"
! This report was prepared for the consideration of the Administrative Conference of the United States. The views
expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the members of the Conference or its
committees except where formal recommendations of the Conference are cited.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
3
II. ONAC'S Activities in Noise Effects Research and Criteria
4
III. Physical Properties and Measurement of Sound
5
A. Physical Properties
5
B. Instrumentation
5
C. Measurement and Descriptors
5
IV. Noise in America
6
A. Population Trends
6
B. Noise Sources
6
1. Road traffic noise
6
2. Aircraft noise
7
3. Noise from railroads
8
4. Construction noise
8
5. Noise in industry
8
6. Noise in buildings
9
7. Noise from consumer products
9
C. Numbers of People Exposed to Noise
10
D. Summary: Noise in America
12
V. Effects of Noise
A. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
14
14
1. Extent of noise-induced hearing loss from environmental sources
14
2. The handicap of noise-induced hearing loss
15
3. The study of noise-induced hearing loss
15
4. Risk of hearing impairment from continuous noise
16
5. Varying and intermittent noise
16
6. Impulse noise
17
7. Susceptibility
17
8. Interactions with other agents
17
9. Hearing protectors
18
10. Summary: Noise-induced hearing loss
18
B. Interference With Communication
18
1. Prediction of speech interference
19
2. Criteria for speech and warning signals
19
3. The effect of hearing protectors on speech and warning signal perception20
4. Scholastic performance
20
5. Summary: Interference with communication
21
C. Effects of Noise on Sleep
21
1. Assessing sleep disturbance
21
2. Criteria for sleep interference
22
3. After-effects and habituation
22
4. Summary: Effects of noise on sleep
22
D. Effects on Performance and Behavior
23
1. Sensory and motor effects
23
2. Noise variables
23
3. Task variables
24
4. After-effects
24
5. Effects of noise on social behavior
24
6. Summary: Effects on performance and behavior
25
E. Extra-Auditory Health Effects
25
1. Theoretical basis
25
2. Effects on blood pressure
26
3. Effects on blood chemistry
27
4. Interactions
27
5. Other adverse effects
27
6. Summary: Extra-auditory effects
28
F. Annoyance
28
1. Predicting annoyance for public policy purposes
28
2. Metrics
29
3. Criteria
29
4. Sources
31
5. Nonacoustics variables
33
6. Habituation
33
8. Summary: Annoyance
34
VI. Conclusions
34
I. Introduction
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49-*7*D*(984+34.8*8:(-&881**5).87:59.439-*2&80.3,4+85**(-&3)9*1*;.8.43&3)9-*.3
&'.1.9>94*3/4>43*B85745*79>471*.8:7*9.2*&184.25&.79-*6:&1.9>4+1.+*3&)).9.4334.8*(&3
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II. ONAC'S Activities in Noise Effects Research and Criteria
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9-4:,-842*<-&9)&9*)&7*89.117*&)&3)7*+*7*3(*)94)&>*(&:8*&(438.)*7&'1*&24:394+7*
8*&7(-.39-.8&7*&-&8'**3(43):(9*)4;*79-*5&89)*(&)*89-*8*)4(:2*398<4:1)'*3*C9
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;*89.,&9.4384+9-*58>(-414,.(&1&3)5->8.414,.(&1*D*(984+34.8*43-:2&38&3)9-**D*(984+
34.8*43&3.2&185574=.2&9*1>
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III. Physical Properties and Measurement of Sound
A. Physical Properties
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,.+0#-"+,)--(+ +')+,,.+%/%,&%%#'+,#'#%,'+)+,'-%+!#'
+,#',(.''+!2"'#%%2'#'+,( +)+,'-,(.%#'!( ,(.''+!2'
'#'+,( +)+,'-,-' (%#'+,"+"(0/+)+#/,#'+,,
(.%#'!( %(.',,
'(-"+#&)(+-'-,)-#,-".+-#('( -",(.''-"02#-#,#,-+#.-#'-#&('
-#'.(.,,(.',"/%#--%(+'(/+#-#('#'-#&/+2#'!,(.',"/#8+#'!&1#&.&%/%,
(/+)+#(( -#&#'-+&#--'-,(.',+#'-+,)+,0#-"*.#-)+#(,'#&).%,#/
,(.',+"+-+#32+%-#/%2"#!",(.'%/%,'/+2,"(+-.+-#(',
"8-,( '(#,+-+&#'&#'%22-".+-#(''%/%( -"'(#,.--"2+%,(
#'7.'2-" +*.'2('!%,-#'!"#!"%/%,(.',+-"&(,-&!#'!-("+#'!'
!'+%%2-"&(,-''(2#'!#!" +*.'2,(.',-'-(&(+"3+(.,-("+#'!'
&(+''(2#'!-"'%(0 +*.'2,(.',"02,(.',+#,-+#.-#'-#&#,%,(#&)(+
-'-#'-"-#'-+&#--'-,(.',))+-(,(&0"-%,,&!#'!-("+#'!-"'('-#'.(.,
,(.',.,( -"+5,#%#-2-(+!'+-.+#'!-"#'-+/'#'!*.#-)+#(,(0/+#'
-+&#--'-'#&).%,#/,(.',-'-(&(+''(2#'!.,( -"#+.')+#-#%#-2
B. Instrumentation
"#',-+.&'- (+&,.+#'!'(#,#,-",#,(.'%/%&-+(+'.&+( #-,+#/-#/,
#'%.#'!'(#,(,&-+,.,.%%2%%(,#&-+,#'-!+-#'!,(.'%/%&-+,!+)"#%/%
+(++,'(&&.'#-2'(#,'%23+,&)+(/&'-,#'%%( -",#',-+.&'-,"/-$'
)%.+#'!-"%,-"#,#,,)#%%2-+.( -"(&).-+#3(,#&-+,'#'-!+-#'!
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",#',-+.&'-,+'(0%-(&,.+(/+/+20#2'&#+'!,'-(
&,.+#&).%,#/,(.',0#-""#!"!+( .+2
C. Measurement and Descriptors
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-"&,.+&'-)+(,,2 +-"&(,- +*.'-%2.,6%-+#,-"0#!"-#'!'-0(+$0"#"
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#-+(03/+##/&6301'+45*'%0..6/+5:/0+4''26+7#-'/5-'7'-8*+%*+/%03103#5'4#&
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1-'.'/5505*'#/&5*''2(03%*#3#%5'3+;+/)4+/)-''7'/54
IV. Noise in America
A. Population Trends
*'!1016-#5+0/*#4+/%3'#4'&#/#7'3#)'0(
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5+0//#&&+5+0//0+4'4063%'4#11'#350$'.6-5+1-:+/)#5#(#45'31#%'5*#/5*'1016-#5+0/
B. Noise Sources
+)63'(30.<44+.1-+='&7'34+0/0(5*''7'-40%6.'/5305'%5+7'0+4''7'-44*0845*'
3#/)'0(406/&-'7'-4(0340.'%0..0//0+4'4063%'4045-'#&+/)/0+4'4063%'48+--
(#--+/505*'(0--08+/)%#5')03+'430#&53#?%#+3%3#(53#+-30#&4%0/4536%5+0/+/&6453:/0+4'+/
$6+-&+/)4#/&%0/46.'3130&6%54
1. Road traffic noise
/+54'7'-40%6.'/5'45+.#5'&5*#530#&53#?%/0+4'8#45*'-'#&+/)4063%'0(
%0..6/+5:/0+4'<4%0/53#%5034(06/&5*#550$'536'+/#/&5*'3'+4-+55-'
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36%,53#/41035#5+0/#4#%0/7'/+'/5#/&'%0/0.+%#-.'#/40(.07+/)3#8.#5'3+#-4#/&%0/
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1-'#505#-
0(.+--+0/536%,45*'3'3')+45'3'&+/5*'!+/ *#5/6.$'3)3'850.+-
-+0/+/#/+/%3'#4'0(#$0651'3%'/5.'3+%#/ 36%,+/)440%
*'&#:/+)*5#7'3#)'406/&-'7'-#11'#3450$'1301035+0/#-505*'-0)0(1016-#5+0/&'/4+5:+/
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Typical Range of Common Sounds
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2. Aircraft noise
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, +5-*+, *!$$!'&&!$$!'&*+(,!.$1!**&+('*,++'
!+*(*+&,+&!&*+'(*&,!&(++&*%!$&(*&,!&!* ! ,%!$
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.754794.8*&3)&5&(.9>(9#-.87*6:.7*2*398-4:1)574249*&6:.*9*7*3;.7432*39
&74:3)&.754798':99-*,74<9-4+&.797&385479&9.43&3)9-*57*88.3,3**)+47&.75479*=5&38.43
9-7*&9*38944E8*99-*'*3*C984+9-*6:.*9*7&.7(7&+9
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&334>&3(*&89-*3&9.438**0894.2574;*.98@3&54+9-**&79-A<&7+&7*(&5&'.1.9.*83&)).9.43
9-*.88:*4+&.7(7&+945*7&9.4384;*73&9.43&15&708<.1)*73*88&7*&8&3)49-*7&7*&857*;.4:81>:3
&E*(9*)'>&.7(7&+934.8*-&8(1&.2*)3&9.43&1&99*39.434;*77*(*39>*&78.)*11&3943.
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3. Noise from railroads
#-*34.8*+74214(4249.;**3,.3*8-4738&3)<-.891*8&3)8<.9(-.3,&3)8-:39.3,45*7&9.438.3
7&.1>&7)8(&3.25&(93*.,-'47.3,(422:3.9.*8&3)7&.174&)<470*7847*=&251*7&.1(&77*9&7)*78
(&3574):(*&-.,-+7*6:*3(>-.,-1*;*18(7**(-9-&9(&37*&(-5*&01*;*184+
)&9&).89&3(*
4++**9 <-.(-97&381&9*8941*;*18&8-.,-&847)&99-*7&.174&)<470*7B8
*&7
$31.0*97:(0&3)&.797&385479&9.43-4<*;*77&.197&385479&9.43)4*8349&55*&794'*.3(7*&8.3,
((47).3,949-*884(.&9.434+2*7.(&3!&.174&)89-*7&.174&).3):897>14&)*)
2.11.43
+7*.,-9(&78.3)4<381.,-91>+742
2.11.43.3!
4. Construction noise
#-*34.8*+742(43897:(9.434+-.,-<&>8(.9>897**98&3)':.1).3,8.8&2&/47(4397.':947949-*
:7'&38(*3*43897:(9.4334.8*84:7(*8.3(1:)*53*:2&9.(-&22*78&.7(4257*88478':11)4?*78
14&)*78):2597:(08&3)9-*.7'&(0:58.,3&18&3)5&;*2*39'7*&0*78#-*(43897:(9.43.3):8
97>-&8)43*;*7><*114;*77*(*39>*&78<.9-&;&1:*&))*) 4+'.11.43.3.3(7*&8.3,
94
'.11.43.3*594+422*7(*&3.3(7*&8*4+&'4:95*7(*39#-*3:2'*7
4+<470*78*2514>*).3(43897:(9.43,7*<+7422.11.43.394&'4:9
2.11.43.3&3
.3(7*&8*4+3*&71>
5*7(*39"&
5. Noise in industry
19-4:,-.3):897.&134.8*.843*4+9-*1*8857*;&1*39(422:3.9>34.8*574'1*283*.,-'4784+
34.8>2&3:+&(9:7.3,51&398(&3'*).89:7'*)'>84:7(*88:(-&8+&38249478&3)(4257*88478
24:39*)439-*4:98.)*4+':.1).3,839*7.4734.8*(&3&184'*97&382.99*)949-*(422:3.9>
9-74:,-45*3<.3)4<8&3))4478&3)*;*39-74:,-':.1).3,<&118#-*8*.39*7.4734.8*84:7(*8
-&;*8.,3.C(&39.25&(9843.3):897.&1<470*78&243,<-4234.8*.3):(*)-*&7.3,1488.8:3+479:
3&9*1>(42243
#-*8.?*4+9-*$"2&3:+&(9:7.3,.3):897>-&8349,74<38.,3.C(&391>4;*79-*1&89)*(&)*1
9-4:,-9-*.3):897.&1 .3(7*&8*)+742'.11.43.394'.11.43.3.3
9*7284+(4389&39)411&78"'9-*<470+47(*-&8)*(1.3*)+74281.,-91>247*9-&3
2.1
1.4394&'4:92.11.43):7.3,9-&95*7.4)"(438*6:*391>.3):897.&11>,*3*7&9*)(42
2:3.9>34.8*.8574'&'1>34,7*&9*79-&3.9<&8.3
7429-*<470*7B85*785*(9.;*9-*.3):897.&134.8*574'1*2.889.11;*7>8*7.4:8#-*((:5&9.43&1
"&+*9>&3)*&19-)2.3.897&9.43-&8(:9'&(0439-**3+47(*2*394+4((:5&9.43&134.8*89&3)&7)8
&3)-&8&114<*)9-*8:'89.9:9.434+-*&7.3,5749*(9.43)*;.(*8.31.*:4+*3,.3**7.3,(4397418.3
2&3>(&8*8"4<*;*7.9.8).F(:1994034<<-*9-*734.8*1*;*18.3.3):897>&7*.3
(7*&8.3,47)*(7*&8.3,'*(&:8*34(4257*-*38.;*8:7;*>-&8'**35*7+472*)8.3(*9-*8:7;*>
5*7+472*)'>419*7&3*0&3)*<2&33(
6. Noise in buildings
+-/(!)/ 2!''!-.-!*"/!)))*4! 4)*%.!%)/$!%-$*(!.!.+!%''42$!)/$!0%' %)#%.)*/
2!'' !.%#)! ) *)./-0/! )/$%..!%)/!-)'0%' %)#)*%.!"-*(+'0(%)#*%'!-.#!)!-
/*-.%-*) %/%*)!-.) ").)!0 %'!) ))*4%)#(+-*+!-'4%).0'/! 2''.) !%'
%)#.)-!1!'/$!.*0) *"(+'%9! (0.%1*%!."**/"''.) )*%.4/%1%/%!."-*()!%#$*-%)#
0)%/.3/!-)')*%.!"-*(!(!-#!)41!$%'!./-;-!"0.!*''!/%*)) */$!-%/4)*%.!.)
