i s o n i , 24/25, 35
P s e u d o c h e i r u s , 26, 212
Pseudois
n a y a u r , 24/25, 86, 96
P s e u d o n a j a n u c h a l i s , 23, 160
P s e u d o n a j a t e x t i l i s , 23, 160
Pseudopleuronectes
a m e r i c a n u s , 26, 38
P s e u d o r c a c r a s s i d e n s , 22, 228
P s i t t a c u t a eques, 24/25, 48
P s i t t a c u l a k r a m e r i , 24/25, 49, 204
Psittrichas fulgidus,
breeding, Los Angeles, 26, 208-212
P t e r o c n e m i a p e n n a l a , 23, 180: 26, 189
P t e r o c n e m i a , 26, 195
P t e r o g l o s s u s a r a c a r i , 26, 84
P i e r opus g i g a n t e u s , 26, 282
P i e r o p u s n i g e r , 23, 76
P i e r opus r o d r i c e n s i s , 23, 76: 24/25, 104, 105
P t y c h o c h e i l u s t u c i u s , 24/25, 71, 73
P t v c h o r a m p h u s a l e u t i c u s , 26, 107
P u d u p u d u , 24/25, 79, 81
Puffin, see L u n d a c i r r h a t a
Puffinus
p a c i f i c u s , 26, 176
P u l s a t r i x p e r s p i c i l l a t a , 23, 100, 105
P u s a c a s p i c a , 26, 167
P u s a h i s p i d a , 26, 167
P y g a t h r i x nemaeus,
24/25, 108, 111, 114
Pygmy goose, African, see N e t t a p u s a u r i t u s
P y g o s c e l i s a d e l i a e , 26, 104, 105, 116, 127, 199
P y g o s c e l i s a n t a r c t i c a , 26, 105, 134
P y g o s c e l i s p a p u a , 26, 105, 142, 146, 148, 152
P y r r h u r a p e r l a t a , 24/25, 145
P y t h o n a n c h i e t a e , 23, 172
Python, Australian carpet, see M o r e l i a s p i l o t e s
P y t h o n m o l u r u s , 24/25, 329
577
P y t h o n m o l u r u s b i v i t l a t u s , 24/25, 312, 315
P y t h o n r e g i u s , 23, 172: 24/25, 329
P y t h o n r e t i c u l a t u s , 24/25, 213
P y x i c e p h a l u s adspersus,
24/25, 341: 26, 312
R
Rabbit, Volcano, see R o m e r o l a g u s d i a z i
R a j a b i n o c u l a t a , 26, 51
R a j a o c e l l a t a , 26, 38
Ramphastos
t u c a n u s , 26, 87
R a n a c a t e s b e i a n a , 23, 167: 24/25, 212, 213, 215
R a n a e s c u l e n t a , 23, 167
R a n a r i d i b u n d a , 23, 167
R a n a s y l v a t i c a , 23, 167
R a n a t e m p o r a r i a , 23, 167
R a n g i f e r t a r a n d u s , 22, 246, 247, 248: 24/25, 191,
318
Rare species,
breeding, finance, practical difficulties, 24/25,
210-219
priorities, goals, 24/25, 174-179
conservation role, zoos, Sweden, 24/25, 198-192
policy on conservation, 24/25, 206-210
Rattlesnake, A r u b a Island, see C r o t a l u s u n i c o l o r
Rattus
e x u l a n s , 26, 183
Rattus
n o r v e g i c u s , 24/25, 200
Rattus
r a t t u s , 24/25, 24, 47, 51, 203
Redunca,
24/25, 92
Redunca
a r u n d i n u m , lAßS, 195
Redunca
f u l v o r u f u l a , 24/25, 195, 198
Reintroduction to wild,
African national park, native spp, 24/25,
192-199
Arabian oryx, O m a n , 24/25, 179-188
Barn owl, Britain, 23, 88-95(Pl)
Bearded vulture, Europe, 23, 3 5 ^ 1 (PI)
Cheer pheasants, Pakistan, further report, 24/25,
40-42
