Freshman / Sophomore
CAREER PLANNING GUIDE
HANOVER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
CAREER PLANNING CENTERS
From The Counselors
Dear Student:
This Guide is provided for you to explore career
and educational options. Your school counselor
and career counselor are both available to assist
you as you develop plans for your future. We
hope that you will find this Guide to be a
valuable resource during your Freshman and
Sophomore years of High School.
Best wishes!
Your Hanover County
Career Counselors
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
CONTENTS
About The Career Planning Center . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Steps In Planning Your Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tools For Career Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Student Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Educational and Career Options . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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CHAPTER 1
About the
Career Planning Center
Hanover County Public Schools
Career Planning Center Services
Students are encouraged to visit the Career Planning Center in
their school to learn more about careers and planning options.
Check out our services:
✔
Assessments to identify interests, abilities, and career
values
✔
Career information, including job descriptions, salary,
outlook, related occupations, training options, and
sources of additional information
✔
Guidance in course selection
✔
Individual and small group counseling on career-related
topics
✔
Consultation with teachers, parents, and community
members
✔
Posted opportunities for volunteering, part-time work,
full time work and summer employment opportunities
Envision Your Future
Explore Your Opportunities
at our Website:
www.hcps.us/careers
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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About the Career Center
Career Planning Resources
The following resources are available in the Hanover County
Public Schools Career Planning Centers, located in each high school.
Contact a career counselor for more information!
Self Assessment
• Navigator (interests, abilities, work values)
• Virginia Education Wizard
Career Information
• Computer Resources
• Career and College Handbooks and Periodicals
• College Catalogs
• Career Speakers
Education/Training
• Apprenticeship
• Cooperative Education
• Dual Enrollment
• Electives
• Career or Technical Courses
Tools for Career Development
• Individual career plan
• Skills for job success
• Job search skills
• Résumé writing
• Interviewing skills
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
About the Career Center
Career Planning Tools
Navigator
• Is an internet-based career guidance and information system
that provides information to help users make important career and
educational decisions—whether seeking immediate employment,
vocational training, college or military service.
• Has up-to-date databases of occupations, majors, schools and training institutions.
• Offers inventories of interests, abilities and work-related values
to be completed on-line.
• Offers assistance in writing résumés, completing job applications and interview
tips.
Website: www.kudernavigator.com
• User Name: 1st initial last name, 1st initial first name, student # (plus 0’s in front
to have 6 total #’s); ex. Sally Jones, student # 9999, User name will be: js009999
THIS WILL ALWAYS BE YOUR USER NAME.
• Password: student # (plus 0’s in front to have 6 total #’s). ex. 009999
• On the left, go to My Profile. Under that, click on Edit. Very carefully edit your
Personal Information. Include address, and YOUR e-mail plus your parent’s
e-mail. Very important!
•Select Learn About Myself, then choose Take an Assessment.
•Choose Start Assessment. Take all three.
• In the Learn About Myself section of Navigator, choose View Occupations
Suggested by Assessments.
• Click on the star (H) next to the occupation to save it to your favorite
occupations list in your portfolio.
See your career counselor if you have difficulty accessing your account.
Virginia Education Wizard
• Is an internet-based career guidance and information system that provides
information to help users make important career and educational decisions.
• Has databases of occupations, majors, schools and training institutions in Virginia.
• Offers inventories of interests, abilities and work-related values to be completed
on-line.
• Offers assistance in writing résumés and interview tips.
• Is available through an account set up by the student and may be accessed
through the Website – www.vawizard.org.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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About the Career Center
16 Career Clusters
Technological advances and global competition have transformed the nature of work. Tomorrow’s jobs will
require more knowledge, better skills, and more flexible workers than ever before. To prepare today’s
students for tomorrow, schools are working to help students achieve in challenging subjects. Career clusters
link what students learn in school with the knowledge and skills they need for success in college and careers.
Career clusters identify pathways from secondary school to two- and four-year colleges, graduate school, and the
workplace, so students can learn in school about what they can do in the future.
l Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources
The production, processing, marketing, distribution, financing, and
development of agricultural commodities and resources including
food, fiber, wood products, natural resources, horticulture, and
other plant and animal products/resources.
l Architecture & Construction
Careers in designing, planning, managing, building and
maintaining the built environment.
l Arts, A/V Technology & Communications
Designing, producing, exhibiting, performing, writing, and
publishing multimedia content including visual and performing arts
and design, journalism, and entertainment services.
l Business, Management & Administration
Business Management and Administration careers encompass
planning, organizing, directing and evaluating business
functions essential to efficient and productive business
operations. Business Management and Administration career
opportunities are available in every sector of the economy.
