THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census
Highlights of the Main Results
Census Report Volume 2 – A
Department of Population
Ministry of Immigration and Population
May 2015
The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census
Highlights of the Main Results
Census Report Volume 2 - A
For more information contact:
Department of Population
Ministry of Immigration and Population
Office No. 48
Nay Pyi Taw
Tel: +95 67 431 062
www.dop.gov.mm
May 2015
Map of Myanmar by State and Region
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
i
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1: Demographic Characteristics ....................................................................................................2
A. Size and Spatial Distribution of the Population ..................................................................................2
B. Age and Sex Composition of the Population ......................................................................................8
C. Households ......................................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Social Characteristics ...............................................................................................................13
A. Marital Status ...................................................................................................................................13
Chapter 3: Migration ................................................................................................................................15
A. Internal Migration ............................................................................................................................15
B. International Migration ....................................................................................................................16
Chapter 4: Education ................................................................................................................................18
A. Literacy .............................................................................................................................................18
B. School Attendance ...........................................................................................................................20
Chapter 5: Economic Characteristics ........................................................................................................21
Chapter 6: Births .......................................................................................................................................23
Chapter 7: Mortality .................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 8: Disability .................................................................................................................................27
Chapter 9: Housing Conditions and Household Amenities .......................................................................29
A. Ownership of Housing Unit ..............................................................................................................29
B. Sources of Energy .............................................................................................................................30
C. Sources of Water ..............................................................................................................................34
D. Toilet Facilities ..................................................................................................................................36
E. Communication Facilities .................................................................................................................39
F. Transportation Equipment ................................................................................................................40
Concluding Remarks: Data Use and Data Access ......................................................................................41
References.................................................................................................................................................42
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
ii
Introduction
In April 2014, the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar conducted its latest census,
after three decades without a Population and Housing Census. The last Census was conducted in 1983.
Despite the absence of censuses, several household based surveys such as Fertility and Reproductive
Health Surveys, Family and Youth Surveys, Population Change and Fertility Surveys, among others, have
regularly been carried out to guide programming and policy development in the country.
Censuses are an important source of benchmark information on the characteristics of the population
and households in every country. One unique feature of a census is its ability to provide information
down to the lowest administrative level. Such information is vital for planning and evidence-based
decision making at every level. Additional data uses include allocation of national resources; review
of administrative boundaries; positioning of social infrastructures such as schools, health facilities
and roads; and research. Furthermore, censuses provide a rich source of data for monitoring national
and international development initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and the
International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). All these objectives made it imperative
for Myanmar to conduct the 2014 Population and Housing Census (2014 MPHC).
The 2014 MPHC results are being released in three phases comprising several publications. Phase one
was the publishing and launch of the provisional results (Census Volume 1) in August 2014. Phase two is
the publishing and launch of the main results in May 2015 comprising two series of publications: Census
Volume 2, which contains detailed information at the Union and State/Region levels, and Census Volume
3, which includes a report for each of the 15 States and Regions in Myanmar. The publication of main
census results that require manual coding and further consultations is planned for early 2016. Phase
three of the publications will be the thematic analysis reports on the major topics covered in the census.
This phase is planned to be implemented from June 2015 onwards.
This publication, the Highlights of the Main Results, is designed to provide a quick reference for those
interested to learn about the important highlights of the 2014 Population and Housing Census. It may also
serve as a guide for policy makers, media and other data users. It contains basic data and interpretations
of the main results (Census Volume 2) in the form of simple texts, tables, graphs and maps on the size
and geographical distribution of the population by sex and age, marital status, education, economic
characteristics, fertility, mortality, migration and the characteristics of housing units and household
amenities.
More detailed information and data are available in the Union Report of the Main Results (Census Volume
2) and the State/Region specific reports (Census Volume 3), which are available in printed copies and
electronically online at www.dop.gov.mm and http://countryoffice.unfpa.org/myanmar/census/ as well
as on CD.
1
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
Chapter 1: Demographic Characteristics
A. Size and Spatial Distribution of the Population
1. The population size of Myanmar is 51,486,253 persons
The results of the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census showed a total population of 51,486,253.
This includes a population of 1,206,353 persons estimated not to have been counted during the census
in parts of Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State for reasons explained in the Main Report of the
Census. Of the total population, 24,824,586 were males, while 26,661,667 were females.
Table 1: Distribution of population by State/Region and sex1
State/Region
Union
Union enumerated
Union not enumerated
Kachin
Kachin enumerated
Kachin not enumerated
Kayah
Kayin
Kayin enumerated
Kayin not enumerated
Chin
Sagaing
Tanintharyi
Bago
Magway
Mandalay
Mon
Rakhine
Rakhine enumerated
Rakhine not enumerated
Yangon
Shan
Ayeyawady
Nay Pyi Taw
1
Both sexes
Male
Female
Proportion of Total
Population (%)
51,486,253 24,824,586 26,661,667
50,279,900 24,228,714 26,051,186
1,206,353
595,872
610,481
1,689,441
1,642,841
46,600
286,627
1,574,079
1,504,326
69,753
478,801
5,325,347
1,408,401
4,867,373
3,917,055
6,165,723
2,054,393
3,188,807
2,098,807
1,090,000
7,360,703
5,824,432
6,184,829
1,160,242
878,384
855,353
23,031
143,213
775,268
739,127
36,141
229,604
2,516,949
700,619
2,322,338
1,813,974
2,928,367
987,392
1,526,402
989,702
536,700
3,516,403
2,910,710
3,009,808
565,155
811,057
787,488
23,569
143,414
798,811
765,199
33,612
249,197
2,808,398
707,782
2,545,035
2,103,081
3,237,356
1,067,001
1,662,405
1,109,105
553,300
3,844,300
2,913,722
3,175,021
595,087
3.28
0.56
3.06
0.93
10.34
2.74
9.45
7.61
11.98
3.99
6.19
14.30
11.31
12.01
2.25
Apart from the data presented in Table 1 and Figures 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, the rest of the information presented in this publication is
based on the population and households that were enumerated during the census.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
2
2. Close to 40 percent of the total population live in Yangon, Ayeyawady and Mandalay Regions
The Regions with the largest population are Yangon (14%), Ayeyawady (12%) and Mandalay (12%). These
three Regions represent 38 percent of the total population. The least populated States/Regions are Nay
Pyi Taw (2%), Chin State (0.9%) and Kayah State (0.6%), together representing 3.5 percent of the total
population.
