Colon
:
Introduces:
Examples,
Speech,
Lists
Nouns
Table (concrete noun)
Love (abstract noun)
Something you
can feel with
your hands or
heart.
Semi- Colon
;
Used to join
closely linked
sentences
together.
Verbs
Playing
Am
Was
“Doing” or
“being” words.
Normally
follows
a noun.
Comma
,
Used to separate
words in a list,
parenthesis
or clauses.
Adjectives
Green
Beautiful
Old
Words to describe
a noun.
Apostrophe
‘
Used instead of
missing letters in
words and to
show
belongings.
Proper Nouns
McDonalds
Google
David
Nouns that have
capital letters:
people, places,
companies.
Inverted Commas
“”
Used for speech,
quotations,
sarcasm and
doubt.
Pronouns
Himself (personal)
I (personal)
Whose (relative)
Words that take
the place of
nouns.
Brackets
Dashes
Used for parenthesis and
adding extra
information.
Used for parenthesis and
adding extra
information.
()
--
Question Mark
?
Used at the end of
a question.
Rhetorical
Question
“Why is it always
me?”
A question asked
for effect, not for
an answer.
Ellipsis
...
Used when words
are missing, for
suspense or to
show time
has passed.
Adverbs
Late (time)
Quickly (manner)
Outside (place)
A word to describe a verb. It
doesn’t always
come
before or
after a
verb.
Parenthesis
(-,
Extra thoughts or
information
added in
the text.
Articles
A, any (indefinite)
The, that (definite)
Used in front of a
noun. Shows importance.
Exclamation
Mark
!
Used to show
shouting
or strong
feelings.
Interjection
“Stop thief!”
“Hey you!”
“Um!”
Exclamations that
show how
the writer /
speaker
is feeling.
Italics
CAPITALS
Used to emphasis
how a word is
said. Also used
for
quotations.
Used to emphasise
words or when characters are reading
signs etc within a
story. All proper
nouns and
sentences
start with
capital.
I
Repetition
Short Sentences
Repetition emphasises the word being
repeated.
It also adds rhythm
to text, almost like a
heartbeat.
Short sentences can add
suspense or rhythm to
text. It shows a sudden
change or may
emphasise the
point being made.
Flashback
Adverbials
A flashback is when an
author writes about a past
event in the character’s
life. It is used to
compare with the
character’s present
life or to show
the
background.
Any words or phrases to
describe verbs.
These could be to do
with:
the time,
the manner,
the place.
Subjunctive
Modal Verbs
“In my opinion ...”
“If I were you ...”
Could
Should
May
These verbs show
the probability that
events may
happen.
Words or phrases
to show
opinions.
Passive Voice
Active Voice
“The beaker was
filled.”
“The scientist filled
the beaker.”
When the subject
of the sentence
isn’t mentioned.
When the subject
of the sentence is
mentioned.
First Person
Third Person
“I went to the shops.”
“The teacher said he
was hungry.”
Talking from your
own perspective
(using I or me).
Narrating what is
happening (not
using I or me.)
Past Tense
Present Tense
“He went home.”
“He is going home.”
“He had gone home.”
“He walks home”
“He is walking home.”
“He has been walking
home”
Using verbs and
verb endings to
show that
events are
happening
now.
Using verbs and
verb endings to
show that events
have
happened.
Future Tense
Determiners
“He will go home.”
“He will be going home.”
“He will have gone
home.”
Using verbs and
verb endings to
show that events
will
happen.
“Those three biscuits.”
“Any of Dave’s crisps.”
Words that specify
(or determine)
which, whose
or how
hany.
Contraction
Alliteration
She is
She’s
“Marvellous magical
me.”
When two words
are contracted (or
shortened into
one.)
Words starting with
the same letter. It
also creates
rhythm.
Homograph
Homophone
Saw (I saw something)
Saw (A tool)
See
Sea
Words that look the
same.
Words that sound
the same.
Synonym
Antonym
Big
Huge
Massive
Near—Far
High—Low
Words that have
the same
meanings.
Words that mean
the opposite.
Onomatopoeia
Pseudonym
“Bang”
“Clonk”
“Zoom”
When writer’s use
another name for
themselves (an
alias).
Words that sound
like the sound
they are
describing.
Metaphor
Simile
“A carpet of snow.”
“As cold as ice.”
Comparing objects
without using as or
like.
Comparing objects
using as or like.
Rhythm
Rhyme
Using short sentences or
words with similar syllables to create a beat.
Words that have the same
or similar sounding endings.
Phrase
Sentence
“Quietly crazy.”
“Fiddlesticks.”
“Jesus wept.”
Phrases do not
have a subject
and a verb.
A sentence
needs a subject
and a
verb.
Hook
“Harry was an ordinary
boy until a very special
accident changed his
life.”
Beginning of a
story that grabs a
reader’s
attention.
Assonance
Words that have similar
sounding middles.
Euphemism
“Grandad passed
away peacefully.”
Making events
sound less harsh.
Superlative
“Biggest”
“Best”
Making things sound
the best or the
most
wonderful.
Connectives
“Because”
“Although”
Words that connect
two sentences
together.
Fronted Adverbial
“Because I am 72, I
found the race hard.”
The only time you
are allowed to start
a sentence with
a connective.
Main Clause
(Independent)
“I like to play darts.”
The main sentence
minus any
extra clauses
or
information.
Complex Sentence
“I like to play darts,
although I have no
arms.”
A main clause
(independent) and
another clause.
Relative Clause
Sub Clause
“Diana, who is 88,
loves skateboarding.”
“After the party,
Auntie Mo slept.”
Clauses that use
relative pronouns.
These usually
follow a noun.
Clauses that do not
make sense on
their own.
Generally at the
beginning of
end of a
sentence.