!+-*'!("*-0-)-!.% !)/.!.+!%''42$!)2%) *2.-!*+!)*-%).0;%!)/'4#'5! !/$!-%''-!+*-/./$/'/$*0#$/$!'&*".*0) +-**9)#%./$!(*./"-!,0!)/!)1%-*)
(!)/'*(+'%)/*"+-/(!)/ 2!''!-./$!&)*2'! #!/*.*'1!/$!.!+-*'!(.%.)*/!%)#+
+'%! )"//$!,0'%/4*"*)./-0/%*)%../! %'4 !'%)%)#) /$!)*%.!+-*'!(.-!#!//%)#
2*-.!!/$!-%''
7. Noise from consumer products
!-/%)$*0.!$*' !,0%+(!)/.0$.100('!)!-.) .*(!&%/$!)++'%)!.$1!!!)
) *)/%)0!/*!)*%.!(&!-.'/$*0#$/$!%-*)/-%0/%*)/*/$! %'4)*%.! *.!%.0.0''4)*/
1!-4'-#! ! /*/$%.'%./2*0' !4- (%)/!))!!,0%+(!)/.0$.'2)(*2!-.) .)*2
'*2!-.2$%$)/'!./0.! %.$-(*)42%/$*)!8.)!%#$*-.) +*/$!-.$*+/**'.2$%$
)!$5- *0./*$!-%)#%"0.! "*-.0;%!)/+!-%* .*"/%(!
)!!3(+'!*""%-'4)!2+-* 0/%./$!#.*'%)!+*/$!-! '!"'*2!-2%/$1!-#!2!%#$/! .*0) '!1!'.//$!*+!-/*-8.+*.%/%*)*"
) (3%(0('!1!'.*"' '-&
))!3/!).%1!-!1%!2*")*)*0+/%*)')*%.!!3+*.0-!.1%.!/'-!+*-//$//$!
()0"/0-!-.*"$*0.!$*' !1%!.$1!!!)-!'0/)//*-!'!.!.*0) '!1!'%)"*-(/%*)*).!
,0!)/'4%/*0' ! %;0'//*..!../$!(#)%/0 !*"/$!+-*'!() /$!!3/!)//*2$%$)*%.!
'!1!'.-!%)-!.%)#*- !-!.%)#
!.% !)/.*".00-)) -0-'-!.-!.*(!/%(!. %./0-! 4-!-!/%*)')*%.!.*0-!..0$
.*:-* 1!$%'!.$%#$+*/$!-! (*/*-*/.) .)*2(*%'!.*(!*"/$!.!.*0-!..0$.
.)*2(*%'!.-!)*/.)*%.4./$!4/$!-!(*-!/$) ! !#* 0!/*//!)/%*)/*/$!+-*
'!(4/$!()0"/0-!-.) /$!%-/- !..*%/%*)./$!-.-!)*'!..)*%.4) +*..%'4(*-!
.*!0.!)*%.!.!!(./*!#!)!-%/*/$!.+*-/3(+'!2*0' !(*/*-4'!) --%)#
) !1!)/.'%&!6/-/*-+0''.7
)"//$!''0-!*")*%.4-!-!/%*)'/%1%/%!..!!(./*!*).% !-'4#-!/!-)*2/$)%/2.
! !*-.*#*$!/!$)*'*#4*".*0) -!+-* 0/%*)$. 1)!-/*/$!+*%)/2$!-!'*0 .+!&!-.)"%/$"0''4-!+-* 0!(0.%) */$!-.*0) ./'!1!'.2!''*1! +*-/%)#
!1!)/.0.!#%)/ %#%/'6++'0.!(!/!-.7/*(!.0-!) %.+'4!)/$0.%.("*-/$!(*-!+*+0'-
/!($!!3/-!(!%)-./!-!*/!$)*'*#4%.)*2/$!6**(-72%/$.*0) '!1!'.!3!! %)#
/%1%/%!.'%&!!-*%!3!-%.%)#) %!.&/%)#.2!''. %.* )%)#-!*(+)%! 4
(+'%9! (0.%+'4! /$%#$.*0) '!1!'."/!-.0((-%5%)#/$!-!.0'/.*"./0 %!.*" %.*
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$!/-!) %))*%.!'!1!'."*-/$!.!&%) .*"/%1%/%!.%. !9)%/!'40+2- $!)/!-)/%*)'0/**0)
$''!)#!..*%/%*).+*).*-.*)/!./.) #%1!./$!(*./+*%)/.
/**)/!./)/.2$*(.+!&!-.+-* 0!/$!$%#$!./.*0) +-!..0-!'!1!'.0+/* *2!1!-
'!1!'.*1!/$/(!-%/)*(*-!/$)+*%)/.
4+5,:.+359:9+8/5;995;8)+95,8+)8+':/54'245/9+/99658:9.55:/4-=.+8+6+'195;4*68+99;8+
2+<+29'::.++'8)'48'4-+,853'(5;:*;6:5358+:.'4* *+99
4./9'4'2?9/9
5,:./92/:+8':;8+2'81)/:+9+9:/3':+95,:.+4;3(+85,6+562+8+9654*/4-659/:/<+2?:5
7;+9:/549'(5;:.;4:/4-58:'8-+:9.55:/4-#.+9++9:/3':+98'4-+,8536+8)+4:5,:.+-+4+8'2
656;2':/54/4")'4*/4'</''4*:.+$>+29954+:'2'</9+:'2:54+'82?6+8)+4:
/4:.+'4'*/'4=581,58)+.;4-+:'2=./).2'81,5;4*:5(+)549/9:+4:=/:.+9:/3':+9
,853$"/4*;9:8?4'656;2':/545,8;8'29).552)./2*8+45;:5,(5?9'4*
5;:5,
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9;()':+-58?5,)549;3+8685*;):45/9+:.':*+9+8<+93+4:/54/945/9?:5?9,+=:5?99;).'9
D8+)8')1+8994'66+89'4*)'66/9:529.'<+(++46'8:5,:.+'*<+4:;85;9)./2*C9+>6+8/+4)+,58-+4
+8':/549#.+-+4+8'2'99;36:/54/9:.'::.+9+:5?9*545:659+'.'@'8*=.+4;9+*5))'9/54'22?
'4*25)':+*':'9;G)/+4:*/9:'4)+,853:.++'85='*'?9:.+8+/9'2'8-+<'8/+:?5,45/9?:5?9
:.'419:5:.+'<'/2'(/2/:?5,/3685<+*:+).4525-?'4?5,:.+33/3/)'*;2:45/9+3'1+899;).'9
'362/D+*:5?-;/:'89)./2*9.+*<');;3)2+'4+89'4*3/4/':;8+65:.+89'=9"53+5,:.+9+:5?9
-+4+8':+7;/:+./-.2+<+295,95;4*58+>'362+'('(?C997;++@+:5?'?'4*:.+('::+8?
56+8':+*9/8+45,':5?652/)+)'8.'<+(5:.(++43+'9;8+*':*
4'8+)+4:8+658:5445/9?:5?9+85;>'4*'85).+)/:+9:;*/+99.5=/4-=+/-.:+*45/9+
2+<+29,58':5?35:58':*'4*')./2*C98'::2+':*;88+4:'4'*/'42+-
/92':/542/3/:9:.+95;4*5;:6;:5,:5?9:5A54+.;4*8+**+)/(+293+'9;8+*'::.+*/9:'4)+:.'::.+
685*;):58*/4'8/2?=5;2*(+,853:.++'85,:.+)./2*;9/4-/:B):(;:+85;>'4*'85
).+685659+:.'::./92/3/:(+25=+8+*:5'4=+/-.:+*2+<+25,*
C. Numbers of People Exposed to Noise
#.+,')::.':6+562+'8+<'8/5;92?+>659+*:545/9+/945:9;868/9/4-549/*+8/4-:.':*+)/(+29'8+
3+'9;8+*54'25-'8/:.3/)9)'2+.5=+<+8:.+3'-4/:;*+5,:.+9+<'8/':/549)'4(++45835;958
+>'362+:.+'<+8'-+45/9+2+<+25;:9/*+'4;8('4'6'8:3+4:)'4(+:/3+9358+/4:+49+:.'4
/4'8;8'28+9/*+4:/'24+/-.(58.55*58:;4':+2?:./9*/F+8+4)+=/22(+6+8)+/<+*358+2/1+'4+/-.:
,52*8':.+8:.'4':.5;9'4*,52*/4)8+'9+/-;8+
,853!C9*5);3+4:!85:+):/<+5/9++<+29
9.5=9+>'362+95,5;:*558*'?4/-.:'<+8'-+95;4*2+<+293+'9;8+*':<'8/5;925)':/549!
4!+9:/3':+*:.':4+'82?3/22/543+8/)'492/<+*/4'8+'9=.+8+:.+*'/2?'<+8'-+
45/9+2+<+29+>)++*+*/:9/*+4:/D+*9',+5,*!'/-;8+,853!C9+<+29
=+/-.:+*2+<+25,:.+9+=+'6549=5;2*3+'9;8+953+=.':25=+8=/:.2+<+29,58
)'2/(+88/
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5/9+,853)'6-;49,58+>'362+)'4+>)++*6+'195;4*68+99;8+2+<+295,*0'+<+4+9
5*-+'4*)533549'89.'22'4*8'4*:'22'9)/:+*(?+85;>'4*'85
).+
+=&581';*/525-/9:#.53'9'?.'93+'9;8+*:.+45/9+2+<+295,'<'8/+:?5,)./2*8+4C9:5?94
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/4).+9:5
/4).'='?('9+*54./95(9+8<':/5495,:.+)./2*8+4':62'?!+8954'2)533;4/)'
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*(!&(-!* )'(*+(,)&(* (-/%!((*!%($%*)
Examples of Outdoor Day-Night Average Sound Levels in dB
Measured at Various Locations
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'&)*&*(2!((*&%)*(+*!&%(!#%!%+)*(!#%&!)&(,(!&+))(&$
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D. Summary: Noise in America
"
" "
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Residential Noise Environment of the National Population
As a Function of Exterior Day-Night Average Sound Level
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Table 1: Summary of U.S. Population Exposed to Various Day-Night
Average Sound Levels (or higher)
From Noise Sources in the Community.
(1) From Noise in America (EPA, 1981, pp. 10 and 15)
Estimated Number (in Millions) of People in Each Noise Category
DNL (dB) Traffic
Aircraft
Construction
Rail
Industrial
Total
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8#.7'5#4';'#4.;#8'4#)'5176&1145
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#/2.'51/'1(6*'/+..+102'12.'':215'&61&0&#0&#$18'(41/64#?%01+5'#4'#.51
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+0)&+564+$76+105':215'&61&#0&#$18'
V. Effects of Noise
A. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
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*#22'0'&"*+.'6*'.155'5#4'6'/214#4;#6=4566*';$'%1/'2'4/#0'06#(6'4%106+07'&':21
574'#0&6*'4'+501/'&+%#.64'#6/'0661%1706'4#%66*''>'%6"*'0%1/$+0'&9+6*24'5$;%75+5
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4+5'0+04'%'06;'#45$'%#75'6*'0'%'55#4;567&+'5*#8'016$''0%10&7%6'&
1. Extent of noise-induced hearing loss from environmental sources
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*'#4+0)+06*'.'(6'#46*#06*'4+)*6
*'%1064+$76+10(41/0101%%72#6+10#.5174%'5+5%#..'&=51%+1%75+5>#%1064#%6+101(=51%+1
#%75+5>8+&'0%'(41/24+/+6+8'51%+'6+'557))'5656*#66*'#$5'0%'1(51%+1%75+5':2.#+056*'.#4)'
&+A'4'0%'5+0*'#4+0)6*4'5*1.&.'8'.$'69''06*'5'2127.#6+105#0&6*15'1(6*'=%+8+.+<'&>0#6+105
15'01%+1%75+51%%72#6+10#.*'#4+0).155#0&24'5$;%75+5%1064+$76'+08#4+175
2. The handicap of noise-induced hearing loss
!19'.5170&56'0&61$'.19+0(4'37'0%;#0&*+)*+05170&'0'4);9*+.'6*'%10510#065#4'/7%*
*+)*'4+0(4'37'0%;#0&*#8'%105+&'4#$.;.'55#/2.+67&'6#.51*#22'056*#6%10510#0652418+&'
6*'24+/#4;+06'..+)+$+.+6;6152''%*'%#75'01+5'&#/#)'56*''#4?5#$+.+6;612'4%'+8'*+)*
(4'37'0%;5170&5/7%*'#4.+'4#0&/14'5'8'4'.;6*#06*'.19(4'37'0%;5170&5+0&+8+&7#.59+6*
01+5'+0&7%'&*'#4+0).155#4'#6#2#46+%7.#4&+5#&8#06#)'+070&'456#0&+0)52''%*
0&+8+&7#.59+6*'#4.;01+5'+0&7%'&*'#4+0).1551(6'06*+0-6*#616*'42'12.'01.10)'452'#-
&'#4.;*';5110$')+061016+%'6*#66*';*#8'&+B%7.6;70&'456#0&+0)52''%*9*'06*'4'+501+5'
+06*'$#%-)4170&#0&+0)417251(2'12.'#0&6*#6+6+5*#4&61+&'06+(;9*+%*2'4510+56#.-+0)
56*'*'#4+0).155241)4'55'56*'5'+0&+8+&7#.5#81+&51%+#.1%%#5+105#0&5+67#6+1059*'4'6*';
/756.+56'0#6#&+56#0%'.+-'%*74%*#0&6*'#6'4*''8'067#.4'57.6%#0$'.10'.+0'55#0&+51.#
6+10
3. The study of noise-induced hearing loss
1+5'&#/#)'56*'&'.+%#6'5'0514;%'..51(6*'+00'4'#46*'%1%*.'#*+5241%'55%#0$'567&+'&
+06*'.#$14#614;$;+0&7%+0)6'/214#4;5*+(65+0*'#4+0)6*4'5*1.&.'8'.+0*7/#058'44'%'06
;'#456*'24'('44'&/'6*1&1(+08'56+)#6+10+561241&7%'6'/214#4;#0&2'4/#0'066*4'5*1.&
5*+(65+0#0+/#.5#0&61567&;6*'4'57.6+0)2*;5+1.1)+%#.#0&#0#61/+%#.%*#0)'5+06*'%1%*.'##5
9'..#55*+(65+0*'#4+0)6*4'5*1.&.'8'.*'.#$14#614;#..195(14564+%6%10641.1(01+5'.'8'.#0&
%%14&+0)617)'069*1*#59140#0'#42.7)+0*+54+)*6'#45+0%'=;.'(6'#4+56*'4',756
61$#.#0%'/;(#%'$'%#75'+6&1'50?6914-#6#..>742*;2412146+1061#0+0&+8+&7#.?5616#.
