Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians
Quick Facts: Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians
2012 Median Pay
$55,230 per year
$26.55 per hour
Entry-Level Education
See How to Become One
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
None
Number of Jobs, 2012
138,900
Job Outlook, 2012-22
2% (Little or no change)
Employment Change, 2012-22
3,500
What Aircraft and Avionics Equipment
Mechanics and Technicians Do
• Keep records of maintenance and repair work
Avionics technicians typically do the following:
• Test electronic instruments, using circuit testers, oscilloscopes,
and voltmeters
• Interpret flight test data to diagnose malfunctions and
performance problems
• Assemble components, such as electrical controls and junction
boxes, and install software
• Install instrument panels, using hand tools, power tools, and
soldering irons
• Repair or replace malfunctioning components
• Keep records of maintenance and repair work
Airframe mechanics can work on many of an aircraft’s electrical
systems.
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and
perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft. They also perform aircraft
inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Duties
Aircraft mechanics typically do the following:
• Examine replacement aircraft parts for defects
Today’s airplanes are highly complex machines that require reliable parts
and service to fly safely. To keep an airplane in peak operating condition,
aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians perform
scheduled maintenance, make repairs, and complete inspections. They must
follow detailed federal regulations set by the FAA that dictate maintenance
schedules for a variety of different operations.
Many mechanics are generalists and work on many different types of
aircraft, such as jets, piston-driven airplanes, and helicopters. Others
specialize in one section of a particular type of aircraft, such as the engine,
hydraulics, or electrical system of a particular aircraft. In independent repair
shops, mechanics usually inspect and repair many different types of aircraft.
Most mechanics who work on civilian aircraft have either one or both of the
FAA’s Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) certificates. Mechanics who have
these certificates are authorized to work on most parts of the aircraft,
excluding flight instruments and major work on propellers. Maintaining a
plane’s electronic flight instruments is typically the job of specialized
avionics technicians.
• Diagnose mechanical or electrical problems
• Read maintenance manuals to identify repair procedures
• Repair wings, brakes, electrical systems, and other aircraft
components
• Replace defective parts using hand tools or power tools
• Test aircraft parts with gauges and other diagnostic equipment
• Inspect completed work to ensure that it meets performance
standards
The following are examples of types of aircraft and avionics equipment
mechanics and technicians:
Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) mechanics are certified generalist
mechanics who can independently perform many maintenance and alteration
tasks on aircraft. A&P mechanics repair and maintain most parts of an
aircraft, including the engines, landing gear, brakes, and air conditioning
systems. Some specialized activities require additional experience and
certification.
Maintenance schedules for aircraft may be based on hours flown, days since
the last inspection, trips flown, or a combination of these factors.
Maintenance also may need to be done to address specific issues recognized
by manufacturers. To complete maintenance, mechanics use precision
instruments to measure wear and identify defects. They may use x rays,
magnetic, or ultrasonic inspection equipment to discover cracks that cannot
be seen on a plane’s exterior. They check for corrosion, distortion, and
cracks in the aircraft's main body, wings, and tail. They then repair the
metal, fabric, wood, or composite materials that make up the airframe and
skin.
After completing all repairs, mechanics must test the equipment to ensure
that it works properly. Aircraft equipped with digital monitoring systems can
provide mechanics with valuable diagnostic information from electronic
consoles. Mechanics must also keep records of all maintenance that they do
on an aircraft.
The A&P ratings are generally considered the initial and most basic ratings
needed to be a professional mechanic. Many additional certifications and
specializations can be pursued to expand the ability of a mechanic to
perform additional duties. Some of these specializations are as follows:
Avionics technicians are specialists who repair and maintain a plane’s
electronic instruments, such as radio communications, radar systems, and
navigation aids. As the use of digital technology increases, more time is
spent maintaining computer systems. The ability to repair and maintain
many avionics and flight instrument systems is granted through the Airframe
rating, but other licenses or certifications may be needed.
Designated airworthiness representatives (DARs) examine, inspect, and test
aircraft for airworthiness. They issue airworthiness certificates, which
aircraft must have to fly. There are two types of DARs, manufacturing
DARs and maintenance DARs.
Inspection Authorized (IA) mechanics are mechanics who have both
Airframe and Powerplant licenses and who may perform inspections on
aircraft and return them to service. IA mechanics are able to do a wider
variety of maintenance and alterations than any other type of maintenance
personnel, such as comprehensive annual inspections or returning aircraft to
service after a major repair.
Repairmen certificate holders may or may not have the A&P or other
certificates. Repairmen certificates are issued by certified repair stations to
aviation maintenance personnel and the certificates allow them to do very
specific duties. Repairmen certificates are valid only while the mechanic
works at the issuing repair center and are not transferable to other
employers.
Aircraft mechanics and avionics technicians held about 138,900 jobs in
2012. Approximately 88 percent were aircraft mechanics and the rest were
avionics technicians. The majority worked for private companies and about
14 percent worked for the federal government.
The industries that employed the most aircraft mechanics in 2012 were as
follows:
30%
Support activities for air transportation
27
Federal government, excluding postal service
13
Scheduled air transportation
12
Professional, scientific, and technical services
6
Mechanics and technicians work in hangars, in repair stations, or on
airfields. They must meet strict deadlines while maintaining safety
standards.
Most mechanics and technicians work near major airports. Mechanics may
work outside, on the airfield, or in climate-controlled shops and hangars.
Civilian mechanics employed by the U.S. Armed Forces work on military
installations.
Injuries and Illnesses
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians experience rates
of injuries and illnesses that are higher than the average across all
occupations.
Mechanics and technicians often lift heavy objects, handle dangerous
chemicals, or operate large power tools. They frequently stand, lie, or kneel
on the ground and may work on scaffolds or ladders. Noise and vibrations
are common, especially when engines are being tested, and they often
endure hot and cold temperatures.
Work Schedules
Mechanics and technicians usually work full time on rotating 8-hour shifts.
Overtime and weekend work is common. Day shifts are usually reserved for
mechanics with the most seniority. General aviation mechanics and
technicians typically have more flexible schedules than those working for
airlines.
Most aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians learn their
trade at an FAA-approved Aviation Maintenance Technician School. Others
enter with a high school education or equivalent and are trained on the job.
Some workers enter the occupation after getting training in the military.
Aircraft mechanics and avionics technicians are typically certified by the
FAA. See the Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 65,
subpart D and E, for the most current requirements for becoming a certified
mechanic.
Education and Training
26%
Scheduled air transportation
25
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
16
Federal government, excluding postal service
15
Nonscheduled air transportation
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
How to Become an Aircraft and Avionics
Equipment Mechanic or Technician
Work Environment
Support activities for air transportation
The industries that employed the most avionics technicians in 2012 were as
follows:
4
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians typically enter the occupation
after attending a Part 147 FAA-approved Aviation Maintenance Technician
School. These programs award a certificate of completion that the FAA
recognizes as an alternate to the experience requirements stated in the
regulations, and grants holders the ability to take the relevant FAA exams.
Some aircraft mechanics and service technicians enter the occupation with a
high school diploma or equivalent and receive on-the-job training to learn
their skills and to be able to pass the FAA exams. Some workers enter the
occupation after getting training in the military. Aviation maintenance
personnel who are not certified by the FAA work under supervision until
they have enough experience and knowledge and become certified.
Dexterity. Mechanics and technicians must possess dexterity to coordinate
the movement of their fingers and hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble
parts.
Avionics technicians typically earn an associate’s degree before entering the
occupation. Aircraft controls, systems, and flight instruments have become
increasingly digital and computerized. Maintenance workers who have the
proper background in aviation flight instruments or computer repair are
needed to maintain these complex systems.
Observational skills. Mechanics and technicians must recognize engine
noises, read gauges, and otherwise collect information to determine whether
an aircraft’s systems are working properly.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Although aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians are not
required to get licenses or certifications, most do, as these credentials often
improve a mechanic’s wages and chances for employment. The FAA
requires that aircraft maintenance either be done by or under the supervision
of a certified mechanic with the appropriate ratings or authorizations.
The FAA offers separate certifications for body work (Airframe mechanics,
or “A”) and engine work (Powerplant mechanics, or “P”), but employers
may prefer to hire mechanics who have both Airframe and Powerplant
(A&P) ratings. The A&P ratings generally certify that aviation mechanics
meet basic knowledge and ability standards.
Mechanics must be at least 18 years of age, be fluent in English, and have 30
months of experience to qualify for both the A and P ratings (A&P). If only
one rating is sought by the mechanic, 18 months experience is required to
take either the Airframe or the Powerplant exams. However, completion of a
program at a Part 147 FAA-approved Aviation Maintenance Technician
School can substitute for the experience requirement and shorten the time
requirements to become eligible to take the FAA exams.
Troubleshooting skills. Mechanics and technicians diagnose complex
problems and they need to evaluate options to correct those problems.
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
Avionics technicians may begin their careers as aircraft mechanics and
service technicians. As aircraft mechanics and service technicians gain
experience, they may study independently, attend formal classes, or
otherwise choose to pursue additional certifications that grant the privileges
to work on specialized flight instruments. Eventually, they may become
dedicated avionics technicians who work exclusively on flight instruments.
Advancement
As aircraft mechanics gain experience, they may advance to lead mechanic,
lead inspector, or shop supervisor. Opportunities are best for those who have
an aircraft inspector's authorization (IA). Many specialist certifications are
available that allow mechanics to do a wider variety of repairs and
alterations.
Mechanics with broad experience in maintenance and repair might become
inspectors or examiners for the FAA.
Applicants must pass written, oral, and practical exams that demonstrate the
required skills. Candidates must pass all the tests within 2 years.
Additional business and management training may help aircraft and avionics
equipment mechanics and technicians open their own maintenance facility.
To keep their certification, mechanics must have completed relevant repair
or maintenance work within the previous 24 months. To fulfill this
requirement, mechanics may take classes from their employer, a school, or
an aircraft manufacturer.
Pay
Avionics technicians are typically certified through a repair station for the
specific work being done or hold the Airframe rating to work on an aircraft’s
electronic and flight instrument systems. An Aircraft Electronics Technician
(AET) certification is available through the National Center for Aerospace
and Transportation Technologies. It certifies that aviation mechanics have a
basic level of knowledge in the subject area, but it is not required by the
FAA for any specific tasks. Avionics technicians who work on
communications equipment may need to have the proper radio-telephone
operator certification issued by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC).
Other licenses and certifications are available to mechanics who wish to
increase their skill set or advance their careers. The Inspection Authorization
(IA) is available to mechanics who have had their A&P ratings for at least 3
years and meet other requirements. These mechanics are able to sign off on
many major repairs and alterations. Mechanics can get many other
certifications, such as Repairmen of light-sport aircraft, or Designated
Airworthiness Representative (DAR).
Important Qualities
Agility. Mechanics and technicians need to climb on airplanes, balance, and
reach without falling.
Detail oriented. Mechanics and technicians need to adjust airplane parts to
exact specifications. For example, they often use precision tools to tighten
wheel bolts to an exact tension.
Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and
Technicians
Median annual wages, May 2012
Avionics technicians $55,350
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians $55,230
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians $55,210
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for aircraft mechanics and service technicians was
$55,210 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.
The lowest 10 percent of aircraft mechanics earned less than $35,190, and
the top 10 percent earned more than $76,660.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for aircraft mechanics and service
technicians in the top five industries in which these mechanics worked were
as follows:
Scheduled air transportation
$59,110
Total, all occupations 11%
Federal government, excluding postal service
55,940
Avionics technicians 3%
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
55,650
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians 2%
Nonscheduled air transportation
54,910
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 2%
Support activities for air transportation
49,120
The median annual wage for avionics technicians was $55,350 in May 2012.
The lowest 10 percent of avionics technicians earned less than $39,150, and
the top 10 percent earned more than $73,770.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for avionics technicians in the top
five industries in which these technicians worked were as follows:
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
$60,780
Professional, scientific, and technical services
59,750
Scheduled air transportation
58,530
Federal government, excluding postal service
54,090
Support activities for air transportation
50,040
Mechanics and technicians usually work full time on rotating 8-hour shifts.
Overtime and weekend work is often required. Day shifts are usually
reserved for mechanics with the most seniority.
Union Membership
Compared with workers in all occupations, aircraft and avionics equipment
mechanics and technicians had a higher percentage of workers who
belonged to a union in 2012.
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians
is projected to show little or no change from 2012 to 2022.
Air traffic is expected to gradually increase over the coming decade.
However, new aircraft are generally expected to require less maintenance
than older aircraft. Airlines may continue to outsource maintenance work to
specialized maintenance and repair shops both domestically and abroad.
Increased specialization will allow maintenance facilities to use their
resources more efficiently and therefore limit growth in the number of
aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians.
Job Prospects
Competition for aircraft and avionics equipment mechanic and technician
jobs varies according to the type of job sought. In general, job opportunities
will be best for mechanics who hold an A&P certificate and have knowledge
about the most cutting edge technologies and composite materials.
Familiarity with computers and digital systems will help provide the best
opportunities.
Bachelor’s degree holders typically have an advantage when trying to enter
the occupation and may find it easier to advance.
Job Outlook
Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and
Technicians
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Employment projections data for Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians
Employment, 2012
Projected Employment, 2022
Percent
Numeric
138,900
142,300
2
3,500
Avionics technicians
49-2091
17,100
17,600
3
500
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians
49-3011
121,700
124,700
2
3,000
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians.
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
Aerospace Engineering
and Operations
Technicians
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians operate and maintain equipment used in developing, testing, and
producing new aircraft and spacecraft. Increasingly, these workers are using computer-based modeling and
simulation tools and processes in their work.
Associate’s
degree
$61,530
Automotive Body and
Glass Repairers
Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and
window glass.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$37,680
Automotive Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain,
and repair cars and light trucks.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$36,610
Computer, ATM, and
Office Machine
Repairers
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses,
households, and other consumers use.
Some college,
no degree
$36,620
Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Technicians
Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications
equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment.
They often work in product evaluation and testing, using measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and
repair equipment.
Associate’s
degree
$57,850
Electrical and
Electronics Installers
and Repairers
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in
telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$51,220
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
Electro-mechanical
Technicians
Electro-mechanical technicians combine knowledge of mechanical technology with knowledge of electrical and
electronic circuits. They install, troubleshoot, repair, and upgrade electronic and computer-controlled mechanical
systems, such as robotic assembly machines.
Associate’s
degree
$51,820
Heavy Vehicle and
Mobile Equipment
Service Technicians
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used
in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$43,820
Mechanical
Engineering
Technicians
Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical
devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze
data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings.
Associate’s
degree
$51,980
Network and Computer
Systems Administrators
Computer networks are critical parts of almost every organization. Network and computer systems administrators
are responsible for the day-to-day operation of these networks.
Bachelor’s
degree
$72,560
Contacts for More Information
Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association
National Center for Aerospace & Transportation Technologies
For more information about aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and
technicians, visit
Federal Aviation Administration
Professional Aviation Maintenance Association
Aviation Maintenance Magazine
For additional career information about aircraft and avionics equipment
mechanics and technicians, see the Occupational Outlook Quarterly article
“Sky-high careers: jobs related to airlines.”
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians
O*NET
Avionics Technicians
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers
Quick Facts: Automotive Body and Glass Repairers
2012 Median Pay
$37,680 per year
$18.12 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
172,200
Job Outlook, 2012-22
13% (As fast as average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
22,900
What Automotive Body and Glass
Repairers Do
• Grind, sand, buff, and prime refurbished and repaired surfaces
• Apply new finish to restored body parts
Automotive body and glass repairers can repair most damage from vehicle
collisions and make vehicles look and drive like new. Damage may be
minor, such as replacing a cracked windshield, or major, such as replacing
an entire door panel. After a major collision, the underlying frame of a car
can become bent out of shape. Repairers restore the structural integrity of
car frames back to manufacturer specifications.
Repair technicians use many tools for their work. To remove damaged parts,
such as bumpers and door panels, they use pneumatic tools, metal-cutting
guns, and plasma cutters. For major structural repairs, such as aligning the
body, they often use heavy-duty hydraulic jacks and hammers. For some
work, they use common hand tools, such as metal files, pliers, wrenches,
hammers, and screwdrivers.
In some cases, repair technicians do an entire job by themselves. In other
cases, especially in large shops, they use an assembly line approach in which
they work as a team with each repair technician specializing.
Automotive body and glass repairers inspect car frames for
structural damage.
Although repair technicians sometimes prime and paint repaired parts,
painting and coating workers generally perform these tasks.
The following are occupational specialties:
Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle
bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass.
Duties
Automotive body and glass repairers typically do the following:
• Review damage reports, prepare cost estimates, and plan work
Automotive body and related repairers, or collision repair technicians,
straighten metal panels, remove dents, and replace parts that cannot be fixed.
Although they repair all types of vehicles, most work primarily on cars,
sport utility vehicles, and small trucks.
Automotive glass installers and repairers remove, repair, and replace
broken, cracked, or pitted windshields and window glass. They also
weatherproof newly installed windows and windshields with chemical
treatments.
• Inspect cars for structural damage
• Remove damaged body parts, including bumpers, fenders, hoods,
grilles, and trim
• Realign car frames and chassis to repair structural damage
• Hammer out or patch dents, dimples, and other minor body
damage
• Fit, attach, and weld replacement parts into place
• Install, repair, and weatherproof windows and windshields
Work Environment
Automotive body and glass repairers held about 172,200 jobs in 2012.
About 65 percent worked in automotive repair and maintenance shops, 16
percent worked for automobile dealers, and another 12 percent were selfemployed.
Collision repair technicians typically work indoors in body shops, which are
often noisy. Most shops are well ventilated to disperse dust and paint fumes.
Repair technicians sometimes work in awkward and cramped positions, and
their work can be physically demanding. Automotive glass installers and
repairers often travel to the customer’s location to repair damaged
windshields and window glass.
Injuries and Illnesses
Automotive body and related repairers have a higher rate of injuries and
illnesses than the national average. Technicians commonly suffer minor
injuries, such as cuts, burns, and scrapes. Following safety procedures, helps
to avoid serious accidents.
Important Qualities
Critical-thinking skills. Repair technicians must be able to evaluate vehicle
damage and determine necessary repair strategies for each vehicle they work
on. In some cases, they must decide if a vehicle is “totaled,” or too damaged
to justify the cost of repair.
Customer-service skills. Repair technicians must discuss auto body and
glass problems, along with options to fix them, with customers. Because
self-employed workers depend on repeat clients for business, they must be
courteous, good listeners, and ready to answer customers’ questions.
Work Schedules
Detail oriented. Repair technicians must pay close attention to detail.
Restoring a damaged auto body to its original state requires workers to have
a keen eye for even the smallest imperfection.
Most repair technicians work full time. When shops have to complete a
backlog of work, overtime is common. This often includes repair technicians
working evenings and weekends.
Dexterity. Many repair technicians’ tasks, such as removing door panels,
hammering out dents, and using hand tools to install parts, require a steady
hand and good hand–eye coordination.
How to Become an Automotive Body or
Glass Repairer
Mechanical skills. Repair technicians must know which diagnostic,
hydraulic, pneumatic, and other power equipment and tools are appropriate
for certain procedures and repairs. They must be skilled with techniques and
methods necessary to repair modern automobiles.
Most employers prefer to hire repair technicians who have completed a
formal training program in automotive body repair or refinishing. Still,
many new repair technicians begin work without formal training. Industry
certification is increasingly important.
Time-management skills. Repair technicians must be timely in their repairs.
For many people, their automobile is their primary mode of
transportation.
Education
Training
High school, trade and technical school, and community college programs in
collision repair combine hands-on practice and classroom instruction. Topics
usually include electronics, physics, and mathematics, which provide a
strong educational foundation for a career as a repair technician. Although
not required, postsecondary education often provides the best preparation.
New workers typically begin their on-the-job training by helping an
experienced repair technician with basic tasks. As they gain experience, they
move on to more complex work. Some workers may become trained in as
little as a 1 year, but generally, workers may need 2 years of hands-on
training to become fully certified repair technicians.
Trade and technical school programs typically award certificates after 6
months to 1 year of study. Some community colleges offer 2-year programs
in collision repair. Many of these schools also offer certificates for
individual courses, so students can take classes part time or as needed.
Basic automotive glass installation and repair can be learned in as little as 6
months, but becoming fully qualified can take up to 1 year.
To keep up with rapidly changing automotive technology, repair technicians
need to continue their education and training throughout their careers.
Repair technicians are expected to develop their skills by reading technical
manuals and by attending classes and seminars. Many employers regularly
send workers to advanced training programs.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Formally educated workers often require significantly less on-the-job
training and typically advance to independent work more quickly than those
who do not have the same level of education.
Pay
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Although not required, certification is recommended because it shows
competence and usually brings higher pay. In some instances, however, it is
required for advancement beyond entry-level work.
Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
is a standard credential for repair technicians. Many repair technicians get
further certification through the Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision
Repair.
In addition, many vehicle and paint manufacturers have product certification
programs that train repair technicians in specific technologies and repair
methods.
Automotive body and related repairers $38,380
Automotive body and glass repairers $37,680
Total, all occupations $34,750
Automotive glass installers and repairers $32,650
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for automotive body and related repairers was
$38,380 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.
The lowest 10 percent earned less than $22,530, and the top 10 percent
earned more than $65,390.
The median annual wage for automotive glass installers and repairers was
$32,650 in May 2012. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,590, and
the top 10 percent earned more than $47,730.
The majority of repair shops and auto dealers pay repair technicians on an
incentive basis. In addition to receiving a guaranteed base salary, employers
pay workers a set amount for completing various tasks. Their earnings
depend on both the amount of work assigned and how fast they complete it.
Trainees typically earn between 30 percent and 60 percent of skilled
workers’ pay. They are paid by the hour until they are competent enough to
be paid on an incentive basis.
Most repair technicians work full time. When shops have to complete a
backlog of work, overtime is common. This often includes repair technicians
working evenings and weekends.
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of automotive body and glass repairers is projected to grow 13
percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
The growing number of vehicles in use should increase overall demand for
collision repair services during the next decade. In some cases, demand may
fluctuate throughout the year due to the seasonality of inclement weather in
some regions. For example, the need for repair may be greater during the
winter months in areas with snow and ice, because this may increase the
chance of accidents. However, overall job growth will be limited because
new repair technology allows fewer workers to do more work.
The increasing safety features in cars are likely to reduce demand for
automotive body and glass repair work. For example, sensor technology,
such as back up and parking assist, may decrease collisions. This, in turn,
may lessen the need for replacing car bumpers that might otherwise have
been damaged in a collision.
In addition, advances in automotive technology have raised the prices of
new and replacement parts. This increases the likelihood that a damaged car
is declared "totaled"—where repairing the car costs more than its overall
value. This scenario will also likely reduce demand for repair work.
Job Outlook
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers
Job Prospects
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Job opportunities are projected to be very good for jobseekers with industry
certification and formal training in automotive body repair and refinishing
and in collision repair. Those without any training or experience will face
strong competition for jobs.
Automotive glass installers and repairers 14%
Automotive body and glass repairers 13%
Automotive body and related repairers 13%
The need to replace experienced repair technicians who retire, change
occupations, or stop working for other reasons also will provide some job
opportunities.
Total, all occupations 11%
Employment projections data for Automotive Body and Glass Repairers, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Automotive body and glass repairers
Employment, 2012
Projected Employment, 2022
Percent
Numeric
172,200
195,100
13
22,900
Automotive body and related repairers
49-3021
154,200
174,700
13
20,400
Automotive glass installers and repairers
49-3022
18,000
20,500
14
2,400
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of automotive body and glass repairers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Automotive Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain,
and repair cars and light trucks.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$36,610
Diesel Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel
engine.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$42,320
Glaziers
Glaziers install windows, skylights, and other glass products in storefronts and buildings.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$37,610
Heavy Vehicle and
Mobile Equipment
Service Technicians
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in
construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$43,820
Painting and Coating
Workers
Painting and coating workers paint and coat a wide range of products, including cars, jewelry, and ceramics.
See How to
Become
One
$32,850
Contacts for More Information
National Glass Association
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
For information about careers in automotive body and glass repair, visit
Society of Collision Repair Specialists
Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges
Automotive Service Association
Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision Repair
National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation
O*NET
Automotive Body and Related Repairers
Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
Quick Facts: Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
2012 Median Pay
$36,610 per year
$17.60 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
701,100
Job Outlook, 2012-22
9% (As fast as average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
60,400
What Automotive Service Technicians and
Mechanics Do
• Explain to clients their automotive problems and the repairs done
on their vehicles
Service technicians work on traditional mechanical components, such as
engines, transmissions, and drive belts. However, they also must be familiar
with a growing number of electronic systems. Braking, transmission, and
steering systems, for example, are controlled primarily by computers and
electronic components.
Other integrated electronic systems, such as accident-avoidance sensors, are
becoming common as well. In addition, a growing number of technicians are
required to work on vehicles that run on alternative fuels, such as ethanol
and electricity.
Service technicians use many different tools, including computerized
diagnostic tools and power tools such as pneumatic wrenches, lathes,
welding torches, and jacks and hoists. These tools usually are owned by
their employers.
An auto mechanic performs an oil change on a vehicle.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service
technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light
trucks.
Duties
Automotive service technicians and mechanics typically do the following:
• Identify mechanical problems, often by using computerized
diagnostic equipment
• Test parts and systems to ensure that they are working properly
• Follow checklists to ensure that all critical parts are examined
• Perform basic care and maintenance, including changing oil,
giving tuneups, checking fluid levels, and rotating tires
• Repair or replace worn parts, such as brake pads and wheel
bearings
• Disassemble and reassemble parts
• Use testing equipment to ensure that repairs and maintenance are
effective
Service technicians also use many common handtools, such as sockets and
ratchets, wrenches, and pliers. These tools generally are owned by service
technicians. In fact, experienced workers often have thousands of dollars
invested in their personal tool collection. For example, some invest in their
own set of pneumatic tools—tools, such as impact wrenches—powered by
compressed air.
Service technicians sometimes specialize in a particular type of repair that
may be subject to specific regulations or procedures. For instance, those
focused on repairing air-conditioning system must follow federal and state
regulations governing the handling, recycling, and disposal of refrigerants.
In some shops, technicians may specialize. The following are examples of
types of service technicians:
Automotive air-conditioning repairers install and repair air conditioners
and parts, such as compressors, condensers, and controls. They are trained in
government regulations related to their work.
Brake repairers adjust brakes, replace brake rotors and pads, and make
other repairs on brake systems. Some technicians specialize in both brake
and front-end work.
Front-end mechanics align and balance wheels and repair steering
mechanisms and suspension systems. They frequently use special alignment
equipment and wheel-balancing machines.
Transmission technicians and rebuilders work on gear trains, couplings,
hydraulic pumps, and other parts of transmissions. Extensive knowledge of
computer controls, the ability to diagnose electrical and hydraulic problems,
and other specialized skills are needed to work on these complex
components.
Drivability technicians use their extensive knowledge of engine
management, emission, fuel, electrical, and ignition systems to diagnose
issues that prevent engines from performing efficiently. They often use the
onboard diagnostic system of a car and electronic testing equipment such as
a multimeter to find where the malfunction may be.
For information about technicians who work on large trucks and buses, see
the profile on diesel service technicians and mechanics.
For information about technicians who work on farm equipment,
construction vehicles, and railcars, see the profile on heavy vehicle and
mobile equipment service technicians.
For information about technicians who repair and service motorcycles,
motorboats, and small all-terrain vehicles, see the profile on small engine
mechanics.
Work Environment
Automotive service technicians and mechanics held about 701,100 jobs in
2012. Most worked full time for private companies, and about 14 percent
were self-employed.
The industries that employed the most automotive service technicians and
mechanics in 2012 were as follows:
Automotive repair and maintenance
32%
Automobile dealers
29
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
9
Government
4
Gasoline stations
3
Most service technicians work in well-ventilated and well-lit repair shops.
Although automotive problems often can be identified and fixed with
computers, technicians frequently work with greasy parts and tools,
sometimes in uncomfortable positions.
postsecondary institution. Industry certification is usually required once the
person is employed.
Education
A high school diploma or the equivalent is typically the minimum
requirement for someone to work as an automotive service technician or
mechanic. High school courses in automotive repair, electronics, computers,
mathematics, and English provide a good background for prospective
service technicians. However, high school graduates often need further
training to become fully qualified.
Completing a vocational or other postsecondary training program in
automotive service technology is considered the best preparation for entrylevel positions. Programs usually last 6 months to a year and provide
intensive career preparation through classroom instruction and hands-on
practice. Short-term certificate programs in a particular skill are also
available.
Some service technicians get an associate’s degree. Courses usually include
basic mathematics, computers, electronics, and automotive repair. Some
programs add classes in customer service, English, and other necessary
skills.
Various automobile manufacturers and dealers sponsor associate’s degree
programs. Students in these programs typically spend alternating periods
attending classes full time and working full time in service shops under the
guidance of an experienced technician.
Training
Most service technicians must complete on-the-job training.
How long it takes a new service technician to become fully qualified in the
occupation depends on the person’s educational background. A period of 2
to 5 years is typical. It then takes an additional 1 to 2 years of experience for
service technicians to become familiar with all types of repairs.
New workers generally start as trainee technicians, technicians’ helpers, or
lubrication workers and gradually acquire and practice their skills by
working with experienced mechanics and technicians.
Work Schedules
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Most service technicians work full time, and many work evenings or
weekends. Overtime is common.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires all technicians
who buy or work with refrigerants to be licensed in proper refrigerant
handling. No formal test preparation is required, but many trade schools,
unions, and employer associations offer training programs designed for the
EPA exam.
Injuries and Illnesses
Automotive service technicians and mechanics have a higher rate of injuries
and illnesses than the national average. Service technicians frequently must
lift heavy parts and tools. As a result, minor workplace injuries, such as
small cuts, sprains, and bruises, are common. However, the work is not
generally dangerous if workers follow safety procedures and practices.
Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
is the standard credential for service technicians. Certification demonstrates
competence and usually brings higher pay. Many employers require their
service technicians to become certified.
How to Become an Automotive Service
Technician or Mechanic
Certification is available in eight different areas, including automatic
transmission/transaxle, brakes, electrical/electronic systems, engine
performance, engine repair, heating and air-conditioning, manual drive train
and axles, and suspension and steering.
A high school diploma or the equivalent is typically the minimum
requirement for someone to work as an automotive service technician or
mechanic. Because automotive technology is becoming increasingly
sophisticated, some employers prefer automotive service technicians and
mechanics who have completed a formal training program in a
For each area, technicians must have at least 2 years of experience (or
relevant schooling and 1 year of experience) and pass an exam. To become a
Master Automobile Technician, technicians must pass all eight exams.
Important Qualities
Customer-service skills. Service technicians must discuss automotive
problems—along with options to fix them—with their customers. Because
workers may depend on repeat clients for business, they must be courteous,
good listeners, and ready to answer customers’ questions.
Detail oriented. Mechanical and electronic malfunctions are often due to
misalignments or other easy-to-miss causes. Service mechanics must,
therefore, account for such details when inspecting or repairing engines and
components.
Dexterity. Many tasks that service technicians do, such as disassembling
engine parts, connecting or attaching components, and using handtools,
require a steady hand and good hand–eye coordination.
Mechanical skills. Service technicians must be familiar with engine
components and systems and know how they interact with each other. They
often must take apart major parts for repairs and be able to put them back
together properly.
Automotive repair and maintenance
33,230
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores
31,250
Gasoline stations
31,090
Many experienced technicians working for automobile dealers and
independent repair shops receive a commission related to the labor cost
charged to the customer. Under this system, weekly earnings depend on the
amount of work completed. Some repair shops may pay technicians a fixed
rate on an hourly basis instead.
Most service technicians work full time, and many work evenings or
weekends. Overtime is common.
Job Outlook
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
Troubleshooting skills. Service technicians must be able to use diagnostic
equipment on engine systems and components in order to identify and fix
problems in increasingly complicated mechanical and electronic systems.
They must be familiar with electronic control systems and the appropriate
tools needed to fix and maintain them.
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Pay
Automotive service technicians and mechanics 9%
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Median annual wages, May 2012
Employment of automotive service technicians and mechanics is projected
to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all
occupations.
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020
Automotive service technicians and mechanics $36,610
Total, all occupations 11%
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10%
As the number of vehicles in use continues to rise, more entry-level service
technicians will be needed to do basic maintenance and repair, such as
replacing brake pads and changing oil. The increasing lifespan of late-model
cars and light trucks will further increase demand for qualified workers.
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for automotive service technicians and mechanics
was $36,610 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.
The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,810, and the top 10 percent
earned more than $60,070.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for automotive service technicians in
the top five industries employing these technicians were as follows:
Government
$47,240
Automobile dealers
41,360
Job Prospects
With some employers reporting difficulty finding workers with the right
skills and education, job opportunities for qualified applicants should be
very good. Jobseekers who have completed formal postsecondary training
programs—especially candidates with training in advanced automotive
technology, such as hybrid fuel or computer systems—should enjoy the best
job prospects.
Those without formal automotive training are likely to face strong
competition for entry-level jobs.
More numerous openings will be in automobile dealerships and independent
repair shops, where most service technicians currently work.
Employment projections data for Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
Automotive service technicians and mechanics
SOC Code
Employment, 2012
49-3023
Projected Employment, 2022
701,100
Percent
761,500
Numeric
9
60,400
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of automotive service technicians and mechanics.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Automotive Body and
Glass Repairers
Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and
window glass.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$37,680
Diesel Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel
engine.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$42,320
Heavy Vehicle and
Mobile Equipment
Service Technicians
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in
construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$43,820
Small Engine Mechanics
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one
type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$32,640
Contacts for More Information
For information about certification, visit
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
For more details about work opportunities, contact local automobile dealers
and repair shops or local offices of the state employment service. The state
employment service also may have information about training programs.
O*NET
For information about careers, education, and training programs, visit
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges
Automotive Master Mechanics
Automotive Youth Educational Systems
Automotive Specialty Technicians
National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation
Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers
Quick Facts: Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers
2012 Median Pay
$36,620 per year
$17.60 per hour
Entry-Level Education
Some college, no degree
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
None
Number of Jobs, 2012
133,100
Job Outlook, 2012-22
4% (Slower than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
5,100
What Computer, ATM, and Office Machine
Repairers Do
• Test newly installed systems to make sure they work properly
• Explain the basic functions of machines and equipment to
customers
• Provide preventive maintenance, such as cleaning the internal
parts of machines
In most cases, machines do not break down entirely. Often just one broken
part can keep a machine from working properly. Repairers fix machines by
replacing these parts and other defective equipment because it is often less
expensive than replacing the entire machine. They work with a number of
advanced diagnostic tools and techniques, and use technology to test various
processes and evaluate results. For example, they may remotely access a
computer to run diagnostic tests.
Although the work of computer, ATM, and office machine repairers is very
similar, the exact tasks differ depending on the type of equipment. For
example, computer repairers replace desktop parts, such as a motherboard,
in case of hardware failure. ATM repairers may replace a worn magnetic
head on a card reader to allow an ATM to recognize customers’ bank cards.
Office machine repairers replace parts of office machines that break down
from general wear and tear, such as the printheads of inkjet printers.
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers provide
preventative maintenance such as cleaning the internal parts of
machines.
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain
many of the machines that businesses, households, and other consumers use.
Duties
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers typically do the following:
• Travel to customers' locations in response to service requests
• Communicate with customers to determine the source of a
problem
• Perform administrative tasks, such as completing work order
forms
• Use a variety of tools, such as a multimeter, to help diagnose
problems
• Replace malfunctioning machine parts, such as video cards in
desktop computers or keypads on ATM machines
• Install large equipment, such as mainframe computers or ATMs
Some repairers have assigned areas where they do preventive maintenance
on a regular basis.
Computer repairers service and repair computer parts, network connections,
and computer equipment, such as an external hard drive or computer
monitor. Computer repairers must be familiar with various operating
systems and commonly used software packages. Some work from repair
shops, while others travel to customers' locations.
ATM repairers install and repair automated teller machines and,
increasingly, electronic kiosks. They generally work with a network of
ATMs and travel to ATM locations when they are alerted to a malfunction.
Office machine repairers fix machinery at customers’ workplaces because
these machines are usually large and stationary, such as office printers or
copiers. Office machines often need preventive maintenance, such as
cleaning, or replacement of commonly used parts as they break down from
general wear and tear.
Work Environment
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers held about 133,100 jobs in
2012. They mostly worked for private businesses, but about 14 percent were
self-employed.
Computer and office machine repairers work in air-conditioned and wellventilated offices because computers and office machines are sensitive to
extreme temperatures and humidity.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
ATM repairers work in various environments depending on the location of
an ATM. Some ATMs are outdoors, while others are indoors, such as in
lobbies of buildings.
Various organizations offer certification for computer, ATM, and office
machine repairers. For example, the Electronics Technicians Association
International (ETA) offers more than 80 certification programs in numerous
electronics specialties for varying levels of competence. Certification from
equipment manufacturers is also available.
Some repairers, called field technicians, work onsite and have to travel to
various locations to install, maintain, or repair a customer’s equipment.
Other repairers, called bench technicians, work in repair shops. In smaller
companies, repairers may work both in repair shops and at customers'
locations. Some companies provide only onsite repair and operate without a
traditional shop.
To become certified, applicants must meet several prerequisites and pass a
comprehensive written or online exam. Certifications show a level of
competency, and they can make an applicant more attractive to employers or
increase an employee’s opportunity for advancement.
In the course of fixing machinery, repairers often must lift equipment and
work in a variety of postures, although it is not usually strenuous.
Work Schedules
Most computer, ATM, and office machine repairers work full time. Some
occasionally work evenings, weekends, and holidays to maintain machines
that may break down.