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l Hospitality & Tourism
Hospitality & Tourism encompasses the management, marketing
and operations of restaurants and other food services, lodging,
attractions, recreation events and travel related services.
l Human Services
Preparing individuals for employment in career pathways that
relate to families and human needs.
l Information Technology
Building linkages in IT occupations framework: for entry
level, technical, and professional careers related to the design,
development, support and management of hardware, software,
multimedia, and systems integration services.
l Public Safety, Corrections & Security
Planning, managing, and providing legal, public safety,
protective services and homeland security, including professional
and technical support services.
l Education & Training
Planning, managing and providing education and training
services, and related learning support services.
l Manufacturing
Planning, managing and performing the processing of materials
into intermediate or final products and related professional and
technical support activities such as production planning and
control, maintenance and manufacturing/process engineering.
l Finance
Planning, services for financial and investment planning,
banking, insurance, and business financial management.
l Marketing, Sales & Service
Planning, managing, and performing marketing activities to reach
organizational objectives.
l Government & Public Administration
Executing governmental functions to include Governance;
National Security; Foreign Service; Planning; Revenue and
Taxation; Regulation; and Management and Administration
at the local, state, and federal levels.
l Science Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
Planning, managing, and providing scientific research and
professional and technical services (e.g., physical science, social
science, engineering) including laboratory and testing services,
and research and development services.
l Health Science
Planning, managing, and providing therapeutic services,
diagnostic services, health informatics, support services, and
biotechnology research and development.
l Transportation, Distribution & Logistics
Planning, management, and movement of people, materials, and
goods by road, pipeline, air, rail and water and related professional
and technical support services such as transportation infrastructure
planning and management, logistics services, mobile equipment
and facility maintenance.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
CHAPTER 2
Steps In Career Planning
Career Planning Process
Step I: Self-Assessment – Create Your Personal Profile
The first step in career planning is to gather information about your interests,
abilities, work values and personal preferences. Your school counselor and career
counselor can provide inventories and assessment tools that will give you the
information needed to create your own personal profile. These assessment tools
will suggest career areas to explore.
NAME:
My Self-Assessment / Personal Profile
Interests:
Abilities:
Work Values
Other:
Suggested Career Areas
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Steps in Career Planning
My Family Interview
NAME:
The Family Interview offers an opportunity to practice your
interviewing skills and discover some interesting information by
talking with family members about their career paths.
Here are some questions to guide your conversation:
• What were your career plans or goals when you were my age?
• How did your family help you make career decisions when you
were my age?
• What was it like for you to leave home and go to_____________
(work, college, military)?
• Did you change your career plan? If so, why?
• What do you hope for me to experience in my future?
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Steps in Career Planning
Step II: Career Exploration –
Explore Career Areas Suggested by Your Profile
You will use the career exploration
process many times throughout your
My Job/Career Profile
NAME:
working life. You are involved in
career exploration whenever you
Name of Occupation:
read information about careers of
interest in books, magazines or from
Description of Work Tasks:
computer programs and Websites.
You may also talk with people in
various career areas about their
career paths and work. Many
Work Setting:
students explore careers through
first-hand experiences such as
extra-curricular activities, part-time
Work Tools:
employment, field trips or job
shadowing. Classes that relate to
your field of career interests are
Training/Education Required for the Job:
other excellent ways to explore.
Salary Range/Outlook:
The Job/Career Profile at the
right can help you to evaluate
specific jobs within a career
Helpful Personal Qualities:
area. Considering this
information can help you
decide whether or not you
Related Occupations:
want to keep the job on your
list of possible options
Career Research Methods:
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Steps in Career Planning
Career Research Methods
Read
Your high school Career Planning Center, Media Center and
Counseling Office can provide many sources of print information
including the following resources:
• The Occupational Outlook Handbook
• Careers Series (Hardback and Paperback books)
• The Navigator (Internet Information)
• Career Guide for Virginia
• College Board Publications
• Virginia Education Wizard
Talk to People
You should supplement the information that you gather through written sources by
talking to people who have first-hand experience or knowledge about your area of
interest. You can do this informally by talking with family members, friends or teachers,
or formally through an Informational Interview. Unlike a job interview, the goal of an
informational interview is not to obtain employment, but to gain insights that are not
available through print resources.
