ADMINISTRATION OF THE LABORATORY
Reagents a nd special items
D ue to the nature of the work p rescr ibed in th is manual it is no t possible LO Lite a
complete ca ta log of materia l needed d u r ing th e year. H owever, ex per ience h as shown that
the ma teri al listed b elow will su ffice to m eet all bu t th e un u sual r eq uests o f th e students.
Add it ional ne eds can u sually be met from the ord inary stocks ob ta ina b le from the la borato r y
. stoc k room or from local h ard war e, f,'Toccry, an d oth er stor es.
S O LI n R EAGE:'\TS
Aga r agar
Al um ina ; act ivated AL,l0 :\ ' xH:: O
Aluminum ,\ 1; fo il
Al uminum AI; gran ular, 8 mesh
Alu mi num AI; tu rn ings
Aluminum chlori de; anhyd rous AICI;"!
Alumi num ch lori de AIC I:1 • GH :: O
Al uminum sul fate .-\ ldS O~h · 18H::O
Ammoni um acetate C H:I C O ON H~
Ammoni um carbona te ( N H ~ )2 CO;l
Ammonium ch lo r ide X H~ C I
Ammo n ium d ichrom at e ( N H ~ h C r :: O j
Am monium d isulfa tohe xnaquoferra te (I I)
(X I I ~ h [Fe(SO ~ h (0 H 2)fl]
Am mon ium nitrate N I I..X O:1
Ammoni um sulfate (N H ~hS O ~
Anil ine hyd roch loride C'l H .; XH 2 • H CI
An iline yellow dye
Ant imo ny Sb
An tim o ny trich lor ide ShCI;\
Ar senic (II I) ox ide As..O u
Asbestos fiber , acicl washed
Azoxyben-enc C,;H ;;(:\O:\)C,;H .;
Bariu m hyd rox ide Ba (O H h ' 8H 2 0
Bar ium peroxide BaO ::
Hen- idc ne ( X I I :: C ,; H~h
Bismu th (II I) ch lor ide B i Cl ;~
Bo ra x, n ude; if not ava ila ble, conta mi na te
sodium tet ra borate with a litt le sodi um
car hona te a nd ca lcium car bo na te to simulate crude ma ter ia l.
Bo ric aci d II ::BO :\
Cak ium Ca; lumps, pelle ts or tu rni ngs
Caki um carbide CaC::; in sealed contai ner
Calcium chloride Cael::; a nhydrous
Ca lcium h yd rox ide Ca (O Hh
Cal cium pho sp hide Ca;~ P ::; in sealed conta iner
Calcium su lfa te CaSO .. • y:! H ::O
Ca lcium sulfate CaSO .. • 2H::O
Ca r bon C; cha rcoa l, block
Ca rbo n C; cha r coa l. powdered
Ca rbo n C; graphi te powde r
Carbo n d iox id e CO 2 ; solid ; D ry Ice
Cation exc hange re sin; Dowcx 50, h ydrogen
for m
Cation exc hange resin ; J'er rnutit Q
Charcoal: act iva ted (Da rco brand)
Chrom ium (I I I) ch lorid e c-ci, · 6H 20
Ch ro mi um (I II ) oxide Cr::O:\
Citric acid
(CO O H)C H ,C-(O H) (CO O H)-C Il,
(CO O H)
Coba lt (II ) ch loride CoCI:: · 6H ::0
Cobalt (II) nitra te CO(NO ;lh ' 6 H::0
Co pper Cu: sho t, #8
Copper Cu: strip, ca. I em by 5 cm
Cop per e u; wire, har e, # 18
Coppe r (II) ch loride CuCI:: · 2H :: O
Copper (II) n itra te Cu(X O:1h ' 3H:: O
Copper (II) ox ide Cc O
Co pper (II ) su lfa te C uS O ~ ' 5H:: 0
Egg a lbumin; d ried
Ferr ic ammon ium citra te. com mon nam e for
im pure { X H~h ' ~ Fe[(COOh C 3H ..O H h ~
Gela tine
D-Gl ucose CGH12 0 fl
Iodine I::
Iro n Fe; filings
Iro n Fe; wire , hare. #18
Iron Fe; wire , ha re, #2,1
Iro n (II) chl or ide FeCI:: ' 4H 2 0
I ron (II I) chlo r ide FezC I,• • 12H z O
Iron (III) n itrate J.'e (N O :.b · 9H ::0
Iro n (II I) oxide Fe z 0 3
Iro n (II ) su lfate FeS O ~ ' 7H:: O
Iro n (II) sulfide FeS
Lead Pb : shot . # 8
Lead Ph ; strip, ca. I em by 5 em
Lead (II) aceta te (CH ;\COO):: Pb · 3H 2 0
Lead (I I) n itrate I' b (N O :\)::
87
(contin ued )
Le ad (I V) ox ide P bO z
Le ad mono x id e PbO
Trilead tetro xide P b :\ O ~
Lith ium chlori de LiCI
:\fagnesiu m :\Ig; gra n ula r. 20 mesh
:\lagn 5i u m Mg; ribbo n
:\l agn 5 iu m carbona te :'o lgCO :!
