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Unit 2
1607-1754
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Jamestown - first permanent English settlement - 1607
 Joint-stock company
 Parliamentary control of money
 Personal financing risky - Raleigh lost more than $100,000
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Jamestown - first permanent English settlement - 1607
 London Company formed - divided into Plymouth and Virginia Companies
 12 pounds investment - $62 in gold per share
 December 1606 - Godspeed, Susan Constant, and Discovery leave England
 May 14, 1607 - 120 land - 104 settle - Indian attack on 5-26-1607
 only 38 left alive after the first six months - death rates of 1/2 to 1/3 were not
uncommon in colonizing - settled in a low swampy area
II.
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Early Map
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Map Jamestown
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Map Jamestown
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Picture Jamestown
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Jamestown - first permanent English settlement - 1607
 John Smith provide the early leadership and discipline necessary to make the colony
successful
 basic problem was the expectation of easy gold
 no work no eat policy
 skillful Indian relations
 periodically resupplied but continued to have problems
 no private property
 harsh military discipline - employees of the company marched to and from the
fields twice a day to the beat of a drum
 lack of a cash crop
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Jamestown - first permanent English settlement - 1607
 “starving time” 1609-1610
 Smith had left the colony
 reduced to eating dogs, cats, rats, mice, snakes, toadstools, horsehide, and the
corpses of dead men
 1610 - relief expedition under Gates finds the men so pitiful they load up to go
back to England
 Baron De La Warre (Robert West) intercepts them and forces them back to work has ample supplies and 300 men
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De La Warr
 1610 – De La Warr Became governor of Jamestown
 He arrives with orders from the VA Company that amount to a declaration of war
against the Indians
 De La Warr led troops on vicious campaigns against the Irish
 He raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched
cornfields
 1614 – Peace settlement ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War
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 Baron De La Warre (Robert West) intercepts them and forces them back to work has ample supplies and 300 men
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De La Warr
 1610 – De La Warr Became governor of Jamestown
 He arrives with orders from the VA Company that amount to a declaration of war
against the Indians
 De La Warr led troops on vicious campaigns against the Irish
 He raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched
cornfields
 1614 – Peace settlement ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War
 1622 – Indians struck back killing 347 settlers. The VA Company issues new
orders of war against the Indians
 1644 – Indians begin the Second Anglo-Powhatan War, but are defeated again
 1646 – Peace treaty banished the Chesapeake Indians from white areas of
settlement
 1685 – By this time, the English considered the Powhatan peoples extinct
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Powhatans’ End
 Their end was caused by the three Ds:
 Disease – Native peoples were extremely susceptible to European illnesses
(smallpox and measles)
 Disorganization
 Disposability – The Indians provided no economic function for the VA colonists.
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What brought the turnaround necessary to make it a permanent settlement?
 Cash crop - John Rolfe successfully cross breeds native and West Indian tobacco
 Jamestown goes tobacco mad
 grown on sidewalk and between grave markers
 stories of fantastic fortunes spur its development
 used as a medium of exchange
 James I disapproved of smoking - "loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose,
harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs"
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What brought the turnaround necessary to make it a permanent settlement?
 Introduction of private property (1617-1618) –
 Effect –
 Introduction of the headright system
 for each person brought to America one got 50 acres of land free
 led to abuses - sea captains kidnapping children, drunks, etc.
 primary purpose was not land distribution but an adequate supply of labor U.S.
 colonial history is rift with accounts of chronic labor shortages
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What brought the turnaround necessary to make it a permanent settlement?
 Political freedom
 charters granted English citizens all the rights of Englishmen - English common
 law applied in the colonies as well (1624 or earlier)
 House of Burgesses - 1619 - first representative assembly in U.S.
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What brought the turnaround necessary to make it a permanent settlement?
 1619 - the company sought to recruit “fair and uncorrupt maidens”
 its purpose was to provide a stable environment
 150 pounds of tobacco purchased a wife - gave the right to build a house and
no longer live in barracks
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Slavery
 1619 – Sketchy records show that 20 Africans were sold as either slaves or servants,
thus planting the seeds of the North American slave system
 Indentured servants were also used – people who bound themselves to work for a
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What brought the turnaround necessary to make it a permanent settlement?
