HistoriaͳǡͳǡȀʹͲͳǡͳͺǦͶͲ “ZimbabweisnotaSouthAfricanprovince”: HistoricisingSouthAfrica’sZimbabwepolicysincethe1960s A.S.Mlambo* Abstract ǯ ǯ ǯͳͻͲ ǯ Ǥͳ ǯ Dzdz ǯ ǡ Dz dzǤ Ǥ ͳͻͻͲ ǤǦ Dzdz ǡ ǡ Ȃ Ǥ Keywords:Ǣ Ǣ ǢǢǢǢ Ǣ ǢǤǤǤ Opsomming ǦǦ ±ͳͻͲǯǡ´ ´ ǯǤ * ͳǤ Ǥ ǡ ͷ ʹͲͲͺǡ ǡǡǡʹͲͲͺǤ Howtocitethisarticle: ǤǤ ǡ DzǮ ǯǣ ǯ ͳͻͲdzǡHistoriaͳǡͳǡȀʹͲͳǡͳͺǦͶͲǤ ǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳͳͷͻȀʹ͵ͲͻǦͺ͵ͻʹȀʹͲͳȀͳͳͷ Copyright:̹ȋȌǤ Ǥ 18 Ȃ Ǧ Dzdz ǡ Ǧ ǡDzdzǡǤ ǡǦ Ǥ ǯ ͳͻͻͲǯ × Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ´Dzdz ±ǡǡ ǦǤ Sleutelwoorde: Ǣ ǦǢ Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ ǡ´ǢǢǤǤǤ Background ǯ ǯ Ǧ ǡʹ Ǧ ǡ ǡǡ ǯ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǯ Dzdz ǯ ǤǤ ǯǣ ȋ ǯȌ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͲ Dz Ǯ ǯ dzǤ ǡ ǡ Dz dz Dzthere would be no Zimbabwean crisis ʹǤ ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǤǤ Ǥ ǡDzǯǦǣdzǡǡ Ǥ ȋȌ ǡ ͻǡ ͵ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ǣȀȀǤ ǤȀ Ȁ Ȁǫ͵ʹαǦǦ 19 Ȃ without . . . South African support” ȋ ȌǤ͵ ǡ ʹͲͲͷǡǣ ǡ Ǥ Ȃ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ȃ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͲ veryrealpotentialpowerwhichtheSouth AfricanstatepossessedȋȌǤͶ ǡ Dz ǯ ǡ ǯ dz Dz Ǥ ǡ Ǯ ǯǤdzͷ Dz dz ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Dz ǤǤǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ dzǤ Dz ǯ dzǤǡ ȋȌ ǯ ǢȋȌ ǯ ͵Ǥ ͶǤ ͷǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz dz ǣȀȀǤǤ ȀΪΨ͵ΪΪȏΪΪΪΪ ΪΪ ʹͲͳͲǡ ǤǤ ǡ Dzǡ ǯdzǡNationalInterestǡ͵ȋʹͲͲͳȌǡǣȀȀͲǦʹǤǤ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǯ ǣ dzǡ Journal of ContemporaryAfricanStudiesǡʹ͵ǡʹȋʹͲͲͷȌǡͳͶȂͳʹǤ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Dzǡ dzǡ Monthly Reviewǡ ͷͶǡ ͳ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ ǣȀȀǤǤȀͲͷͲʹǤ ǤǤ ǡDz ǯ ǡ dzǡ ǡ ǡǡͷȂʹͲͳͲǤ ǤǤ ǡ Dz Ȃ ǣ ǯ Ǯ ǯǯdzǡǤͳͲͳǤ ͵ʹͲͲͻǤ ǡDz dzǤ 20 Ȃ Ǣ ȋ Ȍ Dzdz Dz dz Ǥ Ȃ ǡ ͳͻͲ ǡ ͳͻͲǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǯ ͳͻͲ ͺͲǡ Dzdz ǤͳͻͲǡ ǯ ǡ ǡǡ ǯǤ Ǥ SouthAfrica’shegemonyandpowerintheUDIperiod ǡ ǡ ͳͺͻͲǤǡ ǯ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻʹ͵ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥͺ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻ͵Ͳ DzǦdz Dz dz Ǥͻ Ǥ ͺǤ ͻǤ ǡ ǤǤ ǡ White Immigration