:\Ianganese (II) ch loride :\l nClz • -l H 2 0
.:\ fanganese di o xide :\lnO z
Xla ngan ese (II) sulfa te M n SO ~ · H zO
Ma rble ch ip s im p ur e CaCO :!
" fercury (11) chlorid e HgCl z
:\Iercury (I I) ni trat e I lg(NO:I ) 2 • H 2 0
Na p h tha lene C l l1 l- l ~
fJ·N a p h tho l C1u H , O l-l
N ickel (II) n itra te Ni(N O :1h ' 6 H 2 0
Ni ckel (II) o xid e N iO
N icke l (II) sulfate Ni SO~ · 6 1-1 z0
Z. -t-Dinitro phe n yl h yd razine
C, OZh Clll-1 ;\ N I I N l l z
Oxalic add (CO O Hh ' 2 H zO
Pa ra ffin C. H . +z
Pheno l C" H ,..O H
Ph th a lic a n hydride C,; J I~ (C Oh O
Po tassiu m b rom id e KRr
Po tassium ca rbona te KzCD a • 1.5 H zO
Po ta ssiu m chlora te KCIO :!
Pot assium chlor ide KCI
Pot assiu m chroma te KzC rO..
Pot assium cya n ide KCX
Pota ssium d ich ro mat e K Z Cr 2D ,
Tri potassi um hexacyanofer rare
K:I[Fe (CN),,1
Soda lime; m ixt ure of 1'\aO Il a nd Ca (O Hh
Sodium ace ta te C H aC O O Na ' 31-1 2
Sod iu m perbora te. ~ aBO a ' 41-1 z0
Sodium tet ra bo ra te ~ a zn ~ O .· IOH z O
Sod ium b ro m id e Na Rr
Sodi u m ca rbonate Na: CO:1 ; a nhyd rous
Sod iu m car bo na te .....a: CO :\ • IOH zO
Sodi u m ch loride Na CI
Sod iu m d ichroma te Na 2Cr20 , . 211 2
Sodium h ydrogen su lfa te 1'\a IlSO .. • H 20
Sodi u m h yd ro xid e N aO H ; pe lle ts
Sodi um iod id e Na I
Sod ium nit ra te Na XO :1
Sod ium ni tr ite Nai\' O~
Sod iu m ox ala te ( CO O)~ ~ a ~
Sucrose, imp u re ; d ar k b ro wn cane sugar
Trisod ium phosp ha te
i\'a ;:PD j ' 1 2 H ~O
Sodium di hyd rogen phospha te
1\"a H:PO j ' H ~ O
Sod ium monohydrog en p hospha te
°
°
X a~ HP O ~ ' 7 H~ 0
Sodiu m po ta ssium tartrate
~aO OC(CH O H hCOO K
' 4H zO
Sodi u m pyrosul tire X a zS ~O :.
Sod ium sul fate 1\""250 ..
