Social
8
Sciences
ANSWER KEY
HISTORY
Chapter 1: Decline of the Mughals
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Aurangzeb Alamgir
2. Later Mughals
3. British
4. Muhammad Shah
5. Mughal army
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Later Mughals
Successors of Aurangzeb
2.
The last Mughal ruler
Bahadur Shah Zafar
3.
The ruler of Afghanistan
Ahmad Shah Abdali
4.
Shah Jahan's throne
Takht-e-Taus
5.
Turanis
A group of nobles
C. Write True or False:
1.False
3.False
5.True
2.True
4.False
D. Answer the following questions:
1. Religious policy – Aurangzeb did not follow the policy of religious
tolerance like his predecessors did.His pro-Islam policy divided
his subjects on religious lines. H
e imposed the jizya (pilgrim tax)
on his Hindu subjects. His religious policy led to long battles with
the Sikhs, the Marathas and the Rajputs.
Rajput policy – Akbar had developed friendly relations with the
Rajputs. Aurangzeb did not bother to maintain the friendly relation
with the Rajputs. He fought with the ruler of Marwar and a few of
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his friendly Rajput allies during the war of succession to the throne
of Marwar. As a result, Aurangzeb could not get help of the Rajputs
in his wars against the Marathas.
2. Aurangzeb had remained in the Deccan for about 27 years. During
this time he fought against the Marathas and the Shia Muslim rulers
of the Deccan. His Deccan wars badly affected his government. The
wars gave rise to rebellions by governors and local chiefs. The royal
treasury was also drained due to the Deccan wars.
3. A mansabdar was a Mughal officer who was paid for his services
by grant of land. He looked after law and order in his area and
maintained soldiers for the Mughal army. The Mughal empire
reached the largest extent in the time of Aurangzeb. He appointed
the highest number of mansabdars. However, there was not enough
land for all the mansabdars. There was a mad rush among them to
get the best land. This led to the mansabdari crisis. Aurangzeb was
forced to convert crown land into jagirs and reward the officers.
This loss of crown land reduced the revenue collection for the
Mughal emperor. Many mansabdars did not get profitable jagirs.
Therefore, they stopped to keep the number of soldiers required of
them. The Mughal army suffered from shortage of well-disciplined
and trained troops.
4. Due to Aurangzeb's wrong religious policy the Emperor and his
successors did not get the support of the Sikhs, the Rajputs and
the Marathas. The Mughal army had become weak due to the
mansabdari crisis. The Persian ruler Nadir Shah could easily attack
the Mughals in 1739. He returned with Shah Jahan's peacock throne
and the Kohinoor diamond. The Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali
raided India between 1757 and 1761. He destroyed the little power
and glory left with the later Mughals. The Later Mughals were
totally helpless in protecting their empire and their people. This
hastened the decline of the Empire.
5. The later Mughals were not able to check the downfall of the Empire.
Aurangzeb was succeeded by his eldest son, Prince Muazzam,
after a war with his two younger brothers. Prince Muazzam took
the title of Bahadur Shah (also known as Shah Alam I). He had a
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3
Price : `80.00
short rule from 1707 to 1712. He tried to make the empire stable
and peaceful. He tried to be friends with the Sikhs, the Rajputs
and the Marathas. He set free Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji, who
had been made a prisoner by Aurangzeb. He accepted Rana Ajit
Singh as the ruler of Mewar which had been refused by Aurangzeb.
He also became friendly with the Sikhs. Bahadur Shah's death in
1712 was followed by another fight for the throne among his sons.
Jahandar Shah, his eldest son, became the next ruler. He was not
a good ruler. He was removed and killed by his nephew in 1713.
His nephew was Farrukhsiyar. Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719) had got
the help of the two Sayyid brothers, Hussain Ali and Abdullah,
to become the Emperor. He was a weak ruler. He was removed,
blinded and executed. Earlier, Farrukhsiyar had given the English
East India Company duty-free trading right in Bengal in return
for an annual payment of ` 3,000/- per year. Farrukhsiyar was
followed by his two nephews, Rafi-ud Darjat and Rafi-ud-daulat.
The Sayyid brothers had put them on the throne. They ruled one
after the other for a few months. They did not leave any mark on
the government. The Sayyid brothers removed the useless rulers
and now put on the throne another grandson of Bahardur Shah
called Rohsan Aktar in 1719. He took the title of Muhammad
Shah. Among the later Mughals, he had the longest reign till 1748.
However, he failed to stop the decline of the Mughal Empire. The
Deccan kingdoms Awadh and Bengal became independent. There
were rebellions by the Marathas who spread their power; the Jats
set up independent rule near Agra; the Rohilla Afghans founded
the state of Rohilkhand; the Sikhs became active in the Punjab. In
1739, Nadir Shah of Persia invaded India. He returned with the
Peacock Throne, the Kohinoor diamond and a lot of plunder. The
vast Mughal Empire stopped to exist as an all-India political unit.
Muhammad Shah was succeeded by his son Ahmad Shah (1748–
1754). He was unable to stop the break-up of the Mughal Empire.
Ahmad Shah was replaced by his cousin Aziz-ud-din who took the
title of Alamgir II. He tried to free himself from his all-powerful
wazir, Ghazi-ud-din Imad-ul-mulk. He was put to death by the
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wazir in 1759. Ahmad shah was succeeded by his son Mirza Ali
Gohar, who took the title Shah Alam II in 1759. The same wazir
forced Shah Alam II to move from place to place as a wanderer.
He was blinded. He was defeated by the English in the battle of
Buxar (1764). He had to live in Allahabad Fort as a pensioner of
the English till he died in 1806. Shah Alam II's son Akbar II ruled
from 1806 till 1837 as Emperor in name only. The English East
India company stopped issuing coins in his name. On Akbar II's
death, his son Bahadur Shah Zafar or Bahadur Shah II became the
Emperor in 1837. The First War of Independence broke out in 1857.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was blamed and exiled to Rangoon in 1857,
where he died in 1862. Thus ended the mighty Mughal empire.
6. During the later Mughal period there were four groups of noble– the
Turanis, Iranis, Afghanis and Hindustanis. The first three groups
came from Turkey, Persia and Afghanistan. There was constant
rivalry among the four groups to get powerful positions in the
Mughal Empire. The later Mughals were not powerful enough to
keep the nobles in check. Many a time the Mughal Emperor became
a victim of their rivalry and wicked plots. Their disunity and selfish
interests weakened the Mughal Empire and led to its downfall.
7. The causes were:
i. Wrong policies of Aurangzeb
ii. Disunited nobility
iii. Mansabdari crisis
iv. Wars of succession
v. Inefficient, pleasure-seeking successors
vi. Raids by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Wars of succession—The Mughals did not have any proper
rule of succession. The result was from the time of Shah Jahan,
there was always a war amongst the Mughal princes for the
throne. The wars of succession became common during the
time of the later Mughals, when the nobles also became actively
involved. These wars led to instability in the empire and loss
of men, money and resources.
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The Empire became vulnerable to attacks by its enemies.
Inefficient pleasure–seeking successors – The last Great Mughal
Aurangzeb was hard-working and lived a simple holy life
without taking recourse to any kind of pleasure. His successors,
the later Mughals, were weak and inefficient rulers. They did
not enjoy administrative skill or political insight. They were
not good generals and lacked military skill. Instead, they
became puppets in the hands of the powerful nobles. They
enjoyed every kind of pleasure. As a result provinces broke
away. Enemies raised their heads. The Mughal Empire could
not withstand the decline and so came to an end.
Chapter 2: Rise of Regional Powers after the Decline of the Mughals
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Tarabai 2. Peshwas
3. Panipat
4. Murshid Quli Khan
5. Misls
6.Rajputs
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
The Nizam's throne
Takhat-e-Nishan
2.
Sher-e-Punjab
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
3.
The Jat ruler
Maharaja Suraj Mal
4.
Tiger of Mysore
Tipu Sultan
5.
Siraj-ud-Daulah
Battle of Plassey
C. Write True or False:
1.False
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.True
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D. Answer the following:
1. Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad and Mysore.
2. Balaji Vishwanath's achievements – He started ruling like the
Maratha king. He managed cleverly to win some concessions
from the Mughals. He helped the Sayyid brothers, Hussain Ali
and Abdullah, the 'king-makers' in the later Mughal times, to
remove Emperror Farrukhsiyar from the throne. During his time,
the Marathas regained their territories captured by Aurangzeb.
He was able to collect two kinds of taxes – the 'chauth' and the
'sardeshmukhi' –from six Mughal provinces.
3. Baji Rao I. The Bhonsles, the Gaekwads, the Holkars and the
Sindhias.
4. The Marathas were badly defeated in the 3rd Battle of Panipat (1761)
by the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Abdali. Peshwa Baji Rao I died
a broken-hearted man. The Marathas never got back their earlier
military glory and prestige. The various Maratha chiefs broke away
from the confederacy and declared independence. There was no
unity among the Maratha chiefs. There was no strong Peshwa to
unite them, or to revive Maratha power and prestige.
5. Najib-ud-Daulah of Rohilkhand and Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah of
Awadh.
6. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780. His father, Maha Singh,
was the head of the Sukerchakia misl. He helped King Zaman Shah
of Kabul during his Invasion (1793–1798). He was rewarded with
the title of 'Raja' and made the governor of Lahore. Soon, he got
rid of his Afghan master and Afghan supremacy in the Punjab. He
brought all the Sikh chiefs on the western side of the River Sutlej
under his control. He made Lahore his capital. He wanted to make
the Sikh nation into a well-ordered state. The English did not like
Ranjit Singh's eastern advance upto the Yamuna. The fear of the
superior British army and the jealousy of some Sikh rulers of the
eastern Sutlej (cis-Sutlej) forced Ranjit Singh to sign the treaty of
'perpetual friendship' with the English East Company at Amritsar
(1809). Ranjit Singh gave up his dream of mastery over all the Sikhs.
