Combined Cycle Power Plant Operations and Maintenance Cost Modeling Christopher P. Curry, Dmitry M. Gurinsky Energy Systems Engineering Institute, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA Abstract Combined cycle plants contribute load following flexibility to the electric system through changes in operating mode. Variable O&M cost is not always directly proportional to unit output but may also be impacted by operating mode. The purpose of this project is to develop a model to predict variable operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for a combined cycle power plant based on operating mode. The creation of the model involved analyzing the plant’s costs as extracted from the plant’s SAP Maintenance Management module for the 2007-2008 time period and associating these costs by operating mode and maintenance process. Development of the model relied on the identification and subsequent classification of cost drivers. The cost drivers were defined as “cyclic and severe operations (modeled as dollars per megawatt-hour after first being per equivalent operating hour)”, “normal O&M”, “preventative maintenance”, and “additions and improvements” (also per megawatt-hour). Costs outside of the control of plant personnel were not incorporated into this model. These included fuel, regulatory compliance labor, and other fixed costs. It has been determined that the variable operating and maintenance cost is $3.36/MWh. Its sensitivities include capacity factor, water-to-fuel ratio, and plant start-up. Figure 1 below shows the breakdown of cost in $/MWh for the various types of generation assets in the United States. It illustrates how small differences in costs or bid prices can shift the dispatch order for similar, competing plants. Cost Drivers, Marginal Cost Conversion, and Additional Modeling In determining the marginal costs of our cost categories, the various “cost buckets” are divided by the unit of measurement which drives the total figure. Depending on the type of classified cost bucket, this is done according to the number of megawatt-hours of electrical power generated that year, or more interestingly, equivalent operating hours. EOHs, or equivalent operating hours, quantify the stresses that the system experiences as a result of generating energy and will increase according to variables including start/stops, water-to-fuel ratios, and peak operating hours. The industry-based equation used to determine equivalent operating hours was determined to be : EOH = a1*n1 + f*w* (b1*t1 + b2*t2) . In this equation, “a1” is the starting factor and is typically 10 EOH per 1 normal operating hour. This factor is multiplied by the number of starts, “n1”. “f” is the fuel factor and this number can vary depending on the quality of the fuel used. In this plant, “f” varied from 1, being the highest quality, to 4, being the lowest). In this equation, “w” is a weighting factor for injection of water/steam into a gas turbine. “B1”, “b2”, “t1”, and “t2” represent base and peak load factors and the related hours under which the turbines are operating under these specified conditions. Once EOHs were calculated for the 2003-2008 period under which our data is applicable, a relationship was determined that allowed for the conversion to megawatt-hours. The ultimate goal is to determine the costs according to this measure since it is the industry norm and allows for a better comparison among other plants. Below, figures and tables illustrate the progression of this portion of the project. Variable Costs (2009) The first step in the modeling process was compiling all of the work orders over a two year time span. This list included labor, fixed, and variable costs. Since internal labor was considered fixed, all internal labor costs were removed from the work order totals. Work orders not directly related to power generation, but addressing plant infrastructure and considered to be fixed (not a function of MWHRS), were removed. Work orders representing fixed costs associated with regulatory-driven tasks were removed (but are included below for information only). With the refined list, it was determined that all of the remaining work orders fall under preventative maintenance, additions & improvements, maintenance, and equivalent operating hour maintenance. The breakdown of variable work orders for the years 2007 and 2008 can be seen in the table below, where “M” is for routine maintenance and “R” is regulatory. Table I: Breakdown of O&M Costs Classified by Cost Categories 2007 2008 $243,063.60 $175,413.05 $321,374.05 $236,768.93 $460,119.47 $737,681.25 PM $67,266.36 $49,914.92 A&I ($ / MWh) $ 0.31 PM ($ / MWh) $ 0.09 EOH ($ / EOH) $ 53.82 Overhaul (CT) ($ / EOH) $ 125.06 Overhaul (ST) ($ / EOH) $ 74.41 Consumables ($ / EOH) $ 68.47 R $114,418.62 $ 53,668.54 Sum $1,206,242.10 $1,253,446.69 y = 198.32x - 298542 R² = 0.9847 900000 800000 700000 600000 Modeling M 0.95 Figure 2: Linear Regression relating Megawatt-hours to Equivalent Operating Hours 1000000 MW*h •Create an itemized & comprehensive list of plant costs using SAP Management Maintenance Module •Create new set of cost categories in which items would be separated •Analyze costs in the categories and apply to drivers •Determine driver for variable costs by analyzing previously recorded costs •Develop trends for capacity factor, MWh, and water-to-fuel ratio •Determine relationship between MWh and EOH drivers and develop model using this relationship •Create multiple input model (i.e. fuel, power output, etc.) •Utilize cost curves and other data in order to provide bid-in guidance according to varying conditions on daily and more long-term basis EOH $ Table II: Cost Divided According to Cost Driver and Corrected for 2009 Objectives A&I Maint ($ / MWh) 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 EOH Table III: Final Marginal Costs per Megawatt-hours Variable Costs 2008 2007 Average Maint ($ / MWh) $ 1.24 $ 0.65 $ 0.95 A&I ($ / MWh) $ 0.28 $ 0.35 $ 0.31 PM ($ / MWh) $ 0.08 $ 0.10 $ 0.09 EOH ($ / MWh) $ 0.40 $ 0.44 $ 0.42 Overhaul (CT) ($ / MWh) $ 0.66 $ 0.66 $ 0.66 Overhaul (ST) ($ / MWh) $ 0.40 $ 0.40 $ 0.40 Consumables ($ / MWh) $ 0.49 $ 0.58 $ 0.54 Total $ 3.55 $ 3.18 $ 3.36 6500
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