CONFIRMING PAGES
Contents
Preface xii
Part 1 Foundations of Effective
Communication
Guidelines for Controlling
Nervousness 29
In the Planning Stage 29
Immediately before the Speech
During the Speech
32
33
Tips for Your Career 2.1: Prepare for Memory
Lapses 37
Resources for Review and Skill Building 40
Chapter 3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Public
Speaking 2
Listening 42
The Problem of Poor Listening Skills
How to Listen Effectively
Benefits of a Public Speaking
Course 5
Prepare Yourself
The Speech Communication
Process 7
Listen Analytically
Elements of the Process 7
Tips for Your Career 1.1: Seek Feedback
Overview of the Process
11
11
The Speaker’s Responsibilities
12
14
Speech Introducing Yourself or a Classmate
Sample Speeches
Preparation
15
15
Quick Guide to Public Speaking
17
17
Tips for Your Career 1.2: Avoid the
Five Biggest Mistakes Made by
Speakers 18
Delivery
46
Tips for Your Career 3.1: Take Notes in
Important Conversations and Small-Group
Meetings 49
49
Avoid Fake Listening
Enrich Listeners’ Lives 14
Resources for Review and Skill Building 21
49
Tips for Your Career 3.2: Learn How Listeners Show
Respect in Different Cultures 50
Give Every Speaker a Fair Chance
Control Emotions
The Listener’s Responsibilities
Avoid Rudeness
Reasons for Nervousness
The Value of Fear
28
27
51
51
Tips for Your Career 3.3: Confront Electronic
Rudeness 53
53
Tips of Your Career 3.4: Express Appreciation
to a Speaker 54
Find Value in Every Speech
Chapter 2 Controlling
Nervousness 24
50
50
Provide Encouragement
19
46
48
Resist Distractions
Maintain High Ethical Standards 12
Take Every Speech Seriously
46
Be Willing to Expend Energy
Take Notes
45
45
Speech Evaluations
54
When Evaluating
55
When Receiving Evaluations
54
56
Resources for Review and Skill Building
56
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Contents
Part 2
Developing a Focus
Other Events on the Program
Audience Size
77
77
Tips for Your Career 4.3: Be Prepared to Trim
Your Remarks 78
Adapting during the Speech
78
Resources for Review and Skill Building
Selecting Topic, Purpose,
and Central Idea 82
Chapter 5
Selecting a Topic
85
Chapter 4 Reaching the Audience 58
Select a Topic You Care About
85
The Audience-Centered Speaker
Select a Topic You Can Master
86
Analyzing and Adapting
61
61
Tips for Your Career 4.1: Develop a Positive Attitude
Toward Each Audience 62
Getting Information about the Audience
62
Choose a Topic That Will Interest
the Audience 90
Narrow the Topic
To Inform
Surveys 63
To Persuade
International Listeners
Tips for Your Career 4.2: Work Closely with
Interpreters 67
America’s Diverse Cultures
68
Listeners with Disabilities
68
93
93
Tips for Your Career 5.1: Examine Your
Hidden Purposes 95
The Central Idea
96
Devising the Central Idea
96
Guidelines for the Central Idea
Gender 70
Age
92
The Specific Purpose
65
92
92
To Entertain
65
91
The General Purpose
Interviews 63
Audience Diversity
Overview of Speech Design
70
Educational Background
98
99
Resources for Review and Skill Building
71
79
100
Occupation 71
Part 3 Preparing Content
Religious Affiliation 71
Economic and Social Status
Audience Knowledge
71
72
Analyzing Audience Knowledge
72
Adapting to Different Levels of
Knowledge 73
Audience Psychology
Interest Level
73
74
Attitudes 74
Needs and Desires
The Occasion
77
Time Limit
77
76
Purpose of the Occasion
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Chapter 6
Finding Information
Finding Materials Efficiently
77
102
105
Misconceptions about Research
106
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Searching Electronically
Libraries
107
Investigate Sponsors and Authors
108
143
Look at Evaluations of Web Sites 146
Avoiding Plagiarism
146
Books 109
Types of Plagiarism
147
Articles
The Ethical Approach
Getting Help from Librarians
108
109
Reference Works
148
Giving Credit to Sources
110
Interlibrary Loan
148
Tips for Your Career 7.2: Avoid Vagueness When
Citing Internet Sources 149
110
The Internet 110
Web Searches
vii
Using Copyrighted Material
110
Online Communities and Individuals
150
Resources for Review and Skill Building
112
Tips for Your Career 6.1: Develop a Filing System
for Important Ideas 113
Chapter 8
Field Research
