1
Innovations
1 Eureka!
Starthere
1 Workinpairs.Talkaboutaccidentaldiscoveriesorinventions
inscienceortechnologywhichyouhaveheardabout.
Example:1 Alexander Fleming was growing some bacteria in his
lab when some penicillium fungus fell on the bacteria and killed
them. That is how he accidentally discovered antibiotics.
Task
2 Workinpairs.Matchthenotes1–6withtheaccidental
discoveries.
X-ray vulcanisedrubber safetyglass 1
2
3
4
5
6
inkjetprinter co-ordinategeometry antibiotics 1
AlexanderFleming–growsbacteriainlab–penicillium
fungusfallsonbacteria–funguskillsthem
CharlesGoodyear–workswithrawrubberpowder
containingsulphur–brushespowderoffhands–powder
fallsontohotstove–formstoughelasticsubstance
ReneDescartes–watchesinsectflyingaroundroom–
realiseshecanspecifyinsect’spositionin3Dspaceas–
distancefromtwowallsandceiling
WilhelmRoentgen–projectslightfromcathoderay
generatorontowall–seesoutlineofbonesofownhandon
wall
IchiroEndo,engineer–workswithahotironandasyringe
fullofink–touchesneckofsyringewithiron–forcesink
out
EdouardBenedictus–putsawayglassflask–flask
containsliquidplastic–dropsflaskonfloor–flaskdoesn’t
break–thinplasticfilmholdspiecestogether
3 Describetheaccidentaldiscoveriesoutlinedinthenotes
in2.Usethepastcontinuousandthepastsimpletenseswhere
appropriate.
Language
page 101
Example:1–seetheexamplein1.
Writing
4 Writeaboutthediscoveriesandinventionsyoutalkedabout
in1,usingthepastsimpleandcontinuous.Followtheexample
in1.
Scanning
5 Practiseyourspeedreading.LookfortheinformationyouneedontheSPEEDSEARCH
pages(116–117).Trytobefirsttocompletethistext.
Wedon’tknowifArchimedesreallysteppedintohisbathandshouted‘Eureka!’
(‘I’vediscoveredit!’)whenthewaterlevel(1)
.Butwedoknowthathe
discoveredthatabodyimmersedinfluidexperiencesa(2)
forceequal
totheweightoftheliquiddisplaced.WealsoknowthatArchimedesinventedthe
(3)
andthe(4)
.
4
1
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Listening
6
02 Listentothistalkandchoosethepicturethat
illustrateswhatJaap(Will’scolleague)waslookingatwhenhe
hadhiseurekamoment.
7 Listenagainandanswerthesequestions.
1
2
3
4
5
Speaking
8 Inthequestionandanswersessionafterhistalk,Willgives
theseanswers.Writedownthequestionsthatwereasked.Then
practisethequestionsandanswersinpairs.
Language
page 102
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
WhatisWill’s(thespeaker’s)jobtitleathispetroleum
companyinBrunei?
Whatproblemhasthespeakerbeentryingtosolveforthe
lastfewyears?
WhatwashappeningwhenJaapsuddenlyhadhiseureka
moment?
WhatwasthenameofthetypeofdrillthatJaapandhis
teaminventedasaresult?
HowdoesthisnewdrillsolveWill’sproblem?
Language
Well,Iwouldsaythatthemainreasonforusingsnakewell
technologyismainlyeconomic.Snakewellsallowustoget
moreoiloutofasinglefield.
Yes,itdoes.Thetechnologyhasaverybigenvironmental
benefit,becausesnakewellsmeanthatyoucanbuildfewer
oilplatformsanddolessdrilling.
Yes,weare.We’reusingitrightnow,atthisverymoment.
Wehaveanumberofsnakewellsinoperationoffthecoast
ofBrunei.
Well,mostoftheoilintheBruneifieldisbetween2,000and
4,000metresbelowtheseabed,Ithink.
We’vebeendrillingsnakewellsofftheBruneicoastsince
2005.
Well,ourcompanyfirststartedexploringtheBruneifielda
longtimeago.Ibelievethefirstsurveywasinthe1980s.
Yes,wehave.Inadditiontothesnakewell,we’vebeen
developingasystemofsensorsthattransmitdatafromthe
drillbitbacktocomputersonthesurface.
Well,Idon’tknowexactlywhatmynextprojectisgoing
tobe!MaybeI’lldrillasnakewelloffthecoastofNigeria.
Present perfect continuous
How long
have
Our company Speaking
you
has
been
using
snake wells?
them since 2005.