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He turned his attention to the north, north-east and the west. He
captured the Kangra valley from the Gurkhas. He gave shelter to
the Afghan ruler Shah Shiya, and got the Kohinoor diamond as
gift.
He captured Multan and occupied Kashmir. He also took Peshawar.
By 1824, the largest part of the Indus Valley was included within
Ranjit Singh's empire.
7. The English and the French through their respective trading
companies–the English East India Company and the French East
India Company. The rise of the English (British) power in India.
8. The Rajput rulers were not united. Each ruler was jealous and
suspicious of the other. Each ruler believed his dynasty to be the
most powerful and refused to accept any other Rajput ruler's
supremacy. Their army used old weapons. Their army was not as
well trained or disciplined as the Marathas. As a result the Marathas
dominated them. Later the Maratha chiefs were defeated by the
English East India Company and had to accept English supremacy
through various treaties and alliances.
9. Hyder Ali – Hyder Ali rose from a soldier in the Mysore army to
the ruler of Mysore. Though illiterate, Hyder Ali had determination,
courage and intelligence. He extended Mysore's territories more
than the original Hindu ruler. His rapid rise was not liked by the
English, the Marathas and the Nizam. Hyder Ali managed to buy
off the Marathas who first attacked Mysore. He also won over the
Nizam of Hyderabad's brother and made him his ally. However,
the English again made alliance with the fickle Nizam. The 1st
Anglo-Mysore War started, Hyder Ali got back Mangalore and
reached very near Madras. The English signed a treaty in 1769. They
promised to help Hyder in case he was attacked by any other power.
In 1779, Hyder Ali joined the Marathas and the Nizam against
the English. In July 1780 started the 2nd Anglo-Mysore War. The
English managed to separate Hyder's allies. Hyder Ali tasted mixed
luck on the battle field till his death from cancer in December, 1782.
Tipu Sultan continued the 2nd Anglo-Mysore War. However, in
spite of winning, Tipu signed the Treaty of Mangalore (1784) with
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the English and ended the 2nd War. Tipu was provoked by the
English to start the 3rd Anglo-Mysore War in 1789. It continued for
two years with reverses of fortune. However, when Lord Cornwallis
arrived near Seringapatam, Tipu signed the Treaty of Seringapatam
(1792). Tipu had to give away half of his territories to the Maraths,
the Nizam and the English, the three allies. He had to pay war
costs. He had to send his two younger sons as hostages to Calcutta.
Tipu tried to regain his lost strength. He tried to secure the help
of France, Arabia, Turkey and Afghanistan but it was of no use. In
1799, Lord Wellesley declared the 4th Anglo-Mysore War against
Tipu. Tipu was defeated and killed in May 1799. The three allies
shared the spoils of victory. A prince of the old Hindu reigning
dynasty was given the throne of a small kingdom of Mysore. Tipu's
family members were sent to Calcutta. Both father and son had
contributed to the establishment of Mysore as a powerful kingdom.
Both were determined, courageous and intelligent. They were able
and hard-working rulers. They ran a government employing both
Muslim and Hindu officers proving their secular approach.
Knowledge in Picture
1.Nizam
2. Chowmahalla Palace or Khilwat Palace
3.Hyderabad
4. From 1750 till 1857
5.Takht-e-Nishan
Chapter 3: Anglo-French Rivalry in the Carnatic
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. French East India Company 2. presidencies
3. Carnatic 4.
Arcot
5. Dupleix
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B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Factory
A trading settlement
2.
Pondicherry
French possession
3.
Bengal Presidency
Presidency of Fort William
4.
Nawab of Carnatic
Anwar-ud-din
5.
Ally of the French
Muzaffar Jung
C. Write True or False:
1.True
3.False
2.True
4.False
5.False
D. Answer the following:
1. The two main reasons were:
i. Anglo-French rivalry for control of trade in India.
ii. The wars of succession in both the Carnatic and Hyderabad.
2. In the 1st Carnatic War.
i. Peace was made by the Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle (1748).
ii. Madras was returned to England. The French got back
Louisburg in USA.
iii. The prestige of the French increased with the capture of Madras
and defeat of the Nawab of Arcot (Carnatic).
iv. It showed the weakness of the army of the native rulers. They
lacked in equipment training and discipline.
3. The Carnatic and Hyderabad.
In the Carnatic, Chanda Sahib supported by the French against
Nawab Anwar-ud-din helped by the English.
In Hyderbad—Nasir Jung got support of the English against his
nephew Muzaffar Jung helped by the French.
4. To bring pressure on Chanda Sahib, Robert Clive came up with the
plan to attack Arcot. Clive easily captured Arcot in 1751.
5. The Second Carnatic War.
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i. The treaty of Pondicherry (1755) ended the war.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
The French got back their possession.
The British set up their control over the Carnatic.
Hyderabad remained under French influence.
Dupleix was recalled to France.
His successor did not have his ability to complete with the
English officers in the power struggle.
6. The Third Carnatic War.
i. Peace was made by the Treaty of Paris (1763).
ii. The French got back Pondicherry and some other areas.
iii. The British got full control over the Northern Circars and
Hyderabad.
iv. The French were no longer in a position to challenge the British.
v. Meanwhile, the British had also won a victory in Bengal which
led the way to British expansion in north India.
7. i. Moneywise, the English East India Company was in a
better position due to its profitable trade. The Company had
three prime settlements in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. The
French Company lagged behind.
ii. The English Company was a private company. It was free from
government interference but enjoyed full government support.
On the other hand, the French Company was a government
company. To do anything, it had to wait for government
permission.
iii. The British navy was superior to the French navy. The British
got all help from their base in Bombay. The French had to wait
for help in men and supplies from Mauritius.
iv. The English generals showed excellent qualities of leadership
and skill. The French generals never co-ordinated and worked
together.
v.The recall of Dupleix to France was a great mistake for France.
If given another chance, Dupleix would have strengthened
French position in India by throwing a challenge to the English
in India.
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Knowledge in Picture
1. Charles II, the English king. Bombay was given as dowry to him.
2. Catherine of Braganza, princess of Portugal.
3. Bombay Presidency.
4.Mumbai.
Chapter 4: Bengal: Foundation of the British Empire
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Firman
3. Fort William
5. Siraj
2. Siraj-ud-Daulah
4. Mir Jafar
6.Bengal
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Murshidabad
Capital of Bengal
2.
Siraj-ud-Daulah
Successor of Ali Vardi Khan
3.
Betrayal by Mir Jafar
Battle of Plassey
4.
Robert Clive
Governor of Bengal
5.
Warren Hastings
Abolition and the Dual
Government of Bengal
C. Write True or False:
1. True
2.False
3.False
4.True
5.True
D. Answer the following:
1. Siraj-ud-Daulah fought with the British to protect his rights as a
sovereign ruler.
2.i. The Company employees misused the trade privilege granted
by the Mughal Emperor for personal gains. This caused heavy
loss of customs duties to the Bengal Government.
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ii. The Company started fortifying Fort William without taking
Siraj's permission.
iii. The Company officials began to plot a conspiracy with Siraj's
aunt and ministers to remove him from the throne.
3. With Mir Jafar.
i. Mir Jafar would become the next Nawab.
ii. Mir Jafar would grant more trading benefits to the Company.
iii. He would give them certain areas and lots of money.
4. Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated. He was later arrested and put to
death.
5.i. The English placed puppet Nawabs on the throne.
ii. The Company strengthened hold over Bengal and became a
strong political power in India.
iii. The British could now make use of the rich resources of Bengal.
iv. With these resources, the Company began to finance its wars
elsewhere in India, particularly in the Carnatic where it
succeeded in removing the French.
v. The Bengal experiment of puppet rulers was carried out in
many other kingdoms of India.
vi. The Company managed to strengthen British supremacy in
India by acquiring territories and lots of wealth.
6.i. The Company officials used the dastaks for their own duty-free
trade.
ii. They also sold the dastaks to some Indian merchants.
7. To protect the interests of honest Indian traders who had to pay
customs duty for their trade, Mir Qasim abolished duties on internal
trade.
8. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, the Nawab of Awadh Shujaud-Daulah and the Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim against the English
East India Company.
The English Company defeated the three main North Indian rulers
very badly at Buxar (1764).
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9.i. The English Company returned Awadh to the Nawab.
ii. Kara and Allahabad were taken away from him.
iii. The Nawab allowed the English duty-free trade in Awadh.
iv. He paid war damages of ` 15 lakh.
v. He entered into a defence alliance with the English Company.
vi. Awadh became a buffer state between Bengal and the Maratha
territories in North India.
10. The Nawab of Bengal had no right to remove the deputy nawab
without the Company's permission.
The Nawab had to give up his nizamat functions (military power
and delivering criminal justice) to the deputy nawab.
11.i. Bengal came to have two rulers–the English Company and the
Nawab.
ii. The Company enjoyed all powers but no responsibility in
running the daily administration which was the Nawab's duty.
iii. The Nawab had to put up with the interference of the deputy
nawab in matters of general administration.
iv The Company enjoyed military power and collected revenue.
v. The Nawab was given a fixed amount to run the government.
vi. The Company was incharge of Bengal treasury but not bothered
about the state or its people.
vii. The Nawab was helpless. He had no finance to work for the
state welfare.
12. The administration of Bengal collapsed. Later in 1772, the Dual
Government was abolished. Bengal was brought under the direct
rule of the East India Company.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Mir Jafar
2. Battle of Plassey
3. ` 3 crores
4.Twice
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Chapter 5: Expansion of British Rule in South, West and Central India
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Hyder Ali
2. English, Marathas
3. Mahe
4. Subsidiary Alliance
5. Foreign
6. Internal
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Treaty of Mangalore
Second Anglo-Mysore War
2.
Peshwa Baji Rao II
Exiled to Bithur
3.
Satara
Ruled by a descendant of Shivaji
4.
Death of Tipu Sultan
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
5.
Nana Phadnavis
Guardian of the infant Peshwa,
Madhav Rao
C. Write True or False:
1. False
2.False
3.False
4. True
5.True
6.False
7.True
D. Answer the following:
1. The British East India Company.
i. The British signed a peace treaty with Hyder Ali.
ii. The British promised to help Mysore against an attack by any
other power in future.