Figure 1: Proportion of total population by State/Region
16.0
14.3
14.0
12.0
Percent
12.0
10.3
7.6
8.0
6.0
2.0
3.3
3.1
0.6
12.0
9.5
10.0
4.0
11.3
2.7
0.9
6.2
4.0
2.3
-
3. There are 76 persons per square kilometre in Myanmar
The Census results show that the population density of Myanmar is 76 persons per square kilometre.2
The most densely populated area is Yangon Region (716), followed by Mandalay Region (200). The least
populated areas are Kachin State (19) and Chin State (13). See Figure 2.
2
3
Estimates of people not enumerated in Rakhine State, Kayin State and Kachin State have been added in the calculation of population density.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
Figure 2: Population Density by State and Region
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4
4. 70 percent of the people of Myanmar live in rural areas3
The Census results show that for every 100 persons in Myanmar, 70 persons live in rural areas and 30
persons live in urban areas. Yangon Region has by far the highest proportion of people living in urban
areas at 70 percent, followed by Kachin at 36 percent4 and Mandalay at 35 percent. Ayeyawady Region
has the largest proportion of rural population at 86 percent, followed by Magway Region at 85 percent,
and Sagaing Region and Rakhine State5 at 83 percent each. This is presented in Table 2 and Figure 3.
Table 2: Proportion of Enumerated Population in Urban and Rural Areas by Sex and State/Region
State/Region
Total
Population
Urban Population
Both sexes
Male
Female
%
Urban
Rural Population
Both sexes
Male
Female
%
Rural
UNION
50,279,900
14,877,943
7,114,224
7,763,719
30
35,401,957
17,114,490
18,287,467
70
Kachin
1,642,841
592,368
297,643
294,725
36
1,050,473
557,710
492,763
64
Kayah
286,627
72,418
35,679
36,739
25
214,209
107,534
106,675
75
Kayin
1,504,326
329,166
163,280
165,886
22
1,175,160
575,847
599,313
78
478,801
99,809
47,198
52,611
21
378,992
182,406
196,586
79
Sagaing
5,325,347
911,335
430,408
480,927
17
4,414,012
2,086,541
2,327,471
83
Tanintharyi
1,408,401
338,419
164,982
173,437
24
1,069,982
535,637
534,345
76
Bago
4,867,373
1,072,336
501,157
571,179
22
3,795,037
1,821,181
1,973,856
78
Magway
3,917,055
588,031
270,624
317,407
15
3,329,024
1,543,350
1,785,674
85
Mandalay
6,165,723
35
4,022,287
1,894,934
2,127,353
65
Mon
2,054,393
298,628
28
1,482,204
713,831
768,373
72
Rakhine
2,098,807
354,288
187,431
17
1,744,519
822,845
921,674
83
Yangon
7,360,703
5,160,512
70
2,200,191
1,075,174
1,125,017
30
Shan
5,824,432
1,395,847
692,453
703,394
24
4,428,585
2,218,257
2,210,328
76
Ayeyawady
6,184,829
872,600
412,693
459,907
14
5,312,229
2,597,115
2,715,114
86
Nay Pyi Taw
1,160,242
375,189
183,027
192,162
32
785,053
382,128
402,925
68
Chin
2,143,436 1,033,433
572,189
273,561
166,857
2,441,229
1,110,003
2,719,283
3
The Census used the Urban/Rural definition as classified by the General Administration Department (GAD), where Cities, State/Region
capitals and Wards are considered urban and Village Tracts are considered rural.
4
The high proportion of urban population in Kachin may be attributed to the large number of people working in the mines in this State.
5
The urban/rural estimates of Rakhine State, Kachin State, and Kayin State do not include the population not enumerated in the census.
5
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
Figure 3: Proportion of Rural and Urban population by State/Region
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
70
64
75
78
79
83
76
78
85
65
72
83
30
76
86
68
30
36
25
22
21
17
24
22
15
35
28
17
70
24
14
32
Urban population
Rural population
5. The population size of Myanmar ranks fifth in the ASEAN6 region
The 2014 Population Census shows that the population of Myanmar constitutes about 8.4 percent of the
total population of approximately 615 million7 among the ASEAN member states. The population size
from the 2014 Census puts Myanmar at number five in the region, behind Indonesia, the Philippines,
Vietnam, and Thailand.
Figure 4: Comparison with countries in the ASEAN Region
Indonesia
Philippines
Vietnam
Thailand
Myanmar
Malaysia
Cambodia
Laos PDR
Singapore
Brunei
%
40.6
16.0
14.9
10.9
8.4
4.8
2.5
1.1
0.9
0.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
6
At the time of preparing this report, ASEAN member countries included Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
7
The population information of the other countries is based on estimates by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division, 2012.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
6
6. Annual population growth rate is estimated at 0.89 percent
Analyses of the data from the 2014 Census and from past trends in population changes show that the
population of Myanmar has been growing at the rate of 0.89 percent per annum between 2003 and 2014.
The decennial growth rate from 1973 reveals a consistent decline from 2.02 percent per annum during
the 1973-1983 period, to 1.4 percent per annum during 1983-1993, and to 1.38 percent in the 1993-2003
period.
Figure 5: Population change from 1872 to 2014*
8
Population (in millions)
60.0
51.5
50.0
40.0
35.3
28.9
30.0
20.0
10.0
2.7
3.7
7.7
13.2 14.7
10.5 12.1
16.8
-
-
-
-
-
1872 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1973 1983 1993 2003 2014
8
7
Please note that no censuses were conducted in 1951, 1961, 1993 and 2003
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
B. Age and Sex Composition of the Population
The age structure of a population directly affects a country’s socio-economic development planning. For
example, countries with youthful populations (a high percentage under the age of 15) need to invest
more in schools, while countries with older populations (a high percentage aged 65 and over) need to
invest more in health services for the elderly and social support in old age. The rapid growth of a young
adult population requires investment in skills development, employment and livelihood opportunities.