Reasons for Using Support Materials
113
Experiences and Investigations
Types of Support Materials
114
Vivid Image
119
Printouts and Photocopies 119
Notes 120
Narrative
Resources for Review and Skill Building
124
Internet Search Tools
161
163
Comparison and Contrast
Analogy
APPENDIX: TIPS FOR FINDING
MATERIALS 126
164
164
Testimony
127
Electronic Search Options
159
162
Example 162
Where to Find Materials
156
Definition 161
Interviews with Experts 114
Saving Key Information
Supporting Your Ideas
153
165
Tips for Your Career 8.1: Cite Experts Whom Your
Audience Will Trust 166
129
129
Statistics 167
Sample Speech with Commentary
Chapter 7 Evaluating Information and
Avoiding Plagiarism 132
Chapter 9
Finding High-Quality Information 136
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
136
172
Resources for Review and Skill Building 174
Visual Aids 176
Advantages of Visual Aids
179
Recognize Dubious Claims 136
Types of Visual Aids
Find More Than One Source
Tips for Your Career 9.1: Never Let Visuals Substitute
for a Speech 185
138
Examine Opposing Viewpoints
Be Cautious in Using Polls
138
138
Recognize the Fallibility of Experts
139
Tips for Your Career 7.1: Be Willing to Challenge
Reports in the Media 140
Beware of Groups with Misleading Names
Analyzing Internet Sites 141
Watch Out for Web Manipulation
142
Don’t Be Dazzled by High-Tech Design
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Media for Visual Aids
187
Preparing Visual Aids
191
Tips for Your Career 9.2: With International
Audiences, Avoid Informality 193
Special Techniques: How to Avoid Eight
Design Mistakes 194
140
Don’t Be Swayed by Widespread Dissemination
179
141
Presenting Visual Aids
196
Tips for Your Career 9.3: Ask a Friend to Assist You 198
Resources for Review and Skill Building
199
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Contents
APPENDIX: USING POWERPOINT
EFFECTIVELY 201
Internal Summaries
The Basic Steps 202
Spotlights 228
The Basic Steps in Action
Signposts 228
203
Simplifying the Process
Tips for Using PowerPoint 204
228
Resources for Review and Skill Building
Tips for Your Career A.1: Beware the Perils
of PowerPoint 208
Part 4
227
Organizing the Speech
230
Chapter 11 Introductions and
Conclusions 232
Introductions 235
Gain Attention and Interest
Orient the Audience
235
241
Guidelines for Introductions
243
Tips for Your Career 11.1: Use an “Icebreaker” to Start
Off a Community Speech 244
Conclusions
245
Signal the End 245
Summarize Key Ideas
Chapter 10 The Body of the Speech 210
The Importance of Organization
213
246
Guidelines for Conclusions 247
Sample Introduction and Conclusion with
Commentary 248
Creating the Body 214
Overview of the Process
245
Reinforce the Central Idea with a Clincher
Resources for Review and Skill Building
214
250
How to Develop Material 216
Devising Main Points
Limit the Number of Main Points
217
Restrict Each Main Point to a Single Idea
Avoid Announcements
218
Use Parallel Language Whenever
Possible 219
Organizing Main Points
Spatial Pattern
220
Causal Pattern
220
219
221
258
259
Sample Outline with Commentary
Speaking Notes
224
226
Tips for Your Career 10.1: Test Your
Material 227
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Tips for Your Career 12.1: When No Time Limit Is
Set, Speak Briefly 258
Tips for Your Career 12.2: Decide How You Will
Reveal Your Sources 261
Selecting Support Materials
Bridges 227
255
Use Standard Subdivisions 257
Avoid Single Subdivisions
222
Supplying Transitions
Guidelines for Outlining 255
Parts of the Outline
219
Problem–Solution Pattern
Topical Pattern
218
Choose an Outline Format
218
Customize Points for Each Audience
Chronological Pattern
Chapter 12 Outlining the
Speech 252
217
261
265
Guidelines for Preparing Notes
265
Options for Notes 267
Controlling Your Material
Sample Speech as Presented
268
269
Resources for Review and Skill Building
271
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Part 5
Presenting the Speech
Impromptu
298
Extemporaneous
Voice
ix
300
301
Volume
301
Tips for Your Career 14.1: It’s Okay
to Cry 302
Clarity
303
Expressiveness
303
Nonverbal Communication
Chapter 13 Wording the Speech
The Power of Words
274
277
Personal Appearance
Eye Contact 309
Facial Expressions
