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The New
South
SS8H7
SS8H7
• The student will evaluate
key political, social, and
economic changes that
occurred in Georgia
between 1877 and 1918.
SS8H7a
• a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon
Triumvirate, Henry Grady,
International Cotton Exposition, Tom
Watson and the Populists, Rebecca
Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot,
the Leo Frank Case, and the county
unit system had on Georgia during
this period.
The Bourbon Triumvirate
• Reconstruction ended in 1870
• Many felt it was time to REDEEM
the South
REDEEM - To Change for the Better
The Bourbon Triumvirate
Bourbon = Referred to the powerful
French ruling class
• Triumvirate = 3
3 Powerful Leaders of our state
The Bourbon Triumvirate
Group of three powerful Democrats:
• Joseph E. Brown
• Alfred H. Colquitt
• John B. Gordon
The Bourbon Triumvirate
• Each were Key figures of
Civil War
• Rotated as governor and
U.S. Senator from the 1870s
to 1890s
• Several common interests
The Bourbon Triumvirate
• Wanted to develop railroads and
mining. More industry in the South.
• Insisted on low taxes
• Believed in White Supremacy.
The Bourbon Triumvirate
• Fewer Services provided by
the government
• Restore the Democrats to
power
The Bourbon Triumvirate:
Two Major Goals:
• Encourage business and industry in
Georgia
• Build a New South that was
economically powerful
Joseph E. Brown
• 1849 - Elected to the
Georgia General Assembly
• 1855 - Became a state judge
• 1857 - elected governor of
Georgia
Joseph E. Brown
(During the Civil War)
Joseph E. Brown
During the Bourbon
Triumvirate/New South
Joseph E. Brown
(Statue at State Capitol)
Alfred H. Colquitt
• 1853 - elected to U.S. House
of Representative
• 1859 - Served in Georgia
General Assembly
• Strongly supported
secession
Alfred H. Colquitt
• 1861 - Elected to the Georgia
Secession Convention
• Joined the Confederate Army
• Distinguished military career
General Alfred Colquitt
Confederate Army
RESEMBLANCE?
Alfred H. Colquitt
After the war:
• Elected governor of Georgia
twice
• Elected to the U.S. Senate
twice
Governor/Sena
tor
Alfred Colquitt
During the Bourbon
Triumvirate/New South
Governor/Sena
tor
Alfred Colquitt
During the Bourbon
Triumvirate/New South
Gov. Roy Barnes 1998-2002
John B. Gordon
• Fought for the Confederates
in the Civil War
• Outspoken opponent of
Reconstruction
• Leader of the Georgia
chapter of the KKK
General John B. Gordon
Confederate Army
John B. Gordon
• Elected governor in 1886
• Elected back to the U.S.
Senate in 1891
Governor John B. Gordon
Senator John B. Gordon
John B. Gordon’s
Statue at the State Capitol
The Bourbon Triumvirate group of three (Brown,
Colquitt, Gordon)—wanted to strengthen economic ties with the North,
while keeping white supremacy—considered old Southern traditions
Successes
Failures
• State taxes lowered
• Did not improve lives
• State war debts
• Education suffered
reduced
of poor
• Did not reform prisons
• Business and industry
expanded
• Poor working
conditions in factories
*
Henry Grady
• Born in Athens, GA
• Promoted the “New South”
• Managing editor of the
Atlanta Journal/Constitution
Henry W. Grady
Original Atlanta Journal/Constitution Building
Henry Grady
• Used the newspaper to
promote his views
• Wanted to industrialize the
South
• Wanted to diversify
agriculture
Henry Grady
• Tried to lobby northern investors to
send financial aid