Sod ium su lfite Na 2SO :\
Sod ium thiosu lfa te N'a 2S20 :\ ' 5H 20
Starch . pota to
Steel woo l; # O()
Sucrose C 1 : 112 2 011 : ca ne suga r
Sud an red d ye
Su lfunil blue d ye
Su lfur S
T in Sn: gra n u lar, 30 mesh
Tin Sn: Illo s~y
Ti n ( II) ch lorid e SnCI 2 • ZJl: O
T ita n ium d io x ide T i0 2
Urea CO C:, H : )2
wood sp lin ts
Zinc In : gra n ula r. 30 me sh
Zin c I n; mo~sy
Zinc Zn; str ip. ca . I em by 5 ern
l in c car bo na te ZnCO a
Zinc ni trat e Zn(N O :1h · 611: 0
Zinc oxide l nD
Zinc sul fa te Z n SO ~ • 711:=0
'Tet rapota ssilim hcxacynno rriaq uoferra te
K ..[Fe (C N),,(1120):IJ
Pota ssium h yd ro x id e KO I-I ; pe lle ts
Pot a ssium iodate KIO ;\
Po ta ssium iodide KI
Po tassiu m n it ra te KX O :\
Po tassium permallga na te KMnO..
Potassium su lfa te K z SO ~
Po tassiu m th iocya na te KSC N
Resorcino l C" H j (O Jl h
Rock salt im p ure NaCI
Sal icylic add HO C,;l l j CO OH
S;lI1d impure SiO z
Silver nitra te Ag:'\ O ;1
Soa p. mi x ture of sodi um salts of fatty ac ids,
im p u re; fla kes or g ran ules
88
Solutions and liqu ids
N ote : I n those cases where the co ncentrat ions of solu tions are not specified in th is
man ual , solu tions of th e concentrations listed here should be used. I n those cases where
solut ion concentrations are speci fied, b ut differ from those listed here, the studen t is expec ted , as an exercise , to prepare his own solu tions eithe r b y d iluting a stoc k solu tio n or
by dissolvin g a weighed quan t ity o f solu te 1Il the proper amount of solvent.
T hese solut ion s shou ld be available,
la bora tory:
1Il
sets of bo n lcs, conve nien tly set ou t
Acetic acid C H ;\C O O H , 3-M
Acet ic acid C H :\CO O H . glac ia l
Ammonium hydroxide N H 40 H , 3·M
Ammonium h ydroxide
:\ H 4 0 H , cc nce nt ra red
H ydroch lor ic a cid H C I, 3·M
H yd ro ch lo ric acid H C I, concent rated
.\ (e thy l orange, 0.1% ; in d ro p p ing boule
T hese liqu ids sho uld be placed
III
1Il
the
Ninic acid H NO;\, 3·M
Xitric acid II NO :I , conce ntra ted
Phcnolpluhale in C ~O Il14 04' 0.1% : in d ropp ing: bottle . Di ssol ve I g in GOO m l of 95%
etha nol an d add ·!OO m l o f wat er
Sodi um h yd roxide NaO H , 3-M
Su lf uric' acid H 2S0 4, l.5 -M
Sulfuri c acid H ~ S0 4 ' concen trated
the hood :
,\ <etyl ch loride C H :\C OCI
Bro mi ne Br 2 : in d rop p ing bo tt le
Bro m in e wa ter; a sa t ura ted so lut ion o f Br z in
wa ter with a litt le ex cess Br2 in the bottle
lten zen e C nH ()
Be lllO}'1 ch lor id e C,JI ..,COC I
Carbon tetrachlorid e CC I4
C hlo ro for m C I IC I:1
Eth yl ether C ~ H ... O C ~H .-,
Fo rma ld eh yde . ca. 40'%
aqueous
T hese liq u id s sho uld be avai la ble from the side shelf:
Ace taldehyd e C H ;;C H O
Acetone C II: ;COCH :\
I/·,\ my l alc o ho l C..,1l 1 1 0 H
.·\ lu m in u tll chloride A ICI:\, 3-.\1
..Yluminum nitra te AI(:\ 0 ab . I-M
Am mon ium chl o ride ;,\H 4C I. 1·.\1
Ammonium oxala te (COOh(i\ H4):!, 0.25-M
Am mo n ium sulfate (i'\ H4b S04' 0.25·M
Am mon ium su lfid e (N H l):! S. 3·M
Am moni um th iocyanate " H 4SCN , 0.5-M
An ili ne C,;H ... N H~
Barium chl o ride BaCl :!, O.25·M
Bism u th ( III) xnrare B i ( :\O ;~ h , 0.2-M
Brom cresol green (ind ica tor), 0.05% ; in d ro pp ing: bo tt le
II-Btlly l aIr olm l C 4 H H O H
/I . But yl b ro m ide C 11 Br
4 i.