Crowned eagle, 23, 62-64
in Sweden, 24/25, 189-192
injured birds o f prey, 23, 117-121, 121-125
neotropical primates, reintroduction,
translocation, 22, 69-77
releases, responsibilities, safeguards, 24/25,
200-205
White-tailed sea eagle, 23, 18-35(P1)
Reproductive studies,
A i l u r o p o d a m e l a n o l e u c a , 24/25, 274-279(Pl)
A o t u s t r i v i r g a t u s , 22, 115-119
artificial breeding techniques,
problems/practicalities, 24/25, 148-157
recent advances, birds/reptiles, 24/25, 143-148
C a l l i t h r i x j a c c h u s , 22, 138-143(P1)
Cebus, 22, 143-150
embryo transfers, birth, Bongo, 24/25,
138-142(P1)
embryos, collection, storage, use, 24/25,
131-138(P1)
monitoring changes, 24/25, 126-130
P o n g o pygmaeus,
22, 222-227
pregnancy in elephants, diagnostic test, prolactin,
26, 285-289
578
Reptiles,
bred in captivity, 22, 367-371: 23, 267-272:
24/25, 432-445: 26, 417-422
breeding/conservation programmes, Jersey,
24/25, 49-56
rare, census, 22, 440-444: 23, 342-346: 24/25,
567-573: 26, 509-513
reproductive patterns, 23, 166-174
crotalids, others, 23, 163-166
tool for feeding, 23, 206-207(Pl)
Reserves/national parks,
African, reintroduction of native spp, 24/25,
192-199
Brazil, Atlantic forest region, 22, 3-7
Brazilian Amazonia, 22, 19-22
Peru, proposed, 22, 49, 51
Peruvian Amazonia, 22, 38-40
Surinam, 22, 59-61
Venezuela, 22, 55-56
Restraint, small macropods, physical/chemical, 23,
215-218
Rhacophorus
leucomystax,
24/25, 58
Rhacophorus
v i r i d i s , tube-feeding, 23, 204-205
Rhacophorus
v i r i d i s amamiensis,
23, 204
Rhacophorus
v i r i d i s oustoni,
23, 204
Rhacophorus
v i r i d i s v i r i d i s , 23, 204-205
Rhamphocottus
r i c h a r d s o n i , 26, 38
Rhea, 26, 195
Rhea a m e r i c a n a , 22, 166: 23, 175: 26, 196
Rheobatrachus,
26, 312
Rhinecanthus
aculeatus,
26, 23
Rhinecanthus
r e c t a n g u l u s , 26, 23
Rhinoceros, Black, see D i c e r o s b i c o r n i s ; White, see
Ceratotherium
simum
Rhinoceros
u n i c o r n i s , 24/25, 207, 213, 215, 297, 301,
317
Rhinopithecus
r o x e l l a n a e , 24/25, 111
R h i n o p t e r a bonasus,
26, 15
Rhinoptynx
c l a m a t o r , 23, 100
Rhodius
o c e l l a t u s , 26, 62
R h y a c o t r i t o n , 23, 167
Ridley, Olive, see Lepidochelys
olivacea
Ringtail, see Bassariscus
astutus
Rio de Janeiro, breeding, Red-billed curassow,
24/25, 244-247
Rio de Janeiro Primate Centre, 22, 15-16
Riverbanks Zoological Park, see Columbia
R o l l u l u s r o u l o u l , 22, 168
Romerolagus
d i a z i , 24/25, 101, 104
breeding, Mexico, Chapultepec, 26, 261-265
Rossia
p a c i f i c a , 26, 41, 43-44
Rostrhamus
s o c i a b i l i s , 24/25, 4
Rostrhamus
s o c i a b i l i s s o c i a b i l i s , 24/25, 6
R u p i c a p r a r u p i c a p r a , 24/25, 97: 26, 297
Rupicola peruviana,
breeding, Houston, 22, 171-175(P1)
R u t i l u s a r c a s i , 24/25, 69
Rynchocyon
chrysopygus,
22, 235