• Brought the International Cotton
Expositions to Atlanta
• Help create GA Tech
Georgia Tech
Henry Grady
Grady had his critics:
• Georgia’s farmers
- Too much focus
on industry
• Elected officials of other cities - bias
in favor of Atlanta
Henry Grady
• Identified as the
“Spokesman of the New
South”
• Died at age of 39
Henry Grady
• Grady County
• Grady Hospital
• University of Georgia’s
Grady School of Journalism
Henry W. Grady’s
Statue in Atlanta
Henry W. Grady’s
Statue in Atlanta
Henry Grady High School
Atlanta, GA
Henry Grady Hotel - Atlanta, GA
1924 - 1974
Henry Grady Hotel is now the Westin Peachtree Plaza
Hotel, which is behind Centennial Olympic Park
Grady Memorial Hospital
Atlanta, GA
Grady School of Journalism
University of Georgia
•
The International Cotton
Exposition
Atlanta hosted three
International Cotton
Expositions
•Promote growth of industry
• In 1881, 1885, and 1895
• Similar to a World’s Fairs
International Cotton Exposition
Atlanta, GA
Governor Alfred Colquitt Opens the
International Cotton Exposition
The Display of The D. Landreth Seed
Company at The International Cotton
Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia in 1881
Souvenir Medals from the
International Cotton Exposition
The International Cotton
Exposition
• Rebuilding of Atl
• Tried to lure northern
businesses to the south
• Heavily promoted by Henry
Grady
Cotton States Exposition Speech
The International Cotton
Exposition
• promote industry and diversification
of crops in the South
• Events were effective
• Displayed Atlanta’s “rise from the
ashes”
• Atl the leading city of the South
Tom Watson and the
Populists
• Tom Watson (1856-1922)
• Popular and controversial
• Supported the farmers= against the
growth of industry in the South
• Concerned for the African-Amer.
farmer
Tom Watson
Younger Version of Watson
Tom Watson and the
Populists
• 1882 - Elected to the Georgia General
Assembly
• Public education for all Georgians
Tom Watson and the
Populists
• angry with the policies of the New
South
• Resigned before the end of his term
• 1890 - adopted policies of the
Farmers Alliance/Populist Party
Tom Watson and the
Populists
• Pushed lower taxes for the poor
farmer
• Elected to the U.S. Congress
• In Congress, helped to pass the Rural
Free Delivery Act (RFD)
RFD 30529
T. Graham Brown
Song created in Madison County - References the Rural Free Delivery Act
Sarah Kate’s
Great-Aunt’s
son is
THE
T. Graham
Brown
Alcy’s
grandfather
is in the
video 58
seconds
into the
video!
Tom Watson
Senator, Congressman,
Journalist
Tom Watson and the
Populists
• 1892 - lost his reelection bid to
Congress
• Both races strongly supported him
• 1896 - Populist or “People’s Party”
picked him to run for vice-president
Tom Watson and the Populists
• Ran for president in 1904 and 1908
• Populists did not receive many votes
• Returned to Georgia to run in state
and local races
Watson runs
for President
Candidate for the Populist Party
(People’s Party)
Tom Watson and the Populists
• 1904 - changed his progressive views
toward race
• Became an aggressive white
supremacist
• Targeted African-Americans,
Catholics and Jews
Tom Watson and the Populists
• Ran his own newspaper/magazine,
The Jeffersonian
• Used it to express his political,
social, and economic viewpoints
• It was popular in the South and even
in northern cities such as New York
Tom Watson
Finally Elected to the U.S. Senate
Dies two years into his term.