2.i. The British did not help Hyder Ali during the war, as promised.
ii. The capture of a few French territories including Mahe which
was strategically important to Mysore.
i. The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu and the
British.
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ii. Both parties returned each other's conquered territories.
3. Most of Mysore's overseas (foreign) trade was carried through
Mahe. Mysore received French arms and ammunition through
Mahe.
4.Travancore.
i. Tipu had to give away help of his kingdom to the British and
their allies, the Nizam and the Marathas.
ii. He had to pay heavy war compensation.
iii. He had to send his two younger sons as hostages to Calcutta.
5. Tipu was defeated and killed.
i. Most of Mysore was taken over by the British, the Nizam and
the Marathas.
ii. A small part of Mysore was given to a prince of the reigning
Wodeyar dynasty.
iii.The new ruler became a British ally.
6. The Subsidiary Alliance was a pact between an Indian ruler and
the British. By this pact the British agreed to protect the native ruler
from foreign attacks and internal revolts.
i. The native ruler would keep a British force in his kingdom and
pay for its upkeep.
ii. The maintenance cost might be paid in cash or by giving some
territory to the British.
iii. A British Resident would be posted in his court.
iv. The ruler could not employ any other European.
v. He had to take British permission to make an alliance with
another ruler or declare war on his enemy.
7.i. The native ruler could not take important foreign policy
decisions.
ii. The ruler became a puppet in British hands.
iii. The maintenance cost of a British force drained the resources
of the Indian ruler.
iv. The ruler, sure of protection against war or revolt, neglected
his administration.
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v. No measures were taken for people's welfare.
vi. The administration collapsed and the British annexed the state
on the ground of misrule. Example was Awadh.
8. Raghunath Rao wanted to become the Peshwa. His claim was
challenged by the Maratha chiefs who named Narayan Rao's infant
son, Madhav Rao II, as the Peshwa. Raghunath Rao sought British
help. The British agreed to help Raghunath Rao in exchange for
control of Salsette and Bassein. Thus, the 1st Anglo-Maratha War
started.
9. The British gained a 20-year period of peace. During this time, the
Marathas did not trouble them. Meanwhile, the British brought
under control Mysore and strengthened their rule in Bengal.
10. Peshwa Baji Rao II had fled to the British territory of Bassein.
He wanted British protection against the Maratha chiefs.
The British exercised too much control over the Peshwa's
functioning in the name of the Subsidiary Alliance.
Unable to bear the unjust demands of the British, the Peshwa helped
by the Bhonsles and the Holkars attacked the British.
11. Bhonsles of Nagpur and Holkars of Indore.
i. Peshwa Baji Rao II was removed from power.
ii. His territories were taken over by the British.
iii. He was pensioned off by the British and sent to Bithur near
Kanpur.
iv. A new state of Satara was formed out of the Peshwa's territories.
v. A descendant of Shivaji was made the ruler of Satara.
vi. The Bhonsle and the Holkar had to give large parts of their
kingdoms to the British.
vii. The Holkar accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Tipu Sultan
2. Battle of Seringapatam
3.Fath-ul-Mujahidin
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4. The third Anglo-Mysore War
5. 'The Sword of Tipu Sultan'
Chapter 6: Expansion of British Rule in North India
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Ranjit Singh
2. Ferozepur
3. Lahore
4. Sheikhupura
5. Dewan Mulraj
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Sutlej river
Border between British and Sikh territories
2.
Wajid Ali Shah
The last Nawab of Awadh
3.
Lord Dalhousie
Doctrine of Lapse
4.
Gulab Singh
Purchase of Kashmir
5.
Nana Saheb
Deprivation of pension
C. Write True or False:
1. False
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.True
D. Answer the following:
1. The British started military build-up at Ferozepur across the Sutlej
river that served as a border between the Punjab and the British
territories. Fearing a British attack, the Sikh army crossed the Sutlej
and entered the British territory.
2. Rani Jind Kaur felt insecure because of the powerful Sikh army.
She planned this attack on the British to reduce the power of the
Sikh army.
3. At first, the Sikh army won some victories. Finally, due to the
treachery of some Sikh generals, the British defeated the Sikhs and
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occupied Lahore. The Sikhs had to sign the humiliating Treaty of
Lahore (1846).
4. In Multan the Hindu Governor Dewan Mulraj refused to pay the
increased revenue as demanded by the British controlled Sikh
Durbar. The British decided to replace Mulraj with a Sikh Governor.
In April 1848, when two British officers went to take charge of
Multan fort from Mulraj, they were killed by a mob. As the news
of the killing spread, a large number of Sikh soldiers left their
regiments to join the rebellion under Mulraj's leadership.
5.i. The British won a sound victory over the Sikhs.
ii. They annexed Punjab and renamed it as North-West Frontier
Province.
iii. The minor Sikh ruler, Maharaja Dalip Singh, was removed
from the throne.
iv. He was pensioned and sent to London to stay under the
protection of Queen Victoria.
v. The Sikh regiments were now placed under British officers to
check future rebellions.
6. The Doctrine of Lapse and misgovernment of a subordinate
(dependent) State.
7. The Nawab of Awadh accepted the Subsidiary Alliance. The Nawab,
as a result, began to neglect his administration. The British gave
protection against war and internal rebellion. The Nawab had to
pay high maintenance cost for the British force. Slowly, the treasury
became empty.
8. The main reasons were:
i. Lack of unity – The Indian rulers were not united. They fought
against each other. They did not bother to unite and fight
against a common enemy.
ii. Inefficient administration – Most of the Indian rulers did not
have an efficient system of administration. The common people
had to pay high taxes. The kings did not enjoy the support of
the people. They were unable to put up a stiff fight against the
British.
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19
iii. Well-trained British army – The British soldiers had the latest
weapons. They were trained in the modern methods of warfare.
On the other hand most of the Indian rulers had old, outdated
weapons. The soldiers were not trained properly. They did not
know how to use modern weapons and fight in the modern
way.
iv. British naval supremacy – The British had a powerful navy.
Very few of the Indian rulers had navy. Even then, the Indian
navy was not capable of challenging the British naval force.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and his kingdom was Awadh.
2. Misgovernment of a Subsidiary State.
3. Metiabruz in Calcutta.
4.Kathak.
5. Qaisarbagh Baradari.
Chapter 7: Impact of British Policies on India
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Dadabhai Naoroji
3. Secretary of State
5. Dadabhai Naoroji
2. Bombay and Madras
4. William Bentinck
6. Lord Dalhousie
B. Match the following:
A
20
B
1.
Lord William Bentinck
Ban on sati
2.
Sir Charles Wood
Wood's Despatch
3.
Rule of Law
One law for all
4.
Bombay and Thane
The two places connected by the
1st railway line in India
5.
Sepoys
The Indian soldiers of the British
army
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C. Write True or False:
1. False
2.False
3.True
4.True
5.True
6.True
D. Answer the following:
1. A common effect of the Queen's Proclamation and the Government
of India Act 1858 was the transfer of the control of the Government
of India from the East India Company to the Crown.
2. An Executive Council and a Legislative Council. He could overrule
the recommendations of both the Councils.
3.i. To create a separate education department in each province.
ii. Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were founded.
iii. Grants-in-aid to be given to private-affiliated schools.
4.i. High class and middle class Indians got benefit from Western
education. They got low-level jobs in the government.
ii. Indians gained limited knowledge about their own history
and culture but lots of Western culture which created a class
of Indians who supported British rule.
iii. Indians coming from different regions and speaking different
languages overcame the barrier of communication.
iv. Female education was encouraged to end discrimination
against girls as existing in Indian society.
v. The educated Indians came to know the Western ideas of liberty,
equality, democracy, nationalism and freedom of expression.
They wanted to introduce these ideas in India.
5. Lord Cornwallis.
A district was divided into small units. Each unit had a thana
(police station) headed by a daroga. In towns, kotwals headed
the police force. In villages, chowkidars were the policemen.
Later, a District Superintendent of Police was appointed as the
head of the district police.
6. Bengal Regulation Act (1793).
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21
7. To provide for a uniform legal system based on written laws.
A Law Commission set up in 1833.
8. Railways helped the British traders to bring raw materials from
villages to ports for shipment to England. Likewise the imported
goods from the ports were carried to the interiors of India.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay
2. Law Member
3.English
4. A Law Commission was set up to codify Indian laws and compile
the Indian Penal Code.
Chapter 8: The Indian Renaissance
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Raja Rammohun Roy
2. Vidyasagar
3. Ramakrishna Paramhansa
4. Swami Dayanand
5. Satya Shodhak Samaj
6. Singh Sabhas, Akali Dal
B. Match the following:
A
22
B
1.
Arya Samaj
Swami Dayanand
2.
Brahmo Samaj
Raja Rammohun Roy
3.
Theosophical Society
Annie Besant
4.
M.A.O. College, Aligarh
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
5.
Satya Shodhak Samaj
Jotiba Phule
6.
Ramakrishna Mission
Swami Vivekananda
7.
Dalit Buddhist Movement
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
8.
Veda Samaj
Chembeti Sridharalu Naidu
9.
Prarthana Samaj
Mahadev Govind Ranade
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C. Choose the correct answer:
1.(a) Raja Rammohun Roy
2.(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
3.(a)Narendranath
4.(b)Chicago
5.(b)journal
D. Answer the following:
1. India in the 18th century had a society covered with many social
evils. The society was divided on the basis of caste. The low caste
people were looked down upon and treated as untouchables.
Hinduism was full of religious superstitions and customs. Women
had no respectable position. They were not educated and were
under the control of menfolk. They were forced to perform sati.
Factors:
Western education developed a 'spirit of enquiry.' People started
to question the useless rituals and practices present in society. By
the early 19th century, some great Indian thinkers and reformers
came forward to remove the social evils harming our society.
Examples are Raja Rammohun Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar,
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Mahatma Phule, Annie Besant, Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan, etc.
2. The Brahmo Samaj was significant because it was the first
organization to denounce idol worship, caste system, superstitions
and religious rituals. It believed in One All-Powerful and EverPresent God. It advocated widow remarriage, western education,
female education, equality and brotherhood.
3. Swami Dayanand discovered the Vedas were a treasurehouse of
true knowledge. He spoke against the caste system, image worship,
untouchability. He believed in One All-Powerful and Ever-Present
God, like the early Vedic people did.
4. The main ideology was no difference to be made upon people on the
basis of race, colour and gender. It preached universal brotherhood.
5. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan worked to help the Muslims develop a
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23
broader outlook. He preached the removal of purdah and spread
of education among women. He spoke against polygamy and easy
divorce among Muslims. He advised Muslims to take up English
eduction and western learning and thought. He founded a number
of schools and associations for the Muslims to accept Western ideas
and culture. His most famous Muslim educational institution is the
Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh which is now
Aligarh University. He gave importance to real Muslim values for
moral and social regeneration of Muslims. He had many books
translated from English to Urdu for the benefit of Muslims.
6. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar fought against social discrimination and
untouchability. He tried to prevent exploitation of backward
and scheduled castes. He played an important role in forming a
modern India and its democratic ideals. He was the chief architect
of the Indian Constitution, as he was the Chairman of the Drafting
Committee. He started the Dalit Buddhist Movement and himself
became a Buddhist. He has been honoured with the Bharat Ratna
award, the highest civilian award in India, for his contributions.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Performance of sati.
2. Raja Rammohun Roy.
3. Father of Indian Renaissance.
4. Ban on child marriage, enforced widowhood. Encouraged intercaste marriage, widow remarriage, spread of western education
especially female education.
5. Brahmo Samaj.
Chapter 9: The New Beginning: The Revolt of 1857
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. 'First War of Independence
2. Wearing a saffron mark on their foreheads, growing beard and
wearing turbans
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3. Abroad
4. Tantia Tope
5. Rajput states
6. Telegraph and postal systems
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Mughal Emperor
2.
Lakshmibai
Gwalior
3.
Mangal Pandey
Barrackpore
4.
Nana Saheb
Cawnpore (Kanpur)
5.
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Awadh
C. Choose the correct answer:
1.(a) Mutiny of Sepoys
2.(c) Lord Canning
3.(b) Indian market
4.(a) 1856 AD
5.(c)Landlord
D. Answer the following:
1. Various causes increased the widespread discontent over the British
rule. Therefore various sections of people rebelled, along with the
Indian sepoys.
2. Political causes:
i. The application of Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie
brought some subsidiary states like Jhansi, Nagpur, Satara
under Company control.
ii. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his successors
were ill-treated by Lord Dalhousie and Lord Canning.
iii. Nana Saheb, the adopted son of ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II, stopped
getting his pension.
iv. Awadh was annexed on the ground of misrule.
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25
Economic causes:
i. Indian goods, especially cotton and silk textiles, had to pay
heavy import duties for trade with European countries,
whereas, British-manufactured goods were sent to India
without any duty. As a result, Indian textile industry suffered,
artisans became jobless.
ii. The Indian peasants had to pay high rates of revenue
throughout India. Both the landlords and the British revenue
officials fleeced them. To save themselves, they had to go to
moneylenders who also exploited them.
iii. The British manufacturing industries needed raw materials
from India. Tea, jute, opium, indigo, raw cotton and oilseeds
were sent for the British industries. Food crops were hardly
grown. The British did all they could to keep India an
agricultural colony.
Socio-Religious causes
i. Indians were refused appointments and promotion in high
positions. They were not allowed to travel in first class
compartments. They were made to feel socially inferior.
ii. With the help of some Indian socio-religious reformers, the
British Company Government passed several laws like banning
sati, allowing converts to Christianity to inherit ancestral
property, permitting widow-remarriage–which were not
welcomed by the orthodox Hindus.
iii. The introduction of railways was thought to be a means to
break the caste and religious systems. People of all castes
and religions had to sit side by side and travel together in
second or third class compartments. This was not liked by the
conservative Hindus. Also, the telegraph poles were supposed
to have been used for hanging people against British rule.
iv. Western education was encouraged. The number of English
medium Christian missionary, private and government schools
grew. Native institutions like pathshalas, tols, maqtabs and
madrasas suffered for reduced number of students. The Indians
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thought it a means to be forced to become Christians.
v. Taxes were imposed on lands belonging to temples and
mosques.
vi. Christian missionaries, accompanied by police, went to schools,
colleges (government and private), jails, temples and mosques
preaching the Bible. The people were helpless. They were afraid
of the policemen.
Military causes
i. The salaries of the Indian sepoys were very low. Their chances
of promotion were little.
The highest rank of an Indian sepoy, on the verge of retirement,
was Subedar/Risaldar. Then too, his salary was lower than a
new English soldier.
ii. The defeat of Britain in the Afghan War made the sepoys brave
enough to challenge the British.
iii. In 1856, the General Service Enlistment Act was passed. It made
it compulsory for all sepoys of the Bengal Regiment to serve
anywhere, inland or foreign.
iv. The immediate cause was the use of greased cartridges for the
Enfield rifle. The grease was the fat of cows and pigs which
Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use.
3.No.
Some parts of North India like Bengal, most of Punjab, Kashmir,
Sind and Rajputana remained unaffected. The entire South India
was left out. The main centres of uprising were Meerut, Delhi,
Kanpur, Lucknow, Gwalior, Bareilly, Jagdishpur in Bihar.
4. The Doctrine of Lapse, applied by Lord Dalhousie, stated if the ruler
of a subsidiary/dependent state died without own son, the state
would be annexed to the company's dominion. The adopted son
would inherit only the personal property of the ruler. The states to
fall victims of this annexation policy were Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur,
Sambalpur, Jaitpur and Kittur.
Awadh was annexed in 1856 on the ground the Nawab was not
governing properly. These two policies of annexation created panic
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27
among the rulers and the people.
5. The British imposed heavy duties on Indian goods sold in Britain.
British goods were not levied any duty in India. This double
standard policy affected the sale of Indian goods. The British found
a large market for their cheap goods in India. Indian trade suffered.
The Britishers earned profits and doubled their trade.
6. Hand-made Indian goods could not complete with the machinemade British goods. Indian goods lost their market. Indian cottage
industry suffered. Weavers and craftsmen gave up their traditional
work and left the manufacturing centres, especially weaving textiles
at Surat, Dhaka, Murshidabad. They returned to their ancestral
villages to grow crops. Slowly, all Indian cottage industries like
iron, pottery, dyeing, tanning, etc. had to suffer loss. Their artisans
were ruined.
7. The immediate cause was the use of greased cartridges for the new
Enfield rifle. The cover of the cartridge was greased with the fat of
cows and pigs. The sepoys had to bite off the cover. Hindus don't
touch cow and pig meat. Muslim consider pig unclean. The news
of greased cartridges spread. This sparked off the revolt.
8. The Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was imprisoned, tried
and exiled to Rangoon. His two sons and a grandson were shot
dead. The Mughal dynasty came to an end. The British recaptured
Kanpur. Nana Saheb fled. The British recaptured Lucknow. People
were killed. The Queen escaped to Nepal. Rani Lakshmibai died
while defending her kingdom. By July 1856, the British had crushed
all other revolts and brought back normal life to the areas under
their rule.
9. Rani Lakshmibai, along with Tantia Tope, had captured Gwalior.
They were betrayed by some traitors. Jhansi was recaptured
by the British. The Rani and Tantia Tope fled to Gwalior. The
English attacked Gwalior and a fierce battle started. The Rani died
defending Gwalior. Tantia Tope was caught and hanged.
10. Till 1857, the idea of nationalism had not spread all over the country.
28
There was no common purpose among the rebels.
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11. Bahadur Shah Zafar wanted to regain the lost glory of the Mughals.
Rani Lakshmibai wanted to regain Jhansi. Nana Seheb and Tantia
Tope wanted to re-establish Maratha glory. The Begums of Awadh
wanted to get back Awadh. The Indian sepoys fought for the rulers
who had been affected and also for their own personal causes.
12. The causes for the failure of the Revolt were:
i. lack of nationalism and unity—among the rulers in different
parts of India. People were not influenced by nationalism.
ii. Lack of modern weapons and techniques—The Indian sepoys
lacked modern weapons and methods of fighting against the
British who were well equipped with men, money, arms and
communications.
iii. Lack of strong leadership – There was no strong and poerful
Indian ruler to take up the cause of the rebels.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was old and weak. Rani Lakshmibai, Nana
Saheb and Tantia Tope were very brave but they were not good
generals. They lacked the proper military training to fight the
British who had able and experienced generals to defeat the
rebels.
iv. Lack of organization and planning was another important cause
for the defeat of the rebels. They never planned out their course
of action together. They never set up a single organization to
direct and guide the rebels.
v. Lack of navy—The Indian rulers did not have any navy to
prevent the British from bringing in fresh supplies of men and
equipment from England.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Queen Victoria.
2. She took over the government of India after the Revolt of 1857.
3. Queen's Proclamation.
4. The colony of India came directly under the Crown.
5.i. The Crown would give up the policy of annexation.
ii. It would recognize the rights of adoption and succession.
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29
iii. All Indians would be eligible for government service on the
basic of education and ability.
iv. General pardon would be granted to rebels except those guilty
of violence.
v. No interference would be made in the social and religious
beliefs and customs of Indians.
vi. Attention would be given to the material and moral progress
of the people.
Chapter 10: Rise of Indian Nationalism
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. A.O. Hume 2.W.C. Bonnerjee
3. Moderates, Radicals
4. Pray, plea and petition
5. Swadeshi and Boycott
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
S.N. Bonnerjee
Pioneer of Indian Association
2.
A.O. Hume
Founder of Indian National
Congress
3.
First Congress Session
Bombay (Mumbai)
4.
Dadabhai Naoroji
Grand Old Man of India
5.