How to Become a Computer, ATM, or
Office Machine Repairer
Knowledge of electronics is essential for computer, ATM, and office
machine repairers. Most workers take some postsecondary classes, although
some who can demonstrate knowledge may be hired with a high school
diploma. Strong communication and customer-service skills are important
because these workers often interact with customers to figure out what needs
to be repaired.
Education
Most computer, ATM, and office machine repairers take some classes after
high school. This is especially important for ATM repairers who work on
complex machines. Prospective workers may take postsecondary classes in
computers and electronics, network hardware configuration, electrical
engineering, machine repair, or computer/digital technology.
In these classes students learn how to troubleshoot major issues, such as
discovering which part is causing a machine to malfunction. A basic
understanding of mechanical equipment is important because many of the
parts that fail in office machines and ATMs, such as paper loaders, are
mechanical. Those who do not take college classes may gain this knowledge
though military training or high school vocational classes.
Advancement
Over time, repairers become experts in their specialty and may train entrylevel repairers. They may also move into management positions where they
supervise other repairers.
Important Qualities
Analytical skills. Repairers often face problems with no standard solution.
They must use logic, reasoning, and their experience to evaluate different
possible solutions.
Communication skills. Repairers must be able to communicate effectively
with customers because they work closely with customers to understand the
problems with a machine.
Dexterity. Repairers must be able to make precise, coordinated movements
with their fingers or hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
Troubleshooting skills. Workers find, diagnose, and repair problems. They
devise methods to run tests to determine the cause of problems. They solve
the problem to repair the equipment.
Pay
Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers $36,620
Total, all occupations $34,750
Training
Repairers typically have some experience with electronics before they are
hired. However, because the tools they use vary by specialty, repairers
usually get some company-specific training on the job to become familiar
with diagnostic tools, such as proprietary software. As new tools and
technology become available, repairers will typically attend classes that
teach how to use and apply these tools.
In some cases, entry-level repairers with limited knowledge and experience
will get on-the-job training from more experienced mentors. Newly hired
repairers may work on problems that are less complex, such as doing
preventive maintenance on machines. However, with experience, they can
advance to positions where they maintain more sophisticated systems.
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for computer, ATM, and office machine repairers
was $36,620 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.
The lowest 10 percent earned less than $22,490, and the top 10 percent
earned more than $57,960.
Most computer, ATM, and office machine repairers work full time. Some
occasionally work evenings, weekends, and holidays to maintain machines
that may break down.
repairers are able to diagnose and troubleshoot problems remotely, the need
for on-site service calls decreases.
Job Outlook
Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Total, all occupations 11%
In some cases, replacing computers or other office equipment will be more
cost-effective than having them repaired. However, office machine repairers
will continue to see demand for their services as costly office equipment,
such as high-volume printers, continue to break down and need preventive
maintenance.
Computer repairers will see continued demand for their services as computer
parts need replacing or organizations need hardware upgrades. As
companies modernize and use advanced technology in their day-to-day
operations, computer repairers will continue to see employment
opportunities.
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10%
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers 4%
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of computer, ATM, and office machine repairers is projected to
grow 4 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all
occupations. Remote diagnostic software will result in repairers becoming
more productive, limiting overall employment growth. For example, when
However, increasing use of electronic banking is causing a decline in the
demand for new ATMs, which may result in a decreased need for ATM
repairers.
Job Prospects
Job opportunities will be best for workers with training or experience in
electronics.
Employment projections data for Computer, ATM, and Office Machine Repairers, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers
SOC Code
Employment, 2012
49-2011
Projected Employment, 2022
133,100
Percent
138,200
4
Numeric
5,100
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of computer, ATM, and office machine repairers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Broadcast and Sound
Engineering
Technicians
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio and
television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, movies and in office and school buildings.
See How to
Become One
$41,200
Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Technicians
Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications
equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment.
They often work in product evaluation and testing, using measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and
repair equipment.
Associate’s
degree
$57,850
Electrical and
Electronics Installers
and Repairers
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in
telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$51,220
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
General Maintenance
and Repair Workers
General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They
work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$35,210
OCCUPATION
Telecommunications
Equipment Installers
and Repairers Except
Line Installers
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
JOB DUTIES
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain
devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet.
Contacts for More Information
Electronics Technician Association International
For more information about careers in computer repair, visit
O*NET
Association of Computer Repair Business Owners
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$54,530
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers
For more information about electronic careers and certification, visit
Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics
Quick Facts: Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics
2012 Median Pay
$42,320 per year
$20.35 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
250,800
Job Outlook, 2012-22
9% (As fast as average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
21,600
What Diesel Service Technicians and
Mechanics Do
Duties
Diesel service technicians and mechanics typically do the following:
• Follow a checklist of inspection procedures
• Test drive vehicles to diagnose malfunctions
• Read and interpret diagnostic test results from diagnostic
equipment such as an oscilloscope, which is used to measure the
voltage produced by electronic components
• Raise trucks, buses, and heavy parts or equipment by using
hydraulic jacks or hoists
• Inspect brake systems, steering mechanisms, transmissions,
engines, and other parts of vehicles
• Do routine maintenance, such as changing oil, checking batteries,
and lubricating equipment and parts
• Adjust and align wheels, tighten bolts and screws, and attach
system components
Diesel service technicians and mechanics may work on a
vehicle’s electrical system, make major engine repairs, or retrofit
engines with emission control systems to comply with pollution
regulations.
Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses,
trucks, and anything else with a diesel engine.
• Repair or replace malfunctioning components, parts, and other
mechanical or electrical equipment
• Test-drive vehicles to ensure that they run smoothly
Because of their efficiency and durability, diesel engines have become the
standard in powering our nation’s trucks and buses. Other heavy vehicles
and mobile equipment, including bulldozers and cranes, also are powered by
diesel engines, as are many commercial boats, passenger vehicles, pickups,
and other work trucks. Diesel service technicians who service and repair
these engines are commonly known as diesel mechanics.
Diesel mechanics handle many kinds of repairs. They may work on a
vehicle’s electrical system, make major engine repairs, or retrofit exhaust
systems with emission control systems to comply with pollution regulations.
Diesel engine maintenance and repair is becoming more complex as engines
and other components use more electronic systems to control their operation.
For example, fuel injection and engine timing systems rely heavily on
microprocessors to maximize fuel efficiency and minimize harmful
emissions. In most shops, workers often use hand-held or laptop computers
to diagnose problems and adjust engine functions.
In addition to using computerized diagnostic equipment, diesel mechanics
use a variety of power and machine tools, such as pneumatic wrenches,
lathes, grinding machines, and welding equipment. Hand tools, including
pliers, socket and ratchets, and screwdrivers, are commonly used.
Many diesel mechanics learn informally on the job, but employers
increasingly prefer applicants who have completed postsecondary training
programs in diesel engine repair. Although not required, industry
certification can be important for diesel mechanics.
Most employers require a high school diploma or equivalent. High school or
postsecondary courses in automotive repair, electronics, and mathematics
provide a strong educational background for a career as a diesel mechanic.
For information on technicians and mechanics who work primarily on
automobiles, see the profile on automotive service technicians and
mechanics.
For information on technicians and mechanics who work primarily on farm
equipment, construction vehicles, and rail cars, see the profile on heavy
vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians.
For information on technicians and mechanics who work primarily on
motorboats, motorcycles, and small all-terrain vehicles, see the profile on
small engine mechanics.
Many employers look for workers with postsecondary training in diesel
engine repair. A large number of community colleges and trade and
vocational schools offer programs in diesel engine repair that may lead to a
certificate of completion or an associate’s degree.
Programs mix classroom instruction with hands-on training, including the
basics of diesel technology, repair techniques and equipment, and practical
exercises. Students also learn how to interpret technical manuals and
electronic diagnostic reports.
Graduates usually advance to journeyworker status, where they may then
work with minimal supervision.
Work Environment
Diesel service technicians and mechanics held about 250,800 jobs in 2012.
The majority worked for private companies, but about 10 percent worked for
the government.
The industries that employed the most diesel service technicians and
mechanics in 2012 were as follows:
Government
How to Become a Diesel Service
Technician or Mechanic
Education
Employers typically provide expensive power tools and computerized
equipment, but workers generally acquire their own hand tools over time.
Truck transportation
some truck and bus repair shops provide 24-hour maintenance and repair
services.
18%
10
Repair and maintenance
9
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant
wholesalers
8
Manufacturing
5
Diesel mechanics usually work in well-ventilated and sometimes noisy
repair shops. They occasionally repair vehicles on roadsides or at worksites.
Injuries and Illnesses
Diesel service technicians and mechanics have a higher rate of injuries and
illnesses than the national average. Diesel mechanics often lift heavy parts
and tools, handle greasy or dirty equipment, and work in uncomfortable
positions. Although cuts or burns are common, the work is generally not
hazardous when workers follow basic safety precautions.
Work Schedules
Most diesel mechanics work full time. Overtime is common as many repair
shops extend their service hours during evenings and weekends. In addition,
Training
Some diesel mechanics begin working without postsecondary education and
are trained on the job. Trainees are assigned basic tasks, such as cleaning
parts, checking fuel and oil levels, and driving vehicles in and out of the
shop.
After they learn routine maintenance and repair tasks and demonstrate
competence, trainees move on to more complicated jobs. This process can
last from 3 to 4 years, at which point a trainee is usually considered a
journey-level diesel mechanic.
Over the course of their careers, diesel mechanics must learn new techniques
and learn about new equipment. Employers often send experienced
mechanics to special training classes conducted by manufacturers and
vendors to learn about the latest diesel technology.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
(ASE) is the recognized industry credential for diesel and other automotive
service technicians and mechanics. Although not required, this certification
represents a diesel mechanic’s competence, experience, and value to
potential employers and clients.
Diesel mechanics may be certified in specific repair areas, such as drive
trains, electronic systems, or preventative maintenance and inspection. To
earn certification, mechanics must have 2 years of work experience and pass
one or more ASE exams. To remain certified, diesel mechanics must pass
the test again every 5 years.
Some diesel mechanics may be required to have a commercial driver’s
license if their job duties include test-driving buses or large trucks.
Important Qualities
Many diesel mechanics, especially those employed by truck fleet dealers and
repair shops, receive a commission in addition to their base salary.
Customer-service skills. Diesel mechanics frequently talk to their customers
about automotive problems and work that they have planned, started, or
completed. They must be courteous, good listeners and ready to answer
customers’ questions.
Most diesel mechanics work full time. Overtime is common as many repair
shops extend their service hours during evenings and weekends. In addition,
some truck and bus repair shops provide 24-hour maintenance and repair
services.
Dexterity. Mechanics need a steady hand and good hand-eye coordination
for many tasks, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or attaching
components, or using hand tools.
Job Outlook
Mechanical skills. Diesel mechanics must be familiar with parts and
components of engines, transmissions, braking mechanisms, and other
complex systems. They must also be able to disassemble, work on, and
reassemble parts and machinery.
Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics
Troubleshooting skills. Diesel mechanics must be able to identify
mechanical and electronic problems, make repairs, and offer a proper
maintenance strategy. They must be familiar with electronic control systems
and the appropriate tools needed to fix and maintain them.
Total, all occupations 11%
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10%
Diesel service technicians and mechanics 9%
Pay
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics
Employment of diesel service technicians and mechanics is projected to
grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all
occupations.
Median annual wages, May 2012
Diesel service technicians and mechanics $42,320
As more freight is shipped across the country, additional diesel-powered
trucks will be needed. As a result, diesel mechanics will be needed to
maintain and repair the nation’s truck fleet. Demand for new workers in the
freight trucking and automotive repair and maintenance industries is
expected to drive overall diesel mechanic job growth.
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for diesel service technicians and mechanics was
$42,320 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.
The lowest 10 percent earned less than $26,820, and the top 10 percent
earned more than $63,250.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for diesel service technicians and
mechanics in the top five industries in which these technicians and
mechanics worked were as follows:
Government
$49,130
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies
merchant wholesalers
42,950
Manufacturing
42,160
Repair and maintenance
38,880
Truck transportation
38,250
Some older vehicles will need to be retrofitted and modernized to comply
with environmental regulations, creating additional jobs for diesel
mechanics.
Overall employment growth, however, may be dampened due to increasing
durability of new truck and bus diesel engines. Also, continuing advances in
repair technology, including computerized diagnostic equipment, will result
in fewer mechanics doing the same amount of work, further reducing
demand for mechanics.
Job Prospects
Job opportunities should be good for those who have completed formal
postsecondary education and have strong technical skills, as employers
sometimes report difficulty finding qualified workers.
Workers without formal training often require more supervision and on-thejob instruction than others—an expensive and time-consuming process for
employers. Because of this, untrained candidates will face strong
competition for jobs.
Employment projections data for Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
Employment, 2012
49-3031
Projected Employment, 2022
250,800
Percent
272,500
9
Numeric
21,600
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of diesel service technicians and mechanics.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Aircraft and Avionics
Equipment Mechanics
and Technicians
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft.
They also may perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
See How to
Become
One
$55,230
Automotive Body and
Glass Repairers
Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and
window glass.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$37,680
Automotive Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain,
and repair cars and light trucks.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$36,610
Heavy Vehicle and
Mobile Equipment
Service Technicians
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in
construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$43,820
Small Engine Mechanics
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one
type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$32,640
Contacts for More Information
For information about certification, visit
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
For more information about careers and education for diesel service
technicians and mechanics, visit
O*NET
Association of Diesel Specialists
National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers
Quick Facts: Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers
2012 Median Pay
$51,220 per year
$24.63 per hour
Entry-Level Education
Postsecondary non-degree award
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
See How to Become One
Number of Jobs, 2012
144,700
Job Outlook, 2012-22
1% (Little or no change)
Employment Change, 2012-22
900
What Electrical and Electronics Installers
and Repairers Do
• Reassemble and test equipment after repairs
• Maintain records of parts used, labor time, and final charges
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers work on complex pieces of
electronic equipment.
Because automated electronic control systems are becoming more complex,
repairers use software programs and testing equipment to diagnose
malfunctions. Among their diagnostic tools are multimeters—which
measure voltage, current, and resistance—and advanced multimeters, which
measure the capacitance, inductance, and current gain of transistors.
Repairers also use signal generators, which provide test signals, and
oscilloscopes, which display signals graphically. In addition, repairers often
use handtools such as pliers, screwdrivers, and wrenches to replace faulty
parts and adjust equipment.
The following are examples of types of electrical and electronics installers
and repairers:
Commercial and industrial equipment electrical and electronics repairers
repair, test, adjust, or install electronic equipment, such as industrial
controls, transmitters, and antennas.
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers of transportation
equipment install, adjust, or maintain mobile communication equipment,
including sound, sonar, security, navigation, and surveillance systems on
trains, watercraft, or other vehicles.
Testers are used to find problems with electric
motor operations.
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a
variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation,
utilities, and other industries.
Duties
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers typically do the following:
• Prepare cost estimates for clients
• Refer to service guides, schematics, and manufacturer
specifications
• Repair or replace defective parts, such as motors, fuses, or
gaskets
Powerhouse, substation, and relay electrical and electronics repairers
inspect, test, maintain, or repair electrical equipment used in generating
stations, substations, and in-service relays. These workers also may be
known as powerhouse electricians, relay technicians, or power transformer
repairers.
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers—such as armature
winders, generator mechanics, and electric golf cart repairers—specialize
in installing, maintaining, and repairing electric motors, wiring, or switches.
Electronic equipment installers and repairers of motor vehicles install,
diagnose, and repair sound, security, and navigation equipment in motor
vehicles. These installers and repairers work with a range of complex
electronic equipment, including digital audio and video players, navigation
systems, and passive and active security systems.
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers may also specialize,
according to how and where they work:
Field technicians often travel to factories or a customer’s site to repair
broken down equipment. Because repairing components is a complex
activity, workers in factories usually remove and replace defective units,
such as circuit boards, instead of fixing them. Defective units are discarded
or returned to the manufacturer or a specialized shop for repair.
Bench technicians work in repair shops in factories and service centers,
fixing components that cannot be repaired on a factory floor. These workers
also locate and repair circuit defects, such as poorly soldered joints, blown
fuses, or malfunctioning transistors.
Work Environment
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers held about 144,700 jobs in
2012. Employment in the detailed occupations that make up this group was
distributed as follows:
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial
equipment
69,000
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and
relay
24,500
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
20,700
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation
equipment
15,900
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
14,600
Many electrical and electronics installers and repairers work in factories,
which can be noisy and sometimes warm. Bench technicians work primarily
in repair shops, which are quiet and well lit. Motor vehicle electronic
equipment installers and repairers normally work in repair shops.
Installers and repairers may have to lift heavy equipment and work in
awkward positions.
Injuries and Illnesses
Electric motor, power tools, and related repairers and electrical and
electronics installers and repairers of transportation equipment have a higher
rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average.
As a result, workers must follow safety guidelines and wear protective
goggles and hardhats. When working on ladders or on elevated equipment,
repairers must wear harnesses to avoid falls.
Before repairing a piece of machinery, workers must follow procedures to
ensure that others cannot start the equipment during the repair process. They
must also take precautions against electric shock by locking off power to the
unit under repair.
Work Schedules
Nearly all electrical and electronics installers and repairers work full time.
How to Become an Electrical or
Electronics Installer and Repairer
Most electrical and electronics installers and repairers obtain specialized
training at a technical college. Gaining voluntary certification is common
and can be useful in getting a job.
Education
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers must understand electrical
equipment and electronics. As a result, employers often prefer applicants
who have taken courses in electronics at a community college or technical
school.
Training
In addition to technical education, workers usually receive training on
specific types of equipment. This may entail manufacturer-specific training
in order for repairers to perform warranty work.
Entry-level repairers usually begin by working with experienced technicians,
who provide technical guidance, and work independently after developing
their skills.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Various organizations offer certification. For example, the Electronics
Technicians Association International (ETA) offers more than 50
certification programs in numerous electronics specialties for various levels
of competence. The International Society of Certified Electronics
Technicians (ISCET) also offers certification for several levels of
competence. The ISCET focuses on a broad range of topics, including basic
electronics, electronic systems, and appliance service. To become certified,
applicants must meet prerequisites and pass a comprehensive exam.
Important Qualities
Color vision. Workers need to identify the color-coded components that are
often used in electronic equipment.
Communication skills. Field technicians work closely with customers, so
they must listen to and understand customers’ problems and explain
solutions in a simple, clear manner.
Technical skills. Workers use a variety of mechanical and diagnostic tools to
install or repair equipment.
Troubleshooting skills. Electrical equipment and systems often involve
intricate parts. Workers must be able to identify malfunctions and make the
necessary repairs.
Pay
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers $51,220
Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
$46,550
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for electrical and electronics installers and
repairers was $51,220 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which
half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half
earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $28,240, and the top 10
percent earned more than $75,740.
Median annual wages for electrical and electronics installers and repairers in
May 2012 were as follows:
• $68,810 for electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse,
substation, and relay
• $52,650 for electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and
industrial equipment
• $51,240 for electrical and electronics installers and repairers,
transportation equipment
• $36,240 for electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
• $31,340 for electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor
vehicles
Nearly all electrical and electronics installers and repairers work full time.