S
S a g i t t a r i u s s e r p e n t a r i u s , 23, 105, 109: 24/25, 9, 333
breeding, Walsrode, 23, 64-66(Pl)
Saguinus,
22, 25-27, 78, 111
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
Saguinus
b i c o l o r , 22, 24-27: 24/25, 110
Saguinus
b i c o l o r b i c o l o r , 22, 24-27, 29, 34
Saguinus
b i c o l o r m a r l i n s i , 22, 24-27, 29, 34
Saguinus
b i c o l o r ochraceus,
22, 24-27, 29
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s , 22, 1, 24-27, 34, 39, 40, 44, 77,
85, 177
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s acrensis,
22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s a v i l a p i r e s i , 22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s c r a n d a l l i , 22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s c r u z l i m a i , 22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s f u s c i c o l l i s , 22, 25, 26, 40, 45
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s fuscus,
22, 25, 26
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s i l l i g e r i , 22, 40, 45
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s l a g o n o t u s , 22, 40, 45
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s leucogenys,
22, 40, 45
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s melanoleucus,
22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s n i g r i f r o n s , 22, 40, 45
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s p r i m i t i v u s , 22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s t r i p a r t i t u s , 22, 25, 26, 40, 45
Saguinus
f u s c i c o l l i s w e d d e l l i , 22, 25, 26, 40, 45
Saguinus
I m p e r a t o r , 22, 25-27, 39, 40, 287: 24/25,
104, 108, 110, 114
Saguinus
I m p e r a t o r I m p e r a t o r , 22, 25-27, 29, 34
Saguinus
I m p e r a t o r subgrisescens,
22, 25-27, 41, 45
Saguinus
inustus,
22, 25, 26
Saguinus
l a b i a t u s , 22, 25, 26, 40, 44, 77
Saguinus
l a b i a t u s l a b i a t u s , 22, 25, 26, 41, 45
Saguinus
l a b i a t u s thomasi,
22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
leucopus,
24/25, 110
Saguinus
midas,
22, 2:>, 60, 61, 66, 102
Saguinus
midas
midas,
22, 25, 26, 62, 63, 64(P1), 65,
67, 72
Saguinus
midas
n i g e r , 22, 25, 26, 29
Saguinus
mystax,
22, 1, 25-27, 34, 40, 44, 85
Saguinus
mystax
mystax,
22, 25, 26, 41, 45, 71
Saguinus
mystax
p i l e a t u s , 22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
mystax
p l u t o , 22, 25, 26, 29, 34
Saguinus
n i g r i c o l l i s , 22, 25, 26, 40, 45
Saguinus
n i g r i c o l l i s g r a e l l s i , 22, 41, 45
Saguinus
n i g r i c o l l i s n i g r i c o l l i s , 22, 25, 26, 41, 45
Saguinus
oedipus,
22, 118, 132
Saguinus
oedipus
g e o f f r o y i , 22, 1 1 , 85: 24/25, 100
Saguinus
oedipus
oedipus,
22, 1 1 , 85: 24/25, 100,
103, 104, 107, 110, 114
Saiga
t a t a r i c a , 24/25, 84, 95
S a i m i r i , 22, 125, 126