*'#4+0)+/2#+4/'06"*+.'6*'%1064+$76+101('#%*5174%'/#;$'.'556*#05+)0+@%#066*'%1/
$+0#6+101(#..6*4''%#0$''017)*61241&7%'#*#0&+%#22+0)%10&+6+105.10)'8+6;+06*' 2127.#6+10+0%4'#5'56*'61..1(01+5'+0&7%'&*'#4+0).1559+..$'%1/'+0%4'#5+0).;'8+&'06#4
0';
,=:)<176*=<<0-,=:)<176;):-=;=)44A:-4)<1>-4A;07:<*-+)=;-7.<0-<15-)6,-@8-6;-16>74>-,
4;7<0-:-1;;75-+76<:7>-:;A7>-:<0--@<-6<<7?01+0<0-:-;=4<;+)6*-/-6-:)41B-,<70=5)6;
=+07.<0-:-+-6<4)*7:)<7:A-E7:<16671;-:-;-):+00);.7+=;-,76<0-;<:=+<=:)4)6,.=6+<176)4
*);1;7.671;-16,=+-,0-):16/47;;?01+00);*--6/:-)<4A)1,-,*A<0--4-+<:7651+:7;+78-6>-;
<1/)<7:;0)>-1,-6<1D-,<0-;-6;7:A+-44C;;<-:-7+141))6,<0-:77<4-<;?01+0)6+07:<0-5);<0-
)=,1<7:A;A;<-5C;57;<>=46-:)*4-+75876-6<;?1<0:-;8-+<<7671;--@87;=:-1*-:56)6
1-4,;<=,1-;7.671;--@87;-,?7:3-:;)>71,<0-8:7*4-5;7.;8-+1-;/-6-:)41B)<176)6,<0--@87
;=:-,=:)<176;+)6*-7>-:5)6A,-+),-;%0-A):-=;=)44A+:7;;;-+<176)4;<=,1-;07?->-:5-)6
16/<0)<<0-+=::-6<0-):16/<0:-;074,4->-4;):-:-4)<-,<7671;--@87;=:-;<0)<0)>-*--6-@8-:1
-6+-,7>-:5)6AA-):;4<07=/0<0-+=::-6<671;-5-);=:-5-6<;5)A*->)41,<0-1:>)41,1<A7>-:
8:17:A-):;=;=)44A0);<7*-);;=5-,?1<07=<*-6-D<7.8:-+1;-,)<)
4. Risk of hearing impairment from continuous noise
%0-5-<07,;)6,:-;=4<;7.<0-5)27:D-4,;<=,1-;7.+76<16=7=;671;--@87;=:-+76,=+<-,16<0-
4)<-;)6,-):4A;:-5)16=6+0)44-6/-,@)584-;):-<0-;<=,1-;7.=:6;)6,#7*16;76
)=/06
");;+01-:'-:5--:)6,<0-&$ )<176)46;<1<=<-.7:!++=8)<176)4
$).-<A)6,-)4<0 !$
)<).:75<0-;-;<=,1-;0)>-*--6=;-,*A>):17=;7:/)61B)<176;
<7-;<15)<-<0-:1;37.0-):16/158)1:5-6<7>-:)?7:316/41.-<15-7.-@87;=:-<7671;-%0-;-
<A8-;7.;<=,1-;0)>-)4;7*--6=;-,*A<0-"<7-;<15)<-<0-0)B):,7.6767++=8)<176)4671;-
=1/6):,
706;76
"
)%0-,)<)+1<-,)*7>-7.=:6;)6,#7*16;76)=/06
)6,");;+01-:'-:5--:?-6<16<7"C;1,-6<1D+)<1767.)A-):4A)>-:)/--@87;=:-4->-47.,);
<0-;).-4->-4?01+0+7=4,*--@8-:1-6+-,7>-:)41.-<15-")
6-?16<-:6)<176)4;<)6,):,$!?01+01;*);-,5)164A76<0-,)<)7.");;+01-:'-:5--:
)6,=:6;)6,#7*16;76+76<)16;.7:5=4);.7:);;-;;16/<0-:1;37.671;-16,=+-,0-):16/158)1:
5-6<)6,0)6,1+)8=;16/-1<0-:)01/04A;+:--6-,.7:6767++=8)<176)40-):16/47;;7:)6=6
;+:--6-,878=4)<176);)+76<:74/:7=8%0-,)<))6,)6)4A;-;.7=6,16<0-;-5)27:;<=,1-;0)>-
67<*--6;-:17=;4A+0)44-6/-,)6,:-5)1616=;-<7,)A
5. Varying and intermittent noise
%0-:-0);*--6;75-,-*)<-7>-:<0-*-;<:=4-.7:+75*1616/671;-4->-4)6,,=:)<176<7);;-;;<0-
,)5)/16/-E-+<;7.671;--;8-+1)44A>):A16/)6,16<-:51<<-6<671;-%01;:-4)<176;0181;7.<-6
+)44-,<0-,7=*416/:)<-7:67?),)A;<0--@+0)6/-:)<-%0-");?-44);57;<7<0-:.-,-:)4
)/-6+1-;)6,57;<=:78-)6+7=6<:1-;<0-&61<-,16/,75;75-)6),1)68:7>16+-;=;-<0-
-9=)4-6-:/A:=4-?01+016+7:87:)<-;)
,-@+0)6/-:)<-!$=;-;<0-,-@+0)6/-:)<-
)6,<0-&$1:7:+-=;-;, 76-7.<0-;-:=4-;5)3-;)6A8:7>1;176;.7:<0-<-587:)47:,-:
7.;7=6,;)4<07=/0<0-,-@+0)6/-:)<-;=887;-,4A:-8:-;-6<;);15841D+)<1767.+:1<-:1)<0)<
<)3-)+-:<)166=5*-:7.16<-:51<<-6+1-;16<7)++7=6<
6>-;<1/)<176;7.<0-:-4)<176;018*-<?--6671;-4->-4)6,,=:)<1760)>-*--6+76,=+<-,7>-::-
+-6<A-):;=;16/4)*7:)<7:A)615)4;%0-:-;=4<;0)>-+76D:5-,<0->)41,1<A7.<0--9=)4-6-:/A
,:=4-.7:;16/4--@87;=:-;<7+76<16=7=;671;-706-)6,"-):;-():,)6,%=:6-:
%0-,07=:)>-:)/-;7=6,4->-4+)6*-16<-:8:-<-,);),07=:)>-:)/-;7=6,4->-4
84=;)6)>-:)/-;7=6,4->-4,=:16/<0-7<0-:07=:;7.4-;;<0)6,;--"C;->-4;7+=
5-6<8.77<67<-,
%0-,:=4-,7-;67<6-+-;;):14A8:7>1,-.7:16<-:51<<-6+1-;*-+)=;-1<)447?;=616<-::=8<-,
-@87;=:-;<7+76<16=7=;671;-)<01/04->-4;$--$=<-:
/27(%.4(%%80/352%3!2%"2/+%.50).4/(/52/2%6%.(/52;7/2+$!93<$!930%27%%+3/
,/.'!34(%3/5.$%.%2'9)3%15)6!,%.4 !2$
(%2%)3(/7%6%23/-%"%.%>44/).4%2-)44%.4
15)%40%2)/$3 !2$!.$52.%2$52).'7()#(4(%%!2#!.2%#/6%2&2/-3-!,,4%-0/2!29
(%!2).',/33%3/24()32%!3/.(!3!$*534%$)43)$%.4)>%$3!&%,%6%,507!2$"9$ 3).#%-/34
%.6)2/.-%.4!,./)3%%80/352%3!2%).4%2-)44%.4)..!452%=353%/&4(%%15!,%.%2'925,%!.$
4(%$!$*534-%.4(!6%./4"%%.3%2)/53,9#(!,,%.'%$
6. Impulse noise
(%%@%#43/&)-05,3%./)3%(!6%"%%.345$)%$%84%.3)6%,9/6%22%#%.49%!23"544(%2%)3,%33
!'2%%-%.4/.4()34/0)#4(!.4(%2%)3&/2#/.4).5/53!.$).4%2-)44%.4./)3%,4(/5'(4(%2%7!3
#/.3%.353&!6/2).'4(%
$25,%!4!).4%2.!4)/.!,-%%4).')..',!.$6/.)%2+%%4!,
!#45!,$/3%2%30/.3%2%,!4)/.3()03!2%34),,%,53)6%(%%@%#43/&)-05,3%./)3%$/./4!,7!93&/,,/7
4(%
$25,%).4(!44%-0/2!,0!44%2.7!6%&/2-!.$2)3%4)-%#!.!@%#44(%'2/74(/&(%!2).'
,/33$%30)4%#/.34!.#9/&3/5.$%.%2'9%.$%23/.!.$!-%2.)+
2%15%.#9!,3/(!33/-%"%!2).'/.4(%$!-!'%#!53%$"9)-05,3%./)3%).4(!4,/7&2%15%.#9)-
05,3%302/$5#%3)'.)>#!.4,9,%33$!-!'%4(!.3/5.$3).4(%-)$4/()'(&2%15%.#92!.'%2)#%
(%%!2!00%!234/"%-/34353#%04)",%4/)-05,3%37)4(0%!+3!2/5.$:2)#%
,3/4(%2%-!9"%!#2)4)#!,,%6%,!"/6%7()#(4(%%!2)3#/.3)$%2!",9-/2%!42)3+"%#!53%
/&!#(!.'%).4(%2%30/.3%-%#(!.)3-.4(%"!3)3/&()32%3%!2#(2)#%(!335''%34%$!
#2)4)#!,,%6%,/&$7)4(!34!.$!2$$%6)!4)/./&$
7. Susceptibility
6)$%.#%&2/->%,$345$)%3).$)#!4%34(!4-%.).#52-/2%(%!2).',/334(!.7/-%.&2/-#/-0!2!
",%./)3%%80/352%352.3!.$/").3/.%2'%2%4!,/934%2%4!,!.$4(!4
!5#!3)!.3!00%!24/"%-/2%353#%04)",%4(!.,!#+34/./)3%).$5#%$(%!2).',/33/934%2%4!,
4(%2&!#4/2335#(!3!'%02%%80/352%(%!2).'4(2%3(/,$,%6%,'%.%2!,(%!,4(!.$53%/&
!,#/(/,(!6%./49%402/6%$4/"%2%,)!",%02%$)#4/23/&353#%04)"),)49 !2$!,4(/5'(
8. Interactions with other agents
/)3%#!.).4%2!#47)4($25'3!.$).$5342)!,!'%.434/02/$5#%!$$)4)6%/2%6%.39.%2')34)#%@%#43
/.(%!2).'3%80%#4%$4(%()'(%24(%,%6%,3/&./)3%!.$4(%'2%!4%24(%$/3%/&4(%/4(%2!'%.4
4(%'2%!4%27),,"%4(%2%35,4).'(%!2).',/33(%/4/4/8)#02/0%24)%3/&#%24!).$25'3-/34./4!",9
4(%!-)./',9#/3)$%!.4)")/4)#34(%;-9#).<$25'3!2%(%)'(4%.%$"9%80/352%4/./)3%5-%2/53
345$)%3/&+!.!-9#).0,53./)3%%80/352%(!6%2%6%!,%$!$$)4)6%!.$3/-%39.%2')34)#2%35,43
5-%3)'($/3%3/&3!,)#9,!4%3!30)2).!##/-0!.)%$"9./)3%%80/352%#!.02/$5#%4%-
0/2!29(%!2).',/33%3#!$$%.!.$,!443-)%2
"540%2-!.%.4,/33%3$/./43%%-4//##52
)30,!4).53%$).#!.#%2#(%-/4(%2!09)3+./7.4/"%4/8)#4/4(%!5$)4/293934%-!.$(!3"%%.
3(/7.4/).4%2!#43)'.)>#!.4,97)4(./.%%80/352%/%44#(%2%4!,
6!2)%49/&).$5342)!,!'%.437()#(#!."%0/4%.4.%52/4/8).3(!6%"%%.3(/7.4/"%#!0!",%/&
02/$5#).'(%!2).',/33%#(4%2(%3%!'%.43).#,5$%(%!69-%,$335#(!3,%!$!.$-%2#529
/2'!.)#3/,6%.4335#(!34/,5%.%89,%.%!.$#!2"/.$)35,>$%!.$!.!30(98)!.4#!2"/.-/./8)$%
(%)$%.4)>%$3!&%,%6%,/&$2%?%#434(%).#/20/2!4)/./&4(%$!$*534-%.44(%2%)33/-%
).$)#!4)/.4(!44(%53%/&4/"!##/-!9).#2%!3%353#%04)"),)494/./)3%).$5#%$(%!2).',/33!2
/.%%4!,4!2+%4!,
9. Hearing protectors
1'21<012,"-,*7* #*',%0#%3*2'-,.0-+3*%2#"0#%3*2'-,$-0* #*',%2&#22#,32'-,
-$&#0',%.0-2#!2'-,"#4'!#1&#12,"0"0#/3'0#"+,3$!230#012-13 (#!22&#'0
&#0',%.0-2#!2-012-1.#!'<!* -02-072#121,"2-.3 *'1&9-'1##"3!2'-,2',%:
-,2&#.0-"3!2;1.!)%#&#5113 1#/3#,2*7"-.2#" 7','21&#0',%!-,1#04
2'-,+#,"+#,25&'!&0#/3'0#"#+.*-7#012-31#'2',11#11',%2&#"#/3!7-$&#0',%.0-2#!