Some examples of questions for an Informational Interview may include:
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• What knowledge, skills, training or experience did you have for this job?
• What do you like most/least about your job?
• How did you find your job?
• What is a typical day like for you?
• How has technology impacted your job?
• Can you suggest anyone else that I may talk with about this field?
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Steps in Career Planning
Personal Experience
You may gain career-related experience through school courses, extra-curricular
activities, part-time paid or unpaid employment, and short-term work-based
learning opportunities such as job shadowing, field trips and mentorships.
For example:
OccupationExperience
Musician
Enroll in chorus, band or participate in
marching band.
Computer Programming
Take a computer course or join a
computer club.
Medicine
Volunteer at the hospital or rescue squad.
Building Trades
Shadow a construction crew or seek
summer or part-time work in construction.
Education
Participate in the SODA program, peer
assistant program, peer mediation program,
or teacher cadet program. Volunteer to tutor.
Chef
Take the culinary arts class at The Hanover
Center for Trades & Technology.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Steps in Career Planning
Step III: My Action Plan
Before you create an action plan, review your readiness in each of the
following areas:
• I am aware of job opportunities in the current job market and how
trends will affect future opportunities.
• I know my own strengths and abilities.
• I understand my own work values.
• I have considered my resources and obligations.
Use the following format for planning your course of action:
My Career Goal
(Is it measurable, specific, attainable and realistic?)
NAME:
My Goal is:
Steps Needed To Achieve My Goal:
Education/Training:
Supporting Experiences (informational interview, part-time employment,
mentorship, shadowing, volunteer experience):
Obstacles to Overcome:
Contacts (Who can help me?, How?, When?):
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Steps in Career Planning
Life-long Learning
If you take the career planning process seriously in high school, you will learn
enough about yourself and the world of work so that you will be able to
eliminate some career options. You will then be able to focus more fully on
exploring other career options. While it is not expected that you will choose
one career and never change your mind, the insights gained through the
career planning process should be relevant to you over time. The rapid pace
at which our world is changing requires self-knowledge and the ability to gain
new skills. The methods and techniques that you learn in this Guide will
continue to be useful to you throughout your adult life and career.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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CHAPTER 3
Tools for Career Planning
Goals: Personal Challenges
Steps for Goal Setting:
1. Identify your goal (long-term goal).
2. List the steps that you must take to reach your goal (short-term goals).
3. Set a date for reaching each short-term goal.
5. Plan the reward that you will receive when you reach your goal.
6. Check periodically on your progress.
7. Success! Your work and determination made it happen!
NAME:
My long-term goals for this school year are:
1.
2.
3.
The short-term goals that I must reach to achieve this goal are:
1.
2.
3.
People who can help me to achieve these goals are:
1.
2.
3.
My rewards for achieving these goals will be:
1.
2.
3.
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Study Skills Checklist
NAME:
Use this checklist of activities to determine ways you may improve your methods of studying to increase
academic success. Place a check in the box most appropriate to your personal habits. Check the “Goals”
column for those skills you will try to use.
Activity
Yes
No Sometimes
Goal
At Home
I have a specific place at home to study, and I study in that place
most of the time.
My study place is free of distractions such as ringing phones,
TV and loud music.
I set aside 1 to 2 hours for study, but take a short break every
25 to 30 minutes.
I review new material presented in class each day as part of my
regular study session.
I keep a calendar where I list all my personal activities, school
activities, long-range assignments and major test dates.
I get enough sleep so that I can be alert in my classes.
In Class
I look directly at the person who is speaking.
I pay careful attention to gestures and verbal emphasis used by
the speaker.
I organize and keep a notebook or folder for
every class.
I have an assignment sheet for each class.
I include main ideas, definitions and lists in my class notes.
When taking notes, I use abbreviations or symbols for commonly
known words.
When taking notes, I leave spaces so that more details can be
filled in later.
I date each day’s notes and any teacher handouts for the day.
I read and review my notes as soon after class as possible.
Test-Taking
I do not avoid or put off studying for tests until the night before.
I make notes from the textbook and study them before tests.
I read all directions carefully before starting each section of
the test.
I pace myself during the test in order to spend more time on
questions worth more points.
When studying for essay tests, I make a rough outline of answers
for possible questions and study the outlines.
For multiple choice questions, I look for wrong answers, eliminate
them and, if necessary, guess from the remaining choices.
I answer easy questions or the ones I am sure I know FIRST.
