S3 Biology - Extension – Unit 2
Cells, Tissues and Organs
10
Homework Exercise 1
Q.1. Cells within the human body can be described as ‘specialised’, explain what this term
means.
(1)
Q.2. The diagrams below contain examples of specialised cells.
Match each of the diagrams to the correct description of their function.
1
2
a
3
b
c
(3)
Q.3. Explain why the heart is described as an organ and not as a tissue.
(1)
Q.4. Organise the list of terms below into the table by placing them under the correct
headings.
Sperm
Eye
Nervous
Cell
Muscular
Egg
Red Blood
Lung
Tissue
Root
Liver
Organ
(3)
Q.5. Give an example of a specialised cell and describe how it is specialised to carry out
its function.
(2)
S3 Biology - Extension – Unit 2
Stem cells and Meristems
10
Homework Exercise 1
Q1. Which of the following statements correctly describes properties of stem cells?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They are found in animals
They produce non-specialised cells
They are involved in growth and repair
They are found in plants
They produce specialised cells
(2)
Q.2. The diagram to the right shows a root from a plant.
Which letter shows the position of a meristem?
(1)
Q.3. Complete the sentences below by underlining the correct word.
Meristems are specialised/non-specialised
The cells which are produced can become
cells found in
one/many
animals/plants .
type(s) of cell.
Q.4. Complete the following sentences using words from the word bank.
embryos
cells
tissues
muscles
kidneys
many
injury
(3)
(4)
stem
organs
Stem cells are body cells with the ability to develop into _____________ types of
_____________ that can be used in the body to treat disease or _____________. Scientists
hope that one day _____________ cells will be used to grow new _____________such as
_____________or spinal cords, as well as different types of tissues such as nerves and
______________. Stem cells can be taken from _____________which is very controversial;
adult stem cells are a preferred alternative.
Reproduction homework 1
1. a) Why must organisms reproduce?
_______________________________________________________________________________
1
b) Complete the table below to show the features of sexual and asexual reproduction. Place a tick to
show whether the feature is true of asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction.
Feature
One parent is involved
Increases variation in the population
Offspring are the same as the parent
Involves sex cells such as sperm and egg
Asexual
Sexual
2
c) Give one example of asexual reproduction in plants.
_______________________________________________________________________________
1
2. The diagram below shows a cross section through a flower.
Complete the table below to show the letter, name and function of parts A, B and C.
2
3. a) Draw an X on the following diagram to show where the pollen tube reaches when its growth is
completed.
1
b) Describe the function of the pollen tube.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
1
c) The following statements refer to the stages that occur after pollination.
A Fertilisation takes place
B A pollen tube grows out from a pollen grain
C The ovules forms a seed and the ovary forms a fruit
D The pollen tube grows down through the stigma
E The male gamete moves towards the ovule
F The pollen tube grows through the ovary wall
Use the letters of the statements to complete the sequence of stages.
2
Reproduction homework 2
1. The diagrams below represent parts of the human male and female reproductive systems
Complete the table below by adding the correct letters, names and functions of the labelled
structures.
3
2. Use words from the list to complete the following sentences. Each word may be used once, more
than once or not at all.
List
water
nucleus
membrane
ovary
oviduct
uterus
Fertilisation occurs when the ____________________ of a sperm fuses with the
____________________ of an egg cell. In mammals this happens inside the female body in the
_______________________. In most fish, sperm are deposited in the surrounding
____________________ close to the eggs.
2
3. a) Tick the boxes in the table to indicate whether each of the following statements is true for eggs,
sperm or both.
Statement
Contain a food store for developing fetus
Swim using a tail
Produced in the testes
In most fish, are deposited in the water
Are sex cells (gametes)
Eggs
Sperm
2
b) How many chromosomes are there in each human egg cell?
_______________
1
c) What term is used to describe the chromosome complement of sex cells?
____________________________
1
d) The following list contains descriptions of stages in the reproduction of a mammal.
A A sperm fertilises an egg
B The embryo develops in the uterus
C The embryo becomes attached to the uterus wall
D A fertilised egg passes down the oviduct
E The young animal is born
Arrange the stages into the correct order by writing the letters into the boxes.