Surat
Split of the Congress party in
to two
6.
W.C. Bonnerjee
First President of the Congress
C. Write a short note on:
1. Wahabi Movement – led by Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi in the NorthWest Frontier Province. It was a protest by the Muslims against
30
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British rule. Their aim was to outs the British and get freedom
through education and modern Western ideas. They opened a
madarsa in Deoband (U.P.) with this aim in mind. The British
crushed the rebellion with military force.
2. Swadeshi – Young Congress leaders called Radicals like Tilak, Lala
Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghose gave the call
for Swadeshi (of one's own country). The Radicals asked Indians
to use home-made goods and give up foreign goods. They set fire
to British goods and challenged the British government. Swadeshi
encouraged the growth of Indian industries. Newspapers, journals,
women and student volunteers helped in the spread of Swadeshi.
Partition of Bengal was annulled by the British in 1911, but they
continued to encourage the divide-and-rule policy by giving
Muslims separate electorate.
3. Swaraj – Means 'self-rule'; but Radicals said 'full freedom'. The
Radicals gave the call for Swaraj. Tilak said, "Swaraj is my birthright
and I shall have it." This inspired the others. In 1906 Dadabhai
Naoroji was forced to give the call for 'Swaraj,' in his presidential
speech in the Kolkata session of Congress. Radicals were forced
to part ways with the Moderates over 'Swaraj' in the Surat session
of 1907.
4. The Lucknow Pact – In 1916, the Congress and the Muslim League
signed the Lucknow Pact. It was a temporary alliance between the
two parties over the distribution of political power. The Moderates
and the Radicals in the Congress came together. A united effort was
to be made on all fronts to fight the British and gain freedom.
5. The Morley-Minto Reforms–The main features were:
i. The number of members to the Imperial Legislative Council
and Provincial Legislative Councils was increased.
ii. Muslims were granted separate electorate.
iii. Members of Legislative Councils could discuss, amend or vote
on the budgets.
This Act of 1909 was just an eyewash. The British refused to grant
swaraj. They continued the policy of divide and rule by granting
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31
separate electorate to Muslims.
6. The Muslim League– The British successfully applied the divideand-rule policy. The British made Muslims consider Congress as an
'anti – Muslim' party. If the British left India, Muslims would have to
live in a 'Hindu-dominated society.' Accordingly, Muslim Leaders
met at Dhaka. On December 30, 1906 the Muslim League was
founded under Nawab Saimullah Khan in Dhaka. The objectives
of the League were:
i. Muslims should not be allowed to join the Congress.
ii. To be loyal and faithful to the British and gain separate
electorate.
iii. To protect and advance political right and interests of Muslims
and
iv. To represent Muslim needs and aspirations to the government
in mild and moderate language. Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined
the Muslim League in 1913.
D. Answer the following:
1. The causes that led to the rise of nationalism were:
i. The various armed rebellions after 1857–the Wahabi Movement,
the Kuka Movement, the Indigo Revolt, etc.
ii. The administrative and political unity of India obtained by
common code of law. Modern means of communication and
transportation; Western thought and education; Introduction
of English language; Racial arrogance of the rulers; Economic
impact; Role of the Press and literature; Influence of great
Indian leaders and reformers and rediscovery of India's
glorious past.
2. 'Safety-valve' theory meant an outlet through which the
dissatisfaction among the educated and liberal Indians could be
exhausted and revolts against the British would be avoided. A.O.
Hume, the retired British civil servant, wanted the Congress party
to be such a 'safety-valve.'
3. Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. In the early years
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of the freedom struggle the Congress contributed by arousing
nationalist feelings among Indians. They educated Indians
on political matters especially the democratic principles of
government. They worked hard for getting social reforms. They
managed to get the India Councils Act of 1892 passed.
4. The Moderates were those Western educated and well placed
Congress leaders like Naoroji, Gokhale, W.C. Bonnerjee, Ferozeshah
Mehta, M.G. Ranade, S.N. Bonnerjee, Pt. M.M. Malaviya, etc. They
had complete faith and trust in British rule. They believed one day
British would grant them their demands.
Their aims were:
i. Enlarge the Legislative Councils to include more Indian
members.
ii. Separate executive from judiciary.
iii. Employ Indians in high posts.
iv. Hold Indian Civil Service examination in India.
v. Abolish salt tax, reduce duty on sugar and land revenue as
well as military expenses.
vi. Help set up Indian industries with tariff protection.
vii. Spend more money on welfare activities of Indians, like on
agriculture, industry, health, education, etc. Their methods
included meetings, speeches, resolutions, petitions, pamphlets,
leaflets, delegations and commissions to England.
5. Boycott movement meant not to use foreign goods.
It was the other side of Swadeshi. It meant to boycott everything
British including goods, government posts, councils, courts, speech
and use everything Indian. People challenged the British power by
setting British cotton goods, salt, sugar, etc. on fire. They boycotted
English-made paper, clothes, government posts, honours, titles,
government schools, colleges, law courts and legislative councils.
6. To Moderates the word 'Swaraj' meant self-rule like in Australia
and Canada. Radicals explained 'Swaraj' as complete freedom.
Moderates wanted their demands presented in a peaceful manner.
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Radicals believed in the use of aggressive methods to get their
demands fulfilled. Moderates did not approve of Swadeshi and
Boycott movements. Radicals advocated Swadeshi and Boycott
movement to get their demands fulfilled. At the annual Congress
session in Surat (1907) the Moderates and the Radicals split over
their differences.
7. The British applied the 'divide and rule' policy by Partition of
Bengal (1905), encouraging the birth of the Muslim League (1906),
meeting the Muslim delegation led by the Aga Khan in Shimla
granting separate electorate to the Muslims by the Morley-Minto
Act of 1909.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Mrs. Annie Besant
2. Theosophical Society
3. She worked for the social, educational and religious upliftment of
Indians. She was unhappy with the way the British were ruling
India. She wanted Indians to rule themselves.
4. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
5. The Home Rule League. She wanted Indians should overthrow the
British and set up their own self-government.
Chapter 11: Struggle for Freedom (1919–1947)
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Knighthood
2. Mohhamad Ali and Shaukat Ali
3. Lala Lajpat Rai
4. Quit India
5. Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauz)
6. Salt law
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B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
1942 AD
Quit India Movement
2.
1922 AD
Chauri Chaura incident
3.
1919 AD
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
4.
1930 AD
Dandi March
5.
1920 AD
Non Co-operation Movement
C. Choose the correct answer:
1.(b) General Dyer
2.(b)Knighthood
3.(c) Khilafat Movement
4.(a) Alipore prison
5.(b)Netaji
6.(c)Jinnah
D. Answer the following:
1.i. The aim of Non-Cooperation Movement was to attain Swaraj
through peaceful means. The aim of the Civil Disobedience
Movement was to attain Poorna Swaraj.
ii. In Non-Cooperation Movement, people were asked not to cooperate with the government in any sphere of activity. Civil
Disobedience Movement urged breaking all kinds of British
laws.
iii. Non-Cooperation Movement began with boycott of everything
British. Civil Disobedience started with the Dandi March to
break the salt law.
iv. Non-Cooperation Movement was called off due to the ChauriChaura incident. Civil Disobedience was suspended due to the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
2. Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed the police to arrest and jail a person on
suspicion without a warrant and a trial. Any person on suspicion
was arrested without a warrant and jailed without a trial. It was
said, 'No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal.' The police became very
powerful to crush nationalistic activities.
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3. On April 13, 1919 a large crowd of people defied the ban imposed
by General O' Dyer. They gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
It was a small space surrounded by houses on three sides and with
only one narrow entrance and exit. The people were protesting
against the arrest of two important leaders, Dr. Satyapal and
Dr. Kitchlew. Without any warning, General O' Dyer surrounded
the place with his troops and began firing on the innocent people.
Hundreds were killed and hundreds were wounded. This tragedy
is the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It sent a shock throughout India.
In protest, Rabindranath Tagore gave up the title of 'Sir'.
4. Gandhji dominated Indian politics from 1920 till AD 1947.
He led mass movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience
and Quit India movements. He taught the Indians to launch their
freedom struggle through nonviolent methods. He used the
weapons of Satyagraha and Ahimsa, to mark their protest. He
stressed on Swadeshi and Boycott to get his objectives fulfilled.
His contribution to the freedom struggle has given him the title
'Mahatma' and 'Bapuji' or 'Rashtrapita' (Father of the Nation).
5. Rashbehari Bose and Captain Mohan Singh founded the Indian
National Army. In 1945, Subhas Chandra Bose arrived in singapore
and took charge of the INA. He was greeted by the soldiers as
'Netaji.' He inspired the soldiers with the slogans 'Dilli Chalo' and
'Jai Hind.' The INA, along with the Japanese army, won many
British territories in South-East Asia. The INA reached near Imphal
and hoisted the Indian tricolour flag on Indian soil. Unfortunately,
their victory was short-lived. The monsoons and the Japanese
surrender to the Allies led to INA's defeat. The soldiers were taken
prisoners by the British. Netaji was supposed to have died in a
plane crash on way to Tokyo.
6. In March 1946, the Cabinet Mission decided to set up an Interim
Government. Elections took place. The Congress won in most of the
provinces. An Interim Government with Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime
Minister was set up. The Muslim League boycotted and observed
16 August 1946 as Direct Action Day. Riots broke out in many parts
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of India. Jinnah demanded the separate dominion of Pakistan. In
March 1947, Lord Mountbatten came as the new Viceroy to solve
the political deadlock. He suggested the partition of India into
two dominions which was accepted by both the Congress and the
Muslim League.
7. 1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement begins with the Dandi March.
1931 – Second Round Table Conference attended by Gandhi.
1940 – Lahore session of Muslim League where demand for Pakistan
was officially made.
1942 – Quit India Movement.
1945 – Subhas Chandra Bose heads INA.