into Rhodesia: From OccupationtoFederationȋ ǡǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ ǤǤ ǡ DzȂ ǡ ͳͻͲͲȂͳͻʹ͵dzǡ South African Historical Journalǡ͵ǡͳȋͳͻͳȌǡͻ͵ȂͳͲͺǤ ǤǡDz dzǡNewLeftReviewǡ͵ͻȋͳͻȌǡ͵ͷȂͷǤ 21 Ȃ ǡ ǯ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͷ͵ǤͳͲ ǡ ǡ Ǥͳͳ Ǧ ȋȌ ͳͻͷǡ Ǥͳʹ ǡ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥͳ͵ ǡ Ǥ ͳͲǤ ͳͳǤ ͳʹǤ ͳ͵Ǥ Ȃȏǣ ȐȋǤ ͷͻͶͻǡ ͳͻ͵ͻȌǡ ȋǡ ǡ ͳͻ͵ͻȌǢ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǣǡ ǡͳͻͶͺȂͳͻͷ͵dzǡTheHistoricalJournal, ͵ͲǡͳȋͳͻͺȌǡͳͶͷȂʹǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Foreign Companies and International Investment in Zimbabwe ȋ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͷȌǢ ǤǤ ǡ Dz ǡ ǡͳͻ͵ͻȂͳͻͷdzǡǡǡʹͲͳͷǤ Ǥ ǡ Economic Sanctions ȋ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͺͳȌǢ ǦȋǦȌǡͳȀͳͷȀͳͻǡ Ǥʹǡǣ ǡ ǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǡͳͲͳͻǤ ǤǤ ǡ ǮDz ǯǣ ǡ ͳͻͷȂͳͻͷdzǡ African Historical Reviewǡ ͶͲǡ ͳ ȋ ʹͲͲͺȌǢ Ǥ ǡ Sanctions DoubleCross:OiltoRhodesiaȋǡǡͳͻͻȌǤ Ǧǡ ͳȀͳͷȀͳȀͳͺȀͳͲǡ Ǥ ͳǡ ǣ ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͺ ͳͻǢǡǡ ǡǡǡͳͻǢǡ ǡ ǡ ͻ ͳͻǤ Ǧǡ ͳȀͳͷȀͳȀͳͺȀͳͲǡ Ǥ ͳǡ ǣ ǡ ǯ ͳͻ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͳȀͳǤ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǣ ǯ dzǡ Naval War College Reviewǡ ͷͷǡ ͳ ȋ ʹͲͲʹȌǢ Ǧǡ ͳȀͳͷȀͳȀʹǡ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǤǡͳǡͳͻͶǤ 22 Ȃ ǤͳͶ ǤǯDz dz Dz dz Ǥͳͷǡ ǯ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥͳ ǯǡ ǡǤ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥͳͻǡ Dz Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ dzǤͳ ǡǡ Ǣ Ǥ Dz dzǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Dz ȏȐ dzǤͳͺ Dz dz Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǯ ͳͶǤ ͳͷǤ ͳǤ ͳǤ ͳͺǤ ȋȌǡȀ ͳͻͺǡͷͳǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ South Africa’s Foreign Policy: The Search for Status and Security, 1945–1988 ȋǡǡͳͻͻͲȌǡͳ͵Ǥ ǦǡͳȀͳͷȀ͵Ǥʹǡ ǡʹͲͳͻͶȂ ʹ͵ͳͻͶǡǡ ǡǡʹͳͻͶǤ ǦǡͳȀͳͷȀ͵Ȁʹǡ ǡʹͲͳͻͶȂ ʹ͵ͳͻͶǡǡ ǡǡʹͳͻͶǤ RandDailyMail,ͳͳͻǤ ǡ Assembly Debates ʹͷ ͳͻǡ Ǥ Ͷ͵ǡ ǦǤ ǡVorster’sForeignPolicyȋ ǡǡͳͻͲȌǡͳͺǤ 23 Ȃ ǤͳͻͻǡDz ʹͲͲ Ǧ dzǤͳͻ ͳͻͶǦͷǡ ǯ Ǧ Ǥ ǦͳͻͻͶǯ Dzdz ǡǡǤ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǤʹͲ éà ǡ ǡ ʹͲͲͲ ǯ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͲǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡͳͻͶǦͷǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯ Dzdz Ǣ ǯ Dz dzǤʹͳ ǯ Dz dzDz ǡdz Ǥʹʹ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǯ ͳͻͷǡ ǯǦ ͳͻǤ ʹͲǤ ʹͳǤ ʹʹǤ Ǥ ǡ National Liberation Movements in Office: Forging Democracy with African AdjectivesinNamibiaȋǡǡʹͲͲͻȌǡͶʹͲǤ ǡ ǡ ͳͻǡ ǯ ǡͳ͵ȀͳͳȀͳͳ͵ͻǡ ǡDzdzǤ ǤǡTheGreatBetrayalȋǡǡͳͻͻȌǤ ǡTheGreatBetrayal,ʹʹͺȂʹʹͻǤ 24 Ȃ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǣ ͷͲ Ǥ ǤǤǤ Ȃ Ǥ ǡͳȂͶǤǤǤ ǡ Ǥ ǯǡ Ǥ ǡ ȏ Ȑ Ǥ Ǥʹ͵ ǯ Dzdz Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǯ Dzdz Ǥ Ǧ Ȃ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǯ Ǥ Zimbabwe’sindependenceandSouthAfricandestabilisation ǯ ͳͻͺͲ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǯ ǯ ǡ ǡ ʹ͵Ǥ ǤǤ ǡAShortThousandYearsȋ ǡǡͳͻͻȌǤ 25 Ȃ Ǥǡǡ Dzdz ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋȌǡ Ȃ ǡ ȋȌ ǤʹͶ ǡ ǯ Ǥʹͷ ǡ Dz dz ͳͻͺͲǤ ǡʹ Ǧ Ǥ SouthAfrica’squietdiplomacyanditscritics ǡ ǡ ǯ ǡ Dz dzǤʹ ǡ Ǧ ʹͲͲͲ Ǥ Dz dz Ǥ ʹͲͲͲǡ ǡ ͶͷͲ Ȃ ǡ ǡ Dzdz ǡ ǡ ǡ ʹͶǤ ʹͷǤ ʹǤ ʹǤ Ǥ ǡDzǣ dzǡ ǣȀȀǤȀȀȀ Ǥ ʹͲʹͲͳͳǤ ǤǡSouthAfrica’sDestabilizationofZimbabwe,1980–89ȋ ǡǡͳͻͻͺȌǢǤ ǡ Beggar your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa ȋ ǡǡͳͻͺȌǢǤǤǡApartheidTerrorism:TheDestabilization ReportȋǡǡͳͻͺͻȌǢǤǡWitnessfromtheFrontline:Aggressionand ResistanceinSouthernAfricaȋ ǡǡͳͻͻͲȌǤ Ǥ ǡDz dzǤ ǯ ǯ ǣ Dz ǯ dzǤǡTheAustralianǡͳǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ 26 Ȃ Ǥǡǡ ȋȌ ʹͲͲͳǡ ǯ Ǥʹͺ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ Ǥ Dz dzǤʹͻǯ Ǧ ǯ Ǥ Ǧ ǣ Dz dzǤ͵Ͳ ǯ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Dz ǯ dzǤ͵ͳ ǯ ǯ Ǥ͵ʹ ǯ ǯ ʹͲͲͲ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͲʹ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǣ ǡ Dz ʹͺǤ ʹͻǤ ͵ͲǤ ͵ͳǤ ͵ʹǤ ǡ Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 200 ȋ ǡǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ Ǥ ǡ Dz dzǡ ǣȀȀǤ ǤǤǡ ͳ͵ ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ǤǤǡDzǣ dzǡInternationalAffairsǡͺǡ͵ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡͷͶȂͷǡǯ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡADifficultDialogue:Zimbabwe–SouthAfricaEconomicRelationssince 2000ȋ ǡǡʹͲͲȌǡͺǤ ǤǤ ǡ Report of the FactFinding Mission to Zimbabwe to Assess the Scope and