If I become anxious or nervous when taking a test, I stop, take a
deep breath, and relax a moment before continuing the test.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Tools for Career Planning
High School Departments
Making CONNECTIONS ••w•i•t•h•• CAREERS
You may find subjects in a particular high school department that you enjoy. You may find greater success in
some subjects that in others. There are careers associated with various high school departments.
This activity will help you see the connection between subjects you take in school and career possibilities.
Match the occupations you think are most closely related to the departments listed. Some occupations may be
matched with more than one high school department. Use the Navigator to find information about unfamiliar
job titles.
For example: Someone who enjoys art and photography classes may want to investigate a career as a
cinematographer.
NAME:
High School
Departments
Occupations
1. Agriculture
(CTE) Radiographer
Security System Installer
2. Art
Club/Resort Manager
Interior Designer
3. Business
Human Resources Recruiter
Fish & Game Warden
4. Communications
Forestry Technician
Landscape Architect
5. English
Cartographer
Dietitian/Nutritionist
6. World Languages
TV Production Director
Agricultural Engineer
7. Health &
Physical Education
Firefighter
Cinematographer
Physician Assistant
Cable TV System Installer
Crime Lab Analyst
Security Guard
Occupational Therapist
Choreographer
10. Music
Lobbyist
Meeting/Convention Planner
11. Science
Travel Agent
Customs Inspector
12. Social Studies
Sonographer
8. Family &
Consumer Science
9. Math
13. Career & Technical
Education
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Planning Your High School Program
Your Course Planning Chart
Obtaining information about the educational requirements of career options can help you plan your high
school program of study. Identify one or more occupations. For each occupation, use the Navigator to determine
suggested high school courses, college majors and educational/licensure requirements. Discuss this chart with
your school counselor as you plan your course selections for next year.
Suggested Educational/
High School
Course of Study/
Licensure
Career Option
Courses
College Major
Requirements
Optician
Algebra II
Anatomy
Psychology
Chemistry, Physics
Civil Engineer
Pre-college math
Civil Engineering
(4 years)
Chemistry, Physics
Computer Science
World Language
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
Opticianry
Health Professions
Associate’s Degree
Licensure
Bachelor’s Degree
Master’s Degree helpful
Registration
4 years work experience
National Exam
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Tools for Career Planning
Skill Builder: THE FUTURE
What Are Your Skills?
NAME:
Before you begin to look for employment, it is a good idea to identify your skills. Everyone has specific
abilities. Applicants should be prepared to list these on an application, résumé or during an interview. Here
are just a few of the possibilities. Check off the skills that apply to you!
Helpful Hint: Most skills can be related to one of the four work tasks: Data (D), People (P), Things (T) or
Ideas (I).
deliver newspapers (T)
conduct a search on the
internet (D)
assist in the church music
program (I)
tutor (P)
coordinate a yard sale (D)
keyboarding (T)
attend summer camp (P)
design a poster (I)
change a tire (T)
volunteer at the local fire or
police department (P)
plan a menu for your family
(D)
solve puzzles (I)
garden/farming (T)
proofread your homework (D)
write in a journal (I)
serve as a club officer (P)
plan a fundraiser (D)
build a wood project (T)
participate on a team or
committee (P)
babysitting (P)
paint a room (T)
take photographs (I)
calculate a grade point
average (D)
volunteer in a hospital (P)
mow the lawn (T)
After identifying your skills,
you may wish to consider
opportunities to improve these
skills and develop new ones. Here
are some avenues for future skill
development.
decorate a room (I)
serve as a school office
assistant (D)
act in the school play (I)
conduct a science project (D)
horseback riding (T)
other
serve as a PEER or SODA (P)
• Membership in clubs or sports
• Part-time jobs
• Enrollment in classes
• Summer jobs
• Job shadowing
• Summer camps or workshops
•Mentorships
• Membership in community
organizations
•Internships
• Volunteer experiences
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Not Yet 16, But Still Want A Job?
If you are between the ages of 14 and 16, you will need a work
permit. The administrative assistant in the counseling office
has the appropriate forms needed to complete the procedures
necessary before you begin your job. When you request these
forms, you will also receive information about laws related to
employment of minors.
Steps in the process.
1. Pick up two forms from the counseling office. The pink form
is filled out by your parent and signed in front of a school
administrative assistant or a notary. If a notary outside the
school witnesses your parent’s signature, then he/she must
put his/her seal on the form.
2. After you obtain employment, the white form is filled out
by the employer and given back to you.