Union Membership
Compared with workers in all occupations, electrical and electronics
installers and repairers had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to
a union in 2012.
Job Outlook
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Overall employment of electrical and electronics installers and repairers is
projected to show little or no change from 2012 to 2022. Growth rates will
vary by specialty.
Employment of electrical and electronics installers and repairers of
commercial and industrial equipment is projected to grow 3 percent from
2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. As competition
increases, businesses strive to lower costs by increasing and improving
automation. Equipment that needs service and repair would generally
increase the demand for electrical workers, but improved reliability of
equipment is expected to temper employment growth.
Employment of motor vehicle electronic equipment installers and repairers
is projected to decline 6 percent from 2012 to 2022. As motor vehicle
manufacturers install more and better sound, security, entertainment, and
navigation systems in new vehicles, and as newer electronic systems require
progressively less maintenance, few aftermarket installers will be needed.
Employment of electric motor, power tool, and related repairers is projected
to decline 4 percent from 2012 to 2022. Improvements in electrical and
electronic equipment design, as well as the increased use of disposable tool
parts, will result in declining employment.
Employment of electrical and electronics installers and repairers of
transportation equipment is projected to show little or no change from 2012
to 2022. Declining employment in the rail transportation industry—the
largest employing segment of these specialists—will dampen employment
growth.
Total, all occupations 11%
Employment of powerhouse, substation, and relay electrical and electronics
installers and repairers is projected to show little or no change from 2012 to
2022. Although the installation of new, energy-efficient technologies will
likely spur demand for workers, privatization in the utilities industries
should improve productivity and offset any employment gains.
Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers 4%
Job Prospects
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers 1%
Overall job opportunities should be excellent for qualified workers with an
associate’s degree in electronics along with certification.
Employment projections data for Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC
Code
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers
Employment,
2012
Projected Employment,
2022
Change, 2012-22
Percent
Numeric
144,700
145,600
1
900
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers
49-2092
20,700
19,900
-4
-800
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation
equipment
49-2093
15,900
16,200
2
400
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial
equipment
49-2094
69,000
71,300
3
2,300
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
SOC
Code
Occupational Title
Employment,
2012
Projected Employment,
2022
Change, 2012-22
Percent
Numeric
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay
49-2095
24,500
24,500
0
-100
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles
49-2096
14,600
13,700
-6
-900
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of electrical and electronics installers and repairers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
Aircraft and Avionics
Equipment Mechanics
and Technicians
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft.
They also may perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
See How to
Become One
$55,230
Computer, ATM, and
Office Machine
Repairers
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses,
households, and other consumers use.
Some college,
no degree
$36,620
Telecommunications
Equipment Installers
and Repairers Except
Line Installers
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain
devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$54,530
Elevator Installers and
Repairers
Elevator installers and repairers install, fix, and maintain elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$76,650
General Maintenance
and Repair Workers
General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They
work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$35,210
Broadcast and Sound
Engineering
Technicians
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio and
television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, movies and in office and school buildings.
See How to
Become One
$41,200
Contacts for More Information
O*NET
For information about electrical and electronics installers and repairers,
including careers and certification, visit
Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles
Electronics Technicians Association International
International Society of Certified Electronics Technicians
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation
Equipment
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay
Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers
General Maintenance and Repair Workers
Quick Facts: General Maintenance and Repair Workers
2012 Median Pay
$35,210 per year
$16.93 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
1,325,100
Job Outlook, 2012-22
9% (As fast as average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
125,200
What General Maintenance and Repair
Workers Do
• Do routine preventive maintenance to ensure that machines
continue to run smoothly
• Assemble and set up machinery or equipment
• Plan repair work using blueprints or diagrams
• Do general cleaning and upkeep of buildings and properties
• Order supplies from catalogs and storerooms
• Meet with clients to estimate repairs and costs
• Keep detailed records of their work
General maintenance and repair workers are hired for maintenance and
repair tasks that are not complex enough to need the specialized training of a
licensed tradesperson, such as a plumber or electrician.
They are also responsible for recognizing when a job is above their skill
level and requires the expertise of electricians; carpenters; heating, airconditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers; and plumbers,
pipefitters, and steamfitters.
Workers may fix plaster or drywall. They may fix or paint roofs, windows,
doors, floors, woodwork, and other parts of buildings.
They also maintain and repair specialized equipment and machinery in
cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, and factories.
Workers are responsible for the upkeep of
many homes and apartment buildings.
General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines,
mechanical equipment, and buildings. They work on plumbing, electrical,
and air-conditioning and heating systems.
Duties
General maintenance and repair workers typically do the following:
They get supplies and repair parts from distributors or storerooms to fix
problems. They use common hand and power tools such as screwdrivers,
saws, drills, wrenches, and hammers to fix, replace, or repair equipment and
parts of buildings.
Work Environment
General maintenance and repair workers held about 1.3 million jobs in 2012.
The industries that employed the most general maintenance and repair
workers in 2012 were as follows:
Real estate and rental and leasing
19%
Manufacturing
15
State and local government, excluding education and hospitals
10
• Maintain and repair machines, mechanical equipment, and
buildings
Health care and social assistance
8
• Troubleshoot and fix faulty electrical switches
Educational services; state, local, and private
8
• Inspect and diagnose problems and figure out the best way to
correct them
General maintenance and repair workers often carry out many different tasks
in a single day, at any number of locations. They may work inside a single
building, such as a hotel or hospital, or be responsible for the maintenance of
many buildings, such as those in an apartment complex or college campus.
General maintenance and repair workers may have to stand for long periods
or lift heavy objects. These workers may work in uncomfortably hot or cold
environments, work in uncomfortable or cramped positions, or on ladders.
The work involves a lot of walking, climbing, and reaching.
Injuries and Illnesses
Workers risk electrical shocks, falls, cuts, and bruises. As a result, general
maintenance workers had a rate of injuries and illnesses that is much higher
than the national average.
Work Schedules
Most general maintenance workers work full time, including evenings or
weekends. Some are on call for emergency repairs.
How to Become a General Maintenance
and Repair Worker
Jobs in this field typically do not require any formal education beyond high
school. General maintenance and repair workers often learn their skills on
the job. They start by doing simple tasks and watching and learning from
skilled maintenance workers.
Education
Many maintenance and repair workers may learn some basic skills in high
school shop or technical education classes, postsecondary trade or
vocational schools, or community colleges.
Courses in mechanical drawing, electricity, woodworking, blueprint reading,
mathematics, and computers are useful. Maintenance and repair workers
often do work that involves electrical, plumbing, heating, and airconditioning systems or painting and roofing tasks. Workers need a good
working knowledge of many repair and maintenance tasks.
Practical training, available at many adult education centers and community
colleges, is another option for workers to learn tasks such as drywall repair
and basic plumbing.
Training
General maintenance and repair workers usually start by watching and
learning from skilled maintenance workers. They begin by doing simple
tasks, such as fixing leaky faucets and replacing light bulbs. After gaining
experience, general maintenance and repair workers move on to more
difficult tasks, such as overhauling machinery or building walls.
Some learn their skills by working as helpers to other types of repair or
construction workers, including machinery repairers, carpenters, or
electricians.
Because a growing number of new buildings rely on computers to control
their systems, general maintenance and repair workers may need to know
basic computer skills, such as how to log onto a central computer system
and navigate through a series of menus. Companies that install computercontrolled equipment usually give onsite training for general maintenance
and repair workers.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Licensing requirements vary by state and locality. For more complex tasks,
workers may need to be licensed in a particular specialty, such as electrical
or plumbing work.
Advancement
Some maintenance and repair workers decide to train in one specific craft
and become craft workers, such as electricians, heating and air-conditioning
mechanics, or plumbers.
Other maintenance workers open their own repair or contracting business.
However, those that want to become a project manager or own their own
business may need some postsecondary education or a degree in
construction management. For more information, see the profile on
construction managers.
Within small organizations, promotion opportunities may be limited.
Important Qualities
Customer-service skills. These workers interact with customers on a regular
basis. They need to be friendly and able to address customers’ questions.
Dexterity. Many technician tasks, such as repairing small devices,
connecting or attaching components, and using hand tools, require a steady
hand and good hand–eye coordination.
Troubleshooting skills. Workers find, diagnose, and repair problems. They
do tests to figure out the cause of problems before fixing equipment.
Pay
General Maintenance and Repair Workers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $38,750
Maintenance and repair workers, general $35,210
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for general maintenance and repair workers was
$35,210 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less.
The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,920, and the top 10 percent
earned more than $57,260.
Most general maintenance workers work full time, including evenings and
weekends. Some are on call for emergency repairs.
and renovate the large inventory of foreclosed and distressed properties
caused by the recession.
Job Outlook
Demographic changes may also affect the demand for general maintenance
and repair workers. Because homeowners typically prefer to remain in their
homes as they age, demand may increase for workers as the large babyboom population nears retirement. These older homeowners will invest in
projects and renovations to accommodate their future living needs and allow
them to remain in their homes following retirement.
General Maintenance and Repair Workers
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 12%
Because many general maintenance and repair workers are employed in
industries related to real estate, employment opportunities may be sensitive
to fluctuations in the economy. Some workers may experience periods of
unemployment when the overall level of construction and real estate
development falls. However, maintenance and repairs continue during
economic downturns as people opt to repair rather than replace equipment.
Total, all occupations 11%
Maintenance and repair workers, general 9%
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of general maintenance and repair workers is projected to grow
9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Employment will increase as the real estate market continues to improve.
Increasing home sales may drive demand for remodeling and maintenance
work. In addition, maintenance and repair workers will be needed to upgrade
Job Prospects
Employment growth and the need to replace workers who leave the
occupation each year will likely result in good job prospects. Many job
openings are expected as experienced workers retire. Those with experience
in repair- or maintenance-related fields should continue to have the best job
prospects.
Employment projections data for General Maintenance and Repair Workers, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
Maintenance and repair workers, general
SOC Code
49-9071
Employment, 2012
Projected Employment, 2022
1,325,100
Percent
1,450,300
Numeric
9
125,200
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of general maintenance and repair workers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Boilermakers
Boilermakers assemble, install, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold
liquids and gases.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$56,560
Carpenters
Carpenters construct and repair building frameworks and structures—such as stairways, doorframes, partitions, and
rafters—made from wood and other materials. They also may install kitchen cabinets, siding, and drywall.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$39,940
Construction Managers
Construction managers plan, coordinate, budget, and supervise construction projects from development to
completion.
Bachelor’s
degree
$82,790
Electrical and
Electronics Installers
and Repairers
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in
telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$51,220
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
OCCUPATION
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
JOB DUTIES
Heating, Air
Conditioning, and
Refrigeration
Mechanics and
Installers
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers—often called HVACR technicians—work on
heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$43,640
Plumbers, Pipefitters,
and Steamfitters
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses,
homes, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,140
Contacts for More Information
United Handyman Association
For more information, visit
O*NET
Handyman Association of America
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
Quick Facts: Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
2012 Median Pay
$43,640 per year
$20.98 per hour
Entry-Level Education
Postsecondary non-degree award
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
267,600
Job Outlook, 2012-22
21% (Faster than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
55,900
What Heating, Air Conditioning, and
Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers Do
Duties
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
typically do the following:
• Use blueprints or design specifications to install or repair HVACR
systems
• Connect systems to fuel and water supply lines, air ducts, and
other components
• Install electrical wiring and controls and test for proper operation
• Inspect and maintain customers’ HVACR systems
• Test individual components to determine necessary repairs
• Repair or replace worn or defective parts
• Determine HVACR systems’ energy use and make
recommendations to improve efficiency
• Travel to worksites
HVACR technicians repair heating, cooling, and refrigeration
systems.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers—often
called HVACR technicians—work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and
refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in
buildings.
Heating and air conditioning systems control the temperature, humidity, and
overall air quality in homes, businesses, and other buildings. By providing a
climate-controlled environment, refrigeration systems make it possible to
store and transport food, medicine, and other perishable items.
Although HVACR technicians are trained to both install and maintain
heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems, many focus on either
installation or maintenance. Some also may specialize in certain types of
HVACR equipment, such as water-based heating systems, solar panels, or
commercial refrigeration.
HVACR technicians use many different tools. For example, they often use
screwdrivers, wrenches, pipe cutters, and other basic hand tools when
installing systems. Technicians also use more sophisticated tools, such as
carbon monoxide testers, voltmeters, combustion analyzers, and acetylene
torches to test or install system components.
How to Become a Heating, Air
Conditioning, or Refrigeration Mechanic
and Installer
When working on air conditioning and refrigeration systems, technicians
must follow government regulations regarding the conservation, recovery,
and recycling of refrigerants. This includes the proper handling and disposal
of fluids and pressurized gases.
Because HVACR systems are increasingly complex, employers generally
prefer applicants with postsecondary education or those who have completed
an apprenticeship. Some states and localities require technicians to be
licensed.
Some HVACR technicians sell service contracts to their clients, providing
regular maintenance of heating and cooling systems. The service usually
includes the cleaning of ducts, replacing filters, and checking refrigerant
levels.
Other craft workers sometimes help install or repair cooling and heating
systems. For example, on a large air conditioning installation job, especially
one in which workers are covered by union contracts, duct work might be
done by sheet metal workers and duct installers, electrical work by
electricians, and pipe work by plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. Boiler
systems are often installed by a boilermaker. In addition, home appliance
repairers usually service window air conditioners and household
refrigerators.
Education
A growing number of HVACR technicians receive postsecondary instruction
from technical and trade schools or community colleges that offer programs
in heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration. These programs generally last
from 6 months to 2 years and lead to a certificate or an associate’s degree.
High school students interested in becoming an HVACR technician should
take courses in shop, math, and physics. Knowledge of plumbing or
electrical work and a basic understanding of electronics is also helpful.
Training
Work Environment
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers held
about 267,600 jobs in 2012, of which 61 percent were employed in the
plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors industry. About 9
percent were self-employed.
HVACR technicians mostly work in residential homes, schools, stores,
hospitals, office buildings, or factories. Some technicians are assigned to
specific job sites at the beginning of each day. Others travel to several
different locations making service calls.
Although most technicians work indoors, some may have to work on
outdoor heat pumps, even in bad weather. Technicians often work in
awkward or cramped spaces, and some work in buildings that are
uncomfortable because the air conditioning or heating system is broken.
Work Schedules
The majority of HVACR technicians work full time, with occasional evening
or weekend shifts. During peak heating and cooling seasons, they often work
overtime or irregular hours. Although the majority of technicians work for
construction contractors, about 9 percent are self-employed workers who
have the ability to set their own schedules.
Technicians who service refrigeration, heating, and air conditioning
equipment generally have stable employment throughout the year,
particularly as a growing number of manufacturers and contractors now
provide or even require year-round service contracts.
Some HVACR technicians learn their trade on the job, although this is
becoming much less common. Those who do usually begin by assisting
experienced technicians with basic tasks, such as insulating refrigerant lines
or cleaning furnaces. In time, they move on to more difficult tasks, including
cutting and soldering pipes or checking electrical circuits.
Some technicians receive their training through an apprenticeship.
Applicants for apprenticeships must have a high school diploma or general
equivalency degree (GED). Math and reading skills are essential.
Apprenticeship programs usually last 3 to 5 years. Each year, apprentices
must have at least 2,000 hours of on-the-job training and a minimum of 144
hours of related technical education. Over the course of the apprenticeship,
technicians become familiar with subjects such as safety practices, blueprint
reading, and how to use tools. They also learn about the numerous systems
that heat and cool buildings. To enter an apprenticeship program, a trainee
must meet the following requirements:
• Be at least 18 years old
• Have a high school diploma or equivalent
• Pass a basic math test
• Pass substance abuse screening
• Have a valid driver’s license
Apprenticeship programs frequently are run by joint committees
representing local chapters of various organizations, including the following:
• Air Conditioning Contractors of America
• Associated Builders and Contractors
Injuries and Illnesses
HVACR technicians have a one of the highest rates of injuries and illnesses
of all occupations. Potential hazards include electrical shock, burns, muscle
strains, and other injuries from handling heavy equipment.
Appropriate safety equipment is necessary when handling refrigerants
because they are hazardous, and contact can cause skin damage, frostbite, or
blindness. When working in tight spaces, inhalation of refrigerants is also a
risk. As of 2012, several newly introduced refrigerants are highly
flammable, requiring additional care.
• Mechanical Contractors Association of America
• National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Institute
• Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association
• Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association
• United Association of Apprentice and Journeymen of the United
States and Canada
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Whether having learned the occupation through postsecondary education or
through other means, HVACR technicians may take several different tests
that measure their skills. These tests require different levels of experience.
Technicians with relevant coursework and less than 2 years of experience
may take the “entry-level” certification exams. These exams test basic
competency in residential heating and cooling, light commercial heating and
cooling, and commercial refrigeration. Technicians can take the exams at
technical and trade schools.
HVACR technicians who have at least 1 year of installation experience and
2 years of maintenance and repair experience can take a number of
specialized exams. These exams certify their competency in working with
specific types of equipment, such as oil-burning furnaces or compressedrefrigerant cooling systems. Many organizations offer certifying exams. For
example, the North American Technician Excellence offers the Industry
Competency Exam; HVAC Excellence offers a Secondary Employment
Ready Exam, a Secondary Heat exam, and a Heat Plus exam; the National
Occupational Competency Testing Institute offers a secondary exam; and the
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society offers two levels of certification.
Certifications can be helpful because they show that the technician has
specific competencies. Some employers actively seek out industry-certified
HVACR technicians.
Some states and localities require HVACR technicians to be licensed.
Although specific licensing requirements vary, all candidates must pass an
exam.
In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires all
technicians who buy or work with refrigerants to be certified in proper
refrigerant handling. To become certified, technicians must pass a written
exam specific to one of three specializations: Type I—servicing small
appliances; Type II—high-pressure refrigerants; and Type III—low-pressure
refrigerants. Many trade schools, unions, and employer associations offer
training programs designed to prepare students for the EPA exam.
Pay
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Mechanics and Installers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers $43,640
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers was $43,640 in May 2012. The median wage is the
wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that
amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than
$27,330, and the top 10 percent earned more than $68,990.
Apprentices usually earn about half of the wage paid to experienced
workers. As they gain experience and improve their skills, apprentices
receive periodic raises until they reach the wage of experienced workers.
The majority of HVACR technicians work full time, with occasional evening
or weekend shifts. During peak heating and cooling seasons, they often work
overtime or irregular hours. Although the majority of technicians work for
construction contractors, about 9 percent are self-employed workers who
have the ability to set their own schedules.
Job Outlook
Important Qualities
Customer-service skills. HVACR technicians often work in customers’
homes or business offices, so it is important that they are friendly, polite, and
punctual. Repair technicians must sometimes deal with unhappy customers
whose heating or air conditioning is not working.
Detail oriented. HVACR technicians must carefully maintain records of all
work performed. The records must include what work was performed and
the time it took, and list specific parts and equipment that were used.