 1619 - the company sought to recruit “fair and uncorrupt maidens”
 its purpose was to provide a stable environment
 150 pounds of tobacco purchased a wife - gave the right to build a house and
no longer live in barracks
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Slavery
 1619 – Sketchy records show that 20 Africans were sold as either slaves or servants,
thus planting the seeds of the North American slave system
 Indentured servants were also used – people who bound themselves to work for a
number of years to pay their passage to the New World
 1700 – Blacks made up 14% of the colony’s population
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Maryland
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Maryland
 Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)
 Was an advisor, friend of the king, and a recent convert to Catholicism
 He received the charter of Maryland. He wanted to:
 Reap financial profits
 Create a refuge for his fellow Catholics (Protestant England was still
persecuting Catholics)
 2nd Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert)
 When George Calvert died before the charter was completed, Maryland went to
Cecilius
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Cecilius Calvert
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Maryland
 Was originally settled as a haven for Catholics who faced persecution in England
 This was not profitable and Calvert opened the land to Protestants
 Protestants out number Catholics quickly which lead to the Toleration Act in 1649
 Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians
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Population
 Most white colonist that came to Chesapeake came as indentured servants
 To meet the need people started kidnapping kids from London and sending them as
servants
 30,000 to 50,000 convicts were also sent here to work
 75% of servants were males between 15 and 24
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Death
 High death rate plagued this area because of disease.
 55% of those born in Chesapeake died before 20 in the 1600’s
 Family structure was different here because of high death rate
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Town Growth
 Town growth was slow because of agricultural
 This hurt the education of the children in this area
 It was left to individual families
 From 1600 to mid 1700’s only 25 percent of women could write their name
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Colonizing the Carolinas
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The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
 1655 England secured claims to several West Indian islands, including Jamaica.
 Sugar formed the foundation of the West Indian economy.
 Importing of enslaved Africans to work the sugar plantations.
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The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
 1661 Barbados slave code defined the slaves’ legal status and their masters’
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 From 1600 to mid 1700’s only 25 percent of women could write their name
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Colonizing the Carolinas
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The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
 1655 England secured claims to several West Indian islands, including Jamaica.
 Sugar formed the foundation of the West Indian economy.
 Importing of enslaved Africans to work the sugar plantations.
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The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America
 1661 Barbados slave code defined the slaves’ legal status and their masters’
prerogatives.
 Profitable sugar-plantation system crowded out almost all other forms of Caribbean
agriculture.
 1670 Arrival in the Carolinas of displaced English settlers from Barbados, with the
slave code.
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Civil War
 Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629
 When he recalled it in 1640, they were mutinous
 Civil war erupted. Oliver Cromwell led an army against the king and beheaded
Charles
 Colonization had been interrupted during this period
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Charles II -Restoration
 The son of the decapitated king was restored to the throne in 1660
 Carolina was created in 1663, after the king granted to eight of his favorite nobles
land
 Settled in 1670
 Purpose of the colony
 Hoped to grow foodstuffs to feed the sugar plantations in the West Indies
 Export non-English products, such as wine, silk, and olive oil
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Economy in the Carolinas
 Carolina prospered by developing close economic ties with the West Indies
 Rice eventually emerged as the principal export crop in Carolina
 Rice was an exotic food in England
 Rice was grown in Africa, so the Carolinas were paying high prices for African
slaves
 1710 – Slaves made up a majority of the population in Carolina
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The Emergence of North Carolina
 North Carolina has been called “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.”
 “Squatters, "the newcomers without legal rights to the soil, raised crops with slaves.
 1712 North Carolina officially separated from South Carolina
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The Emergence of North Carolina (cont.)
 North Carolina shared with tiny Rhode Island several distinctions:
 Most democratic
 Most independent-minded
 Least aristocratic of the original thirteen English colonies
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The Emergence of North Carolina (cont.)