1. The 2014 Census shows a ‘pot -shaped’ population pyramid
The age and sex information from the 2014 Census shows that the proportion of children in the population
has been declining. This is reflected in the shape of the population pyramid which has taken a narrow base
and slightly bulges around ages 10-14. The rapid growth of the population of young people is responsible
for the pot-shape.
Figure 6: Myanmar population pyramid, 2014
90 +
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 -14
5- 9
0- 4
Male
15
10
Female
5
0
5
10
15
(%)
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
8
2. The age structure has changed considerably since 1983
The 2014 Census shows that the age structure of the population has changed considerably since the
previous population censuses of 1973 and 1983. While the population pyramids of the two earlier
censuses were broad-based, showing growing numbers of the population in the younger age groups, the
2014 population pyramid has a narrower base in the age groups 0-9, showing the effect of declining birth
rates and resulting in a smaller proportion of children in the country. On the other hand, the proportion of
young people is growing and the emerging youth bulge creates favourable conditions for a demographic
dividend in Myanmar.
9
Figure 7: Myanmar population pyramids: 1973, 1983, 2014
90+
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
Females
Males
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10-14
5- 9
0- 4
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
1973 Census
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
0
1983 Census
1,000,000
2,000,000
2014 Census
3,000,000
3. There are 93 males for every 100 females in Myanmar
There are 24,824,586 males and 26,661,667 females in Myanmar. This means that females represent 51.8
percent of the population and outnumber males by 1,837,081. This brings the sex ratio (number of males
for every 100 females) to 93 at the Union level.
There are generally more females than males in most States/Regions, except in Kachin State where there
are more males than females (108 males for every 100 females). In Kayah and Shan States the proportions
of males and females are equal.
Figure 8: Number of males for every 100 females
UNION
Kachin
Kayah
Kayin
Chin
Sagaing
Tanintharyi
Bago
Magway
Mandalay
Mon
Rakhine
Yangon
Shan
Ayeyawady
Nay Pyi Taw
93
108
100
97
92
90
99
91
86
90
93
92
91
100
95
95
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Analysis of the sex structure by five-year age groups shows that there are more males than females under
the age of 15, after which the proportion of males starts to decline. The trend is similar to that observed
in the 1983 Census, except that the 2014 Census shows a faster decline of the male population after the
age of 15.
Figure 9: Sex Ratio by age
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
2014
1983
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
10
4. The total dependency ratio for Myanmar is 52.59
The 2014 Census shows that the proportion of children (ages 0-14) and older persons (65 years and over)
per 100 people in the working age population (ages 15-64) has been declining. The total dependency
ratio in 2014 is 52.5, much lower than the ratio of 73.9 in 1983. The decline in the total dependency
ratio may be attributed to the decline in the child dependency ratio, from 67.1 in 1983 to 43.7 in 2014, a
reduction of about 35 percent.
Table 3: Dependency ratios, 1973, 1983 and 2014
Population
aged 0 – 14
2014 Census
1983 Census
1973 Census
Population
aged 15 – 64
14,399,569
13,159,645
11,643,840
Population
aged 65 and
over
32,982,768
19,625,065
15,411,041
Total
dependency
ratio
Child
dependency
ratio
Old
dependency
ratio
52.5
73.9
82.2
43.7
67.1
75.6
8.8
6.8
6.7
2,897,563
1,340,198
1,029,632
C. Households
1. The number of conventional households10 has increased by 67 percent since 1983
The 2014 Census shows an overall increase in the number of conventional households from 6,495,621 in
1983 to 10,877,832 in 2014. The highest increase was recorded in Kayin State (166 percent), Shan State
(119 percent) and Yangon Region (108 percent).
Percent
Figure 10: Percentage change in conventional households by State/Region
(1983 - 2014)
9
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
-
166.4
93.8 91.4
67.5
58.3
33.7
67.5
52.3
44.1
52.6
118.8
42.4
41.5
19.7
Total dependency ratio is a measure of the portion of a population which is composed of dependents (people who are too young or too old
to work). The total dependency ratio is equal to the number of persons aged below 15 years added to those above 64 years divided by the
number of persons aged between 15 and 64 years, multiplied by 100 (expressed as a percentage).
In the census, conventional households include one or more persons who are either related or unrelated and share living quarters (single
quarter or compound) and meals. The household members would be eating food prepared from the same cooking pot. In most cases, there
would be one person acknowledged by the household members as the head of the household.
10
11
107.8
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
2. The mean household size is 4.4 persons11
The Census of 2014 recorded that on average there are 4.4 persons per household in Myanmar. Kachin and
Chin States have the highest number of persons per household (5.1), while Magway Region, Ayeyawady
Region and Nay Pyi Taw registered the smallest average number of persons per household (4.1).
Figure 11: Mean household size by State/Region
Union
Kachin
Kayah
Kayin
Chin
Sagaing
Tanintharyi
Bago
Magway
Mandalay
Mon
Rakhine
Yangon
Shan
Ayeyawady
Nay Pyi Taw
4.4
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.8
5.1
5.1
4.2
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.7
4.1
4.1
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
3. About 70 percent of households are made up of between 2 to 5 persons
The information collected in the census shows that 70.2 percent of households in Myanmar are made up
of between 2 and 5 persons. There is little difference in the number of persons in households between
urban and rural areas as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12: Size of households
25.00
Percent
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
-
11
1 person
2
persons
3
persons
4
persons
5
persons
6
persons
7
persons
8
persons
9 and
more
Union (%)
4.61
12.43
19.90
21.33
16.49
10.88
6.49
4.14
3.73
Urban (%)
4.86
12.79
19.09
20.41
15.73
10.52
6.63
4.64
5.34
Rural (%)
4.51
12.29
20.22
21.69
16.79
11.01
6.44
3.94
3.11
The mean household size does not include areas where some people were not enumerated.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
12
Chapter 2: Social Characteristics
A. Marital Status
1. The proportion of married females is lower than that of married males
The 2014 Census shows that, among the population aged 15 years and over, the proportion of married
females is lower (57.7 percent) than that of married males (61.4 percent). Furthermore, the proportion
of widowed females is much higher (10.4 percent) than that of widowed males (3.1 percent).