3. Bring both of these completed forms to the counseling
office and your work permit will be issued.
4. Take the original copy of the work permit back to your employer who will keep it in your employee file.
Teenagers 14 or 15 years of age:
✔ May not work more than 3 hours a day on a school day.
✔ May not work more than 18 hours a week in a
school week.
✔ May not work more than 8 hours a day on a non-school day.
✔ May not work before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m., except between
June 1st and Labor Day, when work as late as 9 p.m. is
allowed.
✔ May not work during school hours unless enrolled in a
school work-training program.
✔ Must be given a 30-minute rest or meal period after 5 hours
of continuous work.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Tools for Career Planning
Resources for the Part-Time / Summer Job Search
Where to Locate Work Opportunities
When you decide to seek part-time or seasonal employment, consider a number of options.
Restaurants – Options include fast food, family
dining and elegant dining. Consider what you can
learn about the restaurant business, business
ownership and franchising.
Community Bulletin Boards – Local libraries,
community centers and businesses may maintain
bulletin boards that contain job postings.
Amusement Parks – Consider what you can learn
about business, teamwork and customer service.
Employment Agencies – Employment agencies may
be helpful in matching your skills to available jobs,
especially for summer employment.
Summer Camps, Resorts, or Local Recreation
Associations/Country Clubs – Consider the
opportunity to travel or enjoy the amenities
of the club.
Counseling Office/Career Center – Each high school
counseling office/career center maintains a notebook
containing job postings provided by area employers
and community members.
Small Businesses – Look for entry level jobs. Typing
and computer skills are helpful. Consider what you
can learn about the business.
Help-Wanted Signs - Many businesses post signs
indicating that applications for employment are
available. Visit local business centers, industrial
centers or retail centers.
Local Government Agencies – Consider what you
can learn about human service occupations through
county recreation offices or social service agencies.
Retail Establishments – Consider what you can learn
about business and marketing. Look for positions in a
grocery store, clothing store or other retail business.
Work for Yourself – Create a job mowing lawns,
caring for children, painting houses, washing cars,
teaching computer skills, or creating Websites.
Use neighborhood newsletters or directories to
advertise your services.
Classified Ads – Although most ads are aimed towards
permanent full-time employees, the on-line classifieds
allow a search for part-time work. Check your daily
newspaper or the classifieds on-line at
www.gatewayva.com.
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Newsletters – Check newsletters of organizations to
which you belong for opportunities.
Personal Network – Identify your skills and ask
family and friends about work opportunities.
Telephone Book and Yellow Pages – Look for a
listing of local businesses alphabetically in the
telephone book or by type of business or service
in the Yellow Pages.
The Hanover Career Student Resource Guide –
This directory includes profiles of local businesses
that offer opportunities for jobs, training and career
exploration. The Website is www.hanovercareers.
org. Select E-Guide. Students may create their own
personal Log-in ID and password for the E-Guide.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Networking
Many of the best jobs available are never
advertised in newspapers or on the internet.
These jobs make up what is called the hidden
job market. They are the jobs that are filled
as people inform each other of available jobs
and potential applicants. Networking is the
process of talking to people that you know
about the type of work in which you are
interested. It involves informing them of your
interests and skills and asking if they know
of anyone that could help you to attain your
goals. You establish your network by starting
with people that you know such as close
family and friends. Your network is expanded
The Hidden Job Market
It’s no secret that some
of the best opportunities
are never advertised.
These positions are filled
by employers who ask
their colleagues for
recommended applicants.
How can you be sure
you’re not overlooked in
this market? Talk to
others about your career
goals, and work to create
your own network!
as these people introduce you to those that
they know through work or community involvement.
Tips for Developing Your Network
1. Make a list of people that you know well and who would be willing to help
you to reach your goals. These are your primary contacts.
2. Ask your primary contacts to think of people that they know who have jobs
in your field of interest. These are your secondary contacts.
3. Keep a log containing the names, phone numbers and addresses of your
secondary contacts.
4. When talking with people, listen more than you talk.
5. Follow through on advice from your contacts.
6. Remember to thank your primary and secondary contacts for their help and
let them know when you have obtained a job.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Tools for Career Planning
References
References are people who know you as a worker,
get permission from your references to use his/
student or friend and who can tell employers or
her name. It will help the person writing the
college admissions committee members what
recommendation to know the name/organization
you are like as a person. A name should never
and appropriate address for the letter. It is also
be listed as a reference unless you have first
helpful at times to include other information such
asked the person to serve as a reference for
as hobbies, school activities, community service
you. Be sure that you always give complete
and the way the letter will be used so the person
information (address, telephone number, and any
writing the letter will know how to focus the
other information that is requested) about your
content of the letter of recommendation.
references.