1
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Homework
1. The special word for a sex cell is a
a. Chromatid
b. Zygote
c. Chromosome
d. Gamete
2. The diagram shows the male sex organs in a mammal
a. Which letter represents the part that produces sperm cells?
b. How many sperm cells are needed to fertilise an egg cell?
3. The diagram shows a section of a typical flower.
Copy and complete the table to show the names of the labelled parts and what they
produce.
Part
X
Y
Name of part
What it produces
4. The following table gives the diameter of a human fertilised egg at various stages in
the early development.
Stage
Diameter (mm)
Fertilised Egg at fertilisation
Embryo at 4 days
Embryo at 10 days
Embryo at 24 days
0.2
0.2
0.5
2.2
On the graph paper, complete the graph by plotting a line graph to show this
information
5. Two samples of sperm from a human male were collected. The table gives the
volumes of the samples and the number of sperm cells contained within each.
a. Copy and complete the table to show the number of sperm cells per millilitre
for each sample.
Volume of sample (ml)
Number of sperm cells
(millions)
3.5
63
4.0
84
Number of sperm cells
per ml (millions)
b. Calculate the average number of sperm cells produced per millilitre.
c. Describe an improvement to the procedure which would be needed if a more
reliable average number of sperm cells per millilitre is to be calculated for
this individual.
6. In a human population of 180 individuals, 100 were male and 80 were female.
Calculate the whole number ratio of males to females
7. The diagram shows a section through a flower with various structures labelled by
letters.
a. Copy and complete the table using letters from the diagram to identify the
sites of the processes.
b. What name is given to the cell formed by the fusion of the male and female
gamete.
c. What is the name given to the process that results in the production of this
cell.
8. The table below compares some of the aspects of reproduction in cod and wildcat.
a. Copy and complete the table below by filling in the blanks from the word bank
below.
Word Bank:
Organism
Cod
Wild Cat
Internal
Number of eggs
or young
produced at a
time
External
Type of
fertilisation
3-7 million
4
Where
development takes
place
Water
Womb/Uterus
b. Give one reason why cod produce large numbers of eggs in order for this kind
of fish to survive.
c. Give one reason why the offspring of the wildcat have a high survival rate
after birth.
9. A team of scientists carried out a survey on caterpillars of the Large White
Butterfly. They looked what happened to a sample of 500 caterpillars between
hatching and turning into butterflies. Their results are in the table.
Cause of death
Number
Diseases of caterpillars
260
Parasites of caterpillars
150
Eaten by birds
50
Diseases of pupae
25
Parasites of pupae
10
% of caterpillar
a. Copy and complete the table by calculating the percentage of caterpillars for
each cause of death.
b. How many of the caterpillars that hatched survived to become butterflies?
c. What percentage of caterpillars became butterflies?
d. Draw a pie chart to show what happened to all the caterpillars.
Homework Exercise 1
1.
(a)
Marks
The diagram below shows stages of asexual reproduction in a single-celled animal called
Amoeba but not in the correct order.
P
Q
R
(i)
S
Name the type of asexual reproduction carried out by Amoeba.
(1)
(ii)
Using the letters of the diagrams of Amoeba above, show the stages of asexual
reproduction in the correct order, starting with letter P.
(1)
(b)
Why are the offspring produced by asexual reproduction called clones?
(1)
2.
Copy the table below.
Tick () boxes in the table to indicate whether each of the following statements is true for eggs,
sperm, or both.
Statement
Eggs
Sperm
Contain a food store for developing foetus
Swim using a tail
Produced in testes
In most fish, are deposited into the water
Are gametes
(2)
Marks
3.
(a)
The following line graph shows the growth of a trout during its first 10 years.
Answer the following questions from the information given in the graph.
(i) What length was the trout at 2½ years of age?
(1)
(ii) During which year did the trout grow fastest?
(1)
(iii) At what age was the trout fully grown?
(1)
(iv) Express as a simple ratio, the length of the trout at 4 years of age compared to
that at 1 year old.
(1)
(If you need help with working out a ratio turn to page 8.)
(b)
What is the name given to the part of a newly hatched trout fry that contains its food?
(1)
(10)
Homework Exercise 2
1.
Marks
The diagrams below show different stages in the development of a frog but not in the correct
order.
