3.1 Definitions – States of Matter
WORDS FOR DEFINITIONS YOU NEED ARE IN RED
Phase /state Solid
Liquid
Gas
Kinetic
Theory
Temp
Scales
Liters
Atmosphere
(the unit)
Volume
Pressure
Elastic
Collision
Temperature Absolute Zero
Celsius
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
Meters3
Anomaly
Newtons
Fluid
Pascals
Force
Compressible Incompressible
Fluid
Fluid
Rankine
Phase /state – the physical condition of a substance, the 3 common phases of substances are
solid, liquid and gas (over 99%)
Plasma is a fourth and more rare phase, seen in fire, and lightening and the sun.
BEC (Bose Einstein condensate) – a very dense state when the temperature approaches -273 C
Solid - a substance which has a definite shape (one that does not change easily) and volume.
 Solids keep their shape.
 Solids are incompressible.
 Density does not change.
Since its volume cannot change its ______________ also cannot change.
EXAMPLES: Anything made of metal, ice, wood, etc.
Liquid - a substance which does not have a definite shape but does have a definite volume.
 Liquids move to the bottom of their containers and take their shape.
 All Liquids (oil, water, alcohol) are so nearly incompressible they can be considered
incompressible.
 Density does not change.
Since its volume cannot change its ______________ also cannot change.
EXAMPLES: Liquid water, oil, gasoline,
Gas – a substance with neither definite shape nor volume. A gas expands to fill all parts of
their containers.
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-KvoVzukHo
Solid
Shape
Volume
Density
(Normal
Substances)
Density
(Water)
Kinetic
Energy
Temperature
Bond
Strength
Structure
Definite
Definite
Constant or
Definite
Liquid
Settles to bottom of
container
Definite
Constant or Definite
Gas
Expands to fill all parts of
container
Compressible
Changes with Conditions of
Pressure and Temp
Fluid – a substance which flows (liquids and gasses)
Compressible Fluid – a gas, these can be compressed by a pressure.
Incompressible Fluid – a liquid
ANOMALY: deviation from the common rule :
IRREGULARITY
Why is water an anomaly?
The most dense state of water is as a liquid.
Water is important to life on Earth for many reasons.
What does it affect in nature?
 Ice floats
 Ponds freeze from top to bottom rather than bottom to top
 Freezing on top insulates them so they are less likely to freeze solid
 This protects fish and other wild life from freezing which would kill them.
 Skating – IDEA under great pressure (under a skate) Solid water favors a more
compact arrangement which is___________ this causes skates to have a film of
low friction water under them
http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age1416/Heat%20energy/Expansion/text/Freezing_water_and_regelation/index.html
FROG HIBERNATION
THE Ice layer protects the pond from freezing all the
way to the bottom and killing the fish and frogs and
other animals. If the pond froze from bottom to top
they would not survive the winter.
The variation of density of water with
temperature is odd because its
maximum is not just before it turns to
a solid (32 F or C) but at 4 C.
This causes a few interesting
situations in a pond.
POND FORMS IMPORTANT LAYERS –
POND TURNOVER http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STG0ppzgrHU
EXPANDING ICE - When pipes freeze or your engine freezes it can break open
and cause a problem.
Can we design an experiment to show that water expands (is less dense)
when it freezes?
Someone explain the steps?
National Geographic Science of Ice Skating:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-U6AuIOD78
THE KINETIC THEORY
Chapter 3, page 73 Your book has a simplified incomplete version.
1. Gas particles are in constant rapid random motion.
2. Gas particles are so small that they may be considered to have NO VOLUME
relative to the empty space that surrounds them.
Mathematically: Volume of Particles << Volume of surrounding space
3. Collisions are perfectly elastic. Velocity is unaffected by the collisions or motion
of the other particles.
Before collision
Collision
After collision
Velocity before collision = Velocity after collision
4. The average velocity of the particles is directly related to the temperature of the
gas.
Low Temp Gas
High Temp Gas
Low Velocity
Particles
High Velocity
Particles
THE KINETIC THEORY ONLY WORKS FOR GASES
Gas:
HIGH TEMPERATURE
HIGH KINETIC ENERGY
HIGH VELOCITY
NO BONDS BETWEEN PARTICLES
LOW DENSITY
AS GAS COOLS COLLISIONS BECOME STICKY
WEAK BONDS FORM
Liquid:
MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
MEDIUM KINETIC ENERGY
MEDIUM VELOCITY
WEAK BONDS BETWEEN PARTICLES
INCREASED DENSITY
EVENTUALLY ENOUGH VIBRATION BREAKS THE RIGID SPRING-LIKE BONDS
(ENERGY REQUIRED TO MELT ICE TO WATER)
Solid:
LOW TEMPERATURE
LOW KINETIC ENERGY
LOW VELOCITY
STRONG BONDS BETWEEN PARTICLES
HIGHEST DENSITY
KINETIC ENERGY -
3.1 STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE FILLING IN OUR TABLE.
Solid
Shape
Volume
Density
(Normal
Substances)
Density
(Water)
Kinetic
Energy
Liquid
Gas
Settles to bottom of
container
Definite
IN BETWEEN
Expands to fill all parts of
container
Compressible
Constant or
Definite
Incompressible
IN BETWEEN*
Constant or
Definite
Constant or Definite
Incompressible
Changes with Conditions of
Pressure and Temp.
Compressible
LOWEST
Incompressible
LOWEST
Incompressible
IN BETWEEN
Changes with Conditions of
Pressure and Temp.
Compressible
HIGHEST
LOWEST
IN BETWEEN
HIGHEST
HIGHEST
STRENGTH
BONDS
HIGHEST
WEAK BONDS
NO BONDS
LOOSE STRUCTURE
NO STRUCTURE
Definite
Definite
HIGHEST
HIGHEST*
Constant or Definite
LOWEST
Temperature
Bond
Strength
Structure
Orderly crystal
structure
* Water is the anomaly because its highest density is as a liquid rather than a
solid.
Study Guide for Phases of Matter.
Fill this in as we go through the notes. This is not homework.
Solid
Shape
Volume
Density
(Normal
Substances)
Density
(Water)
Kinetic
Energy
Temperature
Bond
Strength
Structure
Liquid
Gas