S a i m i r i oerstedi,
22, 28: 24/25, 104, 110
S a i m i r i sciureus,
22, 1, 25, 28-30, 39, 40, 44, 53, 54,
57, 61-68, 70, 71, 79, 85, 86: 24/25, 159
housing, outdoors, low temperatures, 22,
131-138(P1)
S a i m i r i sciureus
m a c r o d o n , 22, 42, 45
S a i m i r i sciureus
n i g r i c e p s , 22, 42, 45
St Louis,
Bird house renovation, 23, 254-257(Pl)
breeding, management, Malayan tapir, 24/25,
294-297
hand-rearing, reintegration, antelopes, 22,
269-270
Saki, White-faced, see P i t h e c i a p i t h e c i a
S a l a m a n d r a s a l a m a n d r a s a l a m a n d r a , breeding,
24/25, 223-226
S a l a m a n d r a s a l a m a n d r a t e r r e s t r i s , 24/25, 225
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
Salmo
c l a r k i U t a h , 24/25, 69
Salmo
s a l a r , 26, 79
San A n t o n i o ,
breeding, New Guinea side-necked turtle, 26,
94-98
parthenogenesis, Central American night lizard,
23, 157-158
reptiles/amphibians, reproductive patterns,23,
166-174
San Diego,
breeding, Queensland koala, 26, 217-222
heated bed modules, use for mammals/reptiles,
24/25, 311-315(P1)
paternity diagnosis, Pygmy chimpanzee, 23,
220-223(Pl)
San Diego, Sea W o r l d ,
breeding, K i n g / E m p e r o r penguins, 26,
110-124(P1)
penguin/alcid exhibit, 26, 104-109(P1)
San Francisco A q u a r i u m ,
Fish Roundabout exhibit, deep-sea fishes, 26,
48-53(Pl)
penguin exhibit, 26, 136-139(P1)
Sao Leopoldo, breeding, Broad-nosed caiman,
24/25, 226-230
Sarcogyps
calvus,
23, 109
Sarcoramphus
p a p a , 23, 12, 46: 24/25, 6
S a r k i d i o r n i s melanotos,
24/25, 333, 337
Scarus,
26, 16
Scarus
coeruleus,
26, 16, 17
Scatophagus,
26, 56
Sciurus
c a r o l i n e n s i s , 24/25, 202
Sciurus
v u l g a r i s , 24/25, 202
Scleropages
formosus,
24/25, 69, 70
S c o t o p e l i a b o u v i e r i , 23, 105, 110
S c o t o p e l i a p e l i , 23, 100
Sea eagle, White-tailed, see H a l i a e e t u s a l b i c i l l a
Seabird exhibit, Chicago L P , 26, 132-136
New Y o r k Bronx, 26, 142-146(P1)
San Diego S W , 26, 104-109
Seal, South African für, see A r c t o c e p h a l u s p u s i l l u s
Sealion, Californian, see Zalophus
c. c a l i f o r n i a n u s
Seattle A q u a r i u m ,
keeping, exhibiting, cephalopods, 26, 4I^8(P1)
Pacific coral reef exhibit, 26, 18-26(P1)
Seattle, Woodland Park,
African savanna exhibit, 24/25, 332-339
management, breeding, Rocky M o u n t a i n goat,
26, 297-308(Pl)
Sebastes
c a r n a t u s , 26, 108
Sebastes
chrysomelas,
26, 108
Sebastes
n i g r o c i n c l u s , 26, 73
Secretary bird, see S a g i t t a r i u s
serpentarius
Selene
v o r n e r , 26, 16
Semicossyphus
p u l c h e r , 26, 108
Sepia o f f i c i n a l i s , 26, 41, 46-47(Pl)
Serinus
c a n a r i a , 24/25, 145
Serinus
mozambicus,
24/25, 337
S e r i o l a l a l a n d i d o r s a l i s , 26, 50(P1), 51
S e r i o l a r i v o l i a n a , 26, 51
Serrasalmus
n a i t e r e r i , 26, 85