Finding the Right Words
279
Avoid Stereotypical Words
279
Avoid Sexist Pronoun Usage
309
Tips for Your Career 14.2: Decide Whether and
How to Use a Lectern 310
278
Using Appropriate Words
Posture
310
Movement 311
279
Tips for Your Career 13.1: Omit Crude Language 280
Using Notes 311
Using Words Accurately
280
Gestures
281
Beginning and Ending
Use Precise Denotations
Control Connotations
281
Use Correct Grammar
282
Achieving Clarity
Use Precise Words
Practice
317
318
284
287
Part 6
Imagery 287
Metaphors and Similes
Types of Public Speaking
288
Using Rhetorical Devices
Antithesis
314
Resources for Review and Skill Building
284
Using Vivid Language
Alliteration
312
The Question-and-Answer Period
283
Use Concrete Words
311
Tips for Your Career 14.3: Deal with Distractions in a
Direct but Good-Humored Manner 313
283
Use Simple Words
307
308
289
289
289
Parallel Structure and Repetition
289
Tips for Your Career 13.2: Explore Rhetorical
Devices 290
Oral versus Written Language
290
Resources for Review and Skill Building
292
Chapter 14 Delivering the Speech 294
Methods of Speaking
297
Chapter 15
Speaking to
Inform 320
Types of Informative Speeches
Memorization 297
Definition Speech
Manuscript 298
Description Speech
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324
325
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Contents
Process Speech
Tips for Your Career 17.1: Don’t Expect Universal
Success 369
326
Expository Speech
328
Guidelines for Informative Speaking
Building Credibility
330
Relate the Speech to the Listeners’ Self-Interest
Make Information Interesting
331
Tips for Your Career 15.1: For Long Presentations,
Plan a Variety of Activities 332
Assess the Knowledge of Listeners
332
Use the Familiar to Explain the Unfamiliar
Sample Informative Speech
333
334
Resources for Review and Skill Building
342
348
The Speech as Delivered
353
Comparative-Advantages Pattern
354
355
Resources for Review and Skill Building
Chapter 17 Persuasive
Strategies 364
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368
368
392
394
Chapter 18 Special Types of
Speeches 396
Entertaining (or After-Dinner) Speech
399
399
362
Speech of Introduction
402
Speech of Presentation
404
Speech of Acceptance
Speech of Tribute
401
405
405
Sample Speech of Tribute
405
Tips for Your Career 18.1: Offer Toasts That Are
Sincere and Warm 406
The Eulogy
368
388
Sample Entertaining Speech
358
368
385
Special Techniques: How to
Use Humor 400
Special Techniques: How to Use
Leave-Behinds 360
Plan Strategy
383
Techniques for Entertaining
The Outline with Commentary 355
Use a Persuasion Scale
380
Resources for Review and Skill Building
Tips for Your Career 16.2: View Persuasion as a
Long-Term Process 354
Analyze Listeners
378
The Outline with Commentary 388
352
Statement-of-Reasons Pattern
Knowing Your Audience
Induction
Sample Persuasive Speech
Tips for Your Career 16.1: Use Role Play to
Change Behavior 353
The Speech as Delivered
Deduction 376
Arousing Emotions 386
Motivated Sequence 351
Sample Persuasive Speech
376
How to Motivate an Audience
347
350
Problem–Solution Pattern
374
Some Common Motivations 383
Speech to Influence Thinking
Patterns of Organization
Tips for Your Career 17.2: In a Debate, Be
Reasonable and Fair 374
Appealing to Motivations
347
Speech to Motivate Action
372
Show Common Ground with
Your Audience 373
Fallacies in Reasoning
Chapter 16 Speaking to
Persuade 344
Persuasive Speeches
372
Using Sound Reasoning
337
371
Show Your Open-Mindedness
Providing Evidence
The Outline with Commentary 334
The Speech as Delivered
Explain Your Competence
Be Accurate
331
371
406
Inspirational Speech
407
Resources for Review and Skill Building
408
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Chapter 19 Speaking in Groups 410
Responsibilities of Leaders
Responsibilities of Participants
The Reflective-Thinking Method
Team Presentations
Symposium
427
Informative Speech 428
415
Persuasive Speech 431
418
Glossary 435
420
End Notes 439
420
Panel Discussion
APPENDIX: SAMPLE SPEECHES 426
Self-Introduction Speech
413
xi
Index
421
447
Tips for Your Career 19.1: Strive to Improve
Communication Skills 423
Resources for Review and Skill Building
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