sec-Buty l bromide C 4 Hjl Br
Cadmium ch lor ide CdC I:! , 0.25-.\1
Ca lcium ch lori d e CaCI~ , 0.5·.\1
Collod ion U .S.P. so lutio n in et h er
Co p p er (II ) ch lo ride CuCI:!. I-M
Copper (II ) su lfa te Cu S0 4. 05 ·M
Eth yl a lcohol C:!H .-. O II , 95%
I , 2· Did lloroe tha ne C ll ~C IC H :!CI
(;I yfe ri ne C H ~OI IC H O HC H~O H
H yd ro ge n peroxide H ~O ~ , 10%
Iron (II I) ch lor ide FeC I;\, 0 .5·M
Kerosen e CH H n + ~ , impu re
Lead (II) ace tate (C H: ;COO h P b, 0.25-M
Lead (II) n it ra te Pb (l\'O:;b 0.25-M
xtagn csium ch lo ride ~ lgC I ~, O.25-M
:\la gll esi um ni tra te .\lg( i'\O:J2' I-M
.\fagn csiu m su lfa te .\lg S0 4• I·M
.\ bnganese (II ) su lfate MnS0 4, 0.25-M
.\lernlrY Hg: in bottle fitted with d ropper
.\l('rcm )' (I I) ch lori de HgCI :!, 0.25·M
.\ fernt ry ( II ) n itr a te H g{l\'O:lb I·M
,\le thyl alcohol C H:10 Il
X id ..el (II) chloride i\iCI 2 , 0.25-M
Nit robe nzene CG I-I .-.l\' O ~
O leic arid C ~ H I,C II: C HC, H 14C O O H
Par a ffin oil
Ph osph or ic acid H :I P0 4, (j-M
Po tassium bromide KBr, 1-,\1
Potassi um ch ro ma te K 2 Cr0 4 • 0.25-M
89
Sod ium o xala te (CO ONab O.25-M
Sod iu m silicate Na:! O. xSiO~; _10° Bc.,
weigh t r at io N at O to SiO :!, ca. 1: 3.25
Sodi u m sulfate N"a tS 0 4 , 0.5-11I
Stro n ti u m chlor id e S rCl~ , 0.25-M
T h ymol blue (indica to r), 0.05% : in d ro pping
Lottie
Tin (II) chlorid e SueL.! , 0.5·;\1
Toluen e CHII ;, CII;j
Turpent ine
Un iver sal Ind ica tor .. t
Vinegar (a 1% a ce tic acid solution lIlay be
subst it ut ed )
Zinc chl oride ZnCI :! , 3·M
Zin c su lfate ZnS0 4 , I-M
Po tassiu m dichroma te K ~Cr~O " O.S-At
T r tpo tasstu r u hexa cya noferra te
K ~ [Fe (C N ) ,;] , O.S-At
T e trapotassium hexacyanolerrate
K 4 [Fe (C N )l> J, 0.5-M
Po tassiu m h ydroxide KO H , 3·M
Po ta ssium iodid e KI , I-III
Po ta ssiu m perma ngana te KMn0 4 , 0.01·A1
Pot assium thio cya na te KSC"':, I-M
Isopro p yl alcohol C;\ H , O H
a- P ropy l alcoho l C;IH 'jOH
Silver n itra te Ag NO a , 0.5·11I
Sodi um chlo r ide NaC!, I-III
Sod ium fluo ride Na F, O.5·11I
Sodiu m hyd rog-en car bona te N a HCO;I' O.5-A!