Serrasalmus
p i r a y a , 26, 53
Setonix
b r a c h y u r u s , 23, 215
579
Sexing techniques,
Humboldt penguin, 26, 198-204
tarsus length, flamingos, 24/25, 240-243
Sharks, prevention o f goitre, 26, 59-61 (PI)
S i c i s t a , 24/25, 203
Simia
flavicauda,
22, 47, 48
Simias
c o n c o l o r , 24/25, 111
S i s t r u r u s r a v u s , 23, 168, 171
Skansen A q u a r i u m ,
breeding, Pygmy marmoset, 22, 88-93(Pl)
S k i f f i a f r a n c e s a e , 24/25, 69, 70
Snails,
breeding Programme, Moorea Island spp, Jersey,
24/25, 54
S o r n a i e r i a fischeri, 26, 107
S o r n a t e r i a m o l l i s s i m a , 24/25, 22
Sorex araneus,
24/25, 159: 26, 227
Sorex minutus,
26, 227
Sparus
macrocephalus,
26, 29
Speothos
venaticus,
22, 276, 284(P1)
Speotyto
c u n i c u l a r i a , 23, 19
Spheniscus
demersus,
26, 127, 154, 203
exhibit, Berlin Tierpark, 26, 140-142
exhibit, San Francisco A q u , 26, 136—139(P1)
Spheniscus
h u m b o l d t i , 26, 104, 116, 143, 146, 148,
152, 154
breeding biology, sexing techniques, 26, 198-204
exhibit, Berlin Tierpark, 26, 140-142
Spheniscus
m a g e l l a n i c u s , 26, 105, 204
Spheniscus
mendiculus,
26, 203
Sphenodon
punclatus,
breeding, Auckland, 26, 183-186(P1)
Sphyraena
b a r r a c u d a , 26, 15, 16
Sphyrna
l e w i n i , 26, 59
Sphyrna
t i b u r o , 26, 15, 16
S p i r u l a , 26, 48
Spizaetus
a l b o n i g e r , 24/25, 9
Spizaetus
o r n a t u s , 23, 105: 24/25, 9
Spoonbills,
breeding endangered, review, 24/25, 25-39
Spreo superbus,
26, 206
Squalus
a c a n t h i a s , 26, 51
Steatornis
c a r i p e n s i s , 22, 39
Stegostoma
f a s c i a t u m , 26, 27
Steinhart A q u a r i u m , see San Francisco A q u a r i u m
S i e n e l l a , 22, 228, 231
Steno bredanensis,
22, 228
Stephanoaetus
c o r o n a t u s , fostering in wild, 23,
62-64
Stereolepis
g i g a s , 26, 51
Sterna
v i t l a t a , 26, 105
Storks,
breeding endangered, review, 24/25, 25—39(P1)
S t r i x a l u c o , 23, 19, 29, 53, 72, 73, 94, 105, 119
St r i x a l u c o a l u c o , 23, 101, 102
S t r i x h y l o p h i l a , 23, 105, 110
S t r i x nebulosa,
23, 101, 105
S t r i x u r a l e n s i s , 23, 101, 105
Strombus
g i g a s , 24/25, 75
S t r o n g y l o c e n t r o t u s f r a n c i s c a u s , 26, 108
Strongyloides
s t e r c o r a l i s , control o f in Orang-utans,
24/25, 256-260
S t r u t h i o , 26, 195
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22 26
580
S t r u t h i o camelus,
23, 175: 24/25, 195: 26, 316,
317(P1)
Studbooks,
use in breeding programmes, 24/25, 162-167
Studbooks/World registers, rare animal, 22,
474-479: 23, 375-380: 24/25, 623-630: 26,
547-554
Slurnus
melanopterus,
22, 168
Sturmis
v u l g a r i s , 24/25, 200
Stuttgart,
breeding, foureyed fish, 26, 64-70(Pl)
Sufflamen
b u r s a , 26, 22, 23
Suncus etruscus,
26, 227
Suncus m u r i n u s , 26, 227
Surinam, primates, Status and conservation, 22,
59-68
Susscrofa,