 Bloody relations between Indians and Europeans:
 1711-1713 Tuscarora War
 Tuscaroras became the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy
 1715-1716 Yamasee War in South Carolina
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Map Carolinas
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Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
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The Emergence of North Carolina (cont.)
 Bloody relations between Indians and Europeans:
 1711-1713 Tuscarora War
 Tuscaroras became the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy
 1715-1716 Yamasee War in South Carolina
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Map Carolinas
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Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
 1733 Georgia colony founded as a buffer.
 It was named in honor of King George II of England.
 Launched by a high-minded group of philanthropists as a haven for wretched souls
imprisoned for debt.
 Georgia was determined to keep slavery out.
 Founder: James Oglethorpe.
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The Plantation Colonies
 England’s southern mainland colonies shared:
 Devotion to exporting agricultural products, mainly tobacco and rice;
 Slavery;
 Growth of cities;
 Religious toleration;
 All were in some degree expansionary.
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Chapter 3
Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619–1700
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The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
 1517 Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation.
 German Martin Luther and John Calvin of Geneva had profound effect on the
thought and character of America.
 1536 Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion.
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The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism (cont.)
 Major doctrines:
 Predestination—the elect destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment.
 Conversion—the receipt of God’s free gift.
 1530 King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church
 Puritans—English religious reformers wanted a total purification of English
Christianity.
 Controversy over church membership led to the Separatists breaking from the
Church of England.
 King James I (1603-1625) threatened to harass the bothersome Separatists out of
England
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The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
 1608 First Separatists fled to Holland.
 Over 12 years they became distressed by the “Dutchification” of their children.
 1620 Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth
Bay.
 Mayflower Compact an agreement to form a government and submit to the will of
the majority under some regulations.
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Picture Plymouth
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The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
 1629 Charles I dismisses Parliament and persecutes Puritans
 1630 Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony
 1630 70,000 refugees leave England during the Great Migration (see Maps 3.1; 3.2)
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 1620 Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth
Bay.
 Mayflower Compact an agreement to form a government and submit to the will of
the majority under some regulations.
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Picture Plymouth
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The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
 1629 Charles I dismisses Parliament and persecutes Puritans
 1630 Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony
 1630 70,000 refugees leave England during the Great Migration (see Maps 3.1; 3.2)
 Puritans believed they had a “calling” from God to lead the new religious
experiment
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The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth (cont)
 John Winthrop becomes governor.
 Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes the biggest and most influential colony.
 Colonists believed they had a covenant with God to build a holy society as a model
for all humankind.
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Map
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Building the Bay Colony
 Franchise was extended to all “freemen”—adult males who belonged to Puritans
congregations.
 Unchurched men remained voteless.
 The Bay Colony was not a democracy.
 Nonbelievers and believers paid taxes for the government-supported church.
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Building the Bay Colony
(cont.)
 John Cotton was a prominent lead in the Massachusetts “Bible Commonwealth.”
 “Protestant ethic” involved serious commitment to work and world pursuits.
 They enjoyed simple pleasures.
 They passed laws regarding pleasure activities.
 Life to the Puritans was serious business.
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Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth
 Quakers, who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy, were persecuted.
 Anne Hutchinson carried to logical extremes the Puritan doctrine of predestination
known as antinomianism. (Started in 1636)
 1638 she was brought to trial, set out for Rhode Island, then moved to New York,
where she and her family were killed by the Indians.
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Anne Hutchinson
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Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth (cont.)
 Roger Williams was an extreme Separatist.
 He challenged clergymen to make a clear break with the Church of England;
 He challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter;
 He challenged the civil authority to regulate religious behavior.
 1635 he was tried by the authorities.
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The Rhode Island “Sewer”
 1636 Roger Williams, with the aid of Indians, fled to Rhode Island.
 He built a Baptist church in Providence.
 He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics.
 He demanded no oaths.
 He sheltered abused Quakers.
 Rhode Island became the most liberal colony.
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The Rhode Island “Sewer”
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The Rhode Island “Sewer”
 1636 Roger Williams, with the aid of Indians, fled to Rhode Island.
 He built a Baptist church in Providence.