Sodi um n itra te NaN O ;\, I-M
bromthymol blue
methyl red
phenolphtha lein
thymol blue
Dissolve in 100 ml of 95% ethanol. Add O.05·,\f Na O H um il green . Dilute to 200 nil with water.
Foster, L. S., and Or unrtest, I. J.. J. Chern. Ed uc., H , 274 ( I!J37).
.. 0.050 g
0.0 13 g
0.100 g
0.005 K
t
N ote : Due to h yd ro lysis, solut ions of some salts of the heavy metals will be clo ud y.
Addition of a few m illi liters of the proper acid (hyd ro chloric acid for chloride salts, for
exam ple) will repress the h ydrolysis and d ea r the solu tion.
Solutions of the lower valence states of some metals oxi di ze, on stand ing, to the hi gher
valence state. T hese solut ions should be fre shly pre pared (j ust befor e use) from sol ids of
kn own com position, or, if earl ier pre pa ration is necessar y, an exce ss of the metal itself put
in the bo ttom of th e bot tle and a li tt le excess of the correspondi ng acid added. (Such bottles
sho uld be stoppere d wit h one-hole rubber stoppe rs fi tt ed with a Bu nsen valve in the hole.)
Ca tch-a ll List
The eq ui pme nt issued to each student at th e begin nin g of the year suffices for most
of h is needs. Fo r practic al reasons, ho wever , not all nee ded equi pme nt can be placed in
his han ds for the ent ire year. O ften, a special piece of eq uipment is used only for a short
t ime ; or, d iffere nt st udents, from year to year, will request d ifferent items in the course
of wor k on the same problem ; or, the equipmen t ma y be too delica te to use witho ut dose
su pervision, too bulky to store in a small space, too costly to purcha se in large q uantities;
a nd so on .
It is recommen ded that th ese item s be ava ilable for use when needed :
Aitch-ru -ess cartrid ges (so urce of H 2 S, p ro priet a ry-ava ilable fro m laboratory su p ply
house)
Am met er s
Alli gator d ips (o b taine d from electro nics su pp ly hou se)
Asp irators (to fit water ta ps)
Ba lances (vario us capacities and sensi tivities)
Blanke t, fire smotheri ng
Blast burner
m o w pip es
Buch ner fu nne ls
90
O ffi ce sup p lies (erasers, gu m me d ta pe. p a per
di p s, ru bber bands. ruler, scissors, etc.)
Pe troleum j ell y (Vaseline )
pH m et er
pH test p ap er
Pi p et s (asso rted, fro m sm a ll sizes, fra ctional
m illi liters, I ml to 50 Illl)
P latin u m w ire, #24 su ggested
Pneuma tic troughs
Potassi u m iodid e-starch test pa per
Candles
Centr ifuge. and centr ifuge tu b es
C lo th swa tches (small , ca . 5 r ill square ; prefera hly wh it e. Ace tate r ayo n , cotton , d acro n ,
n ylon , silk, \1'001 , etc.)