Knowledge in Picture
1. Jallianwala Bagh.
2. General O'Dyer.
3. On 13th April 1919, people of Amritsar defied a ban to protest
the exile of two leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew. They met
at Jallianwala Bagh, a small place surrounded on three sides by
houses and one entry/exit. General O'Dyer surrounded the place
and without any warning ordered his troops to fire. Hundreds
were killed and many more were wounded.
4. The whole nation was shocked. Rabindranath Tagore gave up his
knighthood. Gandhi returned the 'Kaiser-e-Hind' medal given by
the South African Government.
Chapter 12: The American Revolution
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. The New World
2. Catholics and Quakers
3. Economy
4. Mercantilism
5. Boston
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37
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Educated Puritans
Protestants
2.
Townshend Law
Revenue Act, 1767
3.
First Continental Congress
Philadelphia, 1774
4.
George Washington
American Army's Commanderin-Chief
5.
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
6.
10 Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights
C. Write True or False:
1.False
2. True
3.True
4.False
5.False
6.True
D. Give one word:
1. The Proclamation of 1763.
2. The Stamp Act (1765).
3. Thomas Paine.
4. Peace Treaty of Paris, 1783.
5. The Bill of Rights.
E. Answer the following:
1. The discovery of the Americas led to a continuous migration of
people from Europe to the Americas in the late 16th century.
2. Most of the immigrants were landless peasants who came in search
of better living. Some were traders in search of economic gains.
The rest were wanting religious freedom – like the Protestants,
Catholics and Quakers from different countries of Europe.
3. The 'factory system' meant use of machines. The workers began to
work in larger spaces away from their homes for a fixed time. They
were paid regular wages. They produced a large number of goods
using machines. The factory owners sold excess goods in overseas
markets, thereby increasing trade and profits.
4. The Proclamation of 1763.
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The Sugar Act of 1764.
The Quartering Act.
The Stamp Act of 1765.
5. The Stamp Act of 1765 was the worst law. It meant American
colonists would have to pay Britain a tax for all printed materials
like newspapers, magazines, letterheads and even playing cards.
All printed materials were imported to America. These needed to
have stamps on them to show the tax had been paid. The colonists
protested bitterly against this Act. They raised the slogan 'No
Taxation without Representation'.
6. European thinkers like Locke, Voltaire and Roussean influenced the
colonists. They said, 'the right to govern a nation should be based
on the consent of the governed.' The American colonists wanted to
remove all British officers from their land and free America. They
wanted to set up a democratic government.
7. The American War of Independence is considered a milestone
because:
i. England's domination over America ended. British power and
prestige suffered a blow. British trade was affected. The other
colonies were inspired to fight for their freedom from British
rule.
ii. The United States became a democratic nation. Other countries
followed suit.
iii. The 13 colonies established the Articles of Confederation
stating each colony was to act as an independent state.
The Constitution of the United States was formed. Ten
Amendments known as the Bill of Rights was added. The Bill
of Rights provided fundamental rights to all American citizens.
The Bill of Rights has been accepted by many other
Constitutions of the world including that of India.
iv. Liberal thoughts and ideas of revolt, independence, selfgovernment, fundamental rights, etc. influenced other colonies
in Asia and Africa. India for instance, used violence as well as
Gandhi's peaceful methods of Satyagraha, Ahimsa, Swadesi
against the British to free India.
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39
Chapter 13: The French Revolution
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Bourbons
2. Liberty, equality and fraternity
3. Rights of Man and of the Citizen
4. The National Convention
5. Waterloo
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
The middle class
bourgeoisie
2.
Salt tax
gabelle
3.
Land tax
taille
4.
French Captain
Lafayette
5.
Montesquieu
The Spirit of Laws
6.
Director-General of Finance
Jacques Necker
7.
State prison of France
Bastille
C. Write True or False:
1.True
2.False
3.False
4.False
5.True
D. Choose the correct answer:
1. The King
2. Louis XVI
3.dime
4.nationalism
5.Russia
E. Answer the following:
1.i. Social and political causes.
ii. Impact of the American Revolution.
iii. Spread of modern thoughts by French philosophers.
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iv. Weakening of the French economy.
2. The peasants and workers formed the Third Estate. They were
appressed and forced to work under feudal lords. They had to work
in the fields, the flour mill, the wine press, slaughterhouse, and in
the homes of the landlords. This caused resentment among the
peasants and workers. The clergy and nobles enjoyed all privileges
and political powers. The Third Estate bore the burden of taxation
but enjoyed no benefit.
3. The 'Social Contract' of Rousseau.
4. King Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General. The Third
Estate had no representative to take part in the discussion on
levying taxes to tackle the financial crisis. The people decided to
revolt and formed the National Assembly. They gathered in a tennis
court and took an oath to frame a new Constitution. This was the
Tennis Court Oath.
5. King Louis XVI dismissed the Director General of Finance, Jacques
Necker, who was very popular with the people. The people were
angry and rose in revolt. They attacked the state prison called the
Bastille. They killed the guards and freed the political prisoners.
This was the 'Fall of Bastille.'
6. The impact of the French Revolution on France was:
i. Ideas of 'liberty, equality and fraternity' became established.
ii. The Bourbon rule came to an and.
iii. French Republic was set up.
iv. Human rights restored.
v. Elections through popular vote started.
vi. Tyranny, theory of divine right, conservatism and all features
of feudalism ended.
vii. Capitalist economy with little government intervention became
popular.
viii. The Revolution led to the rise of the great Napoleon Bonaparte,
dictator and emperor of France.
7. Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest conquerors of the world,
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41
was born on August 15, 1769 in Corsica. He became a lieutenant
in the French army in 1785 at the age of 16. By December 1793,
Napoleon became the hero of Toulon and later became a general.
In 1796, Napoleon led the French army against Austria who was
defeated. In 1799, Napoleon overthrew the government which
was in a turmoil and became the First consul. In 1804, he declared
himself Emperor of France. H e was an efficient administrator
centralizing, the government, creating the Bank of France, bringing
back Catholic religion as the official religion, introducing a set of
laws and other reforms. He was ambitious. He again defeated
Austria at Marengo in 1800 and made France a strong power in
Europe. In 1803, Britain, Russia and Austria declared war on France.
Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia at the battle of Austerlitz.
Then he annexed Prussian territory. He dissolved the Holy Roman
Empire. He invaded Russia in the winter of 1812. This was his
greatest blunder. The French army came back empty-handed.
Slowly, the allies–Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia – got ready
and defeated Napoleon at Leipzig in March 1814. Napoleon was
exited Elba. In 1815 he escaped and marched against Belgium.
However, he was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon
was sent away to St. Helena island on the Atlantic. He died there
in 1821.
8. 'Code Napoleon' was a set of French laws. Napoleon had the laws
codified. They dealt with equal justice throughout France.
Chapter 14: The American Civil War
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Manufacturing, commerce and mining
2. Economic disparity
3. Northerners
4. State's Rights
5. Stephen Douglas
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B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom's Cabin
2.
16th US President
Abraham Lincoln
3.
South Carolina
First Southern state to secede
4.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy
5.
Lincoln's assassinator
John Wilkes Booth
C. Write True or False:
1.True
3.False
5.True
2.False
4. True
D. Solve the crossword:
1. Tariff
2. Fort Sumter
3. Dred Scott
4.Secde
5. Gettysburg Address
E. Answer the following:
1.i. The Northern states became the centres of mining,
manufacturing and commerce. The Southern states dealt with
agriculture and plantation.
ii. There was high European immigration to the North but low
in the South.
iii. The Northerners were against slavery, but the Southerners
favoured it highly.
2. Southerners needed cheap labour for their agriculture and
plantations.
Slaves were the best choice as they required one time spending for
buying them.
The slaves worked without wages throughout their lives.
Slaves increased earnings and profits of the Southern landowners.
3.i. The chief cause was the financial disparity. The Northern states
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43
had an industrial base, whereas the Southern states earned
from agriculture and plantations.
ii. Another cause was slavery. The Northern states used skilled
labour in factories and they were paid regular wages. The
Southern states depended in slaves to grow crops.
With the publication of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' and the Dred
Scott case the Northern states became more anti-slavery. The
Northern states came to be called 'Free states' and the Southern
states 'Slave states'.
iii. A third cause was the issue of tariff. Tariff was imposed on
imported goods. The Southern states needed more imported
goods than the Northern States. As a result, they did not want
the tariff.
iv. A dispute arose over the sale of public land'. The Northern
states did not want the sale of government land at low price.
The Southerners favoured the sale as they needed extensive
land for agriculture.
v. As the Northern states grew richer and more powerful, the
Southern states feared the dominance of Northerners and
Federal authority in their region also.
4. The 'Personal Liberty Law' allowed slaves to disobey the anti-slave
laws passed by the Southern States. It was passed by some Northern
States. The runaway slaves had to return to their masters according
to the Southern laws.
5. The Southern States felt the tariffs were unjust and caused a heavy
burden on them as they required to import more goods than the
Northern states.
They also felt that the tariffs might affect the sale of their goods in
those countries from where they imported their necessities.
6. The Doctrine of Nullification (1832) allowed the states to refuse to
collect the import duties (tariff).
7. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina.
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8. The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) declared that all slaves fell
in Confederate territory. It did not actually free any slave instantly
but made abolition of slavery an issue of the war.
Thereafter, France and Great Britain refused to support the
Confederacy.
Chapter 15: National Movements in Europe
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Nation
2. Liberty, equality and fraternity
3. England, Russia and Austria
4. Johann Gottfried Herder
5. Greece
6. Ferdinand
7. Francis I and Prince Metternich
B. Match the following:
A
B
1.
La patrie
the fatherland
2.
Austrian emperor
Joseph
3.
Johann Gottfried Herder
German philosopher
4.
Carbonaris
the charcoal burners
5.
German Parliament
Bundestag
6.
Prussian landowners
Junkers
C. Write True or False:
1.False
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.False
6.True
7.True
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45
D. Give one word:
1. Napoleon Bonaparte
2. Polonaise and Mazurka
3.Germany
4. King Victor Emmanuel II
5. Giuseppe Mazzini
6. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
E. Answer the following:
1.A country is a well-marked area in which the people of a nation
live. The word 'country' is used for geography.