 He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics.
 He demanded no oaths.
 He sheltered abused Quakers.
 Rhode Island became the most liberal colony.
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The Rhode Island “Sewer”
(cont.)
 Rhode Islanders:
 Exercised simple manhood suffrage.
 Achieved remarkable freedom of opportunity.
 Rhode Island, planted by dissenters and exiles, became strongly individualistic
and stubbornly independent.
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New England Spreads Out
 Contained a sprinkling of Dutch and English.
 1635 Hartford was founded.
 1638 New Haven was founded.
 1639 Connecticut’s Fundamental Orders: a modern constitution that established a
regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens.
 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by the Bay Colony.
 1677 Plymouth was absorbed by Massachusetts.
 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts and made it
a royal colony.
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Map New England
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Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
 1643 experiment in union when four colonies united to form the New England
Confederation.
 Primary aim was to defend against the Indians.
 Each colony had two votes.
 The confederation was essentially an exclusive Puritan club.
 Membership—the Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut.
 1660 King Charles II was restored and wanted to take an active, aggressive hand
in the management of the colonies.
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Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence (cont.)
 1662 Charles II gave Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter that legalized the squatter
settlements.
 1662 Granted the outcasts in Rhode Island a new charter sanctioning religious
tolerance.
 1684 Bay Colony charter was revoked by the London authorities.
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Chart page 48
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Letter
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The New England Family
 Contrasts in New England life:
 The settlers of 1600s New England added ten years to their life span
 First generations of Puritans averaged 70 years
 They tended to migrate not as single persons but as families and the family
remained the center of New England life
 New England’s population grew from natural reproduction.
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The New England Family
 Married life in New England
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The New England Family
 Contrasts in New England life:
 The settlers of 1600s New England added ten years to their life span
 First generations of Puritans averaged 70 years
 They tended to migrate not as single persons but as families and the family
remained the center of New England life
 New England’s population grew from natural reproduction.
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The New England Family
 Married life in New England
 Early marriage encouraged the booming birthrate
 Women generally married in their early twenties
 Produced babies every two years
 A married woman could experience up to ten pregnancies and rear as many as
eight children.
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The New England Family
 Other contrasts between the southern and New England ways of life:
 The fragility of southern family advanced the economic security of southern
women
 Because men frequently died young, the southern colonies allowed married
women to retain separate title to the property and inherit their husband’s estates.
 Women's Rights
 Generally women gave up their property rights when they married
 Women still could not vote.
 New England authorities could intervene to restrain abusive spouses.
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The New England Family
 The laws of Puritan New England sought to defend the integrity of marriages:
 Divorce was exceeding rare and the authorities commonly ordered separated
couples to reunite
 Outright abandonment was among the few permissible grounds for divorce
 Adultery was another
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Half-Way Covenant
 The Half-Way Covenant weakened the distinction between the “elect” and others.
 The doors of the Puritan churches swung fully open to all comers, whether
converted or not.
 Strict religious purity was sacrificed to the cause of wider religious participation.
 Women were now in the majority.
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The Glorious Revolution
 1688-1689 The Glorious Revolution overthrew Catholic James II and enthroned
Protestant rulers William III and Mary II.
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The Salem Witch Trials
 1692 The Salem Witch trials:
 A group of girls claimed to have bewitched by certain older women
 A hysterical “witch hunt” ensued, leading to the legal lynching of twenty
individuals, nineteen of whom were hanged and one pressed to death.
 Two dogs were also hanged.
 The reign of horror in Salem grew not only from the turmoil of the wars with the
Indians, but also from the unsettled social and religious conditions of evolving
Massachusetts.
 Ended in 1693
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Old Netherlanders at New Netherland
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 A group of girls claimed to have bewitched by certain older women
 A hysterical “witch hunt” ensued, leading to the legal lynching of twenty
individuals, nineteen of whom were hanged and one pressed to death.
 Two dogs were also hanged.
 The reign of horror in Salem grew not only from the turmoil of the wars with the
Indians, but also from the unsettled social and religious conditions of evolving
Massachusetts.