13: Marital
Status,
FigureFigure
13: Marital
Status,
Females,
Females,
2014 2014
14: Marital
Statu
FigureFigure
14: Marital
Status,
Males,
2014
Males, 2014
Widowed
Widowed
10.4% 10.4%
Divorced/
Divorced/
Separated
Separated
2.0% 2.0%
Married
Married
57.7% 57.7%
Married
Married
61.4% 61.4%
Renounced
Renounced
0.2% 0.2%
Single Single
32.1% 32.1%
Single Single
29.6% 29.6%
Marital Status,
ales, 2014
Figure 14: Marital Status,
Males, 2014
Widowed
10.4%
Divorced/
Separated
2.0%
Widowed
3.1%
Married
61.4%
Renounced
0.2%
Single
32.1%
Single
29.6%
13
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
Divorced/
Separated
1.4%
Renounced
1.9%
2. Females are widowed much earlier than males
The 2014 Census data shows that females are widowed between the age of 35 and 40, while males are
widowed at around age 55. By age 90, about 87 percent of females are widowed, compared to about 52
percent of their male counterparts of the same age. The highest proportion of married women is found
between the ages of 35-39, while the highest proportion of married males is around the ages of 45-49.
Figure 15: Marital status, females
100.0
90.0
80.0
Percentage
70.0
60.0
Single
50.0
Married
40.0
Widowed
30.0
Divorced/Separated
20.0
Renounced
10.0
0.0
90 +
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
Figure 16: Marital status, males
100.0
90.0
80.0
Percentage
70.0
60.0
Single
50.0
Married
40.0
Widowed
30.0
Divorced/Separated
20.0
Renounced
10.0
0.0
90 +
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
14
Chapter 3: Migration
The 2014 Census collected information on migration of people within Myanmar and on former household
members living abroad at the time of the census.
A. Internal Migration
1. Females migrate more than males within Myanmar
About 53 percent of all persons who moved from their previous place of usual residence within Myanmar
were female. The main reason for migration for both sexes was “following family” and “employment/
seeking employment.” Females were more likely to follow family (49%) than males (32%); and males
migrated more for reasons of employment (47%) than females (23%).
15
Figure 17: Main reason for migration
Followed family
40.9
Employment
34.3
Marriage
Female
15.7
Male
Other reason
6.0
Education
Both sexes
2.3
Conflict
0.8
Total persons moved
47.4
%-
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
20.0
40.0
52.6
60.0
B. International Migration12
1. About 61 percent of former household members living abroad are males
Information collected from households during the census shows that there are approximately 2 million
former household members reported to be living outside of Myanmar. Of these, about 1.2 million
are males, representing 61 percent of the total (Figure 18). The census further shows that out of the
approximately 2 million people reported to be living abroad, about 1.7 million (83%) are aged between
15 and 39, and up to 1.1 million in this age bracket are males (Figure 19).
Figure 18: Proportion of former
household members living abroad
Female
39%
Male
61%
Figure 19: Age-sex pyramid of former
household members living abroad
80+
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4
Males
15
10
5
Females
0
5
10
%
2. Most of the former household members living abroad were reported in Mon State, Kayin State and Shan State
According to the information given by households during the census, 2,021,910 former household
members are living abroad. The highest absolute numbers of former household members living abroad
are from Mon State (about 427,000), followed by Kayin State (about 323,000) and Shan State (about
236,000). The States that reported the lowest number of former household members living abroad are
Kayah, Nay Pyi Taw and Kachin, with approximately 8,000, 12,000 and 21,000, respectively.
12
The information presented in this section is based exclusively on the information provided by respondents during the census about
former household members living abroad.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
16
Figure 20 shows the reported numbers of former household members living abroad for each State/Region.
Figure 20: Former household members reported living abroad, by
State/Region of reporting
Number of reported migrants
450000
426,586
400000
350000
322,761
300000
235,869
250000
203,232
200000
169,691
166,698
150000
115,502
100000
50000
51,545
84,422 80,071
64,252
59,488
21,480 8,385
11,928
0
Both sexes
Male
Female
3. Up to 70 percent of former household members living abroad are in Thailand
The information provided by households on former household members living abroad shows that up
to 70 percent of all persons living abroad migrated to Thailand. Malaysia hosts about 15 percent of the
reported total.
Figure 21: Former household members living abroad, by country
of residence
Thailand
70.2
Malaysia
17
15.0
China
4.6
Singapore
3.9
USA
1.9
India
0.9
Korea
0.7
Japan
0.4
Other
2.4
%
-
10.0
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Chapter 4: Education
The 2014 Census collected information on literacy, school attendance and the highest level of education
completed.
A. Literacy
1. Literacy rate among the population aged 15 and over is 89.5 percent
According to the information collected during the census, up to 89.5 percent of the people of Myanmar
reported being able to read and write in any language. There are marked differences among States and
Regions, with Yangon Region registering the highest literacy rate at 96.6 percent, while Shan State has the
lowest at 64.6 percent.
Figure 22 shows the deviation of States and Regions from the Union average literacy rate of 89.5 percent.
Figure 22: Literacy rates by State/Region
Union Average
(89.5%)
Shan
Kayin
Chin
Kayah
Rakhine
Mon
Kachin
Magway
Tanintharyi
Sagaing
Mandalay
Ayeyawady
Bago
Nay Pyi Taw
Yangon
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Percentage of Population Literate
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
18
2. Males have higher literacy rates than females
In all States/Regions, males generally have slightly higher literacy levels than females. However, Chin State
has the largest difference in literacy rates between males and females, with a 16.6 percent difference,
while Yangon Region has the narrowest gap of 2.5 percent, followed by Tanintharyi Region with a gap of
3.3 percent (Figure 23).