24/25, 159, 203
Sydney,
breeding, Rhinoceros iguana, 23, 144-148(P1)
exhibit, management, pinnipeds, 26, 171-179
Synceros
caffer,
24/25, 195
Synceros
caffer nanus, 24/25, 90
Synchiropus
splendidus,
26, 4
Syrmaticus
e l l i o t i , 24/25, 43
Syrmaticus
humiae,
24/25, 43
Syrmaticus
m i k a d o , 24/25, 43
T
Tachyeres
pterneres,
26, 109
Tachyglossus,
22, 250
Tachyglossus
aculeatus,
23, 209
Tachyglossus
aculeatus
a c a n t h i o n , 22, 251
Taipan, see Oxyuranus
scutellatus
Tamandua
mexicana,
hand-rearing, Tuxtla, 26, 255-260(Pl)
Tamandua
t e t r a d a c t y i a , 26, 255
Tamarin, L i o n , see
Leontopithecus
Tanakia tanago,
breeding, using artificial mussei, 26, 62-64
Tapir, Malayan, see T a p i r u s i n d i c u s
T a p i r u s i n d i c u s , 22, 242
breeding, management, St Louis, 24/25, 294-297
T a p i r u s t e r r e s t r i s , 22, 247
T a r s i u s , 24/25, 108
T a r s i u s bancanus
borneanus,
24/25, 109
T a r s i u s spectrum,
24/25, 109
T a r s i u s s y r i c h t a , 24/25, 103, 109
T a u r o t r a g u s d e r b i a n u s , 24/25, 81, 90
T a u r o t r a g u s eurycerus,
23, 222, see also
Tragelaphus
T a u r o t r a g u s o r v x , 22, 198, 243: 23, 244: 24/25, 133,
195: 26, 295
T a u t o g o l a b r u s adspersus,
26, 38
Tayassu,
22, 10
Tayassu
t a j a c u , 24/25, 318
Tel A v i v Univ,
hand-rearing wild-bred Lappet-faced vulture, 23,
47-51 (PI)
T e r a t h o p i u s ecaudatus,
23, 114, 115: 24/25, 7, 13
Terrapene
C a r o l i n a , 24/25, 341
Terrapene
c o a h u i l a , 24/25, 54
breeding, Dallas, 23, 135-137(P1)
Testudo
m a r g i n a t a , 24/25, 54, 55
T h a l a r c t o s m a r i t i m u s , 22, 229: 24/25, 317: 26, 130,
146, 147(P1), 148, 152
Thalassoma
d u p e r r e y i , 26, 23
Thalassoma
fuscum,
26, 23
Thalassoma
lucansanum,
26, 23
T h a u m a t i b i s g i g a n t e a , 24/25, 35
T h e r i s t i c u s caudatus,
26, 109
Theropithecus
g e l a d a , 24/25, 108, 113, 114, 317, 320
Tidepool exhibit, Baltimore A q u a r i u m , 26, 34-41
Tockus
e r y t h r o r h y n c h u s , 26, 206
T o k y o , Ueno,
breeding, T o k y o bitterling, 26, 62-64
goitre in sharks, 26, 59-61
Tolypeutes,
22, 193
Tolypeutes
matacus,
22, 129, 186, 192
Tolypeutes
t r i c i n c t u s , 22, 186
Tomistoma
s c h l e g e l i i , 2AJ25, 329
Torgos
t r a c h e l i o t u s , 23, 59, 104: 24/25, 7
Torgos
tracheliotus
negevensis,
decline, conservation attempts, Israel, 23, 41-46
hand-rearing for captive breeding stock, Tel
A v i v , 23, 47-51 (PI)
Torgos
t r a c h e l i o t u s nubicus,
23, 42, 47
Torgos
t r a c h e l i o t u s t r a c h e l i o t u s , 23, 42, 50
Toronto,
breeding, African elephant, 22, 215-217
African für seal, 22, 207-215
Renauld's ground cuckoo, 22, 168-171
hand-rearing, N u b i a n ibex, 23, 248-253
Tortoise, Burmese brown/Six-footed, see
Geochelone
emys; Pancake, see
Malacochersus
tornieri
Touch tank, Himeji A q u , 22, 271-276(P1)
