Vocabulary Mass – measure of the amount of matter the object contains
Volume – measure of the space occupied by the object
Extrinsic/extensive property – property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
Intrinsic/intensive property – property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not
the amount of matter
Substance – matter that has a uniform and definite composition
Physical property – a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or
measured without changing the substance’s composition
Solid – form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
Liquid – form of matter that has indefinite shape, flows, yet has a fixed volume
Gas – form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
Vapor – the gaseous sate of a substance that is generally a liquid or a solid at room
temperature
Physical change – some properties of a material change, but the composition of the
material does not
Mixture – physical blend of two or more components
Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
Homogeneous mixture – a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
Solution phase - any part of a sample with uniform composition
Filtration – the process that separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Distillation – a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
Element – simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Compound – a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a
fixed proportion
Chemical change – a change that produces matter with a different composition than the
original matter
Chemical symbol – one or two-letter representation of an element
Periodic table – an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into
groups based on a set of repeating properties
Period – a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Group – a vertical column of elements in the periodic table
Chemical property – the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change
Chemical reaction – a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more
products
Reactant – a substance present at the start of a reaction
Product – a substance produced in the reaction
Precipitate – a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
Law of conservation of mass – in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is
conserved; mass is neither created nor destroyed
Identifying a Substance • Pure substances are made up of only one element ie. An aluminum can • Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition •
Hardness, color, conductivity, and malleability are examples of physical properties States of Matter • Solids o The shape does not depend on the shape of its container o Particles packed tightly together, often in an orderly arrangement o Almost incompressible o Expand only slightly when heated o Definite shape and volume • Liquids o Particles in close contact with one another but arrangement is not rigid or orderly because the particles can flow from one location to another o Takes the shape of the container o Volume doesn’t change o Shape changes o Almost incompressible o Expand slightly when heated • Gases o Takes shape of container o Can expand to fill any volume o Takes both volume and shape of container o Particles much further apart o Gasses are easily compressed Physical Changes • Melting is a physical change because the composition doesn’t change • Boil, melt, freeze, split, grind, cut, crush and condense are all words used to describe physical changes • However those words split up into two different categories • Irreversible o Grind o Cut o Crush o Split • Reversible o Boil o Melt o Freeze o Condense Classifying Mixtures • Heterogeneous or homogeneous • Heterogeneous o Contents not evenly distributed o No uniform composition o ie: chicken noodle soup o two or more phases • Heterogeneous mixture o Substances evenly distributed o Doesn’t look like a mixture o Aka a solution o Many are liquids o Some are gases o Single phase o ie: coffee Separating Mixtures • Methods o Filtration o Distillation Distinguishing Elements and Compounds • Compounds can be broken down elements cannot Breaking Down Compounds • Need a chemical change • Heating is one processes • There is no process that could break down carbon because it is an element • Electricity can cause water to break down Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures Chemical Changes • Burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, corrode – chemical change • Composition of matter always changes • Aka a chemical reaction Conservation of Mass • Mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants • Mass always holds constant in a chemical reaction • Mass is neither created nor destroyed Questions 1. Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic property a. A large marker b. A 5lb weight c. A hollow chocolate bunny d. A leather basketball 2. Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic property a. A leather basketball b. A cotton sock c. A 5lb weight d. An orange scented marker 3. Which of the following is NOT a physical change a. The freezing of ice cubes b. Condensing a gas into a smaller container c. Cooking pasta d. Burning a steak on the grill 4. Which of the following is irreversible a. Melting an ice cube b. Filing a nail c. Freezing a banana d. Boiling soda 5. Which of the following is heterogeneous a. Coffee b. Oil and vinegar c. Oil d. Vinegar 6. Describe the difference between a chemical change and a physical change. Give an example of each. 7. How is the arrangement of particles different in a solid and a gas? 8. When MgSO! explodes the products are Mg, S, and O! . If I have 50g of MgSO! originally and 20g of Mg after and 21g of O! . How many grams of S do I have? 9. Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic property. 10. Describe how to break down a compound.