ImpactofOperationMurambatsvinabytheUNSpecialEnvoyonHumanSettlementsIssuesin ZimbabweȋǦǡǡʹͲͲͷȌǡʹͶǤ 27 Ȃ dzǤ͵͵ ʹͲͲͷ ǡ Ǥ͵Ͷ Dz dz ǡ͵ͷ ǯ ǯ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǦʹͲͲͺ ǡ ǣ Dz ̵ Ǥ ǫdz͵ ǡ ǡ ʹͲͲͺǡ Dz Ǥǫdz Makingsenseofquietdiplomacy ǯ ǡ ǡ ǯ ǡ Ǥ͵ ǡ ǯ Ȃ ǡ ǯ ͳͻͲ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ǯ ǣ ͵͵Ǥ ͵ͶǤ ͵ͷǤ ͵Ǥ ͵Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz ͻ ͳͲ ʹͲͲʹdzǤ ǡ DzǦ ǣ ʹͲͲʹdzǢ ǡ DzʹͲͲʹ ǡdzǢ ǡ Dz ǡͻȂͳͲ ʹͲͲʹdzǤ Dz dzǡǡͳͳʹͲͲǤ ǡADifficultDialogueǤ Mail&GuardianǡͳʹͲͲͺǤ ǤǡǤǤȋȌǡSouthAfricainAfrica:ThePostApartheidEra ȋ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ʹͲͲȌǡ ǣȀȀ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǤȀȀȀ ȀȀ ̴ͳ͵ͻǤ 28 Ȃ Ȍ ͳͻͺͲǡ Dz dz Ǥ Ȍ Dzdz ͳͻͲ ǡ ʹͳ Ȃ Ǥ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ Ȍ Dz dz Ǣ Ǥ Ǥ Hegemon?Whathegemony? ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǦ ǯ ǡ Ǣ Dz dzǤ͵ͺ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͺͲǤ ǡ ǯ ͳͻͺͲ ǡ Dzdz Ǧ Ǥ ͵ͺǤ Ǥ ǡDz ǣǡǡǮ ǯǫdzǡǡSouthAfricainAfricaǤ 29 Ȃ ǯ ǦͳͻͻͶ Ǥ ǡ Dz dz Ǧ ͳͻͻͷǤ ǡ ǡ Dz dzǤ͵ͻǡ ǯ ǡ Dz ǡ dzǤͶͲ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǯǤ Ǧ Ǣ ǤͶͳ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǡ Dzdzǡǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ʹͲͲͷǡ ǤͶʹ ǡ ʹͲͲͺ ȋ ȌȂ ǯǡȂ ʹͲͳ͵ ǡ Dz dzDzdzǡ Dz Ǥ Ǥ ǡ dzǤͶ͵ ͵ͻǤ ͶͲǤ ͶͳǤ ͶʹǤ Ͷ͵Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz Ǯǯǣ dzǡ Zimbabwe Independent, ͻ ʹͲͲʹǤ Ǥ ǡ Dzǯ dzǡ Business Reportǡ ͳͳ ʹͲͳͲǤ Dzǣ ǫdzǡTheStatesman, ǡʹͲͲͷǤ DzdzǡǡʹʹͲͲͷǢCapeTimes,ʹ͵ʹͲͲǤ Dz Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ ȏȐ dzǡ Ǥ ǤʹͲͳ͵ǣȀȀǤ Ǥ ǤȀǦǦȀǦ 30 Ȃ ǡ Dz dz Dz dzͶͶ Ǥǡǯ ǯ Ǣǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ DzǯdzǤͶͷ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǤǤǤȏȐ ǤͶ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǤǤͶ ͶͶǤ ͶͷǤ ͶǤ ͶǤ ǦǦǦǦǦ Ǧǡ ͻ ʹͲͳǤ DzdzǡMail&Guardian,ͷʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ǤǡDzǣ ǯ ʹͲͲͲȂ ʹͲͲͷdzǡPolitikon,͵ǡʹȋʹͲͲͻȌǡͳͻ͵ȂʹͳͺǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǯǣ ǯ dzǡStrategicReviewforSouthernAfrica,ʹͷǡͳȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǡͳȂʹͺǤ ANCTodayǡͳǡͻǡʹ͵Ȃʹͻ ʹͲͲͳǤ ǤǡDz dzǡANCTodayǡ͵ǡͳͺǡͻȂͳͷ ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ 31 Ȃ Theissueofeconomicsanctions ǡ ͳͻͲǤ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Dzdz Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͷ ǯ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͻͲǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǡ ǤNew African ǡ ʹͲͲ ǯ ǡͷ ̈́ͳǤͲͻͶǡ Ǥ ǤǡǡDzǯ ǯ Ǥ Ǥǡǡ dzǤͶͺ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ Somesharedperceptions ǡ Dzdz Ǧ ǤͶͻ ʹͲͲͺ ǣ ͶͺǤ ͶͻǤ ǤǡDz ǣdzǡNewAfricanǡͳʹͲͲǤ ǤǤǡDz ǣ ǯ Ǧdzǡ ǡͳȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǡʹͷǤ 32 Ȃ ǥ Ǧ Dzdz Ǥ findoutindetailhowformer SouthAfricanpresidentB.J.VorsterdealtwithIanSmithǤǤǤ ǯ Dz dz ȏȐǤͷͲ ʹͲͲͻǡ ǯ ȋȌ Dz ǯ dzǤͷͳ ǡǯ ǡ ǡDzǯ ʹͲͲdzǡ Dz dz Ǥǡ Ǥͷʹ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǯ Ǥ ǡ ǣDz ǡ Ǥ Ǥdzͷ͵ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǯǯ ǤǤǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Dz Ǧ Ǧ ȏ ͷͲǤ ͷͳǤ ͷʹǤ ͷ͵Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǣ Ǯ ǫdzǡ Ǥ ǤȀȀ͵͵Ͷǡ ʹ͵ʹͲͳͳǤ Dzǯ dzǡDailyNews,ǡͳͲ ʹͲͲͻǤ ǤǡDzdzǡǡ ʹͲͳͲǤ ǣȀȀǤǤ ǤȀȀ ǤǫαͶʹͲǡ ʹ͵ʹͲͳͳǤ 33 Ȃ ͳͻͺͲȐ dzǤͷͶǡ ǡ Dz Ǧ Ǧdz ǦͳͻͺͲǤͷͷ Ǥ ǡǡ ͳͻͻͲǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͺͻ ǡ ǯǦ Ǧǡ ǡ Ǥͷ ǡ Ǥ Ǣ ǯ Ǧ Dz dz Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥͷ ǡ ǯ Dz dzǡ Dz dzǤͷͺ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǧ Ǥ ͷͶǤ ͷͷǤ ͷǤ ͷǤ ͷͺǤ Ǥ ǡDz ǣ ǡͳͻͺͳȂͳͻͺ͵dzǡKronosǡ͵ǡͳȋʹͲͳͳȌǡͺͻǤ ǤǡInsideSouthAfrica’sForeignPolicy:AfricanDiplomacyfromSmutstoMbekiȋǡ ǡʹͲͳͶȌǡͶǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz dzǡ ǡ ǡ Ͷ ʹͲͲͺǤ ȋ Ȍǡ Zimbabwe: The Politics of NationalLiberationȋ ǡǡʹͲͲʹȌǡͳͺǤ 34 Ȃ ǡ Ǥͷͻ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǯ Dz ǡ Ǧ dz Dzǡ ȏ Ȑ dzǤǣ ǡ ȏ Ȑ ȂǤ ǡ Dz dz Dz Ǧ dzǤͲ ǡ ͳͻͲ ͳͻͲ ǡǦ Ǥͳ ǡ Ǧ Ǥʹ ǡ Ǧͳͻ Ǥ ͷͻǤ ͲǤ ͳǤ ʹǤ Ǥ ǡDzdzǡͳͳ ʹͲͲͲ Ǥ ǤǤȀǤǫαͷ͵ʹ Ǣ Dz ǡ Ȃͻ ʹͲͳ͵dzǤ ǤǤȀǤǫαͳͲͳͲʹ ͻʹͲͳǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dzǣ Ǩ ǫdzǡ ǡ ʹͲͲͺǤ ǯ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǤǡDzǡ ǦdzǡReview ofAfricanPoliticalEconomyǡ͵ͳǡͳͲͳȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ͵ͺͻȂ͵ͻͳǤ ǤǡWiththePeopleȋƬǡǡͳͻͺͲȌǤ 35 Ȃ AfricansolidarityinthefaceofWesternhectoring ǯ ǯ ͳͻͺͲǤǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ͵ ǡ ǯ ǯǤ ǡ ǯ ǯ ǡ ǯ ǯ Dz dzǤͶ ǯ ǡ ǯ ǡ ʹͲͲͶ Ǥ ʹͲͲǤͷ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Dz dz Ǥ Ȃ Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ ͵Ǥ ͶǤ ͷǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz dzǡ Development DialogueǡͷͲȋ ʹͲͲͺȌǡͳͻȂʹͳͷǤ BusinessDayǡǡ͵ʹͲͲͷǤ DzdzǡMmegiǡǡ͵ͳʹͲͲǤ ǡInsideSouthAfrica’sForeignPolicyǡͷʹǤ 36 Ȃ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǯ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ DzǦdz Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǣ Dz ȋ ǤȌ dz Dz ǤǤǤ Ǥǥ ̵dzǤ Ǥ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǯ ʹͺ ǡǣ ǤǤǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥͺ ǡǣ ǡǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥͻ Ǥ ͺǤ ͻǤ ǣȀȀǤǤ ǤȀǤǫαͳͷʹͳͶƬαʹͲͲʹǦͳͲǦͳͶ ʹͲ ʹͲͳͷǤ Dz dzǡBangladeshNewsǡͳͻʹͲͲͺǤ ANC Todayǡ ͳǡ ͻǡʹ͵Ȃʹͻ ʹͲͲͳǤ ǡ Dz dzǡ͵ͻͷȂ͵ͻͺ Ǥ 37 Ȃ Conclusion ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǯǤǡ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǯ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͲ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȂͳͻͻͶ ǯ Dz dz ͳͻͺͲͳͻͻͶ Ǥ ǡ ǯ ǯ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Dzdzǯ ǡ Ǥ ǣ ȋ ȌʹͲͲͺȂʹͲͳ͵ǫ 38 Ȃ ǫ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ʹͲͳ͵ Ǧ ǤǡǡǦ ʹͲͳ͵ǤͲ ǡ ǡ Dzdz Ǧ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡǡǡ ǡ ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ʹͲͳ͵ Ǥͳ ǡ ǡ Dz dzǤʹǡ ǤʹͲͳǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǡ Dz dz Ǥ͵ʹʹǡ ǯ ǡ ǣ ͲǤ ͳǤ ʹǤ ͵Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǣ ǡǡdzǤȋǤȌǡTheHardRoadto Reform:ThePoliticsofZimbabwe’sGlobalPoliticalAgreementȋǡǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ͳȂ͵ͺǤ ǡDz dzǡʹͷȂʹǤ ǡInsideSouthAfrica’sForeignPolicyǡ͵Ǥ ǤǡDzǣ dzǡͳͳʹͲͳǡ ǣȀȀǤǡǤȀȀǦǦǦǦǦ ǤǤǤǡ ʹ ʹͲͳǢ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǯ ǡ ǣ Ǧ dzǡ ͳͺ ʹͲͳǡ ǣȀȀǤ Ǥ ǤȀȀʹͲͳȀͲͳȀͳͺȀǦǦǦʹǦǦǦǦǦǤǤǤǡ ʹʹͲͳǢǤǡDzǣ dzǡʹͷʹͲͳǡǣȀȀǤ Ǥ ǤȀȀǦǦǦǦ͵ǦǦǦ ǦǦȀǡ ʹ ʹͲͳǢ Ǥ ǡ Dz dzǡ ͺ ʹͲͳǡ ǣȀȀǤ ǤǤȀȀǦǦǦǦǦǦǦǥǢ Ǥ ǡ Dz 39 Ȃ Ȍ Ǧ ǡ Dz Ǧdz ǯ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ȍ Dz ǡ ǦdzǡǦ Dz dzǤ Ȍ ǡ Dz Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ dzǡ ǦǤ Ȍ ʹͲͲͺ ǡ Dz dzǤ Ǥ Ȍ ǯ ǯ DzǦ dz ǡ ǡ Dz dzǤ Ȍ ǡ ǯ ǯ Dz Ǧ dzDz dzǤͶ ǯ ǯ Dzdz Dz dz ǡ Ǧ ǯǤ ͶǤ dzǡͳͻʹͲͳǡ ǤǤ ǤȀȀǦǦǦ Ǧ ǦǦ ǤǤǤǡ ʹʹͲͳǤ Ǥ ǡ Dz ǯ ǣ dzǡ ʹʹ ʹͲͳǡ ǣȀȀǤ Ǥ ǤȀȀǦ ǦǦǦǦ ǦǦǦǡ ʹʹͲͳǤ 40
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