A nation means a race or a closely knit group of people living in
a particular country and sharing a common government, history,
language and culture.
A state is a self-governing political unit in a fixed territory. It is a
part of a nation set up to make for easy administration.
2. The common goal of national movements in Europe was to promote
a national identity and culture and provide for social, political and
economic reforms.
Either the people wanted to end autocracy of emperors or they
wanted to unify their divided territory.
3. The ideas of 'la patrie' (the fatherland), 'le citoyen' (the citizen), a
new national flag of France, a national hymn, French as a common
language and making laws for the governing of the nation were
some of the nationalistic things steeped in the spirit of the French
people.
4. Napoleon won wars against some great European powers like
Austria, Prussia, Italy and Russia and took many territories from
them. His large empire consisted of these territories called the
French client states.
5.i. The old monarchies overthrown by Napoleon would be
restored, e.g. the Bourbons of France.
ii. New states like Genoa, Belgium and the Netherlands were set
up of the borders of France to prevent the expansion of France
in future.
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iii. The French territories were divided among the Allies.
6. The nine states Italy was divided into:
i. Lombardy and Venetia which went to Austria.
ii. The Papal states came under the Pope.
iii. Sardinia, Piedmont, Nice and Savoy were under the Italian
ruler.
iv. Naples and Sicily went to Spain.
v. Three smaller duchies – Tuscany, Parma and Modena – were
given to the Hapsburgs.
7. Some secret societies were set up in Italy to spread nationalistic
ideas. One of these was the Carbonaris who wanted to expel
foreigners and get freedom of Italy as a nation-state. First, they had
to free Lombardy and Venetia. A revolutionary leader, Giuseppe
Mazzini came to be called Founder of Italian nationalism. He
aroused nationalistic ideas among all his countrymen. King Victor
Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont took up the cause and gave
charge to his Prime Minister, Cavour. He took the help of the French
army under Napoleon III and joined the central states of Italy with
Piedmont and also defeated Austria to get Lombardy. Another
leader, Garibaldi, helped Cavour to unify Italy. He captured
Naples and Sicily, Umbria and Marches. He then surrendered
these territories to Victor Emmanuel. Piedmont was also joined
to Italy. He attempted to take over Rome to unite the Papal states.
France, at this point, intervened and prevented the Papal states
from joining Italy. War broke out between Prussia and Austria in
1866. Prussian Chancellor Bismarck promised Venetia to Italy if
Victor Emmanuel could win it. The latter defeated Austria and got
Venetia. Later with the fall of the French king Napoleon III in the
hands of Prussia (1870) Victor Emmanuel got Rome. With this, the
unification of Italy was complete. Italy became a nation with Rome
as capital.
8. The followers of Garibaldi, the Italian revolutionary leader, were
called the Red Shirts. They wore bright red shirts. They fought
battles to win Sicily, Naples, Umbria and Marches.
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47
Chapter 16: The Global Community
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Transport
2. Internet
3. Businesses
4.Selling and buying
5. Foreign
B. Write True or False:
1.False
2.True
3.True
4. True
5.False
C. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Special Economy Zones
Export Processing Zones in
India
2.
Selling to other countries
Export
3.
Buying from other countries
Import
4.
Selling to and buying from Foreign trade
other countries
5.
Basic factor of the foreign Interdependence
trade
D. Answer the following in brief:
1.Internet
2. Air cargo
3. Advancement of transport and communication
4. Foreign trade
5. Petroleum and crude oil
E. Answer the following:
1. People take comparatively much less time now to reach or connect
a person living at a distant place on the globe.
2. People living in different parts of the world have grouped together
into one community.
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i. Everyone is entitled to food, shelter and education.
ii. Every person should have the right to live in a safe and secure
environment.
iii. Everyone has the right to follow any religion.
3. 'Interdependence' means dependence of the people of one country
on the other countries for getting highly finished goods, services
and cheap resources.
4. Sharing of goods and services among the members of the global
community became important for all-round development of the
people who will lead modern and improved life as well as comfort
in their lives.
5. Foreign trade means trade of one's country with other countries of
the world.
Foreign trade has contributed very much to the growth of India's
economy. India's export includes many items such as metals, ores,
minerals, engineering goods, chemicals jewellery, gem stones,
fertilizers, petroleum and technical know-how. India has become a
member of several trade organizations in the world such as World
Trade Organization. India has set up eight Export Processing Zones
(EPZ) called Special Economy Zones (SEZ) to develop her foreign
trade:
These EPZ are located in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
Chapter 17: Global Challenges
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Degradation
2. Environmental degradation
3. Population
4. Poverty
5. Child labour
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49
B. Write True or False:
1.False
3.True
5.True
2.True
4.False
C. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Environmental degradation
is the ruining of environment
2.
Overpopulation
further leads to inability and
poverty
3.
Poverty
inability to feed oneself
4.
Illiteracy
may reduce quality of life
5.
Child labour
are abused and exploited
D. Answer the following in brief:
1. Trees, soil and water.
2. Developing countries.
3. Overpopulation decreases the level of biodiversity. A number of
plants and animals have died out or are on the verge of being wiped
out, due to reduced natural resources and pollution thus reducing
biodiversity. Biodiversity helps to maintain the ecological balance.
4.i. Poverty and literacy levels are a measure of the economic
condition of a community. We know that literacy keeps people
away from a life of crime or violence.
ii. All poverty-reduction Programmes and strategies should
include programmes on child, women and adult literacy.
5. June 12 every year.
E. Answer the following:
1.i. Excessive use of natural resources like felling of trees has
disturbed the ecological balance. It has led to floods, soil
erosion and silting of canals and agricultural land.
ii. Construction of dams has submerged land and caused soil
erosion as well as removing river beds to the lowest.
iii. Overgrazing has led to reduced green cover.
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iv. Building of towns, cities and factories has led to environmental
degradation.
v. Littering of open spaces and water bodies with plastic packets,
cups, plates, use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, paints, dyes,
loud noises pollute soil, water and air.
vi. Radiation due to the storage and use of radioactive substances
such as uranium and thorium also degrade the environment
and disturb the ecological balance.
Effects – Environmental degradation leads to degradation
of resources such as soil, water and air. T his would mean a
decrease in crop production leading to lower food availability.
Reduced soil fertility means reduced crops. In such cases, poor
villagers are forced to overuse the limited, natural resources
that results in more environmental degradation.
2.i. Overpopulation exhausts natural resources. The more the
people, the more will be the requirement which will put
pressure on the limited resources.
ii. It slows down the development of a healthy economy as
consumption of goods increases and puts pressure on the
economy.
iii. It decreases the level of biodiversity. Due to loss of habitat,
many plants and animals do not exist and some are dying out.
Biodiversity helps maintain the ecological balance.
3. If a family is unable to provide food, clothing, housing, etc. to
its members, it is called poverty. If steps are not taken to remove
poverty it will worsen the social and economic condition. The family
might lose its home and will not be able provide for good health
and education.
4. Due to a global financial crisis in 2007, stock markets crashed,
huge financial houses fell and governments in developed countries
adopted strict measures to revive the economy. People became
aware that a collapse of global finances would affect their income.
The problem became so several that richer countries used 'rescue
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51
package'. In fact, government policy of severe democratic countries
was to lay down new policies and plans to generate more steady
income through employment and save their economy from going
down further. This crisis has shown that in this globalised context
Asia had to face more problems arising from the Western countries.
In many Asian countries, stock markets suffered and value of
currency fell. A slow-down in Western countries meant chances of
a slow-down in Asia. The result has been job losses, social unrest,
insecurity among the people, etc.
5.i. Long hours of work.
ii. Working as a slave or a bonded labourer.
iii. Cruel treatment by employer.
The UNICEF and various NGOs working against child labour
have laid down guidelines to prevent child labour. Member
countries have to include the guidelines in their national
policies. World Day against Child Labour (June 12) raises
awareness that education is the right solution to curb child
labour. Governments must help child workers to come out of
violence and discrimination in their places of work.
Chapter 18: Globalization and Global Issues
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Globalization
3. World
2. Trade
4. Conditions
5. Terrorism
B. Write True or False:
1.False
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.False
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C. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Globalization
all economies of the world put together
2.
WTO
the world trade promotion agency
3.
Terrorism
a disheartening global issue
4.
World War II
dropping atom bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
5.
Disarmament
reduction of arms and ammunitions
D. Answer the following in brief:
1. Modern means of communication and transport, sharing one
another's products and services, trading freely on the international
level.
2. The process of globalization slowed down due to the start of
World War I and remained so till the birth of the UN in 1945.
3.i. Remove all tariffs
ii. Create free trade zones
iii. Reduce transportation costs
4.Terrorists kill innocent people to spread terror. They launch sudden
attacks in public places and transport to undermine people's sense
of national security.
5. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty bans all types of nuclear explosions
in any environment.
E. Answer the following:
1. The steps are:
i. foreign trade of goods and services
ii. investment in production units of other countries
iii. money flow to other countries by employment or sale of goods
and services
iv. migration of labour—skilled and unskilled
v. selling technology or buying technology to and from other
countries.
2. Globalization is the process by which people of the world are unified
and form a single society.
Any five effects of globalization are:
i. create and open the world market
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53
ii. inter connect the world market
iii. easy reach to consumers all over the world
iv. easy flow of information
v. high profits to sellers
3. According to developing and underdeveloped countries,
globalization has benefitted developed nations more than them.
i. MNCs have earned more profit from developing and underdeveloped nations by getting cheap raw materials and labour.
ii. With no trade restrictions, industries of developing and
underdeveloped countries won't be able to match the high
quality products of MNCs and ultimately shut down.
iii. MNCs are dumping low-quality goods in developing and
underdeveloped nations.
iv. Natural resources of developing and underdeveloped countries
are depleting because of overexploitation by MNCs for raw
materials.
v. Developed nations sell expensive high-yielding variety of seeds
for which fertilizers and pesticides are used too much.
vi. During a world economic crisis, many people of developing
and underdeveloped nations lost jobs working for MNCs who
tried to cut down on costs.