A
B
C
E
D
F
Write down the letters of the stages in the correct order starting with stage A.
(2)
2.
The diagram below shows inside a bird’s egg with the developing embryo.
amniotic fluid
embryo
air space
albumen
shell
yolk
(a)
Which two parts of the egg are sources of food for the bird embryo?
(1)
(b)
Why is it important that the shell of the egg is porous?
(1)
(c)
Give one way in which the parents can increase the chances of the survival of the
developing bird embryo.
(1)
Marks
3.
The diagram below shows a human foetus in the womb at 5 months.
placenta
womb
State two ways in which the placenta assists the developing foetus.
4.
The following table shows aspects of reproduction in two animals.
cod
wild cat
(a)
(b)
5.
(2)
Number of eggs or young
produced at a time
Type of fertilisation
Where
development takes
place
3 – 7 million
external
water
4
internal
in uterus
Give one reason why the cod must produce large numbers of eggs in order for this
kind of fish to survive.
(1)
Give one reason why the offspring of the wild cat have a high survival rate after birth.
(1)
A female rabbit had 5 litters during one year; giving a total of 30 young. Of the young rabbits, 3
were still-born, 9 were eaten by predators and 6 died from disease.
What percentage of the young survived to the end of the first year?
(If you need help with working out a percentage turn to page 8.)
(1)
(10)
Homework Exercise 3
1.
(a)
Marks
Here are several statements about sperm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sperm contain the male nucleus.
Sperm are attracted to egg cells.
Sperm are larger than egg cells.
Sperm have a tail for swimming.
Which of the above statements are correct? Write down the correct letter from the
choices given below.
(b)
2.
A
All are correct
B
1, 2 and 3 only are correct
C
1 and 2 only are correct
D
1, 2 and 4 only are correct.
(1)
Where are sperm produced in a mammal?
(1)
Copy the key and the table.
Complete the table correctly by inserting the appropriate key letter or letters beside each of the
statements 1 to 6.
Key:
M
F
O
for Scottish mammals
for fish
for neither Scottish mammals nor fish
Statement
Key letter(s)
1. Fertilisation is always internal
2. Embryo gets most of its food from the yolk
3. Embryo develops in the uterus (womb)
4. Oxygen can be obtained by exchange from
mother’s blood
5. Embryo develops in a shelled egg
6. Embryo develops in a watery medium
(3)
Marks
3.
The diagram below shows the life cycle of the Atlantic Salmon. The salmon are able to swim
between their breeding grounds in Scottish rivers and their feeding grounds in the Atlantic Ocean.
(a)
From where do the young fry obtain their food?
(1)
(b)
Sea lice are a pest of adult salmon. Suggest, from the information given, why they never
attack fry or parr.
(1)
(c)
(d)
A female salmon lays 8000 eggs but only 5% of them hatch.
How many fry will be produced?
(1)
Give two ways in which birds increase the survival chances of their young compared to
the trout.
(2)
(10)
Help with Ratios
A ratio gives a measure of the relative size of two or more groups shown as a proportion.
Example
The length of pregnancy for an elephant is 84 weeks while that of a mouse is only 3 weeks. Calculate the ratio of the
length of pregnancy of the elephant to that of a mouse. Express your answer as a simple whole number ratio.
Solution: elephant
84
mouse (Note: order as in question)
: 3
This can be simplified by dividing both sides by the same factor (in this case both sides can be evenly
divided by 3).
Answer = 28 : 1
Help with Percentages
Percentages are fractions out of a hundred. When fractions are given as percentages (%) it makes it easier to
compare the data. In Biology questions involving percentages often use data from a table or a graph.
Example
The table below shows the results of a study on birds.
Success in hatching of birds’ eggs
Number of eggs laid in a season
20
Number of eggs hatching
12
What is the percentage of birds’ eggs that hatch successfully?
Solution = number hatching
12
=
original number
= 0∙6
18
=> % eggs hatching successfully = 0∙6 x 100 = 60%
Commercial Uses of Plants Homework
1.
2.
The need for transport homework 1
1. a) Why is water an important resource for plants?
________________________________________________________________________________
1
b) Name the vessels which transport water throughout the plant.