9 Workinpairs.Taketurnstoacttherolesofareporterandanoilcompany
representative.Whenyouarethereporter,usethepresentperfectcontinuousinyour
firstquestionabouteachproject,andthenfollowupwithdifferenttypesofquestions.
StudentA:Turntopage115.StudentB:Turntopage113.
1 Oil sands, Canada: how long? surface / underground
mining? area project covers? kind of oil extracted?
extracted oil converted into …? expected length of
project?
2 Drilling for gas, Russia: how long? based where in
Russia? onshore / offshore? gas converted into ...?
meaning of ‘LNG’? future exports to ...? expected
production (tonnes)?
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2 Smartwells
Starthere
1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsabouttheillustrationbelow.Makenotes.
1
2
Whataretheadvantagesofthismethodofoilextractioncomparedwithvertical
wells?
Howdoyouthinkcomputersareusedinthismethod?
‘Snake’ well system below seabed
‘Snake’ wells connect pockets
of oil that stretch for up to
3 miles under the seabed.
seabed
gas
oil
Valves and seals are located
in the oil pockets so they can
be isolated if they start to pump
too much gas or water.
Reading
OIL FIELDS
10
15
6
Ifanoilcompanydiscoversalargesingle
reservoir of oil and gas, the solution is
simple: drill a vertical well down to the
reservoir and bring up the oil. But what
can be done when an oilfield consists
of hundreds or even thousands of small,
isolated pockets of oil? It would be too
expensive to drill hundreds of vertical
wellstoreachallthesmallpockets.
Theinnovativesolutiontothisproblem
isthe‘snakewell’.Unliketheconventional
verticalwell,thisisahorizontalwellthat
weaveslaterallybackandforthacrossa
numberofoil-containingzones.Guidedby
smarttechnology,asinglesnakewellcan
1
gas
oil
water
2 Readthisarticleandcheckthenotesyoumadein1.
SMART
5
oil
20
25
30
35
accessmultiplepocketsofoilandachieve
output equivalent to several individual
wells, which has the dual advantage of
reducingcostandensuringthatnooilis
overlooked.
Asnakewellusessteerabledrillsthat
can be positioned with great accuracy.
Special imaging software generates
detailedcomputermodelsofunderground
geologyandreservoirs.Thisenablesdrills
tohitatargetfarundergroundthatisless
thantwometresacross.
Located90kmoffthecoastofBrunei,the
ChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagship
projectusingSmartFieldstechnology.For
30years,ChampionWestlaydormant,its
rich oil reserves locked 2,000 to 4,000 m
beneaththeseabedinacomplexwebof
smallreservoirs(seeillustrationabove).
In the past, these small pockets of
oil were too expensive to develop. But
now Champion West has been changed
into one of the world’s most advanced
oil and gas fields by means of Smart
40
45
50
55
60
Fields technology and new drilling
techniques.
BurieddeepbeneathChampionWest’s
seabed,sensorsrelaydigitalinformation
about temperature, pressure and other
factors to control centres on land by
meansofanetworkoffibre-opticcables.
This enables continuous monitoring
of production, and engineers can make
speedydecisionsonhowbesttoextract
the maximum amount of oil, monitor
its movement within the reservoir and
instantly notice production problems,
suchasblockages.
Theycantakeactiontosolveproblems,
for example by the remote electronic
activationofhydraulicwellvalves.Ifgas
orwaterthreatenstobreakintothewell,
forexample,thevalveforthatsectioncan
be closed down using a remote control.
Swellable seals are used to isolate the
zonesfromoneanother,andpreventfluid
from one zone from flowing into another
adjacentzone.
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3 Answerthesequestionsaboutthearticle.
1 Whatarethetwomaineconomicreasonsfordrillingasnakewell?
2 Howaccurateisthedrillofasnakewellwhenitisguidedremotely?
3 ForhowlongwastheChampionWestoilfieldleftunusedfollowingthediscovery
ofoilthere?Whywasitleftunused?
4 Howisdataaboutconditionsinsidethesnakewelltransmittedtothesurface?
5 Howdoengineersstoptheoilinthewellbeingcontaminatedwithwaterorgas?
4 Matchthereferencewords1–6fromthearticlewiththecorrectwordsorideasa–j
thattheyreferto.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Vocabulary
Language
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
increasedoutputfrommanyoilzones
conventionalverticalwell
engineers
snakewell
blockages
transmissionofdata
computermodelgeneration
undergroundreservoir
steerabledrills
networkofcables
5 Matchthesewordsorphraseswiththeirsynonyms(inbold)inthearticlein2.
1
2
3
4
5
this(line12)
which(line18)
that(line21)
This(line25)
This(line47)
They(line54)
capableofbeingexpanded
complicated
capableofbeingguided
neighbouring
normal
6
7
8
9
10
havingtwoparts
trapped
separatedfromoneanother
horizontallysideways
equalinvalue
Linking (past participial phrase)
Thepast participlealonecansometimesreplacesubject + passive verb.Itmakesthe
textmoreconcise.