2-01$-0%'4#,,-'1##,4'0-,+#,21,"
#!#,20#1#0!&1&-512&22&#
%0#2*7-4#0#12'+2#12&#,-'1#0#"3!2'-,2- #!&'#4#" 72&#1#"#4'!#1',!23*<#*"31# &#1#
)',"1-$<,"',%1&4#*#"2-2&#$-0+2'-,-$,#55-0)',%%0-3.2-',4#12'%2#*2#0,2'4#1
2-2&#!300#,2#0%#0#2*,"2&#0#!-++#,"2'-,2&20#4'1#'21#6'12',%* #*
',%0#%3*2'-,#0%#02#502
10. Summary: Noise-induced hearing loss
-'1#',"3!#"&#0',%*-11'1.0- *72&#+-125#**"#<,#"-$2&##=#!21-$,-'1#0#"'!2'-,1-$
&#0',%*-11$0-+40'-31*#4#*1-$!-,2',3-31,"407',%,-'1#&4# ##,#62#,1'4#*70#1#0!&#"
,"0#,-*-,%#0!-,20-4#01'*-+#"'1!311'-,12'**0#+',1-,2&##62#,22-5&'!&',2#0+'22#,
!'#1+#*'-02#2&#"4#01##=#!21-,&#0',%,"2&##6!2,230#-$"-1#0#1.-,1#0#*2'-,1&'.1
$0-+'+.3*1#,-'1#2..#012&21-+#+#+ #01-$2&#.-.3*2'-,0#1-+#5&2+-0#131!#.2'
*#2-,-'1#',"3!#"&#0',%*-112&,-2&#01,"2&#0#'1%0-5',% -"7-$#4'"#,!#2&2!#02',
"03%1,"!&#+'!*1!,#,&,!#2&#3"'2-07&80"$0-+,-'1#
*2&-3%&2&#',!'"#,!#-$,-'1#',"3!#"&#0',%*-11$0-+',"3120'*.-.3*2'-,1'1+-0##62#,
1'4#*7"-!3+#,2#"2&#0#'1%0-5',%#4'"#,!#-$&#0',%*-11$0-+*#'130#2'+#!2'4'2'#1#1.#!'**7
$0-+1.-021&--2',% 32*1-$0-+*-3"+31'!,-'172-71,"-2&#0+,'$#122'-,1-$-309!'4'
*'8#":1-!'#27#!31#-$2&#',!0#1#',#6.-130#2-0#!0#2'-,*,-'1#2&#&80"$0-+2&#1#
1-30!#1,##"12- #+-0#2&-0-3%&*7#4*32#"',**72&#0#!#,2#4'"#,!#2&2&#0',%.0-2#!2'4#
"#4'!#1"-,-2.#0$-0+',!23*31#2&#57* -02-072#1215-3*"'+.*7*#,"113..-022-2&#
,##"$-00##4*32',%!300#,2+#2&-"1-$11#11',%&#0',%.0-2#!2-022#,32'-,
B. Interference With Communication
-'1#!,+1)'+.-02,21-3,"1,""'103.2!-++3,'!2'-, #25##,',"'4'"3*1',40'#27-$
1#22',%1&'1.0-!#11!,!31#,72&',%$0-+1*'%&2'00'22'-,2-1#0'-311$#27&80"',4-*4',%
,!!'"#,2-0#4#,$2*'27 #!31#-$2&#$'*30#2-&#02&#50,',%1-3,"1-$'++',#,2",%#0
3!&50,',%1-3,"1!,',!*3"#2&#..0-!&-$0.'"*7+-4',%+-2-04#&'!*#-02&#1-3,"-$
+*$3,!2'-,',%+!&',#07-0#6+.*#4'2'-,$#27,-,122#12&2&3,"0#"1-$!!'
"#,20#.-021&4#+,7917%',:#6!&,%#1 #25##,.'*-21,"!-,20-**#01*2&-3%&,#'2&#01'"#
0#.-021,72&',%50-,%5'2&2&#0"'-1
-'1#!,"'103.2$!#2-$!#,"2#*#.&-,#!-,4#012'-,,"2&##,(-7+#,2-$0"'-,"2#*#4'
1'-,',2&#&-+#2!,*1-"'103.2#=#!2'4#!-++3,'!2'-, #25##,2#!&#01,".3.'*1',
1!&--*1,"!,!31#$2'%3#,"4-!*120',',2&-1#5&-,##"2-!-++3,'!2#',1.'2#-$2&#
,-'1#,2#0$#0#,!#5'2&!-++3,'!2'-,&1.0-4#"2- #-,#-$2&#+-12'+.-02,2!-+.-,#,21
-$,-'1#0#*2#",,-7,!#
,'21#4#*1-!3+#,2"#2#0+',#"2&27#0*74#0%#"7,'%&21-3,"*#4#*-$"
5-3*".#0+'2"#/32#1.##!&!-++3,'!2'-,',2&#&-+#,"-$"5-3*".#0+'2
,13++07-$123"'#1#0%#0
1&-512&2+-12&#0',%.0-2#!2-01',2&#<#*".0-4'"#
-,*7-,#2&'0"2--,#&*$2&#22#,32'-,2&22&#7"-',2&#* -02-07
1250$/&20081,&$7,21287'2256$7$',67$1&(2)$%287
0(7(56
"+(6(/(9(/6$/62$33/<72+263,
7$/6$1'('8&$7,21$/)$&,/,7,(6,*+(5$9(5$*(12,6(/(9(/6:28/'%(6$7,6)$&725<)25&(57$,11215(6,
'(17,$/63$&(668&+$6&200(5&,$/$1',1'8675,$/)$&,/,7,(6$1',16,'(75$163257$7,21'(3(1',1*21
7+('(*5((72:+,&+63((&+&20081,&$7,21,6&5,7,&$/ (6($5&+29(57+(/$67<($56+$6(;3$1'('
$1'5(A1('@6&5,7(5,$'(9(/230(17,17+,6$5($%87+$6127*(1(5$7('$1<0$-25&+$1*(6
1. Prediction of speech interference
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*5281'6+$9(%((1$9$,/$%/()25'(&$'(652%$%/<7+(02673238/$5$1'5(63(&7('0(7+2',67+(
$57,&8/$7,21,1'(;5(1&+$1'!7(,1%(5*:+,&+5(48,5(67+(0($685(0(1725(67,0$7,21
2)7+(63(&7580/(9(/2)%27+63((&+$1'12,6(,1&217,*8286%$1'69(57+(3$67'(&$'(6,1
9(67,*$7256+$9(68**(67('$'-8670(176727+()25/
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"+(63((&+,17(5)(5(1&(/(9(/!(5$1(.3529,'(6$48,&.0(7+2')25(67,0$7,1*7+(',6
7$1&($7:+,&+&20081,&$7,21&$12&&85)25',B(5(17/(9(/62)92&$/(B257"+(&855(170(7+2'
,192/9(60($685,1*2&7$9(%$1'6281'35(6685(/(9(/6$7$1'=$1'5(
)(55,1*72$&+$5772'(7(50,1(7+(',(327(17,$/&20081,&$7,21',67$1&("+(%$6,&&+$57+$6%((1
(;3$1'('72,1&/8'(68&+3$5$0(7(56$6$%52$'(55$1*(2)92,&(/(9(/6$1'3529,6,216)2552205(
9(5%(5$7,21#(%67(5
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/,67(1(5$1'7+(:($5,1*2)+($5,1*3527(&7256
127+(53238/$50(7+2'7235(',&763((&+&20081,&$7,21,1$9$5,(7<2)&21',7,2167+(63((&+
75$160,66,21,1'(;!"+$6%((1'(9(/23('%<$(7+(5/$1'65(6($5&+*5283287*$67
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,1$'',7,217263((&+$1'121(/(9(/6$1'',67$1&(%(7:((17$/.(5$1'/,67(1(5025(5(&(17287
*52:7+7+(5$3,'63((&+75$160,66,21,1'(; !"5(35(6(176$6,03/,A('9(56,212)7+(!"
,17(1'(')25A(/'86($1',6$9$,/$%/(,1$1,167580(17&21)250,1*72$1,17(51$7,21$/67$1'$5'
,1$//<7+(6281'/(9(/0(7(5@6:(,*+7,1*1(7:25.&$1%(68&&(66)8//<86('7235(',&763((&+,1
7(5)(5(1&(/(9(/67,6($6<7286($9$,/$%/(219,578$//<$//6281'/(9(/0(7(56$1'(B(&7,9(:+(1
7+(12,6(63(&75$$5(127&203/(;
2. Criteria for speech and warning signals
1$'',7,21727+(&/$66,&:25.2)(5$1(.$1'+,6&2//($*8(6(5$1(.(7$/(5$1(.+$65(
&(17/<5(A1('7+(75$',7,21$/&859(672$&&2817)257+($112<$1&('8(72/2:)5(48(1&<>580%/(?
(5$1(.(:&5,7(5,$)25'(7(50,1,1*$&&(37$%/(%$&.*5281'/(9(/62)12,6(,152206$5(
$/622B(5('%<$=$586$%$1'$=$586,1&/8'(6,1+,6&5,7(5,$$9$5,(7<2)
3$5$0(7(5668&+$67<3(2)52207<3(2)&20081,&$7,21&20081,&$7,21',67$1&(92&$/(B257
48$/,7<2)63((&+,17(//,*,%,/,7<&20081,&$7,21675$,1/,67(1(5@6+($5,1*6(16,7,9,7<$1'7+(86(
2)+($5,1*3527(&7256
8,'(/,1(6)25$8',%/(:$51,1*6,*1$/6+$9(%((1'(9(/23('%<$77(5621"+(6(*8,'(/,1(6
:+,&+7+(5(25,*,1$//<&5($7(')25&,9,/$,5&5$)77+(5(/$7(5$'$37('72+(/,&237(56$1'(9(167$7,21
"+(6(/(9(/65(35(6(17@6,'(17,A&$7,212)6$)(/(9(/62)(19,5210(17$/12,6(723527(&77+(
38%/,&+($/7+$1':(/)$5($*$,167$//$'9(56((B(&762)12,6(:,7+7+((;&(37,212)+($5,1*/266
#4;914-2.#%'5.+-'*152+6#.5#66'451011&'6#.016*'45'61()7+&'.+0'5(14
#%1756+%9#40+0)5+)0#.5*#5$''0&'8'.12'&$;#<#475#0&1)'#0&#4'$#5'&106*'
%1/2#6+$+.+6;1(5+)0#.6;2'9+6*8#4+175&'5+4'&1470&'5+4'&5+67#6+105
.6*17)*%4+6'4+#*#8'016;'6$''0&'8'.12'&(1452''%*4'%1)0+6+10+081.8+0)0100#6+8'.+56'0'45
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+0&+%#6'6*#66*'5'+0&+8+&7#.50''&/14'(#
814#$.'.+56'0+0)%10&+6+105.'55$#%-)4170&01+5'#0&4'8'4$'4#6+106*#06*'+40#6+8'.#0)7#)'
%1706'42#465 *'5'?0&+0)5*#8'+/2.+%#6+105(14#+464#B%%10641.5;56'/5
3. The effect of hearing protectors on speech and warning signal perception
'#4+0)2416'%6145#66'07#6'$16*01+5'#0&6*'&'5+4'&5+)0#.$;'37#.#/17065+0#)+8'0(4'
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2418'552''%*4'%1)0+6+109*'06*'.'8'.1($#%-)4170&01+5'':%''&561&19'8'4$'
%#75'*'#4+0)2416'%6145757#..;2418+&'%105+&'4#$.;/14'#66'07#6+10+06*'*+)*(4'37'0%+'5
6*#0+06*'.19(4'37'0%+'5.+56'0'459*1*#8'*+)*(4'37'0%;*'#4+0).155'5#4'#6#&+5#&8#06#)'
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*+5+5'52'%+#..;647'1(+0&+8+&7#.59*15'.155'5':%''&#0#8'4#)'1(
&#66*'#7&+1/'64+%
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2127.#49+6*14%*'564#./75+%+#05+..+10'6#.#0&'8'051/'41%-/75+%+#051*'0
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'#4+0)2416'%6145#.51+06'4('4'9+6*6*'.1%#.+<#6+101(5170&5+052#%'#0&6*+5+5'52'
%+#..;647'1(6*'#$+.+6;61.1%#.+<'5170&5+06*'8'46+%#.2.#0'9*+.'9'#4+0)'#4/7A51$.'
16*'#42.7)5#0&'#4/7A5%#75'6*'5'6;2'51(241$.'/5$76+6#22'#456*#66*';#4'/14'
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4+175+/2.+%#6+105(145#('6;+051/'%+4%7/56#0%'5
4. Scholastic performance
1+5'%#0&+54726%1//70+%#6+10+06*'%.#55411/616*'':6'066*#66*'+05647%6+10#./'6*1&
75'&+05%*11.5%.15'61#+421465+551/'6+/'50+%-0#/'&=,'62#75'>6'#%*+0)1*'0#0&!'+0
56'+0*#8'4'8+'9'&5'8'4#.567&+'59*+%*#(6'4%10641..+0)(1451%+1'%101/+%(#%6145+0&+
%#6'6*#66*'#%#&'/+%2'4(14/#0%'1(%*+.&4'0+037+'65%*11.5+5$'66'46*#06*#61(%*+.&4'0+0
01+5;5%*11.5
14':#/2.''.'/'06#4;5%*11.%*+.&4'0106*'5+&'1(#5%*11.(#%+0)64#+064#%-52'4(14/'&
/14'2114.;10#4'#&+0)#%*+'8'/'066'566*#0%*+.&4'0+0%.#55411/5106*'37+'65+&'1(6*'
5%*11.410<#(6#0&%#46*;1*'0#0&!'+056'+0#.51&+5%7554'5'#4%*5*19+0)6*#6
5-+..557%*#5#7&+614;&+5%4+/+0#6+10#0&4'#&+0)#%*+'8'/'06%#0$'#&8'45'.;#A'%6'&9*'0
%*+.&4'0.+8'+001+5;%+4%7/56#0%'5'8'06*17)*6*'+45%*11.5/#;$'0101+5+'46*#0#8'4#)'
*'5'.#66'4567&+'5+0&+%#6'6*#6+06'4('4'0%'9+6*%1//70+%#6+10+06*'%.#55411/+50166*'10.;
410<#(64'2146'&6*#6+06*'%+6;1('9"14-4'&7%'&6*'01+5'1(6*''.'8#6'&64#+0#0&
+056#..'&#%1756+%#.+057.#6+10+06*'#A'%6'&%.#55411/52418+&+0)#616#.4'&7%6+10+06*'
9'+)*6'&01+5'.'8'.1(61&410<#(6;6*'4'9#5'55'06+#..;01&+A'4'0%'+0
4'#&+0)#%*+'8'/'06$'69''0567&'065106*'6915+&'51(6*'5%*11.(146*'%.#55411/567&+'&
,.+!//03+.'$!.!+//%(! %0%+*(!4,(*0%+*/%*(1 ! 2!./!!;!0/+*$%( .!*9/%*"+.)
0%+*,.+!//%*#/0.0!#%!/* 0$!%."!!(%*#/+",!./+*(+*0.+(+$!** !%*/0!%*
5. Summary: Interference with communication
*0!."!.!*!3%0$/,!!$+))1*%0%+** +0$!./+1* /%/+*!+"0$!)+/0/(%!*0+),+*!*0/
+"*+%/!%* 1! **+5*!$!.!/1(0%*# %/.1,0%+**+*/0%010!*50$%*#".+)***+5*!
0+/!.%+1//"!05$6. !,!* %*#+*0$!%.1)/0*!
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! .%0!.%"+. !0!.)%*%*#!,0(!'#.+1* (!2!(/%*.++)/$2!(/+!!*!4,* ! * .!:*! * ,.+#.!//$/!!*) !+*0$! !2!(+,)!*0+"!;!0%2!+1/0%3.*%*#/%#*(/
0%/*+3(!.0$0$!.%*#,.+0!0%+* !2%!/*%*0!."!.!3%0$0$!,!.!,0%+*+"/,!!$* 3.*%*#/%#*(/!/,!%((53$!*0$!(%/0!*!.%/$!.%*#%),%.! +0$0('!.* (%/0!*!.3!.0$!