Mechanical skills. HVACR technicians install and work on complicated
climate-control systems. Workers must understand the HVAC components
and be able to properly assemble, disassemble, and if needed, program them.
Physical strength. Workers may have to lift and support heavy equipment
and components, often without help.
Time-management skills. HVACR technicians often have a set number of
daily maintenance calls. They should be able to keep a schedule and
complete all necessary repairs or tasks.
Troubleshooting skills. Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems
involve many intricate parts. To repair malfunctioning systems, technicians
must be able to identify problems and then determine the best way to repair
it.
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Mechanics and Installers
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 21%
Total, all occupations 11%
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10%
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and
installers is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the
average for all occupations.
Commercial and residential building construction will drive employment
growth as the construction industry continues to recover from the recent
recession. The growing number of sophisticated climate-control systems is
also expected to increase demand for qualified HVACR technicians.
Climate-control systems generally need replacement after 10 to 15 years. As
a result, many homes and commercial buildings that were constructed
between 2002 and 2006 will need replacement climate-control systems,
further spurring demand for technicians.
The growing emphasis on energy efficiency and pollution reduction will also
require more HVACR technicians as climate-control systems are retrofitted,
upgraded, or replaced entirely. In addition, regulations prohibiting the
discharge and production of older types of refrigerant pollutants will result
in the need to modify or replace many existing air conditioning systems.
Job Prospects
school or through an apprenticeship. Candidates familiar with computers
and electronics, as well as those who have developed troubleshooting skills,
will have the best job opportunities as employers continue to have difficulty
finding qualified technicians to work on complex new systems.
Technicians who specialize in installation work may experience periods of
unemployment when the level of new construction activity declines.
Maintenance and repair work, however, usually remains relatively stable.
Businesses and homeowners depend on their climate-control or refrigeration
systems year round, and must keep them in good working order, regardless
of economic conditions.
Job opportunities for HVACR technicians are expected to be excellent,
particularly for those who have completed training at an accredited technical
Employment projections data for Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
Employment, 2012
49-9021
Projected Employment, 2022
267,600
Percent
Numeric
21
55,900
323,500
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Boilermakers
Boilermakers assemble, install, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold liquids
and gases.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$56,560
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
Plumbers, Pipefitters,
and Steamfitters
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses, homes,
and factories.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,140
Sheet Metal Workers
Sheet metal workers fabricate or install products that are made from thin metal sheets, such as ducts used for heating
and air conditioning.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$43,290
Contacts for More Information
Carbon Monoxide Safety Association
Green Mechanical Council
For details about apprenticeships or other work opportunities, contact the
offices of the state employment service, the state apprenticeship agency,
local contractors, or local union-management HVACR apprenticeship
committees. Apprenticeship information is available from the U.S.
Department of Labor’s toll-free help line, 1 (877) 872-5627, or Employment
and Training Administration.
HVAC Excellence
Mechanical Contractors Association of America
National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Institute
For information about career opportunities, training, and certification, visit
National Occupational Competency Testing Institute
Air Conditioning Contractors of America
NCCER
Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute
North American Technician Excellence
Associated Builders and Contractors
Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association
Radiant Professionals Alliance
Refrigeration Service Engineers Society
O*NET
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association
United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and
Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics and Installers
Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians
Quick Facts: Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians
2012 Median Pay
$43,820 per year
$21.07 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
176,300
Job Outlook, 2012-22
9% (As fast as average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
16,200
What Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment
Service Technicians Do
• Inspect, repair, and replace defective or worn parts, such as
bearings, pistons, and gears
• Overhaul and test major components, such as engines, hydraulics,
and electrical systems
• Disassemble and reassemble heavy equipment and components
• Travel to worksites to repair large equipment, such as cranes
Heavy vehicles and mobile equipment are critical to many industrial
activities, including construction and railroad transportation. Various types
of equipment, such as tractors, cranes, and bulldozers, are used to haul
materials, till land, lift beams, and dig earth to pave the way for
development and construction.
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians repair and maintain
engines, hydraulic systems, transmissions, and electrical systems of
agricultural, industrial, construction, and rail equipment. They ensure the
performance and safety of fuel lines, brakes, transmissions, and other
systems.
Technicians inspect, repair, and replace defective or worn parts.
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians, also called
mechanics, inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in
construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
Duties
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians typically do the
following:
• Read and understand operating manuals, blueprints, and drawings
Service technicians use diagnostic computers and equipment to identify
problems and make adjustments or repairs. For example, technicians may
use an oscilloscope to measure the voltage produced by electronic
components. Technicians also use many different power and machine tools,
including pneumatic wrenches, lathes, and welding equipment. A pneumatic
tool such as an impact wrench is an air tool powered by compressed air.
Service technicians also use many different hand tools, such as screwdrivers,
pliers, and wrenches, to work on small parts and in hard-to-reach areas.
They generally purchase these tools over the course of their careers, often
investing thousands of dollars in their collections.
After locating malfunctions, service technicians repair, replace, and
recalibrate components such as hydraulic pumps or spark plugs. This may
involve disassembling and reassembling major equipment or making
adjustments through an onboard computer program.
• Perform scheduled maintenance, such as cleaning and lubricating
parts
The following are types of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians:
• Diagnose and identify malfunctions, using computerized tools
and equipment
Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians service and repair
farm equipment, such as tractors and harvesters. They also work on smaller
consumer-grade lawn and garden tractors. Most work for dealer repair
shops, where farmers increasingly send their equipment for maintenance.
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics repair and maintain construction and
surface mining equipment, such as bulldozers, cranes, graders, and
excavators. Many work for equipment wholesale and distribution shops and
large construction and mining companies. Those working for the federal
government may work on tanks and other military equipment.
Rail car repairers specialize in servicing railroad locomotives, subway cars,
and other rolling stock. They usually work for railroad, public and private
transit companies, and rail car manufacturers.
Although a high school diploma is the typical education needed for entry,
employers increasingly prefer to hire heavy vehicle and mobile equipment
service technicians who have some postsecondary education. The majority
of workers, however, still learn informally on the job.
Education
High school or postsecondary courses in automobile repair, mathematics,
and physics provide a strong foundation for a service technician’s career.
For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on
automobiles, see the profile on automotive service technicians and
mechanics.
Postsecondary programs and degrees in diesel technology or heavy
equipment mechanics provide the most comprehensive training for new
service technicians. Offered by vocational schools and community colleges,
these programs cover the basics of diagnostic techniques, electronics, and
other related subjects.
For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on
large trucks and buses, see the profile on diesel service technicians and
mechanics.
For information about technicians and mechanics who primarily work on
motorboats, motorcycles, and small all-terrain vehicles, see the profile on
small engine mechanics.
Most programs last 1 to 2 years and lead to certificates of completion. Other
programs, which lead to associate’s degrees, generally take 2 years to
complete.
Work Environment
Education significantly reduces the amount of on-the-job training new
service technicians need.
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians held about 176,300
jobs in 2012. Most technicians worked for private companies, but about 7
percent worked for state and local government. Industries employing the
largest numbers of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians
in 2012 were as follows:
Farm and garden machinery and equipment merchant wholesalers
How to Become a Heavy Vehicle or Mobile
Equipment Service Technician
14%
Government
11
Rail transportation
7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
6
Heavy and civil engineering construction
6
Service technicians usually work indoors in noisy repair shops. They often
lift heavy parts and tools, handle greasy and dirty equipment, and stand or
lie in awkward positions.
It is often too expensive to transport heavy or mobile equipment to a repair
shop. As a result, some service technicians travel to worksites to make
repairs, often driving long distances. Generally, more experienced service
technicians specialize in field service. They drive trucks that are specially
equipped with replacement parts and tools. These workers spend
considerable time outdoors.
Work Schedules
Most heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians work full
time, and many work evenings or weekends. Overtime is common.
Farm equipment mechanics’ work varies by time of the year. During busy
planting and harvesting seasons, for example, mechanics often work six or
seven 12-hour days per week. In the slower winter months, however, they
may work less than full time.
Training
Entry-level workers with no formal background in heavy vehicle repair
often receive a few months of on-the-job training before they begin doing
routine service tasks and minor repairs. Trainees advance to more complex
work as they show competence, and usually become fully qualified after 3 to
4 years of work.
Many employers send new technicians to training sessions conducted by
equipment manufacturers. Training sessions may focus on particular
components and technologies or types of equipment.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Some manufacturers offer certification in specific repair methods or
equipment. Although not required, certification can demonstrate a
mechanic’s competence and usually brings higher pay.
Important Qualities
Dexterity. Many tasks, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or
attaching components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and good
hand-eye coordination.
Mechanical skills. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians
must be familiar with engine components and systems and know how they
interact with each other. They must often disassemble major parts for repairs
and be able to reassemble them.
Physical strength. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians
must be able to lift and move heavy equipment, tools, and parts without
risking injury.
Troubleshooting skills. Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians must be familiar with diagnostic equipment, which can help find
the source of malfunctions when they are difficult to identify.
Pay
Total, all occupations 11%
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 10%
Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service
Technicians
Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians 10%
Median annual wages, May 2012
Rail car repairers 2%
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 9%
Rail car repairers $48,500
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines $46,050
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians $43,820
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians is
projected to grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average
for all occupations.
Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians $34,760
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians was $43,820 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at
which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and
half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $27,730, and the top
10 percent earned more than $62,960.
In May 2012, median annual wages for heavy vehicle and mobile equipment
service technician occupations were as follows:
• $48,500 for rail car repairers
• $46,050 for mobile heavy equipment mechanics
• $34,760 for farm equipment mechanics and service technicians
Most heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians work full
time, and many work evenings or weekends. Overtime is common.
Farm equipment mechanics’ work varies by time of the year. During busy
planting and harvesting seasons, for example, mechanics often work six or
seven 12-hour days per week. In the slower winter months, however, they
may work less than full time.
Union Membership
As the stock of heavy vehicles and mobile equipment continues to increase,
more service technicians will be needed to maintain them. In particular,
demand for heavy equipment used in construction, mining, and energy
exploration will result in employment growth for service technicians.
Growth rates will vary by specialty.
Employment of farm equipment mechanics and service technicians is
projected to grow 10 percent, about as fast as the average for all
occupations. Demand for farm equipment repairers will be primarily driven
by the need for agricultural products to feed a growing population. Demand
for other products, such as biofuels, will also increase repairer employment.
Employment of mobile heavy equipment mechanics is projected to grow 10
percent, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment growth
of mobile heavy equipment mechanics will be spurred by increased
construction activity. Population and business growth will result in the
construction of more houses, office buildings, roads, bridges, and other
structures.
Employment of rail car repairers is projected to show little to no change.
However, rail car repairers will continue to be needed to repair rail cars used
for freight shipping and transportation.
Job Prospects
Most job opportunities will come from the need to replace workers who
retire or leave the occupation. Those with certificates from vocational
schools or 2-year degrees from community colleges should have very good
job opportunities, as employers strongly prefer these candidates. Those
without formal training will have difficulty finding jobs.
Compared with workers in all occupations, heavy vehicle and mobile
equipment service technicians had a higher percentage of workers who
belonged to a union in 2012.
The majority of job openings are expected to be in sectors that sell, rent, or
lease heavy vehicles and mobile equipment, where a large proportion of
service technicians are employed.
Job Outlook
The construction and mining industries, which use large numbers of heavy
equipment, are sensitive to fluctuations in the economy. As a result, job
opportunities for service technicians in these sectors will vary with overall
economic conditions.
Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service
Technicians
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Job opportunities for farm equipment mechanics are seasonal, and are
generally best during warmer months.
Employment projections data for Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Employment, 2012
Projected Employment, 2022
Percent
Numeric
49-3040
176,300
192,500
9
16,200
Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians
49-3041
35,800
39,200
10
3,400
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines
49-3042
119,300
131,600
10
12,300
Rail car repairers
49-3043
21,200
21,700
2
500
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Aircraft and Avionics
Equipment Mechanics
and Technicians
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft.
They also may perform aircraft inspections as required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
See How to
Become
One
$55,230
Automotive Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain,
and repair cars and light trucks.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$36,610
Diesel Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel
engine.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$42,320
Industrial Machinery
Mechanics and
Maintenance Workers
and Millwrights
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other industrial
machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights install,
dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$45,840
Small Engine Mechanics
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one
type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$32,640
Contacts for More Information
National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence
For more details about job openings for heavy vehicle and mobile equipment
service technicians, consult local heavy and mobile equipment dealers and
distributors, construction contractors, and government agencies. Local
offices of the state employment service also may have information on job
openings and training programs.
O*NET
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines
For general information about careers and training programs, visit
Rail Car Repairers
Associated Equipment Distributors
Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians
Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights
Quick Facts: Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights
2012 Median Pay
$45,840 per year
$22.04 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
See How to Become One
Number of Jobs, 2012
447,600
Job Outlook, 2012-22
17% (Faster than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
77,400
What Industrial Machinery Mechanics and
Maintenance Workers and Millwrights Do
• Clean and lubricate equipment or machinery
• Check the performance of machinery
• Test malfunctioning machinery to determine whether major
repairs are needed
• Adjust equipment and reset or calibrate sensors and controls
Millwrights typically do the following:
• Install or repair machinery and equipment
• Adjust and align machine parts
• Replace defective parts of machinery as needed
• Take apart existing machinery to clear floor space for new
machinery
• Move machinery and equipment
Industrial machinery mechanics and machinery maintenance workers
maintain and repair complex machines, such as an automobile assembly
line’s conveyor belts, robotic welding arms, and hydraulic lifts.
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers adjust
and calibrate equipment.
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and
repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery, such as conveying
systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights
install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories,
power plants, and construction sites.
Duties
Industrial machinery mechanics typically do the following:
• Read technical manuals to understand equipment and controls
• Disassemble machinery and equipment when there is a problem
• Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components
Industrial machinery mechanics, also called industrial machinery
repairers or maintenance machinists, keep machines in good working
order. To do this, they must be able to detect and correct errors before the
machine, or the products it produces, are damaged. Machinery mechanics
use technical manuals, their understanding of industrial equipment, and
careful observation to discover the cause of a problem. For example, after
hearing a vibration from a machine, a mechanic must decide whether it is
the result of worn belts, weak motor bearings, or some other problem.
Mechanics often need years of training and experience to be able to
diagnose all of the problems they find in their work. They may use
computerized diagnostic systems and vibration analysis techniques to help
figure out the source of problems.
After diagnosing a problem, the industrial machinery mechanic may take the
equipment apart to repair or replace the necessary parts. Mechanics are
expected to have electrical, electronics, and computer programming skills so
they can repair sophisticated equipment. Once a repair is made, mechanics
test a machine to ensure that it is running smoothly. Industrial machinery
mechanics also do preventive maintenance.
• Perform tests and run initial batches to make sure that the
machine is running smoothly
In addition to handtools, mechanics commonly use lathes, grinders, or drill
presses. Many also are required to weld.
• Adjust and calibrate equipment and machinery to optimal
specifications
Machinery maintenance workers do basic maintenance and repairs on
machines. They are responsible for cleaning and lubricating machinery,
performing basic diagnostic tests, checking performance, and testing
damaged machine parts to determine whether major repairs are necessary.
Machinery maintenance workers typically do the following:
• Detect minor problems by performing basic diagnostic tests
Maintenance workers must follow machine specifications and adhere to
maintenance schedules. They perform minor repairs, generally leaving
major repairs to machinery mechanics.
All maintenance workers use a variety of tools to do repairs and preventive
maintenance. For example, they may use a screwdriver or socket wrenches
to adjust a motor’s alignment, or they might use a hoist to lift a heavy
printing press off the ground.
Millwrights have a wide range of skills that aid in their work of installing,
maintaining, and disassembling industrial machines. Putting together a
machine can take a few days or several weeks.
Millwrights perform repairs that include replacing worn or defective parts of
machines. Millwrights also may be involved in taking apart existing
machines, a common situation when a manufacturing plant needs to clear
floor space for new machinery. To do this, each part of the machine must be
carefully taken apart, categorized, and packaged.
Millwrights use a variety of hand tools, such as hammers and levels, as well
as equipment for welding, brazing, and cutting. They also use measuring
tools, such as micrometers, measuring tapes, lasers, and other precisionmeasuring devices. On large projects, they commonly use cranes and trucks.
When millwrights and managers determine the best place for a machine,
millwrights bring the parts to the desired location using forklifts, hoists,
winches, cranes, and other equipment.
Work Environment
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights
held about 447,600 jobs in 2012. Most worked in factories, power plants, or
at construction sites.
Injuries and Illnesses
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers suffer common
injuries, such as cuts, bruises, and strains. They also work in awkward
positions, including on top of ladders or in cramped conditions under large
machinery. To avoid injuries, workers must follow safety precautions and
use protective equipment, such as hardhats, safety glasses, steel-toed shoes,
and earplugs. Even so, industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance
workers experience rates of injuries and illnesses that are much higher than
the national average.
Work Schedules
Most industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers are
employed full time during regular business hours. However, mechanics may
be on call and work night or weekend shifts. Overtime is common,
particularly for mechanics.
Millwrights typically are employed on a contract basis and can spend only a
few days or weeks at a single site. As a result, workers often have variable
schedules and may experience downtime between jobs.
How to Become an Industrial Machinery
Mechanic or Maintenance Worker or
Millwright
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights
typically need a high school diploma. However, industrial machinery
mechanics need a year or more of training after high school, whereas
maintenance workers typically receive on-the-job training that lasts a few
months to a year.
Millwrights mostly go through an apprenticeship program that lasts about 4
years. Programs are usually a combination of technical instruction and onthe-job training. Others learn their trade through a 2-year associate’s degree
program in industrial maintenance. A high school diploma or equivalent is
the typical education needed to become a millwright.
Education
Employers of industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and
millwrights generally require them to have at least a high school diploma or
a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. However, employers
increasingly prefer to hire workers with some education in industrial
technology from a community or technical college. Employers also prefer to
hire workers who have taken high school or postsecondary courses in
mechanical drawing, mathematics, blueprint reading, computer
programming, or electronics.
Industrial machinery mechanics usually need a year or more of education
and training after high school to learn the necessary mechanical and
technical skills. Although mechanics used to specialize in one area, such as
hydraulics or electronics, many factories now require every mechanic to
understand electricity, electronics, hydraulics, and computer programming.
These skills allow mechanics to troubleshoot a much larger range of
machine problems.
Some mechanics complete a 2-year associate’s degree program in industrial
maintenance. Others may start as helpers or in other factory jobs and learn
the skills of the trade on the job or take courses offered through their
employer.
Employers may offer onsite technical training or send workers to local
technical schools in addition to on-the-job training. Classroom instruction
focuses on subjects such as shop mathematics, blueprint reading, the use of
hand tools, welding, electronics, and computer training. In addition to
technical instruction, mechanics train on the specific machines that they will
repair. They can get this training on the job, through dealers’ or
manufacturers’ representatives, or in a classroom.
A high school diploma is the typical education needed to become a
millwright. However, there are 2-year associate’s degree programs in
industrial maintenance that also provide good preparation for prospects.