_________________________________
1
c) As well as water, what other substances are transported in this vessel?
_________________________________
1
2. An experiment was carried out to investigate the rate of water loss in a cherry laurel tree.
The average rate of water loss was measured every 10 days for 70 days. The results are shown in the table
below.
Time (days)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Average rate of water loss
(cm3 per hour per kg of tree)
5.0
4.7
4.6
3.2
2.4
3.8
2.3
2.0
a) Calculate the percentage decrease in rate of water loss between day 0 and day 70.
_____________ %
1
b) Express, as the simplest whole number ratio, the rates of water loss from day 20 and day 60.
__________ : __________
1
c) During which 10 day period was there the greatest decrease in rate of water loss? Tick the correct box.
Day 20-40
Day 30-40
Day 40-50
Day 50-60
1
3. The diagram below shows a plant transport tissue.
a) Name the plant transport tissue shown in the diagram and state the substance it transports.
Tissue_____________________________________________
Substance transported_______________________________
1
b) Name the pores found on the leaves of plants.
__________________________________________________
1
c) What is the function of these pores?
________________________________________________________________________________
1
d) Name the cells which control the opening and closing of the pores.
__________________________________________________
1
/10
The need for transport homework 2
1. a) Oxygen travels around the body in red blood cells. Name the substance found in red blood cells which
combines with oxygen.
_________________________________
1
b) Other than oxygen, name one substance which is carried in the blood.
_________________________________
1
2. The diagram below shows the human heart.
a) Name chamber C.
___________________________________________________
1
b) What is the function of the heart valves?
____________________________________________________________________________
1
c) Name the blood vessels which supply the heart with oxygen.
___________________________________________________
1
3. A student carried out an investigation into the relationship between running speed and heart rate.
She used a treadmill to run at a specific speed for 1 minute and measured her heart rate immediately after.
She rested for 2 minutes before running at the next speed.
The results of the investigation are shown below.
Running speed (km/hour)
Heart rate (beats per minute)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
70
77
82
95
112
143
175
a) Why was it good experimental practice to rest for 2 minutes in between each test?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
1
b) Draw a line graph to display the student’s results.
3
c) Describe the relationship between running speed and heart rate.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
1
/10
The need for transport homework 3
1. a) Describe the movement of oxygen in the lungs.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2
b) Describe one feature of the alveoli and explain how it allows efficient gas exchange.
Feature______________________________________________________________________
1
Explanation__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
1
c) Decide if each of the following statements about the role of cilia and mucus is True or False, and tick
(✓) the appropriate box. If the statement is False write the correct word in the Correction box to replace
the word underlined in the statement.
Statement
Mucus is a sticky
substance which traps
dirt and microorganisms.
Cilia beat downwards to
remove the mucus from
the lungs.
True
False
Correction
2
2. The villi which line the small intestine each contain a lacteal and blood capillaries.
Give a brief description of the function of each of these structures.
Lacteal______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Blood capillaries______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2
3. Food is moved along the alimentary canal by the action of circular muscles.
a) What name is given to this movement of food?
________________________________
1
b) Describe the state of the muscles at positions A and B in the diagram
A______________________________________
B______________________________________
1
/10
Variation and Inheritance Homework 1
10
1. A horse and a donkey interbreed and produce a mule which is infertile. Do a horse and a donkey
belong to the same species? Explain your answer.
(2)
2. State the two forms of variation and provide an example for each.
(2)
3. Copy and complete the following table by inserting the characteristics under the correct heading.
(2)
Tongue rolling
stem length
blood type
attached ear lobes
height
tail length in mice
eye colour
hand span
Discrete
Continuous
4. Copy and complete
The ________ of an individual is the combination of genes that an organism inherited from the
_______. The __________ is the physical appearance that results from the genotype. If a person’s
genotype consists of two alleles that are the same they are said to be ________. If a person’s
genotype consists of two alleles that are _________ they are said to be heterozygous.
(2)
5. In a study of variation, a group of pupils collected information on the heights found in the class.
The information on heights is shown below.
Height measurements (cm)
150
146
152
155
162
143
136
153
157
164
144
151
154
169
165
146
152
154
160
158
i)
What is the range of heights in the class?
(1)
ii)
Calculate the average height.
(1)