!2%!/* 3$!*3!.!./00!),00+(+0!/%#*(9//+1.!
+%/!*%*0!."!.!3%0$0$!! 10%+*(,.+!//* 0$!.!/1(0$/!!* 1! 7&!0,1/!0!$
%*#8.+1* /+)!+"0$!*0%+*9/*+%/%!.%.,+.0/10.%(.+ * 0.<*+%/!*(/+,.+ 1!
/$+(/0% !.!)!*0/
C. Effects of Noise on Sleep
+%/!%/+*!+"0$!)+/0+))+*"+.)/+"/(!!, %/01.*!* /(!!, %/01.*!%/.%0%(
+),+*!*0+"*+%/!.!(0! **+5*!/01 51/! 5%*,.!,.%*#0$!!2!(/+1)!*0
/$+3! 0$0/(!!,%*0!."!.!*!3/0$!)+/0".!-1!*0(5%0! 0%2%05 %/.1,0! 5/1."!2!$%(!
*+%/!%.."0*+*!*(/+1/!/(!!, %/.1,0%+*!/,!%((5%*.!!*05!./3%0$0$!
!/(0%+*+"*%#$00%)!+,!.0%+*/50$!%..#+%* 1/0.5$!*/(!!, %/.1,0%+*!+)!/
$.+*%%0/ 2!./!!;!0/+*$!(0$* 3!((!%*#.!3!(('*+3*
1. Assessing sleep disturbance
+%/!*1/!0$!/(!!,!.0+3'!*.!,!0! (5* 0+.!,+.0,++./(!!,-1(%050$!*!40 510
*+%/!*(/+,.+ 1!.!0%+*/+"3$%$0$!%* %2% 1(%/1*3.!$!/!.!0%+*/%*(1 !
$*#!/".+)$!2%!.0+(%#$0!./0#!/+"/(!!,.! 10%+*/%*7.,% !5!)+2!)!*08/(!!,
%*.!/!/%*+ 5)+2!)!*0/ 1.%*#0$!*%#$0$*#!/%*. %+2/1(..!/,+*/!/* )++ $*#!/* ,!."+.)*! !.!)!*0/0$!*!40 5$!1.5* !<%!*53%0$3$%$0$!/!
!;!0/.!)!/1.! $/!!*#.!0(5//%/0! 50$!1/!+"+*0!),+..5+),10!./$!)+/0
,+,1(.)!/1.!)!*00++(*+3 5/%/!(!0.+!*!,$(+#.,$510+0$!.)!0$+ //1$/!(!
0.+. %+#.,$5!(!0.+)5+#.,$5* !(!0.++1(+#.,$5.!(/+1/! /3!((/(%*%(+/!.
20%+*/!("//!//)!*0/1.2!5/* !(!.+)!0.50+)!/1.!0$!)+0%+*+"0$!! ".)!
/.!/1(0+")*55!./+".!/!.$+*0$!!;!0/+"*+%/!+*/(!!,%0%/(!.0$0%*0!.)%00!*0
* %),1(/%2!*+%/!%/)+.! %/01.%*#0$*+*0%*1+1/*+%/!+"!-1%2(!*0!*!.#5* 0$0)!*
%*#"1(/+1* /.!)+.!(%'!(50+,.+ 1!/(!!, %/.1,0%+*0$*/+1* /3%0$*!10.(+*0!*0(/+
+( !.,!+,(!.!)+.!(%'!(50+$2!0$!%./(!!, %/01.! 5*+%/!0$*5+1*#!.,!+,(!*"0
$%( .!*,,!.0+!+10 (!///!*/%0%2!0+*+%/!%* 1! /(!!, %/.1,0%+*0$* 1(0/
!.$. 0(!!, %/01.*!".+)*+%/!0!* /0+!#.!0!.%*0$!!.(5$+1./+"0$!)+.*
!!(/+0$!
%/1//%+*+"*+%/!,!."+.)*!* !$2%+.%*/!0%+*/
* !(+3
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'.&'4.;
2. Criteria for sleep interference
06*''8'.51%7/'06 +&'06+>'&#0+0&1141(&9*+%*64#05.#6'561#0+)*66+/'
#8'4#)'5170&.'8'.1(
&#50'%'55#4;612416'%6#)#+0565.''2+06'4('4'0%'19'8'4%105'0575
106*'.'8'.51(01+5'6*#6%#0$'61.'4#6'&9+6*1765.''2&+54726+10+5+0%1/2.'6'#66*+56+/'0
#0#66'/2661&'8'.12#37#06+6#6+8'/1&'.(1424'&+%6+0)01+5'+0&7%'&5.''2+06'4('4'0%' '#4
5105'6#.4'8+'9'&#0&#0#.;<'&567&+'519'8'46*'#76*1456*'4'70#$.'61&'4+8'
&15'4'52105'4'.#6+105*+25(41/6*'5'567&+'5$'%#75'1(.#4)'&+5%4'2#0%+'5$'69''0567&+'5%10
&7%6'&+06*'.#$14#614;#0&6*15'%10&7%6'&+06*'>'.&
0#4'%'064'8+'91(6*'01+5'#0&5.''24'5'#4%*4+'(#*04'%1//'0&56*#66*'0+)*66+/'
#8'4#)'5170&.'8'.$'-'26$'.19&+06*'5.''2'4=537#46'45!*'%+6'54'5'#4%*$;$'4*#4&6
#0&$'4*#4&6'6#.#0&"#..'6'6#.#0&5*19+0)5'.(4'2146'&#&
8'45''?'%65(41/%106+07#.41#&64#@%9*'06*'#8'4#)'5170&.'8'.+5&#0&2*;5+1.1)+%#.
4'52105'5#6#0#8'4#)'.'8'.1(
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.'8'.5(145+0).''8'065#512215'&61#8'4#)'.'8'.54#0)'(41/61&&'2'0&+0)106*'+0
8'56+)#6+104+'(#*0"#..'6'6#.4'%1//'0&/#:+/7/1765+&'.'8'.51(&
9*+%*1(%1745'4'.+'51051/'#66'07#6+10$;6*'4'5+&'0%'4+'(#*0#.5121+0651766*#6*+)*'4
/#:+/7/.'8'.5%#0$'61.'4#6'&+(6*'#/$+'0601+5'.'8'.+50168'4;.19#0&6*#66*'&+?'4'0%'
$'69''05+0).''8'065#0&6*'#/$+'06.'8'.5*17.&016':%''&61&
3. After-effects and habituation
7/'41754'%'06+08'56+)#6+105*#8'4'8'#.'&#(6'4'?'%65&7'6101+5;0+)*65*45641/
(170&/11&%*#0)'5106*'&#;(1..19+0)0+)*659*'06*'#8'4#)'5170&.'8'.9#5#5.19#5
&
&8'45''?'%65102'4(14/#0%'57%*#5+0%4'#5'&4'#%6+106+/'*#8'#.51$''0/'#574'&744+'05
'6#.
#0&+6#22'#456*#61.&'42'12.'5=0':6&#;2'4(14/#0%'+5/14'#&8'45'.;#?'%6'&$;
01+5'6*#06*#61(;170)'42'12.'4+'(#*0#0&415
.6*17)*2'12.'1(6'0$'.+'8'6*';)'675'&610+)*66+/'01+5'2*;5+1.1)+%#.6'56521+06616*'
%1064#4;!67&+'5*#8'5*1906*#69*+.'6*'57$,'%6+8'4'52105'+/2418'59+6*6+/'%#4&+18#5%7.#4
4'52105'54'/#+070%*#0)'&7<'6
"#..'6'6#.%10%.7&'6*#6*#$+67#6+10+5016
%1/2.'6''8'0#(6'4;'#451(':21574'6101+5'
4. Summary: Effects of noise on sleep
1+5'+0&7%'&5.''2+06'4('4'0%'+510'1(6*'%4+6+%#.%1/210'0651(%1//70+6;#001;#0%'6%#0
241&7%'5*1466'4/#&8'45''?'%6557%*#5/11&%*#0)'5#0&&'%4'/'065+06#5-2'4(14/#0%'6*'
0':6&#;9+6*6*'2155+$+.+6;1(/14'5'4+175'?'%6510*'#.6*#0&9'..$'+0)+(+6%106+07'518'4
.10)2'4+1&5
=5+&'06+>'&+0&1141(&*#5016$''05'4+175.;%*#..'0)'&18'46*'2#56&'%#&'$76
%105'0575+06*+5#4'#+5.#%-+0)0'241$.'/+56*#6&+?'4'06':2'4+/'06'456'0&6175'#8#4+'6;
1(&'5%4+26145'3#0&/#:+/7/5+0).''8'06.'8'.5#0&#8#4+'6;1(/'6*1&5(14'8#.7#6
+0)6*''?'%655'.(4'2146'6% '4*#2510'4'#510(146*'.#%-1(%.'#4%76%4+6'4+#+5
6*#66*+5#%1/2.':#4'#614'5'#4%*4'37+4+0)%105+&'4#$.'6+/'#0&':2'05'016*'4+51(
%1745'#0''&(14/14'>'.&567&+'5+06*+5#4'#
D. Effects on Performance and Behavior
$)$./453%4(%,)4%2!452%/.4(%%=%#43/&./)3%/.0%2&/2-!.#%!.$"%(!6)/2).4(%)$%.4);
#!4)/./&)43,%6%,3/&./)3%4/02/4%#4!'!).34!#4)6)49).4%2&%2%.#%.%2%!3/.-!9(!6%"%%.4(!4
-5#(/&4(%).&/2-!4)/.!44(!44)-%2%,!4%$4/4(%/##50!4)/.!,3%44).'2!4(%24(!.4(%'%.%2!,
%.6)2/.-%.4./4(%2-!9(!6%"%%.4(%#/-0,%8)49/&4(%4/0)#!.$4(%$)>#5,49).6/,6%$).
)$%.4)&9).'!3).',%./)3%,%6%,4(!4#/5,$!00,94/!'2%!46!2)%49/&4!3+3!.$#/.$)4)/.3,4(/5'(
4(%3%$)>#5,4)%334),,0%24!).-5#(2%3%!2#((!3"%%.'%.%2!4%$).4()3!2%!/6%22%#%.49%!23
/)3%#!.#!53%!$6%23%%=%#43/.4!3+0%2&/2-!.#%!.$"%(!6)/2!47/2+!.$).././##50!4)/.!,
!.$3/#)!,3%44).'3(%3%%=%#43!2%4(%35"*%#4/&3/-%#/.42/6%239(/7%6%23).#%4(%9$/./4
!,7!93/##52!302%$)#4%$/-%4)-%3./)3%!#45!,,9)-02/6%30%2&/2-!.#%!.$3/-%4)-%34(%2%
!2%./-%!352!",%$)=%2%.#%3"%47%%.0%2&/2-!.#%)../)39!.$15)%4#/.$)4)/.3(%02%3%.#%
!.$$%'2%%/&%=%#43$%0%.$3/.!6!2)%49/&).4%26%.).'6!2)!",%3
1. Sensory and motor effects
80%2)-%.43/.4(%%=%#43/&./)3%/.6)3)/.(!6%02/$5#%$#/.<)#4).'2%35,437)4(4(%35''%34)/.
/&3/-%%=%#43/.6)35!,$)3#2)-).!4)/./(%.(%2%)3%6)$%.#%(/7%6%24(!4()'(,%6%,3
/&./)3%#!.02/$5#%3()&43).6)35!,;%,$!2+%2%4!,)'(,%6%,3/&./)3%#!.!=%#4
6%34)"5,!2&5.#4)/.%30%#)!,,97(%.4(%02%3%.4!4)/.4/4(%47/%!23)3!39--%42)#!,/24(%,%6%,
/&!44%.5!4)/.)3'2%!4%2)./.%%!2!22)3-05,3)6%/2/4(%235$$%.,/5$3/5.$3#!.02/
$5#%!34!24,%2%30/.3%4(!4$/%3./4#/-0,%4%,9(!")45!4%7)4(2%0%!4%$02%$)#4!",%%80/352%3
!9!.$)#%
2. Noise variables
/5.$,%6%,)3/.%/&4(%-/34)-0/24!.40!2!-%4%237(%.02%$)#4).'0%2&/2-!.#%%=%#43(%
,%6%,/&./)3%.%#%33!294/02/$5#%!$6%23%%=%#43)3'2%!4,9$%0%.$%.450/.4(%490%/&4!3+)-
0,%4!3+32%-!).5.!=%#4%$!4./)3%,%6%,3!3()'(!3$/2!"/6%7(),%-/2%#/-0,%84!3+3!2%
$)32504%$!4-5#(,/7%2,%6%,3 .4),&!)2,92%#%.4,94(%,%6%,/&"%')..).'%=%#437!34(/5'(44/"%
!2/5.$$&/2-/34#/.$)4)/.3"54!35--!29/&2%#%.42%3%!2#(/.%30/).434/%=%#43
!4-5#(,/7%2,%6%,3=%#43/.3%2)!,2%!#4)/.4!3+3(!6%"%%../4%$&/2#/.4).5/53./)3%7)4(
7%)'(4%$./)3%,%6%,3/&$/.%3
!.$&/2).4%2-)44%.4./)3%7)4(7%)'(4%$,%6%,3/&
!2/5.$$!(4%,!%4!,
2%15%.#9!.$4%-0/2!,#(!2!#4%2)34)#3!,3/0,!9!0!24)'(&2%15%.#93/5.$)3-/2%$)32504)6%
4)4!.,/7&2%15%.#93/5.$!.$).4%2-)44%.4./)3%#!.!=%#40%2&/2-!.#%-/2%!$6%23%,94)4!.#/.
4).5/53./)3%/&%15)6!,%.4%.%2'90%2)/$)#).4%2-)44%.#)%3!2%-/2%,)+%,94/02/$5#%!$6%23%
%=%#434(!.2%'5,!2/.%3!.$)-05,3%./)3%-!9"%%6%.-/2%$)32504)6%'!).4(%%=%#43!2%
6!2)!",%$%0%.$).'50/.4!3+#/-0,%8)49!.$/4(%2&!#4/23
5#(/&4(%)-0/24!.42%3%!2#().4(%%=%#43/&./)3%/.0%2&/2-!.#%#/.$5#4%$/6%24(%,!34
$%#!$%(!3&/#53%$/.4(%%=%#43/&)22%,%6!.430%%#( (%!$6%23%%=%#43/&)22%,%6!.430%%#(
!00%!24/"%&!)2,9).$%0%.$%.4/&3/5.$,%6%,!4,%!34).4(%$2!.'%!.$4(%2%&/2%!2%./4
-)4)'!4%$3)-0,9"9!44%.5!4).'4(%-"9$/23//.%34!,3/!00%!234(!4)22%,%6!.4
30%%#(!=%#4302/#%33%3).6/,6).'-%-/29%'2%!3/.).'-%.4!,!2)4(-%4)#!.$02/",%-3/,6).'