Employers may give workers classroom instruction in addition to on-the-job
training.
Training
Most millwrights learn their trade through a 3- or 4-year apprenticeship. For
each year of the program, apprentices must have at least 144 hours of related
technical instruction and 2,000 hours of paid on-the-job training. On the job,
apprentices learn to set up, clean, lubricate, repair, and start machinery.
During technical instruction, they are taught welding, mathematics, how to
read blueprints, how to use electronic devices, pneumatics (using air
pressure), and how to use grease and fluid properly. Many also receive
computer training.
After completing an apprenticeship program, millwrights are considered
fully qualified and can usually perform tasks with less guidance.
Apprenticeship programs are often sponsored by employers, local unions,
contractor associations, and the state labor department. The basic
qualifications for entering an apprenticeship program are as follows:
• Minimum age of 18
• High school diploma or equivalent
• Physically able to do the work
Machinery maintenance workers typically receive on-the-job training that
lasts a few months to a year. They learn how to perform routine tasks, such
as setting up, cleaning, lubricating, and starting machinery. This training
may be offered on-the-job, by professional trainers hired by the employer, or
by representatives of equipment manufacturers.
Important Qualities
Manual dexterity. When handling very small parts, workers must have a
steady hand and good hand–eye coordination.
Mechanical skills. Workers must be able to reassemble large, complex
machines after finishing a repair.
Technical skills. Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers
and millwrights use technical manuals and sophisticated diagnostic
equipment to figure out why machines are not working.
Troubleshooting skills. Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance
workers and millwrights must observe and properly diagnose and fix
problems that a machine may be having.
Pay
Industrial Machinery Mechanics and
Maintenance Workers and Millwrights
Median annual wages, May 2012
Millwrights are sometimes employed on a contract basis and can spend only
a few days or weeks at a single site, as that is what it takes to assemble or
disassemble an industrial machine. As a result, workers often have variable
schedules and may experience downtime between jobs.
Union Membership
Compared with workers in all occupations, industrial machinery mechanics
and maintenance workers and millwrights had a higher percentage of
workers who belonged to a union in 2012.
Job Outlook
Industrial Machinery Mechanics and
Maintenance Workers and Millwrights
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Industrial machinery mechanics 19%
Millwrights 18%
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights
17%
Total, all occupations 11%
Maintenance workers, machinery 11%
Millwrights $49,510
Industrial machinery mechanics $46,920
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights
$45,840
Maintenance workers, machinery $40,620
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for industrial machinery mechanics and
maintenance workers and millwrights was $45,840 in May 2012. The
median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned
more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned
less than $29,020, and the top 10 percent earned more than $69,990.
In May 2012, median annual wages for industrial machinery mechanics and
maintenance workers and millwrights were as follows:
• $49,510 for millwrights
• $46,920 for industrial machinery mechanics
• $40,620 for machinery maintenance workers
Most industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers are
employed full time during regular business hours. However, mechanics may
be on call or assigned to work evenings, nights, or weekends. Overtime is
common, particularly for mechanics.
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Overall employment of industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance
workers and millwrights is projected to grow 17 percent from 2012 to 2022,
faster than the average for all occupations. Employment growth will vary by
specialty.
Employment of industrial machinery mechanics is projected to grow 19
percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations.
Increased adoption of sophisticated manufacturing machinery will require
more highly-skilled mechanics to keep machines in good working order.
Employment of machinery maintenance workers is projected to grow 11
percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Increased automation, including the use of many new computer-controlled
machines in factories and manufacturing plants, should spur demand for
maintenance workers in order to keep machines operating well.
Employment of millwrights is projected to grow 18 percent from 2012 to
2022, faster than the average for all occupations. The use of machinery in
manufacturing will require millwrights to install and disassemble this
equipment, as well as perform some repair work.
Job Prospects
Overall, applicants with a broad range of skills in machine repair should
have very good job prospects.
Faster-than-average employment growth and the need to replace many older
workers who are expected to retire over the coming decade should result in
numerous job openings.
Those that complete apprenticeships and educational programs designed for
industrial machinery repair should have the best job prospects.
Employment projections data for Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Maintenance Workers and Millwrights, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC
Code
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and
millwrights
Employment,
2012
Change, 2012-22
Projected Employment,
2022
Percent
Numeric
447,600
525,100
17
77,400
Industrial machinery mechanics
49-9041
319,300
379,600
19
60,300
Maintenance workers, machinery
49-9043
89,000
98,900
11
9,900
Millwrights
49-9044
39,400
46,700
18
7,200
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers and millwrights.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric
motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics
engineers design and develop electronic equipment, such as broadcast and communications systems—from portable
music players to global positioning systems (GPS).
Bachelor’s
degree
$89,630
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
General Maintenance
and Repair Workers
General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They
work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$35,210
Machinists and Tool and
Die Makers
Machinists and tool and die makers set up and operate a variety of computer-controlled and mechanically-controlled
machine tools to produce precision metal parts, instruments, and tools.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$40,910
Plumbers, Pipefitters,
and Steamfitters
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses, homes,
and factories.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,140
Welders, Cutters,
Solderers, and Brazers
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers weld or join metal parts. They also fill holes, indentions, or seams of metal
products, using hand-held metal joining equipment.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$36,300
Contacts for More Information
National Association of Manufacturers
Society for Maintenance & Reliability Professionals
For information about industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance
workers, visit
For information about millwrights and the precision machined products
industry, training, and apprenticeships, visit
APICS
Precision Machined Products Association
Association for Maintenance Professionals
For further information on apprenticeship programs, write to the
Apprenticeship Council of your state's labor department or to local firms
that employ machinery mechanics and repairers. You can also find
information about registered apprenticeships, together with links to state
apprenticeship programs, on the U.S. Department of Labor
website: Employment and Training Administration. Apprenticeship
information is available as well from the U.S. Department of Labor toll-free
help line: (877) 872-5627.
O*NET
Industrial Machinery Mechanics
Millwrights
Maintenance Workers, Machinery
Line Installers and Repairers
Quick Facts: Line Installers and Repairers
2012 Median Pay
$58,210 per year
$27.99 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
249,400
Job Outlook, 2012-22
7% (Slower than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
18,300
What Line Installers and Repairers Do
• String power lines between poles, towers, and buildings
• Climb poles and transmission towers and use truck-mounted
buckets to get to equipment
• Operate power equipment when installing and repairing poles,
towers, and lines
• Follow safety standards and procedures
Telecommunications line installers and repairers typically do the following:
• Drive work vehicles to job sites
• Install, maintain, or repair telecommunications equipment
• Inspect or test lines or cables
• Lay underground cable, including fiber optic lines, directly in
trenches
• Install aerial cables, including under lakes or across rivers
• Operate power equipment when installing and repairing poles,
towers, and lines
Line installers and repairers use a truck-mounted bucket to
access equipment.
• Set up service for customers
Line installers and repairers (also known as line workers) install or repair
electrical power systems and telecommunications cables, including fiber
optics.
Every time you turn on your lights, call someone on the phone, watch cable
television, or access the Internet, you are connecting to complex networks of
physical power lines and cables that provide you with electricity and connect
you with the outside world. Line installers and repairers, also known as line
workers or linemen, are the people who install and maintain these networks.
Duties
Line installers and repairers typically specialize, and the areas in which they
specialize depend on the network and industry in which they work:
Electrical power-line installers and repairers typically do the following:
• Drive work vehicles to job sites
• Install, maintain, or repair the power lines that move electricity
• Identify defective devices, voltage regulators, transformers, and
switches
• Inspect and test power lines and auxiliary equipment
Electrical power-line installers and repairers install and maintain the power
grid—the network of power lines that moves electricity from generating
plants to customers. They routinely work with high-voltage electricity,
which requires extreme caution. This can range from hundreds of thousands
of volts for the long-distance transmission lines that make up the power grid
to less than 10,000 volts for distribution lines that supply electricity to
homes and businesses.
Line workers who maintain the interstate power grid work in crews that
travel to locations throughout a large region to service transmission lines and
towers. Workers employed by local utilities work mainly with lower voltage
distribution lines, maintaining equipment such as transformers, voltage
regulators, and switches. They also may work on traffic lights and street
lights.
spaces. Despite the help of bucket trucks, all line workers must be able to
climb utility poles and transmission towers and balance while working on
them.
Telecommunications line installers and repairers install and maintain the
lines and cables used by network communications companies. Depending on
the service provided—local and long-distance telephone, cable television, or
Internet—telecommunications companies use different types of cables,
including fiber-optic cables. Unlike metallic cables that carry electricity,
fiber-optic cables are made of glass or plastic and transmit signals using
light. Working with fiber optics requires special skills, such as the ability to
splice and finish off optical cables. Additionally, workers test and
troubleshoot cables and networking equipment.
They often must work under challenging weather conditions, including in
snow, wind, rain, and extreme heat and cold, in order to keep electricity
flowing.
Because these systems are so complicated, many line workers also specialize
by duty:
Line installers install new cable. They may work for construction
contractors, utilities, or telecommunications companies. Workers generally
start a new job by digging underground trenches or erecting utility poles and
towers to carry the wires and cables. They use a variety of construction
equipment, including digger derricks, which are trucks equipped with augers
and cranes used to dig holes in the ground and set poles in place. Line
installers also use trenchers, cable plows, and directional bore machines,
which are used to cut openings in the earth to lay underground cables. Once
the poles, towers, tunnels, or trenches are ready, line installers string cable
along poles and towers or through tunnels and trenches.
Line repairers are employed by utilities and telecommunications companies
that maintain existing power and telecommunications lines. Maintenance
needs may be identified in a variety of ways, including remote monitoring,
aerial inspections, and by customer reports of service outages. Line repairers
often must replace aging or outdated equipment, so many of these workers
have installation duties in addition to their repair duties.
When a problem is reported, line repairers must identify the cause and fix it.
This usually involves diagnostic testing and repair work. To work on poles,
line installers usually use bucket trucks to raise themselves to the top of the
structure, although all line workers must be adept at climbing poles and
towers when necessary. Workers use special safety equipment to keep them
from falling when climbing utility poles and towers.
Storms and other natural disasters can cause extensive damage to power
lines. When power is lost, line repairers must work quickly to restore service
to customers.
Work Environment
Line installers and repairers held about 249,400 jobs in 2012. Nearly twothirds worked in the telecommunications and construction industries.
The industries that employed the most line installers and repairers in 2012
were as follows:
Wired telecommunications carriers
29%
Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
23
Utility system construction
18
Building equipment contractors
11
Local government, excluding education and hospitals
6
The work of line installers and repairers can be physically demanding. Line
installers must be comfortable working at great heights and in confined
Their work often requires that they drive utility vehicles, travel long
distances, and work outdoors.
Injuries and Illnesses
Line workers encounter serious hazards on their jobs and must follow safety
procedures to minimize danger. For example, workers must wear safety
equipment when entering underground manholes and test for the presence of
gas before going underground.
Specifically, electric power-line workers have hazardous jobs. A worker can
be electrocuted if he or she comes in contact with a live cable on a highvoltage power line. When workers engage live wires, they use electrically
insulated protective devices and tools to minimize their risk.
Power lines are typically higher than telephone lines, increasing the risk of
severe injury from a fall. To prevent injuries, line installers use fallprotection equipment when working on poles or towers. Safety procedures
and training have significantly reduced the danger for line workers.
However, the occupation is still among the most dangerous. As a result,
telecommunications and electrical line workers have a rate of injuries and
illnesses that is higher than the national average.
Work Schedules
Although most work full time during regular business hours, some line
installers and repairers must work evenings and weekends. In emergencies
or after storms and other natural disasters, workers may have to work long
hours for several days in a row.
How to Become a Line Installer or Repairer
To become proficient, most line installers and repairers require technical
instruction and long-term on-the-job training. Apprenticeships are common.
Education
Most companies require line installers and repairers to have a high school
diploma or equivalent. Employers prefer candidates with basic knowledge of
algebra and trigonometry. In addition, technical knowledge of electricity or
electronics obtained through military service, vocational programs, or
community colleges can also be helpful.
Many community colleges offer programs in telecommunications,
electronics, or electricity. Some programs work with local companies to
offer 1-year certificates that emphasize hands-on field work.
More advanced 2-year associate’s degree programs provide students with a
broad knowledge of the technology used in telecommunications and
electrical utilities. These programs offer courses in electricity, electronics,
fiber optics, and microwave transmission.
Training
Electrical line installers and repairers often must complete apprenticeships
or other employer training programs. These programs, which can last up to 5
years, combine on-the-job training with technical instruction and are
sometimes administered jointly by the employer and the union representing
the workers. For example, the National Joint Apprenticeship and Training
Committee offers apprenticeship programs in four specialty areas. The basic
qualifications to enter an apprenticeship program are as follows:
• Minimum age of 18
• High school education or equivalent
• One year of algebra
Technical skills. Line installers use sophisticated diagnostic equipment on
circuit breakers, switches, and transformers. They must be familiar with
electrical systems and the appropriate tools needed to fix and maintain them.
Troubleshooting skills. Line installers and repairers must be able to
diagnose problems in increasingly complex electrical systems and
telecommunication lines.
Pay
• Qualifying score on an aptitude test
• Pass substance abuse screening
Line installers and repairers who work for telecommunications companies
typically receive several years of on-the-job training. They also may be
encouraged to attend training from equipment manufacturers, schools,
unions, or industry training organizations.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Although not mandatory, certification for line installers and repairers is also
available from several associations. For example, the National Joint
Apprenticeship and Training Committee offers certification for line
installers and repairers in several specialty areas.
In addition, The Fiber Optic Association (FOA) offers two levels of fiber
optic certification for telecommunications line installers and repairers.
Workers who drive company vehicles usually need a commercial driver’s
license.
Advancement
Entry-level line workers generally begin with an apprenticeship, which
includes both classroom training and hands-on work experience. As they
learn additional skills from more experienced workers, they may advance to
more complex tasks. In time, they advance to more sophisticated
maintenance and repair positions in which they are responsible for
increasingly large portions of the network.
After 3 to 5 years of working, qualified line workers reach the journey level.
A journey-level line worker is no longer considered an apprentice and can
perform most tasks without supervision. Journey-level line workers also
may qualify for positions at other companies. Workers with many years of
experience may become first-line supervisors or trainers.
Important Qualities
Color vision. Workers who handle electrical wires and cables must be able
to distinguish colors because the wires and cables are often color coded.
Mechanical skills. Line installers and repairers must have the knowledge
and skills to repair or replace complex electrical and telecommunications
lines and equipment.
Physical stamina. Line installers and repairers often must climb poles and
work at great heights with heavy tools and equipment. Therefore, installers
and repairers should be able to work for long periods without tiring easily.
Line Installers and Repairers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Electrical power-line installers and repairers $63,250
Line installers and repairers $58,210
Telecommunications line installers and repairers $51,410
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for line installers and repairers was $58,210 in
May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an
occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest
10 percent earned less than $30,340, and the top 10 percent earned more
than $83,590.
The median annual wage for electrical power-line installers and repairers
was $63,250 in May 2012. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,500,
and the top 10 percent earned more than $89,020.
In May 2012, median annual wages for electrical power-line installers and
repairers in the top five industries in which these installers and repairers
worked were as follows:
Natural gas distribution
$85,390
Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
65,690
Local government, excluding schools and hospitals
59,760
Utility system construction
55,930
Building equipment contractors
51,440
The median annual wage for telecommunications line installers and repairers
was $51,410 in May 2012. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $27,620,
and the top 10 percent earned more than $76,540.
In May 2012, median annual wages for telecommunications line installers
and repairers in the top five industries in which these installers and repairers
worked were as follows:
Other telecommunications
$65,160
Physical strength. Line installers and repairers must be strong enough to lift
heavy tools, cables, and equipment on a regular basis.
Wired telecommunications carriers
61,860
Building equipment contractors
42,460
Teamwork. Because workers often rely on their fellow crew members for
their safety, teamwork is critical.
Cable and other subscription programming
37,800
Utility system construction
Employment of line installers and repairers is projected to grow 7 percent
from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations. Employment
growth will vary by specialty.
35,640
Although most work full time during regular business hours, some line
installers may work on evenings and weekends. In emergencies or after
storms and other natural disasters, workers may have to work long hours for
several days in a row.
Employment of telecommunications line installers and repairers is projected
to grow 6 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all
occupations. As the population grows and customers increasingly demand
enhanced connectivity, installers will continue to build out and provide
newer and faster telephone, cable, and Internet services. In addition, the
growth of the Internet will require more long-distance fiber-optic lines,
including interstate and undersea cables.
Union Membership
Compared with workers in all occupations, line installers and repairers had a
higher percentage of workers who belonged to a union in 2012.
Line Installers and Repairers
Employment of electrical power-line installers and repairers is projected to
grow 9 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all
occupations. Employment growth will be largely due to the growing
population and expansion of cities. With each new housing development or
office park, new electric power lines are installed and will require
maintenance. In addition, the interstate power grid will continue to grow in
complexity to ensure reliability.
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Job Prospects
Job Outlook
Total, all occupations 11%
Good job opportunities are expected overall. Highly skilled workers with
apprenticeship training or a 2-year associate’s degree in telecommunications,
electronics, or electricity should have the best job opportunities.
Electrical power-line installers and repairers 9%
Line installers and repairers 7%
Employment opportunities should be particularly good for electrical powerline installers and repairers, as many workers in this field are expected to
retire.
Telecommunications line installers and repairers 6%
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment projections data for Line Installers and Repairers, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Line installers and repairers
Employment, 2012
Projected Employment, 2022
Percent
Numeric
49-9050
249,400
267,700
7
18,300
Electrical power-line installers and repairers
49-9051
114,500
124,700
9
10,200
Telecommunications line installers and repairers
49-9052
134,900
143,000
6
8,100
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of line installers and repairers.
OCCUPATION
Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
JOB DUTIES
Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric
motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics
engineers design and develop electronic equipment, such as broadcast and communications systems—from
portable music players to global positioning systems (GPS).
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Bachelor’s
degree
$89,630
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
Power Plant Operators,
Distributors, and
Dispatchers
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers control the systems that generate and distribute electric power.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$68,230
Telecommunications
Equipment Installers
and Repairers Except
Line Installers
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain
devices or equipment that carry communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$54,530
Contacts for More Information
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
Telecommunications Industry Association
For information about apprenticeships or job opportunities for line installers
and repairers, contact local electrical contractors, a local chapter of the
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, a local joint unionmanagement apprenticeship committee, or the nearest office of your state
employment service or apprenticeship agency. Apprenticeship information is
available from the U.S. Department of Labor’s toll-free help line, 1 (877)
872-5627 or the Employment and Training Administration.
For more information about line installers and repairers, visit
For information about certification, visit
The Fiber Optic Association
National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee
O*NET
American Public Power Association
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers
Center for Energy Workforce Development
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers
Medical Equipment Repairers
Quick Facts: Medical Equipment Repairers
2012 Median Pay
$44,570 per year
$21.43 per hour
Entry-Level Education
Associate’s degree
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
42,300
Job Outlook, 2012-22
30% (Much faster than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
12,800
What Medical Equipment Repairers Do
controlled operating tables, and electric wheelchairs, as well as work on
medical equipment that dentists and eye doctors use.
If a machine has problems or is not functioning to its potential, the repairer
may have to adjust the mechanical or hydraulic parts, or adjust the software
in order to recalibrate the equipment.
To do their work, medical equipment repairers use a variety of tools. Most
use hand tools, such as screwdrivers, wrenches, and soldering irons. Others
use electronic tools, such as multimeters (an electronic measuring device
that combines several measures) and computers, depending on the repair.
Much of the equipment that they maintain and repair use specialized
software, and repairers use that software to calibrate the machines.
Many doctors, particularly specialty practitioners, rely on complex medical
devices to run tests and diagnose patients, and they must be confident that
the readings are accurate. Therefore, medical equipment repairers sometimes
perform routine scheduled maintenance to ensure that sophisticated
equipment, such as x rays and CAT scanners, are in good working order. For
less complicated equipment, such as electric hospital beds, workers make
repairs as needed.
Medical equipment repairers often test and calibrate equipment.
Medical equipment repairers install, maintain, and repair patient care
equipment.
In a hospital setting, medical equipment repairers must be comfortable
working around patients because repairs occasionally must take place while
equipment is being used. When this is the case, the repairer must take great
care to ensure that their work activities do not disturb patients.
Duties
Although some medical equipment repairers are trained to fix a variety of
equipment, others specialize in repairing one or a small number of machines.
Medical equipment repairers typically do the following:
Work Environment
• Test and calibrate parts and equipment
• Repair and replace parts
• Perform preventive maintenance and service
• Keep records of maintenance and repairs
• Review technical manuals and regularly attend training sessions
• Explain and demonstrate how to operate medical equipment
• Manage replacement of medical equipment
Medical equipment repairers, also known as biomedical equipment
technicians (BMET), repair a wide range of electronic, electromechanical,
and hydraulic equipment used in hospitals and health practitioners’ offices.
They may work on patient monitors, defibrillators, medical imaging
equipment (x rays, CAT scanners, and ultrasound equipment), voice-
Medical equipment repairers held about 42,300 jobs in 2012. About 15
percent were self-employed.
The industries that employed the most medical equipment repairers in 2012
were as follows:
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant
wholesalers
26%
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
15
Hospitals; state, local, and private
14
Ambulatory health care services
7
Health and personal care stores
6
Medical equipment repairers work for wholesale suppliers and at hospitals,
electronic repair and maintenance shops, and health and personal care stores.
Because repairing vital medical equipment is urgent, the work can be
stressful.
Medical equipment repairers who work as contractors often have to
travel—sometimes long distances—to perform needed repairs. Repairers
often must work in a patient-caring environment, which has the potential to
expose them to diseases and other health risks.
Equipment Technician (CBET), Certified Radiology Equipment Specialists
(CRES), and Certified Laboratory Equipment Specialist (CLEB).
Important Qualities
Communication skills. Medical equipment repairers must effectively
communicate technical information by telephone, in writing, and in person
when speaking to clients, supervisors, and co-workers.
Work Schedules
Dexterity. Many tasks, such as connecting or attaching parts and using hand
tools require a steady hand and good hand–eye coordination.
Although medical equipment repairers usually work during the day, they are
sometimes expected to be on call, including evenings and weekends. Most
work full time, but some repairers have variable schedules.
Mechanical skills. Medical equipment repairers must be familiar with
medical components and systems and how they interact. Often, repairers
must disassemble and reassemble major parts for repair.
How to Become a Medical Equipment
Repairer
Physical stamina. Standing, crouching, and bending in awkward positions
are common when making repairs to equipment. Therefore, workers should
be physically fit enough as to not tire.
Employers generally prefer candidates who have an associate’s degree in
biomedical technology or engineering. Depending on the area of
specialization, repairers may need a bachelor’s degree, especially for
advancement.
Education
Education requirements for medical equipment repairers vary, depending on
a worker’s experience and area of specialization. However, the most
common education is an associate’s degree in biomedical equipment
technology or engineering. Those who repair less-complicated equipment,
such as hospital beds and electric wheelchairs, may learn entirely through
on-the-job training, sometimes lasting up to 1 year. Others, particularly those
who work on more sophisticated equipment, such as CAT scanners and
defibrillators, may need a bachelor’s degree.
Training
New workers generally start by observing and helping experienced repairers
for 3 to 6 months. As they learn, workers tend to work more independently
while still under supervision.
Each piece of equipment is different, so medical equipment repairers must
learn each one separately. In some cases, this requires studying a machine’s
technical specifications and operating manual. Medical device
manufacturers also may provide technical training.
Medical equipment technology is rapidly evolving, and new devices are
frequently introduced. Repairers must continually update their skills and
knowledge of new technologies and equipment through seminars and selfstudy.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Although not mandatory, certification can demonstrate competence and
professionalism, making candidates more attractive to employers. It can also
increase a repairer’s opportunities for advancement. Most employers,
particularly in hospitals, often pay for their in-house medical repairers to
become certified.
Some associations offer certifications for medical equipment repairers. For
example, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
(AAMI) offers certification in three specialty areas—Certified Biomedical
Technical skills. Technicians use sophisticated diagnostic tools when
working on complex medical equipment. They must be familiar with both
the equipments’ internal parts and the appropriate tools needed to fix them.
Time-management skills. Because repairing vital medical equipment is
urgent, workers must make good use of their time and perform repairs
quickly.
Troubleshooting skills. As medical equipment becomes more intricate,
problems become more difficult to identify. Therefore, repairers must be
able to find and solve problems that are not immediately apparent.
Pay
Medical Equipment Repairers
Median annual wages, May 2012
Medical equipment repairers $44,570
Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $38,750
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for medical equipment repairers was $44,570 in
May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an
occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest
10 percent earned less than $26,550, and the top 10 percent earned more
than $72,080.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for medical equipment repairers in
the top five industries in which these repairers worked were as follows:
Hospitals; state, local, and private
$48,870
Electronic and precision equipment repair and
maintenance
46,610
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies
merchant wholesalers
44,980
Ambulatory health care services
43,830
Health and personal care stores
35,050
services and the increasing types and complexity of the equipment these
workers maintain and repair.
A significant factor in the greater demand for healthcare services is the
aging population. As people age, they usually need more medical care. With
the expected increase in the number of older adults and with people living
longer, health professionals are prescribing more medical tests that use new,
complex equipment.
Although medical equipment repairers usually work during the day, they are
sometimes expected to be on call, including evenings and weekends. Most
work full time, but some repairers have variable schedules.
Job Outlook
Changes in technology are bringing hospitals and health professionals more
types of equipment and more complex equipment. Medical equipment
repairers will be needed to maintain and repair CAT scans,
electrocardiograms, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasounds, x-ray
machines, and other new equipment. They also will be needed to maintain
and repair the sophisticated machines that private practitioners and
technicians use to diagnose and treat problems with eyes, teeth, and other
parts of the body. Some repairers will be needed to maintain and repair less
complex health equipment, such as electric beds and wheelchairs.
Medical Equipment Repairers
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Medical equipment repairers 30%
Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 12%
Job Prospects
Total, all occupations 11%
A combination of rapid employment growth and the need to replace workers
who leave the occupation each year will result in excellent job opportunities
over the coming decade.
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Candidates who have an associate’s degree in biomedical equipment
technology or engineering should have the best job prospects. Job
opportunities should be even better for those who are willing to relocate,
because often there are relatively few qualified applicants in rural areas.
Employment of medical equipment repairers is projected to grow 30 percent
from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.
Employment growth will stem from both greater demand for healthcare
Employment projections data for Medical Equipment Repairers, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
Medical equipment repairers
SOC Code
Employment, 2012
49-9062
Projected Employment, 2022
42,300
Percent
55,100
Numeric
30
12,800
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of medical equipment repairers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Computer, ATM, and
Office Machine
Repairers
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses,
households, and other consumers use.
Some
college, no
degree
$36,620
Medical and Clinical
Laboratory
Technologists and
Technicians
Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and medical laboratory
technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances.
See How to
Become
One
$47,820
Contacts for More Information
Federation of Medical Equipment Support Associations
Medical Equipment & Technology Association
For more information about medical equipment repairers, including a listing
of schools offering related programs of study and information about
certification, visit
O*NET
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
Medical Equipment Repairers
Small Engine Mechanics
Quick Facts: Small Engine Mechanics
2012 Median Pay
$32,640 per year
$15.69 per hour
Entry-Level Education
High school diploma or equivalent
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
See How to Become One
Number of Jobs, 2012
68,200
Job Outlook, 2012-22
6% (Slower than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
3,800
What Small Engine Mechanics Do
engine mechanics determine mechanical, electrical, and fuel problems and
make necessary repairs.
Mechanics’ tasks vary in complexity and difficulty. Many jobs, such as
maintenance inspections and repairs, involve minor adjustments or the
replacement of a single part. Others, including piston calibration and spark
plug replacement, may require taking an engine apart completely. Some
highly skilled mechanics use computerized equipment for tasks, such as
customizing and tuning racing motorcycles and motorboats.
Mechanics use a variety of hand tools, including screwdrivers, wrenches,
and pliers, for many common tasks. Some mechanics also may regularly use
compression gauges, ammeters, and voltmeters to test engine performance.
For more complicated procedures, they commonly use pneumatic power
tools or diagnostic equipment. A pneumatic tool such as an impact wrench is
an air tool powered by compressed air.
Although employers usually provide the more expensive tools and testing
equipment, mechanics are often expected to buy their own hand tools. Some
mechanics have thousands of dollars invested in their tool collections.
Motorcycle mechanics specialize in working on motorcycles,
scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes, and all-terrain vehicles.
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power
equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as
motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment.
Duties
Small engine mechanics typically do the following:
• Discuss equipment issues, maintenance plans, and work
performed with customers
• Perform routine engine maintenance, such as lubricating parts and
replacing spark plugs
• Test and inspect engines for malfunctioning parts
The following are types of small engine mechanics:
Motorcycle mechanics specialize in working on motorcycles, scooters,
mopeds, dirt bikes, and all-terrain vehicles. They service engines,
transmissions, brakes, and ignition systems and make minor body repairs,
among other tasks. Most work is for individual dealers, servicing and
repairing specific makes and models.
Motorboat mechanics and service technicians maintain and repair the
mechanical and electrical components of boat engines. Most of their work,
whether on small outboard engines or large diesel-powered inboard motors,
is performed at docks and marinas where the repair shop is located.
Motorboat mechanics also may work on propellers, steering mechanisms,
marine plumbing, and other boat equipment.
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics service and
repair outdoor power equipment, such as lawnmowers, edge trimmers,
garden tractors, and portable generators. In certain parts of the country,
mechanics may work on snowblowers and snowmobiles, but this work is
both highly seasonal and regional.
• Repair or replace worn, defective, or broken parts
• Reassemble and reinstall components and engines following
repairs
• Keep records of inspections, test results, work performed, and
parts used
Small engine mechanics regularly work on power equipment ranging from
snowmobiles to chainsaws. When equipment breaks down, mechanics use
many strategies to diagnose the source and the extent of the problem. Small
For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on
automobiles, see the profile on automotive service technicians and
mechanics.
For information about technicians who work primarily on large trucks and
buses, see the profile on diesel service technicians and mechanics.
For information about technicians and mechanics who work primarily on
farm equipment, construction vehicles, and rail cars, see the profile on heavy
vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians.
Work Environment
Small engine mechanics held about 68,200 jobs in 2012. Although the
majority worked for equipment dealers and repair shops, about 11 percent
were self-employed.
Industries that employed the most small engine mechanics in 2012 were as
follows:
Motor vehicle and parts dealers
34%
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers
16
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries
12
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
10
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods
4
Small engine mechanics generally work in well-ventilated but noisy repair
shops. They sometimes make onsite repair calls, which may require working
in poor weather conditions. When repairing onboard engines, motorboat
mechanics may work in cramped and uncomfortable positions.
Important Qualities
Customer-service skills. Mechanics must discuss equipment problems and
repairs with their customers. They should be courteous, good listeners, and
ready to answer customers’ questions. In addition, self-employed workers
frequently depend on repeat clients for business.
Detail oriented. Mechanical and electronic malfunctions often are due to
misalignments or other easy-to-miss errors. Mechanics must account for
those types of problems when inspecting or repairing engines and
components.
Dexterity. Many tasks, such as disassembling engine parts, connecting or
attaching components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and good
hand–eye coordination.
Mechanical skills. Mechanics must be familiar with engine components and
systems and know how they interact with each other. They must frequently
disassemble major parts for repairs and be able to reassemble them properly.
Troubleshooting skills. Mechanics, especially marine equipment and
motorcycle specialists, must be able to identify problems in increasingly
complicated mechanical and electronic systems using diagnostic equipment.
They must be familiar with electronic control systems and the appropriate
tools needed to fix and maintain them.
Training
Work Schedules
Most small engine mechanics work full time during regular business hours.
However, seasonal work hours often fluctuate.
Most mechanics are busiest during the spring and summer, when demand for
work on equipment from lawnmowers to boats is the highest. During the
peak seasons, some mechanics work considerable overtime hours. In
contrast, some mechanics are not busy during the winter, when demand for
small engine work is low. As a result, during these months they work only
part time.
Many employers schedule major repair work such as an engine rebuild to be
performed during the off-season, to try to keep work consistent.
How to Become a Small Engine Mechanic
Small engine mechanics typically enter the occupation with a high school
diploma and learn their trade through on-the-job training. As motorized
power equipment becomes more sophisticated, employers increasingly
prefer to hire mechanics who have completed postsecondary education
programs.
Education
Trainees work closely with experienced mechanics while learning basic
tasks, such as replacing spark plugs or disassembling engine components.
As they gain experience, trainees move on to more difficult tasks, such as
advanced computerized diagnosis and engine overhauls. Achieving
competency may take anywhere from several months to 3 years, depending
on a mechanic’s specialization and ability.
Because of the increased complexity of boat and motorcycle engines,
motorcycle and marine equipment mechanics often need more on-the-job
training than outdoor power equipment mechanics.
Employers frequently send mechanics to training courses run by motorcycle,
motorboat, and outdoor power equipment manufacturers and dealers.
Courses may last up to 2 weeks, teaching mechanics the most up-to-date
technology and techniques. Often, these courses are a prerequisite for
warranty and manufacturer-specific work.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Certification from the Equipment & Engine Training Council is the
recognized industry credential for small engine mechanics. Some
manufacturers offer certification in specific repair methods or equipment.
Although not required, certification can demonstrate a mechanic’s
competence and usually brings higher pay.
Small engine mechanics typically begin work with a high school diploma
and learn on the job. Generally, employers look for candidates who have
completed courses in small engine repair, automobile mechanics, and
science. Some employers may hire applicants with less education if they
have adequate reading, writing, and math skills.
Pay
Some motorcycle and marine equipment mechanics complete postsecondary
education programs in small engine repair. Employers may prefer to hire
these workers because they usually require significantly less on-the-job
training. Because of the limited number of postsecondary programs,
however, employers often have difficulty finding qualified workers.
Median annual wages, May 2012
Small Engine Mechanics
Motorboat mechanics and service technicians $35,530
Total, all occupations $34,750
Motorcycle mechanics $33,140
Small engine mechanics $32,640
Job Outlook
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics $30,510
Small Engine Mechanics
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Total, all occupations 11%
The median annual wage for small engine mechanics was $32,640 in May
2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an
occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest
10 percent earned less than $20,490, and the top 10 percent earned more
than $51,040.
Median annual wages for specialty occupations in May 2012 were as
follows:
Motorcycle mechanics 6%
Small engine mechanics 6%
Motorboat mechanics and service technicians 5%
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 5%
• $35,530 for motorboat mechanics and service technicians
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
• $33,140 for motorcycle mechanics
• $30,510 for outdoor power equipment and other small engine
mechanics
Most small engine mechanics work full time during regular business hours.
However, seasonal work hours often fluctuate.
Most mechanics are busiest during the spring and summer, when demand for
work on equipment from lawnmowers to boats is the highest. During the
peak seasons, some mechanics work considerable overtime hours. In
contrast, some mechanics are not busy during the winter, when demand for
small engine work is low. As a result, during these months they work only
part time.
Many employers schedule major repair work such as an engine rebuild to be
performed during the off-season, to try to keep work consistent.
Mechanics employed in large shops often receive benefits, such as health
insurance, sick leave, and paid vacation time. Conversely, those in small
repair shops usually receive few benefits. Some employers pay for workrelated training and help mechanics purchase new tools.
Employment of small engine mechanics is projected to grow 6 percent from
2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations.
Small engines have become more sophisticated and now release fewer
pollutants into the atmosphere. Diagnostic equipment which mechanics use
to troubleshoot issues with small engines can become too costly for selfemployed businesses. Employment of self-employed small engine
mechanics is projected to decline from 2012 to 2022, contributing to the
slower-than-average growth for employment of small engine mechanics.
Since the number of registered motorcycles has increased steadily in recent
years, there will continue to be a need for motorcycle repair services. Most
new jobs will be in the motorcycle dealer industry, as service operations are
an important aspect of business for many firms in this industry. In addition,
as boat engines and engines and parts for outdoor power equipment have
become more sophisticated and efficient, there will continue to be demand
for repair services as people are less able to repair and service their own
equipment.
Job Prospects
Job opportunities are expected to be better for candidates with
postsecondary education. Those without postsecondary education can expect
to face strong competition for jobs.
Employment projections data for Small Engine Mechanics, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
SOC Code
Small engine mechanics
Employment, 2012
Projected Employment, 2022
Percent
Numeric
68,200
72,000
6
3,800
Motorboat mechanics and service technicians
49-3051
20,800
22,000
5
1,100
Motorcycle mechanics
49-3052
16,800
17,800
6
1,000
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics
49-3053
30,500
32,200
5
1,700
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of small engine mechanics.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Automotive Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain,
and repair cars and light trucks.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$36,610
Diesel Service
Technicians and
Mechanics
Diesel service technicians and mechanics inspect, repair, or overhaul buses, trucks, and anything else with a diesel
engine.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$42,320
Heavy Vehicle and
Mobile Equipment
Service Technicians
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in
construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$43,820
Contacts for More Information
For more information on motorboat mechanics and training programs, visit
and marinas. Local offices of the state employment service also may have
information about employment and training opportunities.