Figure 23: Literacy levels by State/Region and sex
120
100
89.5 91.7
96.6
93.7 92.8 94.2 92.2 93.8
82.1
80
86.6
79.4
93.8 94.4
84.7
74.4
64.6
60
Male %
40
Female %
Both sexes
20
0
3. Myanmar’s literacy rate is equal to the average literacy rates for ASEAN countries
The adult literacy rate (age 15 and above) of 89.5 percent for Myanmar equals the average literacy rate
for the 10 member countries of ASEAN. Figure 24 compares the literacy rates of Myanmar with ASEAN
countries and other selected neighbours within the region.13
Figure 24: Literacy rates in ASEAN and other selected countries
Singapore
Philippines
Brunei
Thailand
Vietnam
Malaysia
Indonesia
Myanmar
Cambodia
Lao PDR
India
Bangladesh
Timor-Leste
95.9
95.4
95.4
93.5
93.4
93.1
92.8
89.5
73.9
72.7
62.8
59.0
58.3
%
-
13
19
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Source: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, 2014
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
B. School Attendance
4. The proportion of males and females currently attending school is almost equal
The Census data shows that the proportion of females aged 5 to 29 years currently attending school
follows a very similar pattern to that of males. Between the ages of 16 and 19, the proportion of females
attending school is marginally higher than that of males. See Figure 25.
Figure 25: Percentage of males and females currently attending school
90.0
80.0
70.0
%
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
-
Age
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Both sexes
Males
Females
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
20
Chapter 5: Economic Characteristics
The 2014 Census collected information on the economic activity status of all household members aged 10
years and over. However, for purposes of comparability with other countries as may become appropriate,
this chapter only presents information related to persons aged 15-64.
1. Labour Force Participation Rate for the population of working age (15-64) is 67 percent
The 2014 Census shows that the proportion of the population in the labour force among the population
aged between 15 and 64 years is 67.0 percent. The proportion of males in the labour force is much higher
(85.2%) than that of females (50.5%).
The labour force participation rate by age group among males remains almost flat between the age of 25
and 49 years, while the rate for women starts to gradually decline from age 20 onwards, which may be
attributed to women leaving the labour force due to marriage, child-bearing, child care, etc. (Figure 26).
Figure 26: Labour Force Participation Rate, males and females aged
15-64 years
100.00
90.00
80.00
Percentage
70.00
60.00
50.00
Union
40.00
Males
30.00
Females
20.00
10.00
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
2. The employment to population ratio is 64.4 percent
The census information further shows that the proportion of employed persons among persons aged 15
to 64 years is 64.4 percent. The employment-to-population ratio is much higher for males at 81.9 percent
and lower for females at 48.4 percent.
Figure 27 illustrates the employment to population ratio for males and females, by age group.
21
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
Percentage
Figure 27: Employment to population ratio for males and females aged
15 - 64 years
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Union
Males
Females
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
3. About 4 percent of the working age population is unemployed,14 according to the Census
The information provided by households during the census shows that the unemployment rate
for Myanmar at the time of the census was 4.0 percent for the population aged between 15 and 64
years. Unemployment rates for males and females were almost similar at 3.9 percent and 4.1 percent,
respectively. The unemployment rate is much higher than the Union average among young people (aged
15-29) at 7.7 percent.
Figure 28: Unemployment rate for males and females aged
15 - 64 years
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
%60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
Females
40 - 44
14
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
Males
Both sexes
“Unemployed” persons refer to those who had no work but were available to work, and were actively seeking a job during the
reference period, or at the time of the census enumeration.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
22
Chapter 6: Births
The 2014 Census collected information related to births among ever married women aged 15 and over.
1. Total Fertility Rate is 2.3 for all women and 4.03 for ever-married women
The Census information shows that the number of children a woman is likely to have if she lived from
age 15 to age 49 is 2.3. However, for women ever married and aged between 15 and 49, the number of
children is 4.03.
2. The Total Fertility Rate for Myanmar is close to the average of South East Asian countries
At the time of the Census, the Total Fertility Rate for all women aged 15-49 in Myanmar was slightly
lower than the average Total Fertility Rate of other countries in the South East Asia region, which was 2.5
children per woman.15
Figure 29: Comparison of Total Fertility Rate with selected countries in
South East Asia
Singapore
1.28
Thailand
1.41
Vietnam
1.75
Malaysia
1.98
Brunei
2.01
Bangladesh
2.2
Myanmar
2.3
Indonesia
2.35
India
2.5
Cambodia
2.89
Lao PDR
3.05
Timor-Leste
5.91
0
15
23
1
2
3
4
5
Source: United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
6
7
3. Age-specific fertility rates peak between age 25 and 29
The information provided by households during the census shows that women aged 15 to 49 have more
children when they are between the ages of 25 and 29. However, for ever-married women the fertility
peak is earlier, between the ages of 20 and 24. Figure 30 shows the age patterns of fertility for all women
and for ever-married women.
Figure 30: Age-specific fertility rates (ASFR)
Number of children
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
15-19
20-24
25-29
ASFR - All women
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
ASFR - Ever married women
4. Fertility rates for all women aged 15 to 49 are higher in rural areas than in urban areas
With regard to rural to urban fertility differentials, the Census information shows that the total fertility
rate for urban women is 1.8, while that of rural women is 2.5. Age-specific fertility rates follow the same
pattern for all ages, as shown in Figure 31.
Figure 31: Age-specific fertility rates (ASFR), urban and rural
Number of children
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
15-19
20-24
25-29
ASFR - All women
30-34
35-39
All women - Rural
40-44
45-49
All women - Urban
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
24
Chapter 7: Mortality
1. Life expectancy at birth is 66.8 years
Information from the Census shows that life expectancy at birth at the Union level is 66.8 years. Life
expectancy is higher in urban areas (72.1 years) than in rural areas (65.5 years). Life expectancy at birth
for males is 63.9 years while for females it is 69.9 years. Mon State has the highest life expectancy (71.7
years) followed by Yangon Region (71.2 years). Magway Region has the lowest life expectancy at birth, at
60.6 years, followed by Ayeyawady Region at 61.0 years.
Figure 32: Life expectancy at birth
74.0
71.7
72.0
70.0
68.9
66.7 67.3
68.0
66.0
67.1
68.0
66.7
66.1
64.7
63.6
64.0
62.0
71.2
67.2
66.6
61.0
60.6
60.0
58.0
56.0
54.0
2. Myanmar’s life expectancy is among the lowest in the region
When compared with life expectancies at birth for neighbouring countries and other countries in the
region, Myanmar ranks among the lowest.16 It is only higher than India, Laos PDR and Timor-Leste.