 Ended in 1693
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Old Netherlanders at New Netherland
 16th century the Netherlands rebelled against Catholic Spain.
 17th century was a Dutch golden age.
 Dutch expanded their commercial and naval powers becoming a leading colonial
power.
 Dutch East India Company became powerful.
 1609 Henry Hudson ventured in Delaware Bay and New York Bay, the Hudson River.
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Old Netherlanders at New Netherland (cont.)
 1623-1624 New Netherland was planted in the Hudson River area by the Dutch
West India Company (see Map 3.4).
 They purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians.
 New Amsterdam—later New York City—was a company town.
 It was run by and for the Dutch company.
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Dutch Residues in New York
 1664 England seized New Netherland from the Dutch.
 Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York, the former New Amsterdam area.
 New Amsterdam was renamed New York.
 England received a splendid harbor and the stately Hudson River.
 Dutch influence:
 Named places
 Left their imprint of the gambrel-roofed architecture
 Influenced social customs and folkways
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Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
 Quakers, English dissenters, known as the Religious Society of Friends:
 refused to support the established Church of England taxes;
 built simple meeting houses;
 congregated without a paid clergy;
 They took no oaths;
 They were people of deep conviction:
 They abhorred strife, warfare and refused military service.
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Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania (cont.)
 1660 William Penn was attracted to the Quaker faith, suffering much persecution.
 Penn’s thoughts turned to the New World, where he wanted to experiment with
liberal ideas in government and also to make money.
 1681 he secured land from the King.
 The king called the land Pennsylvania (“Penn’s Woodland”).
 Pennsylvania was the best advertised colony.
 His liberal land policy attracted a heavy inflow of immigrants.
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Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
 1681 Penn launched his colony
 “Squatters” were Dutch, Swedish, English, and Welsh
 Philadelphia (“brotherly love”) was carefully planned
 He bought land from the Indians and Chief Tammany
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liberal ideas in government and also to make money.
1681 he secured land from the King.
The king called the land Pennsylvania (“Penn’s Woodland”).
Pennsylvania was the best advertised colony.
His liberal land policy attracted a heavy inflow of immigrants.
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Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
 1681 Penn launched his colony
 “Squatters” were Dutch, Swedish, English, and Welsh
 Philadelphia (“brotherly love”) was carefully planned
 He bought land from the Indians and Chief Tammany
 He treated the Indians fairly
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Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors (cont.)
 Pennsylvania seemed, for a brief period, the land of amicable Indian-white relations.
 Quaker tolerance proved the undoing of Quaker Indian policy.
 There was no tax supported state church.
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Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors (cont.)
 “Blue laws” prohibited “ungodly revelers,” stage plays, playing cards, dice, games,
and excessive hilarity.
 By 1700 colony surpassed all other colonies but Virginia and Massachusetts in
population and wealth.
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Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors (cont.)
 1664 New Jersey was started by two noble proprietors having received land from
the Duke of York.
 1674 the Quakers bought West New Jersey.
 Later East New Jersey was acquired.
 1703 Delaware was granted its assembly.
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Quakers Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors (cont.)
Noted features of the colony:
A. No provision for a military defense;
B. No restrictions on immigration;
C. Quakers developed a strong dislike of slavery;
D. Made some progress toward social reform;
E. Contained rich ethnic groups;
F. Afforded economic opportunity, civil liberty, and religious freedom
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The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
 The middle colonies—New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania common
features:
 The soil was fertile and the expanse was broad;
 Became known as the “bread colonies”;
 Rivers played a vital role—the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and the Hudson fur
trade;
 Industry flourished in the middle colonies;
 Stimulated commerce and the growth of seaports—New York and Philadelphia
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The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (cont.)
 The middle colonies were midway between New England and the southern
plantations:
 Landholding intermediate in size;
 Local government was between personalized town meetings and diffused county
government of the south;
 Fewer than in New England, more than the South.
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The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (cont.)
 Distinctions of their own:
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The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (cont.)