O*NET
Association of Marine Technicians
For more information on outdoor power equipment and other small engine
mechanics and training programs, visit
Equipment & Engine Training Council
To learn about job opportunities for small engine mechanics, contact local
motorcycle, motorboat, and lawn and garden equipment dealers; boatyards;
Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics
Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians
Motorcycle Mechanics
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers
Quick Facts: Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers
2012 Median Pay
$54,530 per year
$26.22 per hour
Entry-Level Education
Postsecondary non-degree award
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
217,200
Job Outlook, 2012-22
4% (Slower than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
8,400
What Telecommunications Equipment
Installers and Repairers Except Line
Installers Do
• Inspect and service equipment, wiring, and phone jacks
• Repair or replace faulty, damaged, or malfunctioning equipment
• Test repaired, newly installed, or updated equipment to ensure
that it works properly
• Adjust or calibrate equipment settings to improve its performance
• Keep records of maintenance, repairs, and installations
• Demonstrate and explain the use of equipment to customers
Telephone, computer, and cable telecommunications systems rely on
equipment to process and transmit vast amounts of data.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers—often called
telecom technicians—install and service this equipment.
Telecom technicians use many different tools to inspect equipment and
diagnose problems. For instance, to locate distortions in signals, they may
employ spectrum analyzers and polarity probes. They also commonly use
hand tools, including screwdrivers and pliers, to take equipment apart and
repair it.
Many technicians also work with computers, specialized hardware, and
other diagnostic equipment. They follow manufacturer’s instructions or
technical manuals to install or update software and programs for devices.
Those who work at a client’s location must track hours worked, parts used,
and bills collected. Installers who set up and maintain lines outdoors are
classified as line installers and repairers.
The specific tasks of telecom technicians vary depending on their
specialization and where they work.
Installers set up a small television antenna.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as
telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices or equipment that carry
communications signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet.
Duties
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers typically do the
following:
• Install communications equipment in offices, private homes, and
buildings that are under construction
• Set up, rearrange, or replace routing and dialing equipment
The following are examples of types of telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers:
Central office technicians set up and maintain switches, routers, fiber optic
cables, and other equipment at switching hubs, called central offices. These
hubs send, process, and amplify data from thousands of telephone, Internet,
and cable connections. Technicians receive alerts on equipment
malfunctions from auto-monitoring switches and are able to correct the
problems remotely.
Headend technicians perform similar work to central office installers and
repairers, but work at distribution centers for cable and television
companies, called headends.
PBX installers and repairers set up and service private branch
exchange—or PBX—switchboards. This equipment relays incoming,
outgoing, and interoffice telephone calls at a single location. Some systems
use computers to run Internet access, network applications, and telephone
communications, and support Voice over Internet Protocol—or
VoIP—technology.
Some businesses offer 24-hour repair services. Telecom technicians in these
companies work shifts, including evenings, holidays, and weekends. Some
are on call around the clock in case of emergencies.
PBX installers connect telecom equipment to communications cables. They
test the connections to ensure that adequate power is available and
communication links work properly. They install frames, supports, power
systems, alarms, and telephone sets. Because switches and switchboards are
computerized, PBX installers also install software or program the
equipment.
How to Become a Telecommunications
Equipment Installer or Repairer Except
Line Installer
Station installers and repairers—sometimes known as home installers and
repairers—set up and repair telecommunications equipment in customers’
homes and businesses. For example, they set up modems to install
telephone, Internet, or cable television services.
When customers have problems, station repairers test the customer’s lines to
determine if the problem is inside or outside. If the problem is inside, they
try to repair it. If the problem is outside, they refer the problem to line
repairers.
Work Environment
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers held about 217,200
jobs in 2012.
Building equipment contractors
55%
12
Other telecommunications
6
Cable and other subscription programming
5
Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite)
4
Central office technicians generally work in climate-controlled central
offices or electronic service centers. PBX and station installers and repairers
travel frequently to installation and repair sites, such as homes and offices.
Equipment installation may require climbing on rooftops and into attics, and
climbing ladders and telephone poles.
Telecom technicians occasionally work in cramped, awkward positions
where they often stoop, crouch, crawl, or reach high to do their work.
Sometimes they must lift or move heavy equipment and parts. They also
may work on equipment while it is powered, so they need to take necessary
precautions.
Injuries and Illnesses
Telecom technicians have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the
national average. Although minor falls, burns, and electrical shocks are
common, the work is generally not dangerous when safety precautions are
taken.
To reduce risk of injury, workers wear hardhats and harnesses when working
on ladders or on elevated equipment. To prevent electrical shocks,
technicians also may lock off power to equipment under repair.
Work Schedules
Most telecom technicians work full time.
Education
Postsecondary education in electronics, telecommunications, or computers is
typically needed for telecom technicians.
Technical programs with courses in basic electronics, telecommunications,
and computer science offered in community colleges and technical schools
may be particularly helpful. Most programs lead to a certificate or an
associate’s degree in electronics repair, computer science, or related
subjects.
Some employers prefer to hire candidates with an associate’s degree,
particularly for positions such as central office technicians, headend
technicians, and those working with commercial communications systems.
The industries that employed the most telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers in 2012 were as follows:
Wired telecommunications carriers
Telecom technicians typically need some postsecondary education in
electronics, telecommunications, or computer technology and receive onthe-job training. Industry certification is required for some positions.
Training
Once hired, telecom technicians receive on-the-job training, typically lasting
a few months. Training involves a combination of classroom instruction and
hands-on work with an experienced technician. In these settings, workers
learn the equipment’s internal parts and the tools needed for repair.
Technicians who have completed postsecondary education often require less
on-the-job instruction than those who have not.
Large companies may send new employees to training sessions to learn
about equipment, procedures, and technologies offered by equipment
manufacturers or industry organizations.
Because technology in this field is rapidly evolving, telecom technicians
must continue learning about new equipment over the course of their
careers. They may attend manufacturers’ training classes, study equipment
manuals, or obtain hands-on experience with the latest equipment.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Some technicians must be certified to perform certain tasks or to work on
specific equipment. Certification requirements vary by employer and
specialization.
Organizations such as the Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers
and the Telecommunications Industry Association offer certifications for
telecom technicians. Some manufacturers also provide certifications for
working with specific equipment.
Advancement
Advancement opportunities often depend on previous work experience and
training. Repairers with extensive knowledge of equipment may be qualified
to become manufacturer’s sales workers.
Important Qualities
Color vision. Installers and repairers must be able to distinguish different
colors because the wires they work with are color-coded.
Customer-service skills. Because many telecom technicians work in
customers’ homes and offices, they should be friendly and polite. In
addition, they often explain how to maintain and operate equipment to
people who have little or no technical knowledge.
Dexterity. Many telecom technician tasks, such as repairing small devices,
connecting components, and using hand tools, require a steady hand and
good hand–eye coordination.
Some businesses offer 24-hour repair services. Telecom technicians in these
companies work shifts, including nights, holidays, and weekends. Some are
on call around the clock in case of emergencies.
Union Membership
Compared with workers in all occupations, telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers had a higher percentage of workers who belonged to
a union in 2012.
Job Outlook
Mechanical skills. Telecom technicians must be familiar with the devices
they install and repair, their internal parts, and the appropriate tools needed
to use, install, or fix them. They must also be able to understand
manufacturer’s instructions when installing or repairing equipment.
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and
Repairers Except Line Installers
Troubleshooting skills. When telecommunications equipment malfunctions,
technicians troubleshoot and devise solutions to problems that are not
immediately apparent.
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Total, all occupations 11%
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10%
Pay
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line
installers 4%
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and
Repairers Except Line Installers
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Median annual wages, May 2012
Employment of telecommunications equipment installers and repairers is
projected to grow 4 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for
all occupations.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line
installers $54,530
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020
Total, all occupations $34,750
Consumers, businesses, and governments will continue to demand Internet,
cable, or wireless services that provide faster and better connections.
Building, maintaining, and upgrading the networks and equipment that
support them should create some jobs.
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
However, overall employment growth of telecom technicians may be offset
by a decline in maintenance work. Modern equipment is more reliable,
sturdier, easier to repair remotely, and more resistant to damage from the
elements, limiting the need for telecom repair technicians.
The median annual wage for telecommunications equipment installers and
repairers was $54,530 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which
half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half
earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $30,840, and the top 10
percent earned more than $75,040.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers in the top five industries employing these workers
were as follows:
Other telecommunications
$65,540
Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite)
56,590
Wired telecommunications carriers
56,410
Cable and other subscription programming
49,270
Building equipment contractors
44,450
Most telecom technicians work full time.
Job Prospects
Although job opportunities will vary by specialty, those with postsecondary
electronics or telecommunications education and strong customer-service
and computer skills should have the best job prospects.
Technologies such as video on demand and broadband Internet require high
data transfer rates in telecommunications systems. Central office, PBX
installers, and headend technicians will be needed to service and upgrade
switches and routers to handle increased usage and volume, resulting in very
good job opportunities.
However, station installers and repairers can expect strong competition for
most positions. Prewired buildings, the reliability of existing telephone lines,
and increasing wireless technology usage may reduce the need for general
installation and maintenance work.
Employment projections data for Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers Except Line Installers, 2012-22
Occupational Title
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line
installers
SOC
Code
Employment,
2012
49-2022
Projected Employment,
2022
217,200
Change, 2012-22
Percent
Numeric
4
8,400
225,700
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of telecommunications equipment installers and repairers except line installers.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION PAY
Broadcast and Sound
Engineering Technicians
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio and
television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, movies and in office and school buildings.
See How to
Become
One
$41,200
Computer, ATM, and
Office Machine
Repairers
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers install, fix, and maintain many of the machines that businesses,
households, and other consumers use.
Some
college, no
degree
$36,620
Line Installers and
Repairers
Line installers and repairers (also known as line workers) install or repair electrical power systems and
telecommunications cables, including fiber optics.
High
school
diploma or
equivalent
$58,210
Contacts for More Information
Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers
Telecommunications Industry Association
For information on career, training, and certification opportunities for
telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, visit
O*NET
Communications Workers of America
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
National Coalition for Telecommunication Education and Learning
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line
Installers
Wind Turbine Technicians
Quick Facts: Wind Turbine Technicians
2012 Median Pay
$45,970 per year
$22.10 per hour
Entry-Level Education
Some college, no degree
Work Experience in a Related Occupation
None
On-the-job Training
Long-term on-the-job training
Number of Jobs, 2012
3,200
Job Outlook, 2012-22
24% (Much faster than average)
Employment Change, 2012-22
800
What Wind Turbine Technicians Do
Wind turbine service technicians install and repair the various components
of these structures.
Although some windtechs are involved in building new wind turbines, most
of their work is maintaining them, particularly the nacelles, which contain
the equipment that generates electricity.
Maintenance schedules are largely determined by hours of operation, but can
also vary by manufacturer. Most manufacturers now recommend annual
maintenance, which involves visual inspections of components and
lubricating parts. For turbines that operate year round, typical maintenance
may occur one to three times a year. Still, turbines are monitored
electronically 24 hours a day from a central office. If a problem is detected,
windtechs must travel to the worksite and perform as-needed service.
Windtechs use safety harnesses and a variety of hand and power tools to do
their work. They also use computers to diagnose electrical malfunctions.
Wind turbines integrate most monitoring equipment into the nacelle, which
can be viewed on site.
Wind turbine monitoring can take place on the ground.
Wind turbine service technicians, also known as windtechs, install, maintain,
and repair wind turbines.
Duties
Wind turbine service technicians typically do the following:
• Inspect the exterior and physical integrity of towers
• Climb towers to inspect or repair turbine equipment
• Collect turbine data for testing or research and analysis
• Perform routine maintenance on wind turbines
• Test electrical components and systems, as well as mechanical
and hydraulic systems
• Troubleshoot mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical malfunctions
• Service underground transmission systems, wind field
substations, or fiber optic sensing and control systems
• Replace worn or malfunctioning components
Wind turbines are large mechanical devices that convert wind energy into
electricity. They are located in areas where there is a lot of wind. The
structure is made up of three major components: a tower, three blades, and a
nacelle, which is composed of an outer case, brakes, generator, and gearbox.
Work Environment
Wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) held about 3,200 jobs in 2012.
The industries that employed the most wind turbine service technicians in
2012 were as follows:
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment
(except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance
29%
Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
29
Utility system construction
13
Windtechs generally work outdoors, often at great heights. When
performing maintenance, working in confined spaces is common. In
addition, workers must climb ladders—sometimes over 260 feet tall—in
order to reach the equipment they are servicing, which is often located in
confined areas. For example, when repairing blades, windtechs rappel—or
descend by sliding down a rope—from the nacelle to the section of the blade
that needs servicing.
For major service or repairs, additional windtechs and other specialists may
be needed to complete the job.
Work Schedules
• Minimum age of 18
• High school diploma or equivalent
Windtechs generally work full time during regular business hours. However,
they may be on call to handle emergencies during evenings and weekends.
When a wind turbine is not functioning, technicians must make the
necessary repairs as quickly as possible. For those operating the turbine, lost
power generation becomes lost revenue.
Windtechs often must travel to rural areas, where many wind farms are
located.
How to Become a Wind Turbine Technician
Most wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) learn their trade by
attending a technical school. After completing a 2-year technical program,
employers usually provide on-the-job training, typically lasting over 12
months.
Education
Most windtechs learn their trade by attending technical schools. Associate’s
degree programs for wind turbine service technicians usually take 2 years
and are offered at vocational–technical schools and community colleges.
Many technical schools have onsite wind turbines that students can work on
as part of their studies. In addition to practical coursework, other areas of
focus that reflect the various skill sets needed to do the job include the
following:
• Safety/first aid/CPR training
• Electrical maintenance
• Hydraulic maintenance
• Braking systems
• Mechanical systems, including blade inspection and maintenance
• Computers and programmable logic control systems
• Physical fitness
• Physically and mentally able to do the job
• One year of high school or equivalent algebra with a grade of at
least a “C”
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Although not mandatory, certification can demonstrate a base level of
knowledge and professionalism. The Electronics Technicians Association
International (ETAI) offers certification for small wind tower installation.
The ETAI will soon have certification for those interested in large
commercial wind tower installation.
Important Qualities
Mechanical skills. Windtechs must understand and be able to maintain and
repair all mechanical, hydraulic, braking, and electrical systems of a turbine.
Physical stamina. Service technicians must be able to climb high, often with
tools and equipment, to reach the turbines. Some tower ladders may be 260
feet high or taller.
Physical strength. Windtechs must lift and climb with heavy equipment and
parts and tools. Some weigh in excess of 45 pounds.
Troubleshooting skills. Windtechs must diagnose and repair problems.
When a turbine stops generating electricity, technicians must determine the
cause and then make the necessary repairs.
Unafraid of heights and confined spaces. Service technicians often must
repair turbines that are at least 260 feet high. In addition, technicians must
work in confined spaces in order to access mechanical components of the
turbine.
Pay
Wind Turbine Technicians
Training
Median annual wages, May 2012
In addition to an associate’s degree, windtechs typically receive over 12
months of on-the-job training related to the specific wind turbines they will
maintain and service. Part of this training is manufacturer training. Other
training may include an internship with a wind turbine servicing contractor.
Some windtechs are former electricians. Regardless of experience, all
candidates must complete wind turbine training in addition to any other
construction training they may already have. For example, the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers offers intensive courses that provide
wind turbine-related training specifically for journey electricians.
Other windtechs learn their trade through a windtech apprenticeship. For
each year of the program, apprentices must have at least 144 hours of related
technical instruction and 2,000 hours of paid on-the-job training. With prior
experience or training, the time may be shortened to 1 year. Apprentice
training focuses on safety, first aid, and CPR training; electrical, hydraulic,
and mechanical systems maintenance; braking systems; and computers and
programmable logic control systems.
Unions and individual contractors offer apprenticeship programs. The basic
qualifications for workers to enter an apprenticeship program are the
following:
Wind turbine service technicians $45,970
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations $41,020
Total, all occupations $34,750
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics
The median annual wage for wind turbine service technicians (windtechs)
was $45,970 in May 2012. The median wage is the wage at which half the
workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned
less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $33,170, and the top 10 percent
earned more than $66,960.
In May 2012, the median annual wages for wind turbine service technicians
in the top three industries employing these technicians were as follows:
Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
$48,720
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment
(except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance
45,870
Utility system construction
44,130
The starting pay for apprentices is 60 percent of what fully trained
windtechs earn. They receive pay increases as they learn to do more.
Windtechs generally work full time during regular business hours. However,
they may be on call to handle emergencies during evenings and weekends.
As wind electricity generation continues to grow, more windtechs will be
needed to install and maintain new turbines.
Furthermore, development of taller towers with larger blades reduces the
cost of wind power generation, making it more competitive with coal,
natural gas, and other forms of power generation.
In addition, the Renewable Electricity Standard calls for 25 percent of U.S.
electric power generation to come from renewable sources by 2025, which
should further drive employment growth.
The most consistent winds are found offshore, and several offshore wind
projects are currently being explored. If approved and developed, many
more technicians will be needed. However, the high cost of building wind
towers in the ocean may inhibit new offshore projects from being approved.
Job Outlook
Wind Turbine Technicians
Job Prospects
Percent change in employment, projected 2012-22
Job prospects for qualified windtechs are expected to be excellent. The
number of wind turbines being installed is increasing, which should result in
consistent and growing demand for windtechs.
Wind turbine service technicians 24%
Total, all occupations 11%
In fact, some areas have reported a shortage of qualified workers. Because
many people prefer not to work in confined spaces or at great heights,
competition for jobs is often light.
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 10%
Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Employment of wind turbine service technicians (windtechs) is projected to
grow 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all
occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast growth will
result in only about 800 new jobs over the 10-year period.
Job opportunities will vary by individual state’s incentive programs and the
prospects for consistent wind. For instance, coastal and Midwest states,
where wind is generally more prevalent, are more likely to have wind farms
and thus more job opportunities.
Employment projections data for Wind Turbine Technicians, 2012-22
Change, 2012-22
Occupational Title
Wind turbine service technicians
SOC Code
Employment, 2012
49-9081
Projected Employment, 2022
3,200
Percent
4,000
24
Numeric
800
SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of wind turbine technicians.
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Electrical and
Electronics Installers
and Repairers
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install, repair, or replace a variety of electrical equipment in
telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$51,220
Electricians
Electricians install and maintain electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes,
businesses, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,840
Elevator Installers and
Repairers
Elevator installers and repairers install, fix, and maintain elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$76,650
OCCUPATION
JOB DUTIES
ENTRY2012
LEVEL
MEDIAN
EDUCATION
PAY
Heating, Air
Conditioning, and
Refrigeration
Mechanics and
Installers
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers—often called HVACR technicians—work on
heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings.
Postsecondary
non-degree
award
$43,640
Industrial Machinery
Mechanics and
Maintenance Workers
and Millwrights
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other
industrial machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights
install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$45,840
Plumbers, Pipefitters,
and Steamfitters
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to and in businesses,
homes, and factories.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
$49,140
Contacts for More Information
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
For more information about other educational opportunities, visit
For details about apprenticeships or other work opportunities in this trade,
contact the offices of the state employment service, the state apprenticeship
agency, local electrical contractors or firms that employ windtechs, or local
union-management apprenticeship committees. Apprenticeship information
is available from the U.S. Department of Labor's toll-free help line, 1 (877)
872-5627, and Employment and Training Administration.
For more information about union apprenticeship and training programs for
electricians, visit
American Wind Energy Association
O*NET
Wind Turbine Service Technicians