/2!#/-02%(%.3)6%2%6)%7/&4(%%=%#43/&./)3%/.*/"0%2&/2-!.#%3%%54%2
(%).)4)!,7/2+7!30%2&/2-%$"9!,!-%!.$!$$%,%9
!.$!.$(!3"%%.
35--!2):%$"9/.%3!4!2%#%.4#/.&%2%.#%).4/#+(/,-
4#6*'46*#0#66'06+10"+6*4'52'%6614'#&+0)6#5-5*19'8'4/'#0+0)(7.52''%*+5/14'&+54726+8'
6*#0/'#0+0).'5552''%*10'5!*'5'@0&+0)5*#8'5+)0+@%#0%'(14/#0;/1&'40914-#0&
5%*11.'08+410/'0659*'4'+0(14/#6+10241%'55+0)#0&':%*#0)'+551+/2146#06'52'%+#..;6*15'
1(6*'=12'02.#0>8#4+'6;
3. Task variables
!#5-%1/2.':+6;*#5$''0+&'06+@'&+007/'4175':2'4+/'065#5#%47%+#.&'6'4/+0#061(6*''(
('%651(01+5'102'4(14/#0%'1+5'':21574'757#..;.'#8'55+/2.'4176+0'6#5-570#B'%6'&#0&
%#0'8'0+/2418'2'4(14/#0%'1(/1016101756#5-524'57/#$.;$;'.'8#6+0)10'?5.'8'.1(#4175#.
41#&$'06 1/'6#5-557%*#564#%-+0)#0&,1$54'37+4+0)+06'..'%67#.(70%6+10%#0$'
/1/'06#4+.;&+54726'&9+6*176&'%4'/'065+018'4#..2'4(14/#0%'41#&$'0676+(6*'
01+5'.'8'.+557C%+'06.;*+)*14+(6*'6#5-$'%1/'5/14'%1/2.':01+5'9+..*#8'#0#&8'45''(
('%6"*'069114/14'6#5-5/756$'2'4(14/'&5+/7.6#0'175.;+0#01+5;'08+410/'062'4(14/
#0%'106*'24+/#4;6#5-757#..;4'/#+0570#B'%6'&9*+.'2'4(14/#0%'106*'57$5+&+#4;6#5-&'
6'4+14#6'51%-';#0&#/+.610#8+'5#0&10'5+0-.'/#0#0&.#55
4. After-effects
65''/56*#601+5'%#0*#8''8'0)4'#6'4'B'%65#(6'46*#0&74+0)':21574'!*'/156%1//10
#(6'4'B'%6#22'#4+0)+06*'':2'4+/'06#..+6'4#674'+5#4'&7%'&61.'4#0%'(14(47564#6+10/#0+
('56'&+0#5'4+'51(':2'4+/'065#5#4'&7%6+10+09+..+0)0'55612'45+56+064;+0)6151.8'+051.7$.'
27<<.'5.#55#0& +0)'4'4%+8#.#0&1'$!*+54'5'#4%*#.51+0&+%#6'56*#624'&+%6
#$+.+6;1(6*'01+5'5+)0#.)4'#6.;4'&7%'5+65#&8'45'#(6'4'B'%65.#55#0& +0)'40'567&;
(170&6*#66*'6;2'1(01+5'#.51+0A7'0%'&6*'#(6'4'B'%6+4%4#(601+5'/1&+@'&61241&7%'
57&&'0105'65#0&1B5'654'57.6'&+0#.19'461.'4#0%'(14(47564#6+10#(6'46*'':21574'6*#09*+6'
01+5'6*#6#&$''05+/+.#4.;/1&+@'&'4%+8#.#0&1'$
5. Effects of noise on social behavior
!*'4'+5#0':6'05+8'.+6'4#674'%10%'40+0)6*''B'%61(01+5'1051%+#.$'*#8+14#0&,756#('9':
#/2.'51(6*+54'5'#4%*9+..$'&+5%755'&*'4' +0)'4'6#.21+061766*#601+5'*#5$''0
75'&#5#01:+17556+/7.75+0#8#4+'6;1(+08'56+)#6+105$'%#75'+6241&7%'56*'5#/'$+1.1)+%#.#0&
25;%*1.1)+%#.'B'%65#516*'4564'551450(#%66*';1$5'48'6*#66*''B'%651(01+5'%1/$+0'&
9+6*2'4%'+8'&%10641.*#8'$''0(4'37'06.;&'/10564#6'&#0&6*'5'+08'56+)#6+105*#8'#.51$''0
':6'0&'&61/#0;16*'45+67#6+1059*'4'6*'24'5'0%'1(%10641.4'.+#$.;/1&'4#6'56*''B'%651(
564'55
0#(4'37'06.;%+6'&.#$14#614;567&;#66*'95#0&#0010(170&6*#6('9'457$,'%656*'4'
9+..+0)61*'.251/'10'9*1*#&=#%%+&'06#..;>&4122'&/#6'4+#.59*'0$#%-)4170&01+5'.'8'.5
6*'4'&6*#09*'06*';6*'4'&0#57$5'37'06@'.&567&;6*'5#/'4'57.656*'4'&'/10
564#6'&+0#$#%-)4170&1(.#90/16*'401+5'#0&6*+56+/'6*'#&&+6+101(#%#56106*'=8+%6+/?5>
#4/'0*#0%'&*'.2+0)$'*#8+1470&'437+'6%10&+6+105$76(#+.'&61&151&74+0)6*'01+5''2+
51&'5#66*'95#0&#00100#016*'457%*':2'4+/'06 #75'4'6#.(170&6*#6
57$,'%654'%1//'0&'&.19'45#.#4+'5(14@%6+6+175'/2.1;''59*'0':215'&619'+)*6'&.'8'.51(
1C%'01+5'#661&6*#0+037+'641#&$'06#0&
%+6'5#&&+6+10#.'8+&'0%'57)
)'56+0)6*#657$,'%659+..)+8''#%*16*'4+0%4'#5'&#/170651(5*1%-#0&01+5'9*'06*';6*'/
5'.8'5#4'':215'&6101+5'#0&#.51%+6'5'8+&'0%'6*#601+5'+0%4'#5'5#0:+'6;.'8'.541#&$'06
+0)'4'6#.%+6'6*'4'5'#4%*1(#0)'4#0&1&+0106*''B'%651(2#6+'06%10641.+0#
0745+0)*1/'5+67#6+10
,&'-"('(/-!)+,'(('-+(%(+/')+"/('-+(%",('(-!&(,-"&)(+
-'-)+"-(+,(/+,!/"(+%9-,.#-,0!()+"/-!--!2!/('-+(%(/+-!
'(",,!(0," '"7'-%2 +-+-(%+'(++.,-+-"('-!',.#-,0"-!(.-('-+(%/'"-!
('-+(%",'/+1+",%,,'"' +'+'-1)+"&'-"' +'!",(%% .,
(.'-!-,.#-,0!(-!+-(%-!--!2!('-+(%('0" !-
'(",,-"&.%.,
,!(0," '"7'-%2 +-+)+,",-'('":.%--,$-!',.#-,0!(!'(('-+(%(+,.
#-,-!-!('-+(%(+('%2)+-(-!1)+"&'-"' +-%!",7'"' (.++
,)"--!--!--!,.#-,0"-!('%2)+-"%('-+(%+)(+-%"' ,(('-+(%'("9+'-
+(&-!(,0"-!.%%('-+(%(-!1-'--!--!,7'"' ,' '+%"3-()().%-"(',
%"/"' "''(",2+,-!",$"'(+,+!&2!/," '"7'-,("(%( "%"&)%"-"(',
6. Summary: Effects on performance and behavior
(",'/+,%29--,$)+(+&'"'/+"-2("+.&,-','-!),-+,+!"'
-!",+!,(.,&"'%2('-!(.)-"('%,--"' 0!+'(",%/%,&.,-,.:"'-%2
!" !'-!-,$,.:"'-%2(&)%1(+)+(+&'+&'-,-((.+'-+,+!"&
)%"-,&(+&(+-'(",%/%,,)"%%20!',)!",-!",+.)-"/'(",,-"&.%.,(&
+,+!"'"-,-!-'(",'%,()+(.",+.)-"/-+9-,(&&('%2&'",-,
+.-(%+'(++.,-+-"(''"-))+,-!--!)+,''-"&"' (('-+(%(/+-!
'(",++"-"%-(-!)+"-"('(-+9-,/'&(+-'(",%/%,'"'+,'1"-2
+,-!"'"'(!%)"' !/"(+'"'+,-!+",$(!(,-"%!/"(+"'1)+"&'
-%,.#-,!,9-,&2-(,(&1-'-!%)1)%"'-!4!.&'"3-"('5(-(26,.+'
'/"+('&'-
E. Extra-Auditory Health Effects
(",!,'"&)%"-"'-!/%()&'-(+1+-"('(/+"-2(!%-!)+(%&,
+' "' +(&!2)+-',"('-(),2!(,",(&(-!,7'"' ,+,('+.%%2('-+(%%
%(+-(+2(+7%+,+!.-&'2(-!+,+-!)+(.-,(,-.",-!-!/',/+%2
+"-""32-!+,+!(&&.'"-2'"-!+,(-"'"' /%"-'/+2":.%-
.,(-!&2+"("'-+/'"' /+"%,-!-&.,-('-+(%%,.!, ,%-"('",
)+1",-"' !%-!('"-"(',"-,&($"' !"-,%(!(%(',.&)-"(',("(('(&",--.,
1)(,.+-((-!+ '-,''/"+('&'-%',("%,-+,,(+,"-"('%":.%-",%""'-!
"'-+)+--"('(-!7'"' ,,)"%%2-!(,"'/(%/"' .-9-,(+1&)%"'(",+",,
%(()+,,.+('-&)(++2,",0"%%)+(%(' 1)(,.+)+(.)+&''-!' ,',,
0!+-!,9-,+)+&''-.-,%" !-0!-+-!%(' -+&"&)%"-"(',!,-2),(
*.,-"(',')+(%&,!/.,-!",)+-".%++('(",+,+!'+"-+"/%()&'-
-(/+2('-+(/+,"%
1. Theoretical basis
(",",(',"+'(',)"7"(%( "%,-+,,(+%""-"' +,)(',-!-)+)+,-!(2
(+-"(',(&-"&,+++-(,-!47 !-(+8" !-5+,)(',!)!2,"(%( "%&!'",&
-!(. !--(+,)(',"%(+-!",+-"('",-!,-"&.%-"('2'(",/"-!."-(+2,2,-&(
-!+"'6,+-".%+-"/-"' ,2,-&(!'.+%"&).%,,,)++(&-!+-".%+,2,
-&-(-!!" !+(+-1'-!+(. !(.--!'-+%'+/(.,,2,-&(",'-!+(+"'8.
')+)-.%&(-(+'( '"-"/!/"(+'%,(-+" + %'.%++"(/,.%+' ,
-+("'-,-"'%!' ,2&',(-!.-('(&"'+/(.,,2,-&/"'(-!,9-,!(0
/+",'(-,2-((&2,)"-,(+,+!')+(%2!.'+,(,-.",+%
-"/%2%"--%',"0"-!&.!('7'
2. Effects on blood pressure
2/"!",94(%-/34!44%.4)/.(!3"%%.$)2%#4%$4/7!2$#!2$)/6!3#5,!2%=%#43%30%#)!,,90/4%.4)!,
%,%6!4)/.3).",//$02%3352%!.9345$)%3/&4(%342%33&5,%=%#43/&./)3%(!6%"%%.#/.$5#4%$/.
2/$%.43!.$/4(%2,!"/2!4/29!.)-!,34(%!$6!.4!'%/&4(%3%345$)%3)34(!44(%9/=%2!'2%!4%2$%
'2%%/&#/.42/,!.$)4)30/33)",%4/(!6%,/.'%2%80/352%34(!.7)4((5-!.35"*%#43(%$)3!$6!.
4!'%3!2%4(!44(%2%)3$)>#5,49'%.%2!,):).'4/(5-!.3%30%#)!,,97)4(4(%3-!,,%2!.)-!,34(%%8
0%.3%).6/,6%$7(%.,!2'%2!.)-!,3!2%53%$!.$4(%02%6!),).'05",)#3%.4)-%.4!'!).34!.)-!,%8
0%2)-%.4!4)/.
30/.3/2%$/.%/&4(%-/34./4!",%!.)-!,345$)%3/&./)3%%80/352%).7()#(%4%23/.!.$
()3#/,,%!'5%30%2&/2-%$;6%3%43/&%80%2)-%.43/.4(%#!2$)/6!3#5,!2%=%#43/&./)3%/.-/.+%93
%4%23/.%4!,!.$
(%34)-5,53#/.3)34%$/&7%)'(4%$,%6%,3/&7/2+0,!#%
./)3%!44/$!.$4(%%80/352%34(%2%!3,/.'!3-/.4(3(%2%35,433(/7%$3)'.);#!.4
%,%6!4)/.3/&"/4(3934/,)#!.$$)!34/,)#",//$02%3352%4(%&!#44(!44(%3%#(!.'%30%23)34%$,/.'
!&4%2%80/352%#%33!4)/.!2'5%3&/2!#(2/.)#%=%#4!4,%!34).4()3#!3%.&/245.!4%,9!.!44%-04
4/2%0,)#!4%4()3%80%2)-%.47)4(!./4(%202)-!4%-/$%,7!3$)3#/.4).5%$&/2,!#+/&&5.$).'!&4%2
/.,947/35"*%#43(!$"%%.%80/3%$52++!.%4!,
%,!4)6%,9&%7!.)-!,%80%2)-%.43(!6%
"%%.#/.$5#4%$).4()3!2%!/6%22%#%.49%!23
)4(2%30%#44/,!"/2!4/29).6%34)'!4)/.3).6/,6).'(5-!.35"*%#43%(-
#)4%33)8345$)%3
3(/7).').#2%!3%3).",//$02%3352%"5415%34)/.37(%4(%24(%3%%=%#437/5,$"%0%2-!.%.4.