Figure 33: Life expectancies at birth for selected countries
Singapore
Brunei
Vietnam
Thailand
China
Malaysia
Cambodia
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Philippines
Myanmar
Timor-Leste
Lao PDR
India
83.0
77.0
76.0
75.0
75.0
74.0
72.0
71.0
70.0
69.0
66.8
66.0
66.0
66.0
-
16
25
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Source: United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
80.0
90.0
3. Infant mortality rate is at 62
The Census information shows that for every 1,000 live births, 62 infants die before reaching one year of
age, at the Union level. More infants die in Magway Region (89 per 1,000 live births) and in Ayeyawady
(87 per 1,000 live births). Mon State reported the lowest infant mortality rate at 43, followed by Yangon
Region with 44 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. This is presented in Figure 34.
4. Under-5 mortality rate is at 72
About 72 children die between birth and five years of age for every 1,000 live births, at the Union level.
Magway and Ayeyawady Regions have the highest Under-5 mortality rates with 108 and 105 deaths,
respectively, while Mon State and Yangon Region have the lowest with 48 and 50 deaths per 1,000 live
births, respectively.
Figure 34: Infant and Under-five mortality rates
120
108
100
80
60
90
72
62
61
53
72
62
70
60
76
89
84
70
60
71
105
72
62
87
66
57
75
65
48
43
50
44
70
60
73
63
40
20
0
IMR
U-5MR
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
26
Chapter 8: Disability
The Census collected information on the prevalence of disability in households. The types of disability
covered included seeing, hearing, walking and remembering/mental. It is generally recognised that
disability is a sensitive issue in many societies and, as such, the information collected on this topic is
usually under-reported. However, strategies were adopted to improve coverage and the quality of the
data collected.
1. Disability prevalence rate is at 4.6 percent
The Census information shows that 4.6 percent of the population reported some form of disability.
Disability prevalence starts to increase at the age of 40 and rises sharply after age 65. It follows a similar
pattern and level for both males and females in all age groups, except after age 80 where females report
slightly higher disability rates.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
90 +
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
Females
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
Males
55 - 59
50 - 54
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
45 - 49
Both sexes
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4
27
Figure 35: Disability prevalence rate among males and females
2. The highest rates of disability are in Ayeyawady Region and Chin State
Information provided by households during the Census shows that Ayeyawady Region and Chin State
reported higher rates of disability at 7.6 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively, while Nay Pyi Taw registered
lower rates at 3.2 percent, followed by Sagaing Region and Mandalay Region at 3.3 percent, respectively.
Figure 36: Disability prevalence rate by State/Region
9.0
7.4
8.0
6.6
7.0
6.0
5.0
7.6
7.0
5.8
4.6
4.0
5.3
5.2
5.3
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.9
3.2
3.0
2.0
1.0
Nay Pyi Taw
Ayeyawady
Shan
Yangon
Rakhine
Mon
Mandalay
Magway
Bago
Tanintharyi
Sagaing
Chin
Kayin
Kayah
Kachin
Union
-
%
3. The most common form of disability is seeing difficulties
Among all persons that reported some form of disability, 54.1 percent had difficulties seeing. Up to 41.4
percent had difficulties walking, while 36.2 percent reported difficulties remembering. About 29.1 percent
of those with a disability reported difficulties hearing.
Out of the total population counted during the Census, 2.5 percent reported having difficulties seeing;
1.3 percent had difficulties hearing; 1.9 percent had difficulties walking; while 1.7 percent had difficulties
remembering.
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
28
Chapter 9: Housing Conditions and Household Amenities
The 2014 Census also collected information related to housing conditions and household amenities which
will be useful for informing policy makers about key aspects of the standard of living of the people of
Myanmar.
A. Ownership of Housing Unit
1. The proportion of house ownership is 86 percent
The information collected during the Census shows that a large majority of housing units (conventional
households only) are privately owned. Rented houses rank second at 7 percent while 3 percent of housing
is provided by the Government.
Figure 37: Ownership of housing unit
Provided free
2%
Government
quarters
3%
Renting
7%
Other
1%
Private company
quarters
1%
Owner
86%
2. Up to 79 percent of housing units are made from wood or bamboo
29
Percent
The 2014 Census shows that a large proportion of housing units in Myanmar are made of wood or bamboo.
Up to 42.7 percent of housing units in rural areas are constructed from bamboo, while the proportion of
bamboo houses in urban areas is 23.6 percent (Figure 38).
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Figure 38: Type of housing by rural and urban
Apartment/
Bungalow/ Semi-pacca
Flat/
Condominiu Brick house
house
Condominium
m
Wooden
house
Bamboo
Hut 2-3
years
Hut 1 year
Other
Union (%)
4.49
6.79
6.54
41.21
37.37
1.90
0.89
0.82
Urban (%)
12.36
13.30
11.00
37.43
23.62
0.84
0.49
0.96
Rural (%)
1.43
4.25
4.80
42.68
42.73
2.31
1.04
0.77
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
B. Sources of Energy
1. About 32 percent of households use electricity for lighting
The Census information shows that the proportion of households that use electricity for lighting is 32.4
percent. In terms of urban and rural differentials, 77.5 percent of households in urban areas reported
using electricity for lighting, while the proportion of rural households is 14.9 percent.
Figure 39: Source of lighting in Urban and Rural Areas
90.0
80.0
Percentage
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
Electricity
Kerosene
Candle
Battery
Generator
(private)
Water mill
(private)
Solar
system/
energy
Other
Union (%)
32.4
8.1
20.7
16.9
9.3
1.6
8.7
2.2
Urban (%)
77.5
0.5
7.2
6.3
5.8
0.8
1.4
0.5
Rural (%)
14.9
11.0
26.0
21.1
10.7
1.9
11.5
2.9
2. The highest proportion of households with electricity is in Yangon
The Census information shows that the State or Region with the highest proportion of households that
use electricity for lighting is Yangon (69.3 percent). The lowest proportion is in Tanintharyi Region, with
8.0 percent of households using electricity for lighting.