Toxotes,
26, 56
T r a c h i n o t u s f a l c a t u s , 26, 16
T r a c h i n o t u s goddei,
26, 16
Trachyphonus
v a i l l a n t i , 26, 206
Tragelaphus
angasi,
22, 234: 24/25, 81, 89, 213,
215, 316
Tragelaphus
euryceros,
22, 234, 246, 247, 248: 23,
196, 222: 24/25, 81, 89, 133, 134, 159
breeding, behaviour, Los Angeles, 23, 237-242
embryo transfer, birth to Eland Surrogate,
Cincinnati, 24/25, 138-141 (PI)
Tragelaphus
eurycerus
i s a a c i , 23, 237
Tragelaphus
i m b e r b i s , 22, 243: 24/25, 90
Tragelaphus
o r y x , 24/25, 139, 140(P1), see also
Taurotragus oryx
Tragelaphus
s c r i p t u s , 24/25, 89, 198: 26, 296
Tragelaphus
spekei,
24/25, 89, 316
Tragelaphus
strepsiceros,
22, 243: 23, 244: 24/25,
195, 198, 318
hand-rearing, reintegration, 22, 269-270
T r a g o p a n b l y t h i , 24/25, 42, 43
T r a g o p a n c a b o t i , 24/25, 42, 43
T r a g o p a n melanocephalus,
24/25, 42, 43
T r a g o p a n s a t y r a , 24/25, 42, 145
T r a g o p a n temmincki,
24/25, 42, 145
T r a g u l u s j a v a n i c u s , 24/25, 78, 80, 26, 295
T r a g u l u s meminna,
24/25, 78
T r a g u l u s napu, 24/25, 78, 80
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS 22-26
Transport Containers,
developing eggs, 24/25, 306-310(P1)
Puffins, 23, 207-209(Pl)
Sea Otters, 23, 223-224(Pl)
T r e m a r c t o s o r n a t u s , 22, 51: 24/25, 207, 317
T r e r o n c a l v a , 26, 206
T r i a e n o d o n obesus,
26, 59
T r i a k i s s c y i l i w n , 26, 59
T r i a k i s semifasciata,
26, 51
Trichechus
i n u n g u i s , 22, 229: 26, 82
hand-rearing, feeding techniques, 22, 263-267
Trichechus
manatus,
22, 229, 230, 266
T r i c h o l i m n a s sylvestris,
24/25, 47, 214
T r i c h o s u r u s , 22, 176: 26, 212
Trigonoceps
o c c i p i t a l i s , 23, 104
Tuatara, see Sphenodon
punctatus
Tucson, Reid Park (formerly Gene Reid Z o o l .
Park), breeding, Ringtail or Cacomistle,
26, 276-280
Turdoides
b i c o l o r , 26, 206
Turdus
m e r u l a , 24/25, 251
T u r s i o p s t r u n c a t u s , 22, 227, 228, 231
breeding, Kolmarden Dolphinarium, 24/25,
263-271 (PI)
Turtle, Aquatic box, see Terrapene
c o a h u i l a ; New
Guinea side-necked, see E m y d u r a a u s t r a l i s
albertisii
Turtles, marine, rearing, artificial sea water, 26,
90-94
Tuxtla,
hand-rearing, Mexican anteater, 26, 255-260(Pl)
T y p h l o m o l g e r a t h b u n i , 24/25, 61-62(P1)
f y t o a l b a , 23, 19, 29, 72, 73, 100
breeding, reintroduction to wild, B O B A R S , 23,
88-95(Pl)
Tyto a l b a qffinis,
23, 105
f y t o a l b a a l b a , 23, 105
f y t o a l b a g u t t a t a , 23, 72, 73, 105
U
U c a , 26, 54
Ungulates,
breeding in zoos, review, 24/25, 77-99
U n i o , 26, 62
U p u p a epops, 26, 206
U r a n o s c o d o n s u p e r c i l i o s a , 23, 157
U r i a a a l g e , 26, 107, 134
Vromastyx
aegyptius,
23, 46, 49
Ursus a r c t o s , 24/25, 317
Ursus ( E u a r c t o s )
americanus,