Copper w ire, ins u la te d , # 18 sugges ted
Cork bo rers (asso rt ed sizes; and sharpener)
Cotton , abso rb ent
Desicca to rs
D irect current source (p ref era b ly var iab le. 0
10 10 or 15 vol ts, with attached voltmeter
and a m me ter)
Electri c ho t p la tes
Em ery doth (as sorted gra des, coa r se to fine )
Filter paper
(asso rt ed porosities and d iam eters)
Fir e ex tingu ish ers, va r io us types
Fir st a id cab ine t, well -stoc ked
Hot air dr yin g d evice
G la ss \1' 0 0 1
Cooch cru cib les, with pla te s
Graph ite rods (p en cil "lead " o r anode Irom
dry cell)
le e, cr ushed
In ca ndescen t lights, typ e 46 or 47, 6 to 8 volts
(a nd socket to fit)
Iron dishe s (assorted sizes and sha pes)
Labels, g um m ed p aper
Menur)' ba romet er (o r a nero id if a m ercury
barometer is not ava ilable)
Meter sticks
::'\ails, 3d fm ish ing
X ich rorne wire. # 18 sugges ted
l'ycnomcters
P yrex or Kim ax tubing (assorted diamete rs, 3
m m to 15 m m )
R efrigerator (used infreq ue n tly, n eed n ot be
imm ed iately accessible)
R u b ber halloons (sm all sizes)
Safety shower (p u ll lan yard to ac tua te]
Speci fic gra vity bottles
Stopcock gre ase
Stop wa tch
Stra ight p ins
String
Th read
" Tin" cans (assorted sizes a nd shapes)
Vacuum tub e voltmeter
Vacuum p um p . mech an ica l
Voltme ters
Volumetr ic flasks (va r io us sizes)
\ Vo rksh o p equipment and su p p lies (fro m
hammer. n ai ls, saw, screw d ri ver-through
portab le d ri ll-to ba nd saw a n d la th e, the
more complete the be tt er
Memora nda for the First Few Laboratory Period s
THt: FIRST
i-zaron :
I. Assign in d ivid ua l locker or d rawer space to the students.
2. Demonstrate the use of safety dev ices-fire ex tingu isher, fire blan ket . safety shower.
etc.
3. Emphasize the im porta nce of first aid treat ment, even for m mor accidents.
4. Describe the procedure followed whe n corrosive l iq ui ds are spille d on the cloth ing
or skin, in particular, the eyes.
5. Advise studen ts how to obtain ex tra p ieces of eq uipment for tem pora ry use an d
how to effect replacemen t of broken items.
6. Pro vide a sheet of paper to be signed by each student in cert ification that all equipmen t listed on page x iii has been received by hi m .
91
7. The instructor may prefer to provide some or all o f the items listed on page X I V
whic h th is ma n ual re qu ire s the st ude nt to provide. T hi s is, of co urse, a matter to be dec ided
locall y. Items not to be fu rn ished b y the stud ent himself sho uld be provided b y th e instr uctor; hence thi s reminder.
Tns
SE C O N D P E R IO D;
l. Check to see th at items to be provided by the studen t an d brought to th e laborator y
have been procured.
2. Give a short exam inat ion on the material in the sections " T o the Studen t" an d
" Safety in the Lab oratory."
3. If desired, provide a few sam ple wash bo ttl es as models. It is helpf ul to ex hi bi t
one or two glarin g examples of poor work.
4. Exam ine the studen t's stirring ro ds, bent tubing, and wash bottl e. \ Vhen properl y
accomplished , ini t ial man ual (in three places) .
5. Exam in e student's en tr ies at the end of the sections on the b urner and on glass
worki ng.
L ATER L AB ORATORY PER IO DS:
Ad d ition al rem ind ers to in it ial the man ual and ex am ine the studen t's work will not
be cited. T he suggestions whic h follow list o nly tho se po ints to be not ed wh ich are not
easil y recogni zed in a cursory reading of the man ual. Also, since some st udents begin to
sho w more ra pid p rogr ess than others at th is po int, fu rt he r reference to items on a n um bered
day basis can not be m ade. I n the order in whic h they ap pear in the manual, t hen ;
l. Demo nstrate how to re ad the barometer.
2. If nece ssary, d emo ns trate collect io n of CO 2 b y d irect (downward) displacement of
th e an- in the collecting bottle.
3. If desire d , set u p a sample filter in g ex hibit. I t is helpful to use several pieces of
filter paper, first fold , second fold, ctc ., in a series to show the successive steps of fold ing,
tea ring the corner, fitting to the fun nel, etc.
4. Set th e la borator y oven at ca. 1100 C for drying the barium chroma te.
5. See that b urets are ava ila ble, as t he students req u ire them .
6. As the studen ts finish Part I collect their wr-it te n assignments o n th e five most
portant safety ru les.
7. Di vide the students in to pairs, as they become ready, for the work in Part I I.
92
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