 The middle colonies were midway between New England and the southern
plantations:
 Landholding intermediate in size;
 Local government was between personalized town meetings and diffused county
government of the south;
 Fewer than in New England, more than the South.
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The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (cont.)
 Distinctions of their own:
 More ethnic population;
 An unusual degree of religious toleration and democratic control;
 Desirable land was easier to acquire;
 Considerable amount of economic and social democracy;
 Finally, Britain continued its hands-off policies.
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Timeline Chapter 3
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Chapter 4
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The Tobacco Economy
 Chesapeake planters recruited some 100,000 indentured servants to the region by
1700.
 These “white slaves” represented more than three-quarters of all European
immigrants.
 Indentured servants led a hard life
 They looked forward to becoming free and acquiring land
 Even after freedom they had to hire themselves for pitifully low wages.
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Bacon’s Rebellion
 Many impoverished freedmen were frustrated with broken hopes and failure to find
single women to marry
 Virginia’s Governor William Berkeley.
 The freed indentured servants could not make enough money to pay high taxes or
buy land.
 They want to explore the Native American land but a treaty prohibited it
 Nathaniel Bacon put together a group and started attacking Indian tribes
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Bacon’s Rebellion
 Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the Indians caused him to refuse to retaliate
against a series of brutal Indian attacks.
 Bacon’s Rebellion ended when he died of disease.
 House of Burgess
 Cut taxes
 Opened up Native American land
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Slave Trade
 Bacon’s Rebellion help fuel the move from Indentured Servants to African slaves
 What were the advantages?
 Advantages
 Less discontent because they would not be freed
 Cheaper than indentured servants
 More plentiful
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Slave Trade
 Started with criminals and war captives
 As demand increased African raiders moved inland looking for slaves
 Once captured they were marched to the coast
 Inspected
 Branded
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 Less discontent because they would not be freed
 Cheaper than indentured servants
 More plentiful
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Slave Trade
 Started with criminals and war captives
 As demand increased African raiders moved inland looking for slaves
 Once captured they were marched to the coast
 Inspected
 Branded
 Put in prison
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Slave Trade
 Middle Passage
 The transportation from Africa to the New World
 1680s mass expansion of slavery in colonies:
 7 million came to the New World in three centuries
 400,000 to North America
 Many died because of
 Suffocation
 Disease
 violence
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Picture
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Map Slave Trade
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Picture Middle Passage
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Slave Trade
 Olaudah Equiano
 A slave who learned to read and write and record his experiences in his
autobiography
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Slave Trade
 Early Abolitionist
 The earliest were the Quakers (1688) under the leadership of two men.
 Samuel Sewall
 Judge that stated “all Men, as they are the sons of Adam”
 John Woolman
Urged Quakers to free their slaves
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Slave Trade
 Rebellion
 Harsh rules did not prevent rebellion
 Stono, South Carolina was site of one of the largest uprising
 30 white Colonists were killed before militia contained it. Those slaves that
survived were tortured to great extremes.
 Led to new laws
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Slave Trade
 Slave Codes
 Sets of laws passed to prevent escape and discourage revolt
 Forbade slaves to meet together
 To leave the plantations
 Learn to read and write
 Own weapons
 A master who killed a slave while correcting him could not be charged with
murder
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Slave Trade
 Slave Codes
 Sets of laws passed to prevent escape and discourage revolt
 Forbade slaves to meet together
 To leave the plantations
 Learn to read and write
 Own weapons
 A master who killed a slave while correcting him could not be charged with
murder
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Southern Society
 As slavery spread, the gaps in the South’s social structure widened:
 A defined hierarchy of wealth and status
 At the top were the powerful great planters
 Most of these leaders were a hard-working, business-like lot, laboring long hours.
 Beneath the planters were the small farmers, the largest social group.
 Still lower were the landless whites.
 Beneath them were the former indenturers.
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Southern Society
 Few cities sprouted in the colonial South; thus an urban professional class, lawyers
and financiers, were slow to emerge.
 Southern life revolved around the great plantations.
 Waterways were the principle means of transportation.
 Roads were very wretched.
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Timeline Chapter 4
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