4. Individuals, groups or nations involve in terrorism to solve conflicts
without taking other people or government into confidence. They
try to gain power by spreading terror among the people. All
countries of the world should be united to fight against terrorism
and to tackle mass terror.
5. The end of World War I laid the ground for the start of World WarII
and along with it the beginning of the arms race.
Disarmament means reducing, limiting or abolishing all kinds of
weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear arms.
Both the USA and USSR signed the SALT I and II treaties by
which both agreed to freeze their nuclear stockpiles and reduce
the existing weaponry.
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The BWC (Biological Weapons Convention) in 1975 prevented
new experiments, development and stockpiling of chemical and
biological weapons. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
in 1997 banned making of chemical weapons. The Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all kinds of nuclear tests in any
environment. Through all these conventions and treaties the arms
race can be put to an end.
Chapter 19: Globalization and India
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Trade
2. Rural
3. Below
4. Kyoto
5. UNDP
B. Write True or False:
1.True
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.True
C. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Illiteracy
directly related to poverty
2.
Poverty
one third of India's population
3.
MDGs
are eight goals to be achieved
4.
NACO
controlling AIDS
D.Answer the following in brief:
1. United Nations Development Programme.
2. It is working jointly with UNDP to reduce the number of HIV or
AIDS infected in India.
Full form: National Aids Control Organization of India.
3. WHO (World Health Organization).
4. UN Millennium Summit in September 2000.
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55
5. We give too much importance to the profits from industries in
urban areas and forget about giving importance to the real India
(rural India).
E. Answer in detail:
1. India has signed many treaties like the Kyoto protocol to solve
environmental problems.
India supports the UN for the same. The UNDP is helping India
to meet the climate changes.
It is supporting India to conserve biodiversity, prevent land
degradation, develop clean and renewable sources of energy and
removing ozone depleting goods. It is also creating awareness
among the people. National and international voluntary
organizations advise Indian people to sustain the energy sources.
UNDP also helps in the systematic management of chemicals as
overuse of chemicals leads to pollution and depletion of ozone
layer.
2. UNDP proposes
i. primary schooling for all boys and girls.
ii. provide quality teaching services by professionals.
iii. no paying of school fees, especially for low income groups.
iv. provide transportation for children to and from school.
v. offer free meals and basic health services to improve children's
health, nutrition and cognitive developments.
vi. train new teachers and motivate existing teachers.
vii. supply teaching materials and free textbooks.
viii. strengthen the level of national education to provide quality
education.
3. Human Rights are those rights which a person should enjoy in a
democratic country to live with dignity and honour.
The Constitution of India has included Human Rights under
Fundamental Rights. The UNDP supports the government to
strengthen the political rights.
4. With the help of UNDP India is strengthening her political system.
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The elected leaders officials and institutions are able to perform
their functions effectively. The UNDP supports in planning,
implementing and monitoring extensive development programmes
so that the programmes are decentralized. Every sections of society
may enjoy the fruits of development.
5. MDGs are Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by AD
2015 that respond to the world's main development challenges.
The MDGs aim to:
i. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
ii. achieve universal primary education
iii. promote gender equality and empower women
iv. reduce child morality
v. improve mother's health
vi. fight AIDS, malaria and other diseases
vii. improve the environment
viii. develop a global partnership for development
Chapter 20: The United Nations Organization (UNO)
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. League of Nations
2. 192
3. Five and ten
4. Ban-ki-moon
5. Secretariat
B. Write the full forms:
1. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
2. United Nations International Children's (Emergency) Fund.
3. World Health Organization
4. International Labour Organization
5. Food and Agriculture Organization.
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C. Match the following:
A
B
1.
UN General Assembly
New York (USA)
2.
UNICEF
New York (USA)
3.
WHO
Geneve (Switzerland)
4.
ICJ
Hague (Netherlands)
5.
UNESCO
Paris (France)
D. Answer the following in brief:
1. For two years.
2. For nine years.
3. Six official languages – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian
and Spanish.
4. Fifteen judges.
5. One vote only.
E. Answer in detail:
1. At the end of World War II, some important leaders got together to
form the United Nations. Its main goal was to end rivalries or war
and establish peace and sanity. Accordingly, on 24 October 1945,
the United Nations was born. It was formed under the principles
of justice, dignity and well-being of all.
The UN has six main organs which are:
i. The General Assembly – the forum for presenting disputed
matters between two or more nations for solutions.
ii. The Security Council – the organ responsible for
maintaining international peace and security.
iii. The Trusteeship Council – to look after those area badly
affected by the two World Wars.
iv. The Economic and Social Council – improving economic,
social and health conditions of a member country.
v. The Secretariat – is the main administrative organ of the
UN.
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vi. The International Court of Justice – settles international
disputes and gives legal advice to all the organs and
agencies of the UN.
2. Composition – Consists of 192 members. All member countries of
the UN are the member states.
Functions:
i. admits new members on the r ecommendation of the
Security Council.
ii. appoints the Secretary General of the UN.
iii. elects ten non-permanent members of the Security
Council; members of the Economic and Social Council and
Trusteeship Council.
iv. receives reports from other UN organs and agencies.
v. approves UN budget.
vi. discusses disputes and offers peaceful settlement.
viii. can recommend to the Security Council to take action
wherever peace is threatened.
3. Composition – consists of five permanent members (China,
France, Russia, United Kingdom and United States), and ten nonpermanent members elected every two years from the member
states in alphabetical order. No retiring member is immediately
eligible for re-election.
Functions:
i. To maintain international peace and security according to UN
principles.
ii. To investigate any dispute which may lead to international
friction.
iii. To recommend peaceful methods of settlement.
iv. To determine any kind of threat and recommend suitable action
to remove the threat.
v. To impose economic sanctions in case peaceful methods don't
solve disputes.
vi. To decide on military action in case all methods to solve
disputes fail.
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vii. To recommend the admission of new member state.
viii. To recommend the name of a Secretary General.
ix. To elect the members of International Court of Justice, along
with the General Assembly.
4. The main UN objectives are:
i. maintain international peace and security.
ii. develop friendly relations among nations.
iii. mutual cooperation to solve international problems.
iv. promote and encourage Human Rights and basic freedom.
v. acting as a harmonizing centre to achieve the above objectives.
5. The WHO arranges for making new and improved medicines,
preventing epidemics like cholera, introducing immunization
programmes against TB, malaria, small pox, polio, etc.
It also promotes health education among the common people.
Chapter 21: India and Its Neighbours
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Governments
2. Tourism
3. Nepal
4. China
5. Panchsheel
B. Give the full forms of:
1. SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation
2. NAM – Non-Aligned Movement
3. CTBT – Comprehensive (Nuclear) Test Ban Treaty
4. NPT – Non-Proliferation Treaty
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C. Match the following:
A
B
1.
Indo-China War
1962
2.
Indo-Pakistan War I
1965
3.
Indo- Pakistan War II
1971
4.
SAARC Summit in India
1995
D. Answer the following in brief:
1. Sri Lanka
2.Nepal
3.Bangladesh
4.Japan
5. Mr. Hamid
E. Answer in detail:
1.i. India wants to maintain friendly relations with other countries
ii. to solve conflicts peacefully
iii. to respect sovereignty of all nations
iv. to treat all nations equally
v. to be non-aligned with any power bloc
vi. to believe in disarmament
2. NAM means—Non-Aligned Movement. When the Movement was
started, Cold War was raging between Russia and the USA. NonAligned meant not to be in either power bloc. India carefully stayed
away from the Power blocs. She followed a neutral policy in others'
affairs. Since independence, India has been working to maintain
peace and order in all parts of the world. She favours complete
disarmament including the use of nuclear weapons. She opposes
discriminatory treaties such as NPT and CTBT and refuses to give
up her nuclear programmes until all developed, developing and
underdeveloped nations accept the idea of total disarmament.
3. The main motive of SAARC is to establish regional co-operation
among the nations of South Asia.
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It aims to promote peace, stability, harmony and progress among
the member nations.
4. The five principles of Panchsheel are
i. mutual respect for territorial sovereignty of all nations.
ii.non-aggression.
iii. non-interference in each other's internal matters.
iv. to work for equality and mutual benefit.
v. to have faith in peaceful co-existence.
5.i.India and Afghanistan – In 2006, the President of Afghanistan,
Mr. Hamid Karzai, visited India. He signed three memoranda
of understanding for co-operation in rural development,
education and cooperation between Bureau of Indian Standards
and Afghan National Standardization Authority. India and
Afghanistan enjoy cordial and understanding relations. India
has increased her assistance from US $ 150 million to $ 750
million. India is also helping in various projects relating to
hydroelectricity, road construction, agriculture, industry,
telecommunication, education, health, information and
broadcasting.
ii. India and Bhutan – Both the countries enjoy a friendly and close
cultural relationship. The 1949 Bhutan-Indian treaty has led
to free trade between the two countries. The leaders regularly
exchange views on strengthening their friendship and cooperation. Bhutanese students and scholars study and work
in India. There are cultural exchange programmes. Indians
help Bhutan in trade, commerce, education, consultancy
and administration. It has been sending experts, sponsoring
projects and giving financial help to Bhutan. The development
programmes India is helping in are in hydroelectricity, health,
education, human resources development and information
technology.
iii. India and China – Till 1962, India and China enjoyed friendly
relations. India has supported China's issues in the UN.
The Indo-China War of 1962 spoilt Indo-Chinese relations.
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However, diplomatic relations were restored by both countries.
Indo–China relations can be measured in terms of trade
between the two countries. The trade level has crossed US $
25 billion in 2006 itself. Year 2006 was celebrated as the IndoChina Friendship Year. In November 2006, President Hu
Jintao visited India and issued a joint declaration to improve
India-China relations, with a ten-point strategy. Both countries
are facing the challenge of overpopulation. Both countries are
interested in increasing the investment in each other's projects
and improving cultural relations.
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