• The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship
project …(=The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)
Thepastparticiplecanalsobeplacedatthebeginningofasentence.Findthese
examplesinthetextin2:
• Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagship
project…
• Guided by smart technology,asinglesnakewellcanaccesspocketsofoil…
• Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed,sensorsrelaydigitalinformation…
Notethattheparticiplemusthavethesamesubjectastheverbinthemainclause.
6 Jointheinformationineachnoteintoasinglesentenceinasimilarway.Begineach
sentencewiththepastparticipleinitalics.
Example:1 Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.
1
2
3
4
5
6
theoilisisolatedinsmallpockets+itcan’tbeextractedusingverticalwells
thesensorsareconnectedbyfibre-opticcable+theycollectdatafrominsidethe
snakewell
thedrillsareguidedbyremotecontrollers+theycanhitatargetonly2mwide
theoilislocked4,000mbeneaththeseabed+itcouldn’tbeextractedfor30years
thesensorsareattachedtothedrillbit+theyallowcontrollerstoguidethedrill
thesoftwarewasdevelopedbyGeoSolutions+itgeneratescomputermodelsof
thegeology
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3 Lasers
Starthere
1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsandmakenotes.Thenshareyourideaswith
therestoftheclass.
1
2
WhatdoesLASERstandfor?
by Stimulated of
Studythediagramsbelow.Whatarethethreemaindifferencesbetweenordinary
lightandlaserlight?Usesomeofthewordsandphrasesinthebox.
An ordinary light beam
A laser beam
Laser
Torch
laser light amplification stimulated emission of radiation organised disorganised directional in one direction in all directions coherent concentrated photon 03
colours of the spectrum wavelength Listening
2
04 Listentopartofatalkaboutlasers.Matchthewordsintheboxwiththe
labels1–8inthediagramonthenextpage.
ruby crystal atom light tube mirror power source photon laser beam partial mirror
8
1
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2
3
4
5
8
6
7
1
3 Workinpairsorsmallgroups.Beforeyoulistentothenextpartofthetalk,putthese
notesintothebestorder.
Note:Theeightitemsinthenotescorrespondtotheeightpointsinthediagramabove.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
4
escapingphotonsformapowerfullaserbeam
atomabsorbsphoton–getsexcited–calmsdown–emitsnewphoton
tubeflasheson/offrapidly–pumpsenergy(photons)intocrystal
partialmirrorlets1%ofphotonsescape
powersourcemakestubeflashon/off 1
newphotonhitsexcitedatom–atomemitstwophotons(insteadofone)
photonsarereflectedbymirroralonginsideofcrystal
newphotonstravelinsidecrystalatspeedoflight
05 Listentothenextpartofthetalk,andcheckyouranswersto3.
5 Listenagainandtickthephrasesthatyouhear.(Note:Xisanumber,andAis
someone’sname.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ahasbeenexplaining
let’smoveontothenextsectionofthetalk
ifyoulookatpointXonthediagram,youwillsee
wecannowturntothenextpartofthetalk
asyoucanseeinpointXonthediagram
IthinkI’vecoveredthemainpoints
I’llnowaskAtotakeover
nowI’mgoingtohandovertoA
6 Groupthephrasesfrom5undertheseheadings.
Movingtothenexttopic
Handingovertothenextspeaker
Speaking
Referringtotheprevioustopic(s)
Referringtoavisual
7 Workingroupstoprepareatalkonlasers.Divideintothreesub-groupsandprepare
onesectionofthetalkwithyoursub-group.Thenreturntothemaingrouptofinalise
thetalk.
Sub-groupA:Laserlight–abriefexplanation
Sub-groupB:Thebasiccomponentsofalasermachine
Sub-groupC:Howalasermachineworks
8 Giveyourtalktoanothergroup.Usephrasesfrom5tosignpostthesectionsofthe
talk,torefertothediagramandtohandovertothenextsub-group.Inviteandanswer
questionsfromtheaudience.
Writing
9 Writeadescriptionofhowalasermachineworks,referringtothediagramabove.Use
pastparticipialphraseswherepossible.
Begin:Here is a brief outline of how a laser machine works. First of all, the high-voltage
power source, located below the ruby crystal, makes the tube flash on and off rapidly.
These flashes inject particles of light, known as ‘photons’, into the ruby crystal. …
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