Figure 40: Percentage of households that use electricity for lighting,
by State/Region
69.3
48.6
32.4 30.3
39.4
26.9
27.7
24.2
15.4
8.0
42.6
35.7
33.4
22.7
12.8
12.0
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
30
31
Figure 41: Percentage of households using electricity for lighting by State/Region
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
3. Up to 81 percent of households use wood related fuels for cooking
About 69 percent of households in Myanmar use firewood for cooking. Electricity is used for cooking
by 16 percent of households, while 12 percent use charcoal. Altogether 81 percent of households in
Myanmar use wood related sources of fuel for cooking.
Up to 86 percent of households in rural areas use firewood for cooking and only 5.6 percent use electricity.
In urban areas, up to 52 percent of households use either firewood or charcoal for cooking.
Figure 42: Source of fuel for cooking
Charcoal
12%
Other
2%
Electricity
16%
Firewood
69%
LPG
0.4%
Kerosene
0.2%
BioGas
0.3%
Percent
Figure 43: Source of fuel for cooking in Urban and Rural areas
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
-
Electricity
LPG
Kerosene
BioGas
Firewood
Charcoal
Other
Urban (%)
44.0
1.4
0.0
0.7
25.6
26.5
1.7
Rural (%)
5.6
0.1
0.3
0.1
86.2
6.1
1.6
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
32
33
Figure 44: Percentage of households that use Charcoal or Firewood as fuel for cooking by State/Region
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
C. Sources of Water
1. About 31 percent of households use a tube well or borehole as a main source of drinking water
About 31.4 percent of households reported using water from a tube well or a borehole as their main
source of drinking water. About 9 percent of households use tap water for drinking, while 18.9 percent of
households use a protected well or spring as a source of water for drinking.
Figure 45: Sources of water for drinking, Union
Percent
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
Tap water/
Piped
Tube well,
borehole
Protected
well/ Spring
Unprotected
well/ Spring
Pool/ Pond/
Lake
River/
stream/
canal
Waterfall/
Rain water
Bottled
water/
Water
purifier
Tanker/
Truck
Other
9.0
31.4
18.9
5.3
12.3
7.5
3.1
10.2
0.5
1.8
Households (%)
2. About 31 percent of households in urban areas use water purifiers or bottled water
The main source of drinking water for urban households is water purifiers or bottled water (31.3 percent),
while 32.8 percent of households in rural areas use tube wells or boreholes as a source of water for
drinking.
Figure 46: Sources of water for drinking in rural and urban areas
35.0
30.0
Percent
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
Pool/ Pond/
Lake
River/
stream/ canal
Waterfall/
Rain water
Bottled
water/ Water Tanker/ Truck
purifier
Tap water/
Piped
Tube well,
borehole
Protected
well/ Spring
Unprotected
well/ Spring
Urban (%)
16.0
27.9
11.5
1.8
6.0
1.8
0.8
31.3
1.2
1.6
Rural (%)
6.2
32.8
21.8
6.7
14.7
9.7
4.0
2.0
0.2
1.9
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
Other
34
3. About 70 percent of households in Myanmar use improved sources of drinking water17
About 70 percent of households in Myanmar reported using improved sources of drinking water (piped
water, tube well/borehole, protected well/spring, or bottled water/purifier).
At the State/Region level, Rakhine State reported by far the lowest proportion of households using
improved sources of drinking water (38 percent) while Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay and Sagaing reported the
highest proportions at 88 percent, 86 percent and 81 percent, respectively.
30.5
23.4
41.7
36.0
29.8
18.9
36.4
26.4
23.4
14.4
31.0
62.3
22.7
45.3
49.7
12.3
69.5
76.6
58.3
64.0
70.2
81.1
63.6
73.6
76.6
85.6
69.0
37.7
77.3
54.7
50.3
87.7
Union
Kachin
Kayah
Kayin
Chin
Sagaing
Tanintharyi
Bago
Magway
Mandalay
Mon
Rakhine
Yangon
Shan
Ayeyawady
Nay Pyi Taw
Figure 47: Proportion of households with access to improved sources of
drinking water, by State/Region
Improved
17
35
Unimproved
Definition of “Improved Water Source” has been adapted from the official site of MDG Indicators
(http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=30)
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
D. Toilet Facilities
The 2014 Census collected information on the type of toilet facilities that are available for households.
1. About 74 percent of households have improved sanitation facilities (toilet facilities)18
According to information provided by households during the census, 74.3 percent of households had
toilet facilities that were either a flush toilet or a water seal (improved pit latrine). These two are classified
as improved toilet facilities. The remaining households reported having traditional pit latrines, bucket
surface latrines, other forms of latrines or no latrines at all.
Yangon Region reported the highest proportion of households with improved sanitation facilities at 91.1
percent, followed by Kayah State at 88.5 percent. Rakhine State recorded by far the lowest proportion
of households with improved sanitation facilities at 31.8 percent, followed by Shan State at 63.8 percent
(Figure 48).
Figure 48: Proportion of households with improved sanitation
facilities, by State/Region
UNION
Kachin
Kayah
Kayin
Chin
Sagaing
Tanintharyi
Bago
Magway
Mandalay
Mon
Rakhine
Yangon
Shan
Ayeyawady
Nay Pyi Taw
74.3
85.5
88.5
68.9
74.6
71.6
66.6
74.7
68.4
79.8
78.7
31.8
91.1
63.8
74.9
87.2
-
18
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Definition of “Improved Sanitation Facilities” has been adapted from the official site of MDG Indicators
(http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx)
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
36
37
Figure 49: Perecentage of households with improved sanitation facilities by State and Region
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
2. About 14 percent of households have no toilet facilities
Notably, 14.4 percent of households reported having no toilet facilities at all, and about 19 percent of
these were in rural areas. Furthermore, only 0.9 percent of households in rural areas have a flush toilet,
while 5.2 percent of urban households have a flush toilet.
Percent
Figure 50: Distribution of toilet facilities by Urban/Rural
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
Flush
Water seal
(Improved
pit latrine)
Pit
(Traditional
pit latrine)
Bucket
(Surface
latrine)
Other
None
Union (%)
2.1
72.2
7.9
2.7
0.8
14.4
Urban (%)
5.2
87.1
3.8
1.0
0.3
2.6
Rural (%)
0.9
66.4
9.4
3.3
1.0
19.0
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
38
E. Communication Facilities
The 2014 Census collected information on the availability of selected communication facilities in
households. This information is important for understanding the most common channels that can be used
for disseminating important messages to the population, and the extent to which people have access to
information.