!.!44%-044/)$%.4)&9-/2%353#%04)",%0/05,!4)/.3)#(!,!+%4!,).6%34)'!4%$4(%%=%#43
/&,/7<9).'!)2#2!&4/.%,$%2,935"*%#433).'2%#/2$%$!)2#2!&43/5.$34(%9&/5.$3)'.);#!.4).
#2%!3%3)."/4(3934/,)#!.$$)!34/,)#",//$02%3352%!&4%2%80/352%4/4(%47/490%3/&./)3%7)4(
3)'.);#!.4,9'2%!4%22%30/.3%4/4(%2!0)$/.3%4<9/6%2./)3% (%4(%2/2./44(%3%).#2%!3%3
7/5,$"%#/-%0%2-!.%.47)4(02/42!#4%$%80/352%)3./4+./7.
)%,$345$)%3/&./)3%!.$",//$02%3352%!-/.'7/2+%23/2#/--5.)492%3)$%.43!2%"%#/-).').
#2%!3).',90/05,!2"544(%2%35,43!2%./4!,7!93#/.3)34%.4%(-
(!32%6)%7%$;%,$345$
)%3-/34,9/&/##50!4)/.!,./)3%%80/352%!.$2%0/2434(!44(%-!*/2)493(/7%$3)'.);#!.4).
#2%!3%3).%)4(%23934/,)#/2$)!34/,)#",//$02%3352%/2"/4(!.)*+%4!,
(/7%6%22%0/243
4(!43)8/4(%2345$)%3/&%80/352%4//##50!4)/.!,./)3%&/5.$./3)'.);#!.4$)=%2%.#%3"%47%%.
%80/3%$!.$./.%80/3%$'2/503
.)03#(),$!.$5$3(//-!6/)$%$3/-%/&4(%0)4&!,,3#(!2!#4%2)34)#/&%0)$%-)/,/')#!,
345$)%3"9%8!-).).'!0/05,!4)/..%!24(%-34%2$!-!)20/24"%&/2%!.$!&4%2!.).#2%!3%).%8
0/352%4/!)2#2!&4./)3%!.$#/-0!2).')44/!./.%80/3%$0/05,!4)/..%!2"9(%$%0%.$%.46!2)
!",%7!34(%052#(!3%/&#%24!).02%3#2)04)/.$25'342!.15),):%233,%%0).'0),,3!.4!#)$3!.$#!2
$)/6!3#5,!2$25'3(%).6%34)'!4/23&/5.$4(!44(%53%/&4(%3%$25'3).4(%./../)3%!2%!7!3%3
3%.4)!,,934!",%7(%2%!34(%53%/&-/34490%3/&4(%3%$25'3).4(%!2%!.%7,9)-0!#4%$"9./)3%
).#2%!3%$34%!$),9/6%24(%9%!23).6%34)'!4%$()3).#2%!3%7!3%30%#)!,,9./4)#%!",%&/2!.4)(90%2
4%.3)6%$25'3
.!-/2%2%#%.42%6)%76!.)*+!.!,9:%$#2/333%#4)/.!,345$)%37)4((!,&/&4(%-
3(/7).'!0/3)4)6%2%,!4)/."%47%%../)3%%80/352%!.$",//$02%3352%!.$4(%/4(%23./3)'.);
#!.4%=%#43!.)*+#2)4)#):%34(%3%+).$3/&).6%34)'!4)/.3&/24(%&/,,/7).'+).$3/&7%!+.%33%3
).!$%15!4%$%3#2)04)/./&./)3%!.$",//$02%3352%-%!352%-%.43!"3%.#%/2).!$%15!4%#/.42/,
/&).4%26%.).'6!2)!",%353%/&(%!2).',/33!3!$%4%2-).!.4/&%80/352%-!'.)45$%53%/&(%!2).'
02/4%#4/23!.$15%34)/.!",%).4%202%4!4)/./&4(%2%35,43!24/&4(%02/",%--!9"%4(!44(%).
6%34)'!4/23/&4%.#/-%&2/-/.,9/.%$)3#)0,).%7(%.).&!#4!-5,4)$)3#)0,).!294%!-)3.%%$%$
'.,/2.- -#(#$++1$".,,$-#3'$42$.%/1.2/$"3(5$.1" 2$".-31.+,.#$+21 3'$13' -
3'$,.1$".-5$-($-3"1.222$"3(.-$#234#8 -#3'$8231$223'$(,/.13 -"$.% #$04 3$2 ,/+$2(9$
'$8, (-3 (-3' 3!$" 42$ -8"' -&$2(-!+..#/1$2241$1$24+3(-&%1.,".,,4-(38-.(2$ 1$
+(*$+83.!$2, ++" 1$%4+".-31.+2+ 1&$2 ,/+$2(9$2 -# 3+$ 238$ 12.%$7/.241$3.-.(2$6.4+#
!$-$15$#3.(#$-3(%82(&-(=" -3$>$"32
3. Effects on blood chemistry
+..#"'$,(2318(2 +2..%(-3$1$23(-234#($2.%6(1$$7/.241$ -#3'$" 1#(.5 2"4+ 12823$,-3'$
1$5($6"(3$# !.5$$',
1$/.132.- 2$1($2.%$7/$1(,$-32!.3'+ !.1 3.18 -#=$+#
6'("'2'.6(-"1$ 2$#+$5$+2.%3'$" 3$"'.+ ,(-$2$/(-$/'1(-$ -#-.1$/(-$/'1(-$,.-&3'$,
1$3'$2$1($2.%$7/$1(,$-32!82(-& -#'(2".++$ &4$2 !"2'.6(-& ".--$"3(.-
!$36$$--.(2$$7/.241$ -#, &-$2(4,,$3 !.+(2, -#'4, -2 -# -(, +2"".1#(-&3.$',
3'(2=-#(-&24&&$232 /.22(!+$,$"' -(2,%.1" 1#(.5 2"4+ 1$>$"32(-3' 3 "'1.-(", &-$2(4,
(,! + -"$" -+$ #3.(-"1$ 2$#(-31 "$++4+ 1+$5$+2.%" +"(4,(-3'$'$ 13%.1(-23 -"$6'("'(-
341-" -" 42$5 2.".-231("3(.- -#(-"1$ 2$23'$2$-2(3(9 3(.-%.1" 3$"'.+ ,(-$2
+ 1&$$/(#$,(.+.&(" +234#83'$ $1/'(++8 -#/$$#6$++$ 13(2$ 2$34#8(--&+ -#'.+#2
2.,$/1.,(2$%.1(-5$23(& 3(-&3'$$>$"32.%1. #31 ?"-.(2$ !(2"' -# ++ "'$1'(2
234#8.%'$ 13#(2$ 2$ -# 5 1($38.%$-5(1.-,$-3 +% "3.1242$2!.3'3'$"1.222$"3(.- + -#/1.
2/$"3(5$ //1. "'$2 -#2'.4+#".-3(-4$%.1,.1$3' -8$ 12'$(-5$23(& 3.12' 5$/$1%.1,$#
#$3 (+$#-.(2$$7/.241$,$ 241$,$-32 ,/+$2(9$2.%,.1$3' -,$-' 5$!$$-#1 6-%1.,
!.3'3'$ $1/'(++8 -#/$$#6$++".,,4-(3($2 -#".-31.+2%.1 &$2."(.$".-.,("% "3.12% ,
(+8'(23.18!.#86$(&'32,.*(-&' !(32 +".'.+ -#/'82(" + "3(5(38' 5$!$$-(-23(343$#-(3( +
1$24+32%1.,3'$"1.222$"3(.- +234#8(-#(" 3$2(&-(=" -3-.(2$1$+ 3$#$+$5 3(.-2.%2$14,"'.+$2
3$1.+ -#&+4".2$+$5$+2 -#/+ 2, 5(2".2(386(3' - !2$-"$.%2(&-(=" -"$%.1!+..#/1$2241$.1
-8.%3'$.3'$1" 1#(.5 2"4+ 11(2*% "3.12'$ 43'.12/.(-3.433' 3 ++.%3'$$>$"323'$1$
2+(&'3!43$5$-2, ++(-"1$ 2$22'.4+#3'$8/1.5$3.!$1$ +6.4+#!$1$+$5 -33.3'$/4!+("'$ +3'
4. Interactions
$5$1 +(-5$23(& 3.12' 5$24&&$23$#3' 3 5$12(.-3.-.(2$, 8!$,.1$'(&'+8".11$+ 3$#6(3'
'$ +3'/1.!+$,23' -3'$-.(2$(32$+%.1$7 ,/+$ 234#8!8$',
%.4-# 2(&-(=" -3".1
1$+ 3(.-!$36$$--.(2$ --.8 -"$ -#" 1#(.5 2"4+ 1#(2.1#$12$1# 3 +2.24&&$233' 33'.2$
6(3'$7(23(-&'$ +3'/1.!+$,2 1$,.1$ --.8$#!8$-5(1.-,$-3 +% "3.1224"' 2-.(2$(,(+ 1+8
.5$* ,/
%.4-#3' 324!)$"326'.#$2"1(!$#3'$,2$+5$2 22$-2(3(5$3.-.(2$2'.6$#2(&-(=
" -3+8&1$ 3$1-.(2$(-#4"$#(-"1$ 2$2(-/$1(/'$1 +5 2.".-231("3(.-3' -3'$(1:-.1, +;".4-3$1
/ 132(- ++8 1$"$-3234#8.%1. #31 ?" -# (1"1 %3-.(2$% (+$#3.2'.6 2(&-(=" -3(-"1$ 2$
(-!+..#/1$2241$1$24+3(-&%1.,-.(2$!43#(#2'.6 ".11$+ 3(.-!$36$$-3'$/1$2$-"$.%-.(2$
-#24!)$"3(5$'$ +3'".,/+ (-324++$2$3 +(>$1$-"$2(-$>$"32!$36$$--.(2$ -#-.-
-.(2$&1.4/23'$1$#$/$-#$-34/.-3'$24!)$"32</$1"$(5$#".-31.+.5$13'$-.(2$!43(-#$/$-#$-3
.%-.(2$+$5$+
5. Other adverse effects
#5$12$'$ +3'$>$"32%1.,-.(2$$7/.241$.3'$13' -" 1#(.5 2"4+ 1$>$"32 1$$5$-,.1$#(?"4+3
3.(2.+ 3$$5$1 +234#($2' 5$(-5$23(& 3$#3'$$>$"32.%-.(2$.-%$3 +#$5$+./,$-36(3'(-".-
"+42(5$1$24+32.,$' 5$2'.6- -(-#(" 3(.-.%1$#4"$#!(13'6$(&'3.1 -(-"1$ 2$(-/1$, 341$
!(13'2!433'$$>$"32 1$424 ++82+(&'3 -#$7"$/3(-.-$" 2$".- +#$3 +-.323 3(2
3(" ++82(&-(=" -3$', -# -2$--(/2"'(+#$3 +
)&&A&$540'/0*4&0/%0$6.&/5&%.&/5"-)&"-5)%*403%&34"3&-*,&8*4&*/$0/$-64*7&&).
$*5&4"4&3*&40'456%*&44)08*/(*/$3&"4&%/6.#&340'14:$)0/&6305*$"/%14:$)040."5*$$0.