fostering, interspecific, 22, 262-263
Ursus a r c t o s m i d d e n d o r f f i , 24/25, 317
V
V a l e c i a h i s p a n i c a , 24/25, 69
Vancouver A q u ,
Amazon Gallery, 26, 81-90(P1)
breeding, Wolf-eels, 26, 70-81 (PI)
transport Containers, Puffins, 23, 207-209(Pl)
Sea Otters, 23, 223-224(Pl)
Varanus
d u m e r i l i , 24/25, 312
Varanus
g i l l e n i , 23, 164
581
Varanus
komodoensis,
23, 169: 24/25, 312, 315, 329
Varanus
s a l v a t o r , 23, 169
Venezuela, primates, Status and conservation, 22,
52-59
V i d u a r e g i a , 24/25, 333, 337
Vitamin E , levels in plasma, zoo animals, 24/25,
316-321
Volunteers, collection of behavioural data, 22,
244-249
Vombatus
u r s i n u s , 24/25, 317: 26, 213
Vulpes
(Fennecus)
zerda,
24/25, 287
Vulpes
m a c r o t i s , 26, 276
Vulpes
r u e p p e l l i , 23, 45
Vulpes
vulpes,
23, 45: 24/25, 202
Vulpes
vulpes f u l v a , 24/25, 159
V u l t u r gryphus,
23, 4, 46, 50, 104, 109: 24/25, 4, 5,
6
breeding, hand-rearing, Berlin W , 23, 14-16
London Z S L , 23, 7-11
N Y Bronx, 23, 11-14
Vulture, Bearded, see Gypaetus
b a r b a t u s ; Lappetfaced, see Torgos
tracheliotus
W
Walrus, Pacific, see Odobenus
rosmarus
divergens
Walsrode,
breeding, Secretary bird, 23, 64-66(Pl)
Washington, N Z P ,
behavioural data recording, 22, 244-249
breeding history, Dorcas gazelle, 23, 195-203
growth, development, Orang-utan twins, 22,
256-261
H E R P l a b , family learning centre, 24/25, 340-343
husbandry, breeding, Large hairy armadillo, 22,
185-194(P1)
Yellow-backed duiker, 22, 232-240(Pl)
management, biology, Prehensile-tailed
porcupine, 26, 265-275(Pl)
management, White-tailed deer, Conservation &
Research Center, 23, 234-236
one-way screen, viewing Rufous elephant-shrews,
23, 218-219
Water shrew, Eurasian, see Neomys
fodiens
Waterfowl,
breeding programmes, Wildfowl Trust, 24/25,
21-25
Wave cove exhibit, H o n g K o n g O P , 26,
I54-157(P1)
Wave crash/intertidal exhibits, Montcrey Bay
Aquarium, 26, 30-34
Whipsnade,
activity cycles, White rhinoceros, 24/25, 297-303
Wolf-eel, see A n a r r h i c h t h y s o c e l l a t u s
Wolf, Maned, see Chrysocyon
brachyurus
Woolly monkey, Yellow-tailed, see L a g o t h r i x
ßavicauda
W y u l d a , 22, 176
X
X a n l h i c h l h y s menlo,
26, 23
Xenophorus
c a p t i v u u s , 24/25, 70
X i p h o p h o r u s couchianus,
24/25, 70
582
X i p h o p h o r u s g o r d o n i , 24/25, 70
Xyrauchen
texanus,
24/25, 71
Z
Zaedyus,
22, 193, 194
Zaedyus
p i c h i y , 22, 185, 186, 192
Zaglossus
bruijni,
behaviour, Dallas, 23, 209-215
hand-rearing, M o u n t Hagen, 22, 250-252
S U B J E C T I N D E X VOLS22
Zalophus
c a l i f o r n i a n u s , 22, 227, 228, 231, 265: 26,
80, 148, 152, 154, 167
Zalophus
californianus californianus,
hand-rearing, reintegration, N Y Bronx, 24/25,
279-285(Pl)
Zebra, Grevy's see Equus
grevyi
Zebrasoma
flavescens,
26, 23
Zebrasoma
v e l i f e r u m , 26, 23