1. About 50 percent of households have a television and 33 percent have a mobile phone
Information from the census shows that 49.5 percent of households have a television. 76 percent of
households have a television in urban areas while the proportion for rural areas is close to 40 percent.
At the Union level, 33 percent of households have mobile phones. Up to 63.5 percent of households
in urban areas reported the availability of a mobile phone, while the proportion for rural areas was 21
percent. There were more households with internet than computers which suggests that some households
use mobile phones to access the internet.
39
Figure 51: Availability of communication amenities
80.0
70.0
Percent
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
Radio
Television
Landline
phone
Mobile
phone
Computer
Internet at
home
Union (%)
35.5
49.5
4.8
32.9
3.5
6.2
Urban (%)
27.2
75.8
9.4
63.5
10.2
17.0
Rural (%)
38.8
39.2
3.1
21.0
0.8
2.0
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
F. Transportation Equipment
The 2014 Census collected information on the availability of selected transportation equipment in
households across the country.
1. About 39 percent of all households have a motorcycle
The census shows that 38.7 percent of all households have a motorcycle or moped. About 36 percent
have a bicycle and 3.1 percent have a car, truck or van.
Percent
Figure 52: Availability of Transportation Equipment by Urban/Rural
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
-
Canoe/
Canoe/Boa
Motor boat
Boat
t
Car/Truck/
Van
Motorcycle
/ Moped
Bicycle
4-Wheel
tractor
Cart
(bullock)
Union (%)
3.1
38.7
35.9
2.5
3.9
2.2
21.6
Urban (%)
8.1
41.2
46.9
1.4
0.6
0.5
2.5
Rural (%)
1.2
37.7
31.7
2.9
5.1
2.8
29.1
2. About 70 percent of households with motorcycles are in rural areas
Information from the Census shows that 72 percent of households with cars, trucks and vans are in urban
areas, while 28 percent are in rural areas. Among households with motorcycles and mopeds, 70.2 percent
are in rural areas while only 29.8 percent are in urban areas.
Figure 53: Distribution of available transportation equipment by
Rural/Urban
120.0
100.0
Percent
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
-
Car/Truck/
Van
Motorcycle
/ Moped
Bicycle
4-Wheel
tractor
Canoe/Boat
Motor boat
Cart
(bullock)
Urban (%)
72.3
29.8
36.6
15.8
4.3
6.4
3.2
Rural (%)
27.7
70.2
63.4
84.2
95.7
93.6
96.8
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
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Concluding Remarks: Data Use and Data Access
The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census provides a wealth of valuable demographic and socio-economic
information, which is essential for informed decision-making at all levels. Census information is an important tool
for development planners, policy makers and sectoral authorities at the Union, State/Region, District and Township
levels, both in the public and private sectors, to enable them to better understand the socio-economic profiles of
the intended beneficiaries of their programmes and projects and to maximise the impact of their interventions.
The data generated from the 2014 Census is vital for addressing the statistical and information needs of the
central, regional and local governments, parliamentarians, ethnic groups, interest groups, businesses, researchers,
students, the media and the public at large. The Census information is an indispensable building block for the ongoing political and socio-economic transition in Myanmar, as well as for mapping the short, medium and long term
development needs of the country.
In addition, the 2014 Census provides the necessary information for addressing the needs of special population
groups in Myanmar, particularly those of women and girls, children, young people, people with disabilities, the
elderly and other marginalised populations. Social researchers and other stakeholders are encouraged to conduct
further analysis of the socio-economic variables collected by the census to highlight the structural and social
relations of the people of Myanmar that need to be addressed in order to improve the overall welfare of the
population and reduce inequities where these exist.
The Department of Population, with assistance from UNFPA and the World Bank, has developed a National Sampling
Frame based on the 2014 Census data. This Sampling Frame provides an up-to-date, nation-wide, accurate and
adequate listing of sampling units that can be used for large and small surveys in the country. Research institutions
and organisations are encouraged to use the Sampling Frame for their surveys in order to reduce time and financial
costs, while at the same time improving the quality of their samples. The sampling frame may be requested from
the Department of Population.
More information on the 2014 Census can be obtained from the Department of Population at the address below.
Individuals and institutions interested in specific information or data that has not been presented in any of the
printed or electronic products may officially request such information from the Department of Population. The
Department of Population will evaluate such requests and, where merited, provide the data if available.
41
The Department of Population
Ministry of Immigration and Population
Office number 48, Nay Pyi Taw
Tel: +95 67 431 062
www.dop.gov.mm
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
References
1. Provisional Results; Census Report Volume (1): 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census:
Ministry of Immigration and Population, Republic of The Union of Myanmar, August 2014
2. The 1983 Population Census Report, Burma: Immigration and Manpower Department.
The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs
3. The 1973 Population Census Report (Union) – Myanmar version: Immigration and Manpower
Department. The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs
4. Overview of the Results of the 2010 Population Census; Population and Households of Japan, 2010:
Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, July 2013
5. Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Series M No 67/Rev. 2;
United Nations (2008)
6. Population, An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Tenth Edition, San Diego State University;
John R. Weeks (2008)
7. The Methods and Materials of Demography, Condensed Edition; Shyrock Henry S (1976).
8. Manual for the Development of Statistical Information for Disability Programmes and Policies.
Statistics Population Groups, No. 8. Sales No. E. 96.XVII.4, United Nations (1996)
9. Country Report on 2007 Fertility and Reproductive Health Survey, Department of Population,
Ministry of Immigration and Population, Union of Myanmar
10. Step-by-Step Guide to the Estimation of Child Mortality; Department of International Economic and
Social Affairs, Population Studies No. 107; United Nations New York 1990
Census Report Volume 2–A (Highlights)
42
The Main Results
can be downloaded at:
www.dop.gov.mm
To find out more information visit:
orwww.dop.gov.mm
http://myanmar.unfpa.org/census
http://myanmar.unfpa.org/census