1-"*/54%6&50/0*4&&910463&#658)&5)&303/055)&4&$0.1-"*/54-&"%50$)30/*$%*4'6/$5*0/03
*--/&44*4/050#7*064
6. Summary: Extra-auditory effects
4"#*0-0(*$"-453&4403/0*4&$"/*/@6&/$&5)&&/5*3&1):4*0-0(*$"-4:45&.045&A&$54"11&"350
#&53"/4*503:#658*5)$0/5*/6&%&910463&40.&&A&$54)"7&#&&/4)08/50#&$)30/*$*/-"#03"
503:"/*."-430#"#-:5)&4530/(&45&7*%&/$&-*&4*/5)&$"3%*07"4$6-"3&A&$5408&7&3."/:
456%*&44)08"%7&34&&A&$548)*-&."/:05)&344)08/04*(/*?$"/5%*A&3&/$&4#&58&&/&91&3*
.&/5"-"/%$0/530-1016-"5*0/4
/%06#5&%-:#&$"64&0'5)&-"$,0'$0/4*45&/5&7*%&/$&*/5)*/"3&"$06-%/0564&%"5"0/
&953""6%*503:)&"-5)&A&$54*/*54*%&/5*?$"5*0/0'4"'&-&7&-40'&/7*30/.&/5"-/0*4&/45&"%5)*4
46#+&$58"43&-&("5&%50"#3*&'%*4$644*0/*/"/"11&/%*9*/5)&&7&-40$6.&/5-5)06()$0/
4*%&3"#-&"55&/5*0/8"4%&705&%505)*4501*$"55)&*/5&3/"5*0/"-$0/'&3&/$&*/!6(04-"7*""/%
40.&$07&3"(&8"4(*7&/*/5)&
3*5&3*"0$6.&/55)&&7*%&/$&8"4'"3'30.46B$*&/5"/%
.6$)500$0.1-&950&/"#-&5)&'03.6-"5*0/0'%04&3&410/4&3&-"5*0/4)*14"5&3%*%'6/%
40.&130.*4*/(3&4&"3$)*/5)*4"3&""55*4"/%*$)"3%40/&5&340/&5"-
63,,"/
40.&0'8)*$))"4$-&"3-:%&.0/453"5&%"%7&34&$"3%*07"4$6-"3&A&$54"5/0*4&-&7
&-45:1*$"-0'0$$61"5*0/"-4&55*/(4
/5)&*/5&3*.5)&3&)"4#&&/$0/4*%&3"#-&6301&"/3&4&"3$)"$5*7*5:*/5)*4"3&"#65/&"3-:
:&"34-"5&3$3*5&3*""3&45*---"$,*/( )"5*4"7"*-"#-&)08&7&34)06-%(*7&16#-*$10-*$:.",&34"4
8&--"4/0*4&130%6$&3440.&3&"40/'03$0/$&3/&41&$*"--:*/4*56"5*0/48)&3&5)04&*.1"$5&%#:
5)&/0*4&)"7&/0$0/530-07&3031&3$&*7&5)&:)"7&/0$0/530-07&35)&*3&910463&4
F. Annoyance
//0:"/$&*45)&.&"463&%065$0.&0'"$0..6/*5:>43&410/4&504637&:26&45*0/40/7"3*064&/
7*30/.&/5"-"/%05)&3'"$503446$)"4/0*4&&910463&-5)06()"//0:"/$&*/*/%*7*%6"-4*440.&
5*.&4.&"463&%*/5)&-"#03"503:?&-%&7"-6"5*0/40'$0..6/*5:"//0:"/$&"3&.04564&'6-'03
13&%*$5*/(5)&$0/4&26&/$&40'1-"//&%"$5*0/4*/70-7*/()*()8":4"*31035430"%53"B$3"*-30"%4
0305)&3/0*4&4063$&4"$5034%*3&$5-:"A&$5*/("//0:"/$&'30./0*4&*/$-6%&*/5&3'&3&/$&8*5)
$0..6/*$"5*0/"/%4-&&1%*4563#"/$&8)*$))"7&#&&/%*4$644&%*/&"3-*&34&$5*0/45)&3-&44%*
3&$5&A&$54"3&%*43615*0/0'0/&>41&"$&0'.*/%5)&&/+0:.&/50'0/&>41301&35:"/%5)&&/+0:
.&/50'40-*56%&)&$0/4&26&/$&40'/0*4&*/%6$&%"//0:"/$&"3&13*7"5&-:'&-5%*44"5*4'"$5*0/
16#-*$-:&913&44&%$0.1-"*/5450"65)03*5*&4"/%105&/5*"-"%7&34&)&"-5)&A&$54"446((&45&%
"#07&
<//0:"/$&=)"4#&&/5)&5&3.64&%50%&4$3*#&5)&$0..6/*5:>4$0--&$5*7&'&&-*/(4"#065/0*4&
&7&34*/$&5)&&"3-:/0*4&4637&:4*/5)&4"/%4"-5)06()40.&)"7&46((&45&%5)"55)*4
5&3.5&/%450.*/*.*;&5)&*.1"$5 )*-&<"7&34*0/=03<%*453&44=.*()5#&.03&"113013*"5&%&
4$3*150345)&*364&806-%.",&$0.1"3*40/45013&7*0643&4&"3$)%*B$6-554)06-%#&$-&"3)08
&7&35)"5"//0:"/$&$"/$0//05&.03&5)"/"4-*()5*33*5"5*0/*5$"/.&"/"4*(/*?$"/5%&(3"%"5*0/
*/5)&26"-*5:0'-*'&)*43&13&4&/54"%&(3"%"5*0/0')&"-5)*/"$$03%"/$&8*5)5)& >4%&?/*
5*0/0')&"-5).&"/*/(505"-1):4*$"-"/%.&/5"-8&--#&*/("48&--"45)&"#4&/$&0'%*4&"4&
1. Predicting annoyance for public policy purposes
0'"$*-*5"5&5)&%&7&-01.&/50'$3*5&3*""/%16#-*$10-*$:$)6-5;46.."3*;&%"/%"/"-:;&%
"-"3(&/6.#&30'456%*&40'$0..6/*5:"//0:"/$&'30."*3$3"'530"%53"B$"/%3"*-30"%/0*4&4
6'8:5,:./9+F58:#).;2:@3'*+9+<+8'29/362/,?/4-'99;36:/549'354-:.+3:.'::.+6+8)+4:'-+
5,:.+656;2':/54*+:+83/4+*:5(+A./-.2?'445?+*B=5;2*(+:.+542?6'8'3+:+8625::+*'9'
,;4):/545,*'?4/-.:'<+8'-+95;4*2+<+2$.+8+9;2:/4-);8<+658:8'?9'445?'4)+'9/4*+6+4*+4:
5,45/9+95;8)+'4*/:.'9(++4*;((+*:.+#).;2:@);8<+
"+)+4:2?/*+22+:'28+'4'2?@+*:.+58/-/4'2*':';9+*(?#).;2:@'**/4-4+=*':',853/:
)533;4/:?45/9+9;8<+?9$.+8+9;2:/4-,;4):/549.5=992/-.:2?-8+':+8'445?'4)+/4:.+8'4-+(+
:=++4#5,*'4*
*'4*92/-.:2?2+99'445?'4)+'(5<+'(5;:'5,*:.'4:.+
58/-/4'2);8<+4-+4+8'2:.+:=5);8<+9'8+,'/82?)259+/4*/)':/4-:.'::.+4+=9:;*/+9.'<+45:
*8'9:/)'22?'2:+8+*:.+68+*/):/545,)533;4/:?'445?'4)+':2+'9:=.+48+'):/549:5<'8/5;945/9+
95;8)+9'8+625::+*:5-+:.+8&.+4'445?'4)+,853<'8/5;945/9+95;8)+9/9'4'2?@+*9+6'8':+2?
.5=+<+8:.+4+=*':''8+7;/:+8+<+'2/4-'9=/22(+*/9);99+*(+25=
2:.5;-./:.'9(++4;9+*/4:+84':/54'22?/4:.+,583':/545,45/9+652/)?:.+#).;2:@);8<+.'9
(++4:.+9;(0+):5,3;).*+(':+8?:+8
'
(8/G:.958+>'362+8/G:.9
)8/:/)/@+9#).;2:@,58:8+':/4-'::/:;*/4'2*':')':+-58/)'22?./-.2?'445?+*585:.+8=/9+8':.+8
:.'49)'2/4-/:,58,'/2/4-:5'4'2?@+:.+*/9:8/(;:/545,'445?'4)+,58'99;3/4-'D>+*:.8+9.52*
,5845/9+8+2':+*'445?'4)+'4*,58).559/4-9;).'4+>:8+3+)8/:+8/54'9./-.2?'445?+*!+8.'69
(+)';9+5,:.+9+8+'9549'9=+22'9'4;3(+85,5:.+898+9+'8).+89'4*652/)?3'1+89'8+(+-/44/4-
:5+>'3/4+'2:+84':/<+9:5:.+#).;2:@);8<+,5868+*/):/4-)533;4/:?'445?'4)+,85345/9+
2. Metrics
$.+3+:8/)9359:)533542?;9+*:5*+9)8/(+:.+8+2':/549./6(+:=++445/9+'4*)533;4/:?'4
45?'4)+'8+:.++7;/<'2+4:)54:/4;5;995;4*2+<+2'4*:.+*'?4/-.:'<+8'-+95;4*2+<+2
)53659/:+8':/4-9('9+*54:.+=+/-.:+*95;4*2+<+2$.+/9;9+*'2359:+>)2;9/<+2?,58
'/8658:62'44/4-/4:.+%#(;::./968'):/)+.'98+)+4:2?(++4)'22+*/4:57;+9:/5458+>'362+
:.+/3658:'4)+5,)533;4/)':/54'4*8+2'>':/54/4:.++<+4/4-.5;89.'9(++48+)5-4/@+*/4
'2/,584/''4*5))'9/54'22?/4;856+(?:.+;9+5,:.+)533;4/:?45/9++7;/<'2+4:2+<+2
'3+:8/):.':/4)2;*+9'*6+4'2:?,5845/9+95));88/4-(+:=++4'4*63'9=+22'9:.+
*4/-.::/3+6+4'2:?'2/,584/'5*+5,"+-;2':/5494'9:;*?5,:.+)533;4/:/+99;8
85;4*/4-:=58+4).'/8658:98+9/*+4:9+>68+99+*:.+-8+':+9:'445?'4)+*;8/4-:.+.5;89(+
:=++4'4*638'4)5/9
#53+';:.58/:/+9'8+)549/*+8/4-:.+;9+5,:.+95;4*+>659;8+2+<+2#,58+<'2;':/4-:.++,
,+):95,9/4-2++<+4:99;).'9'/8)8',:E?5<+89!$.+/3658:'4)+5,5:.+86'8'3+
:+89'8+'295(+/4-)549/*+8+*9;).'98/9+:/3+58549+::/3+'9'4/4*/)':585,:.+'445?'4)+
,85325=E?/4-3/2/:'8?'/8)8',:'88/9 G)/'29,853:.+%#58+9:#+8</)+8+658::.':
:.+/8'-+4)?.'9(+-;4:5;9+'4'/8)8',:*+:+):'(/2/:?)8/:+8/54:59/:+8+)8+':/54'2,')/2/:/+9'88/
954+:'2
3. Criteria
533;4/:?'445?'4)+8+9;2:/4-,85345/9+/4*;)+*'):/</:?/4:+8,+8+4)+='954+5,:.+359:/3
658:'4:)549/*+8':/549/4!C9/*+4:/D)':/545,'45;:*5585,*'9:.+A9',+B2+<+25,+4
</8543+4:'245/9+!'#53+?+'892':+8'+*+8'24:+8-+4)?533/::++54%8('4
2-6)#()9)/23)(+8-()/-1)6*25'216-()5-1+12-6)-1/%1(86)3/%11-1+%1('21752/"
1-7612-6)=21)'/%66-A'%7-217%&/)>0-1-0%/?);32685)67212-6)7,)5)()A1)(%6!&)/2:
(%1(&)7:))1!2*%1((7,));32685)67,)5)/%&)/)(>02()5%7)?2:)9)5%//2*
7,)6));32685)67,)5)'216-()5)(>%'')37%&/)?%''25(-1+72/%1(86)3/%11-1+67%1(%5(663)'-A)(
&<7,))3%570)172*286-1+%1(#5&%1)9)/230)17#25)6)%5',:%6'-7)(726833257
7,)6)'21'/86-2161%*227127)#67%7)(7,)*2//2:-1+
#"%1(5)'2+1-=)(1(%6%+2%/*25287(2256-15)6-()17-%/%5)%6-13527)'7-1+
7,)38&/-',)%/7,%1(:)/*%5):-7,%1%()48%7)0%5+-12*6%*)7< )*)5)1')>)9)/6?2'8
0)172:)9)5-7-6127%5)+8/%725<+2%/7-6%/)9)/()A1)(&<%1)+27-%7)(6'-)17-A''216)1686
:-7,287'21')51*25)'2120-'%1(7)',12/2+-'%/*)%6-&-/-7<257,)1))(6%1(()6-5)62*%1<3%57-'8
/%5'20081-7<
",))3%570)172*"5%163257%7-21@6)()5%/9-%7-21(0-1-675%7-21,%6%(237)(%2*
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7,)(2)61275)48-5)%-53257%87,25-7-)672(5%:12-6)'217285625(-6'8667,)-03%'72*%-5
325712-6)217,)6855281(-1+'20081-7-)6*25385326)62*'203%7-&-/-7<3/%11-1+25725)')-9)
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)7%/%//)7%/-+85)6%1(*520-()//)7%/32575%<7,)5)63216)6*520685
9)<62*7:20-(6-=)(%-532576-1%/-*251-%85&%1.-53257%1(7,)5%1+)2817<-53257",)
3)5')17%+)2*5)6321()176,-+,/<%112<)(-6()3-'7)(%6%*81'7-212*%1('203%5)(727,)
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:28/(,%9)&))135)(-'7)(&<7,)!',8/7='859)25);%03/)%7(%60%1<%63)5')172*
7,)85&%1.3238/%7-21()6'5-&)(7,)06)/9)6%6,-+,/<%112<)(%1(620)3)5')171)%57,)5
%1+)2817<-53257
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-1%66)66-1+7,)-03%'72*%-5'5%*7%-5325712-6)%1(72);%0-1)7,)3266-&/)1))(*25%6-1+/))9)17
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)()5%/17)5%+)1'<200-77))212-6),%6&))1%'7-9%7)(*2'866-1+0%-1/<21%-5
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4. Sources
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5. Nonacoustics variables
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2'-,,"1-!'-#!-,-+'!12231-,#-$2&#1#-2&#040' *#1&-5#4#0'11.-5#0$3*12&#22'
23"#-$2&#0#1'"#,211304#7#"&'1'1%--"#6+.*#-$2&#$!22&22&#&3+, #',%'1,-2
*!) -65&#0#2&##<#!2'11'+.*#!-,1#/3#,!#-$2&#',.32,0#!#,2,*71'1-$1-!'*
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6. Habituation
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13 1'"#-4#02'+##%'#*"10'=2&1
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8. Summary: Annoyance
//0:"/$&$"/#&7*&8&%"45)&&913&44*0/0'/&("5*7&'&&-*/(43&46-5*/('30.*/5&3'&3&/$&8*5)
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5)06()5)*43&"$5*0/$"/36/5)&(".650'.*-%*33*5"5*0/50&953&.&%*453&440/-:3&410/4&4$"5&
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.6/*5*&4 )&.0453&41&$5&%"/%8*%&-:64&%$3*5&3*0/50"44&44$0..6/*5:"//0:"/$&*/5)&!
)"4#&&/5)&$)6-5;$637&"-5)06()5)*4$3*5&3*0/)"4#&&/5)&46#+&$50')&"5&%%&#"5&&7&3"-
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"//0:"/$&'30.5)&4&$"5&(03*&44)06-%#&"44&44&%4&1"3"5&-:/"%%*5*0/5)&3&)"4#&&/(308*/(
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%":/*()5"7&3"(&406/%-&7&-0'% )*4*%&/5*?$"5*0/8"4/0550#&$0/4536&%"4"45"/%"3%03
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"/%7"3*064$033&$5*0/'"$5034)"7&#&&/130104&%50"$$06/5'035)&%*@&3&/$&/"%%*5*0/.045
1&01-&"3&&9104&%50"$0.#*/"5*0/0'/0*4&4063$&4"/%.0%&-4'0313&%*$5*/(5)&3&46-5*/("/
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*/"--:*5"11&"345)"5/0*4&3&-"5&%"//0:"/$&%0&4/0546#4*%&07&35*.&
VI. Conclusions
0*4&)"4"4*(/*?$"/5*.1"$50/5)&26"-*5:0'.&3*$"/-*'& )&3&*4/0&7*%&/$&5)"55)&*.1"$5
)"4%*.*/*4)&%*/5)&:&"344*/$&8"4"#0-*4)&%"5)&3*5"11&"345)"55)&*.1"$5*4"5
-&"45"4(3&"5"/%.045130#"#-:(3&"5&35)"/*58"4:&"34"(0%6&501016-"5*0/(3085)&41&
$*"--:*/63#"/"3&"4"/%5)&130-*'&3"5*0/0'$&35"*//0*4&4063$&4
$0/4*%&3"#-&".06/50'/0*4&&@&$543&4&"3$))"4#&&/$0/%6$5&%07&35)&-"45%&$"%&.6$)0'
*55",*/(1-"$&*/5)&6301&"//"5*0/48)&3&(07&3/.&/5"-$0/$&3/"#065/0*4&*4(3&"5&35)"/*5
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"/:0'5)&.46((&45*.1035"/5*/5&33&-"5*0/4)*14#&58&&/5)&7"3*064/0*4&&@&$545)"53&."*/
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'&$540/5)&46#4&26&/51&3'03."/$&0'$&35"*/5"4,4 )&$0/$&150'$0/530-"-40)"4"#&"3*/(0/
"//0:"/$&'30./0*4&"4%04&7&3"-05)&3/0/"$0645*$'"$5034//0:"/$&"11&"3450#&3&-"5&%50
&0/($*5&4"/4&/
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