Internet Basics
• The internet began in 1969 called ARPAnet. ( by U. S. Defence Department)
• In approximately two years , it was grew to about two dozen of sites.
• By 1981, it consisted of more than two hundred sites, came to known as the Internet.
Networking Giants:
The rapid growth of internet was due to Networking Giants. (e. g. British Telecom, AT
& T, Hyundai etc.)
Role of Networking Giants:
1. To set up, maintain, monitor and expand existing network.
2. They gave access to the network via gateways.
Internet Service Providers [ISP]:
• It is perfectly possible to route business data from one point of globe to another by
using a heterogeneous mix of n/w owned by different networking giants.
• ISP’s offer clients’ access to the internet via their gateways as paid for service.
• ISP gateways generally consists of a server with a permanent connection to the
internet. This is called as an internet ‘Pipeline’.
• Special hardware is used as the pipeline to connect ISP’s server to the internet.
(common bandwidth is 2GB to 10GB)
• Multiple pipelines can be purchased by an ISP from a networking giant and used.
The internet consists of two types of computers.
1. Servers: Computers which offer information to be read.
2. Client: Computers that read the information offered.
Web Server Software:
Servers run special S/W called as ‘Web Server S/W’ which is responsible to
• Respond client requests for information
• Accept data from client
e.g. Internet Information Server (IIS), Apache Web Server, Microsoft Personal Web Server
Browser Software:
• Locate appropriate server
• Query the server for the information to be read
e. g. Netscape communicator, Internet Explorer
What is Internet?
“The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that interchange
data by packet switching using the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). It is a
"network of networks" that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business,
and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiberoptic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies.”
Simply,
“The internet is worldwide network of networks.”
Communicating On Internet:
As the internet grew over the years it became increasingly important to have a governing
body, which allocate unique IP addess to organizations linked to the internet.
The International body interNIC – Internet Nerwork Information Center(USA), is responsible
for registering and assigning unique IP addresses to organizations wishing to manage
networks , which will be a part of the internet.
Internet Domains:
1. Physical Domain: Each computer that has a permanent IP address, runs server S/W
and offers information to clients, is considered to be a ‘Physical Domain’. (i. e. a place
where information is available)
Conceptually, a physical domain can provide,
a. A gateway to other computers to access the Internet
and/or
b. Provide information for internet clients to read
and/or
c. Provide a physical location on which several ‘virtual domains’ can be hosted.
2. Virtual Domain: When a web site provides internet client information to read , the
site is called as ‘Virtual Domain’.
How to Get Internet Server Identities?
InterNIC registers and issues unique IP addresses to the internet servers.
Note: (NCST [National Center Of Software Technology] in India is authorized to issue
permanent IP addresses.)
Registering A Virtual Domain with InterNIC
• Log on to InterNIC server.
• Fill up registration form online.
• Pay the two-years fees to InterNIC.
• This registers a virtual domain with InterNIC.
• It require to fill other details also.
• Once company registers a virtual domain name it requires unique IP address to be
specified. (generally IP address of Internet Server.)
What InetrNIC does?
• InterNIC will scan its registered DB to ensure that domain name is unique.
• If name is unique, InterNIC will inform the company/ individual that its registration
has been accepted.
• Once domain name is registered the registering company has to pay registration fees
within 30 days.
• Domain registration is valid for 2 years. After 2 years registration must be renewed or
lapses. If the name is not unique, the registration is rejected and the company will be
informed that registration is rejected due to duplicate name.
InetrNIC Root Servers:
InterNIC has segregated domains accirding to services provided by domains being
registered.This was done by adding extensions to the domain name.
.edu
Servers that provide eduactional services
.gov
Servers that provide information about government of country
.mil
Servers that provides Military Information
.org
Servers that provides info. About organizations in the world
.com
Servers providing commercial services on the internet
The Structure of an Internet Address:
http://www.microsoft.com
Where,
http is communication protocol to be used.
www is the notation for World Wide Web
.microsoft is the registered domain name
.com is the extension to the domain name
To help speed up access, its IP address can be directly use.