Tom Watson
Statue at the Georgia State
Capitol
Rebecca Latimer
Felton
• Writer, political activist, reformer
• The first female senator
in U.S. history- for one
day
• Married to state legislator, William Felton
Rebecca Latimer Felton
Rebecca Latimer Felton
Rebecca Latimer
Felton
• Against convict lease system
• Supported PROHIBITION (ban on making,
selling, and drinking alcohol)
• Her #1 Cause was: Women’s SUFFRAGE (the
right to vote)
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
Rebecca Latimer Felton
The 1906 Race Riot
The 1906 Race Riot
• 48-hour riot (September 22-24)
• Caused by a series of local
newspaper articles
• They claimed black men were
attacking white women
The 1906 Race Riot
• Articles = not true
• Real reason- whites upset about
competition for their jobs
• From blacks
The 1906 Race Riot
• Whites also claimed the black upper
class was getting too far ahead
• Whites were jealous of successful
black business leaders (Alonzo
Herndon)
• Georgia governor’s candidates based
their campaigns on white supremacy
(Hoke Smith and Clarke Howell)
The 1906 Race Riot
• The morning of the riot - Four articles
published about assaults on white
women
• Group of mostly unemployed white
men and boys gathered in downtown
Atlanta
• They wanted revenge - not knowing
they were all false attacks
The 1906 Race Riot
• City officials tried to calm the mob
• Men began attacking any black that
they saw
• Went into the black businesses killing and beating black men to
death
The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot
The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot
The 1906 Race Riot
• Georgia militia was called in
• Black began to arm themselves and
fought off their attackers
• Fights continued to break out all the
next day
The 1906 Race Riot
• Riot caused unwanted negative
national and international attention
• Atlanta business leaders, both black
and white came together to end the
riot
• The long-term effect of the riot was
deeper segregation
The Leo Frank Case
• April 26, 1913
• Mary Phagan (13) went to National
Pencil Factory
• She was going to collect her pay
check
Mary Phagan
National Pencil Factory
Downtown Atlanta
The Leo Frank Case
• Paid by Leo Frank
She never returned home
• Later that evening, her body was
found in the basement of the factory
The Leo Frank Case
• Public demanded justice
• 3 suspects in the case
•
night watchmen who found the body
(Newt Lee)
• Jim Conley - the factory’s janitor
• The manager - Leo Frank who was
Jewish
Jim Conley
Factory Janitor
Accused Killer of Mary Phagan
Jim Conley
Factory Janitor
Accused Killer of Mary Phagan
Newt Lee
Night Watchman, Newt Lee
Found the body of Mary Phagan
The Leo Frank Case
• Evidence existed that helped and hurt
Frank
• Jury believed Jim Conley’s 4 different
accounts that it was Frank
• Frank= convicted- sentenced to death
• (Anti-semitism)
Leo Frank at his trial
(Wife is behind him)
Leo Frank’s Trial
Newt Lee is on the stand
Hugh Dorsey
Prosecuting Attorney in Leo Frank case
Later Elected Governor because of win
Luther Rosser
Defense Attorney for Leo Frank
The Leo Frank Case
• Many Jewish groups from both the North and
South began funding Frank’s court appeals
• Tom Watson began a campaign against
Frank and Northern Jews in his newspaper
and magazine
• After several appeals, Frank did not receive
a pardon
The Leo Frank Case
• Conley’s lawyer, William Smith, began
to change his mind
• Convinced Governor John Slaton to
reopen the case
• Gov. Slaton- not enough evidence
• Didn’t allow death sentence of Leo
Frank
William Smith
Lawyer who originally defended Jim Conley
Later believed Conley lied and Frank was innocent
John M. Slaton
Popular Governor of Georgia
until he commutes the sentence
of Leo Frank to life in prison
The Leo Frank Case
• The public was outraged
• Slaton was nervous and called out
militia
• Had been very popular, now had to
secretly move from GA
The Leo Frank Case
• Public feared Frank would eventually
be released
• Elite community members of Marietta
drove to Milledgeville where Frank
was being held
• They walked in and removed Frank
The Leo Frank Case
• They drove him back up to Marietta
• They called themselves the “Knights
of Mary Phagan”
• They lynched him
The Leo Frank Case
• Residents posed for photographs next
to his body
• These photos were sold as souvenirs
• 1986 - Georgia State Board of Pardons
finally pardoned Leo Frank
VIDEO ON LEFT
SONG ON RIGHT
M.E. Thompson | 1954 Georgia
Gubernatorial Campaign Ad
County Unit System
The County Unit System
• Put in place in 1917
• It gave more power to rural, less
populated counties
• Georgia was a solidly Democratic
state
• Candidates who won the primary
were guaranteed to win the election
The County Unit System
• Counties were divided into three
categories and given a specific
number of “unit votes.”
• Urban counties were given 6 votes
• “Town” counties were given 4 votes
• Rural counties were given 2 votes
The County Unit System
• Only 8 counties were considered
urban (48 votes)
• 30 town counties (120 votes)
• 121 rural counties (242 votes)
The County Unit System
• Rural counties voted as a block
• They had more power than the more
populated urban centers
• Lasted for almost 50 years
The County Unit System
• Violated the concept of “one man,
one vote”
• This system coupled with the “white
primary” were used to limit voting
power of black Georgians