When you get the job, are accepted at a college or
Employers, organizations offering scholarships
university or win a special honor, write your
and colleges may ask for references. Make sure
reference a thank you note. You may telephone
that you follow the directions given for listing
him/her or make a personal visit, but the warm and
specific references.
sincere written expression of appreciation is a large
measure of reward for the person who helped you.
There are generally two types of references:
You are now a winner. Everybody likes to be part
1. Professional Reference - Someone with
of a winning team.
whom you have worked. This person should
know what kind of worker you are and be able
to verify where and when you have worked.
Employers, teachers, and counselors can be
professional references.
2. Personal Reference – A neighbor or friend who
knows you well. This person should be able to
tell the person looking at your application what
kind of person you are. Relatives should not be
used as personal references.
Perhaps the easiest way to make this request is
by telephone or by a personal visit. There may
be times when you will need to write a letter to
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As a courtesy,
please allow the
person you ask
to write this
letter at least
three weeks to
complete it.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Completing the Job Application
The job application is the employer’s first opportunity to form an
impression of you. Make sure that it is neat and well-presented. Here
are some suggestions to help you make a good impression with your
application.
1. Make a copy of the application to use as a practice copy before you
complete your final copy.
2. Type the application or print neatly. Complete the application on-line if
available.
3. If your handwriting is difficult to read, print in black ink so that your
application is easily read.
4. Always notify persons that you plan to use as references before writing
their name on your application. A call from your potential employer
should not be a surprise to your references.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Tools for Career Planning
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Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
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Tools for Career Planning
The Interview: An Opportunity to Win
1. Know your interests, abilities, and experiences as they relate to the desired
occupation.
2. Gather data about your work history and references. A pocket résumé is an excellent
reference tool. If appropriate, bring a portfolio of your work samples.
3. Learn about the desired occupation and business. You may wish to research job
expectations and benefits, as well as the company’s philosophy, goals, history, etc.
You may want to “scout” the location prior to the day of the interview, to avoid lastminute pressure.
4. Plan your interview attire. Plan to dress appropriately for the work setting you wish
to enter.
5. Practice interviewing. Ask your career counselor, school counselor, family or friends
to interview you. Although you do not want to appear rehearsed with memorized
answers to questions, it is advisable to consider your answers to some of the more
common questions.
6. After the interview, remember to write a thank-you letter to your interviewer.
Common Interview Questions
Tell me about yourself.
Why are you interested in this job?
How would other people describe you?
Where do you see yourself in five years?
Describe three skills that you have which relate to this job.
Describe a situation in which you worked with others to solve a problem.
Give an example of a time you showed leadership and initiative.
What is one of your major weaknesses and how do you deal with this on the job?
What questions do you have about this position or our company?
28
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
29
Tools for Career Planning
Workplace Readiness Skills for the Commonwealth
Needs Identified by Virginia Employers
Personal Qualities and People Skills
Positive Work Ethic
INTEGRITY
Comes to work every day on time, is
willing to take direction and is motivated
to accomplish the task at hand.
Abides by workplace policies and laws
and demonstrates honesty and reliability.
TEAMWORK
SELF-REPRESENTATION
Contributes to the success of the team,
assists others and requests help when
needed.
Dresses appropriately and uses language
and manners suitable for the workplace.
DIVERSITY AWARENESS
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Works well with all customers and
coworkers.
Negotiates diplomatic solutions to
interpersonal and workplace issues.
CREATIVITY AND RESOURCEFULNESS
Contributes new ideas and works with
initiative.
Professional Knowledge and Skills
speaking and listening
reading and writing
Follows directions and communicates
effectively with customers and fellow
employees.
Reads and interprets workplace
documents and writes clearly.
critical thinking and
problem solving
health and safety
Analyzes and resolves problems that
arise in completing assigned tasks.
30
Follows safety guidelines and manages
personal health.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Professional Knowledge and Skills, continued
organizations, systems and climates
LIFELONG LEARNING
Identifies “big picture” issues and his or
her role in fulfilling the mission of the
workplace.
Continually acquires new industry-related
information and improves professional
skills.
job acquisition and advancement
time, task and resource management
Prepares to apply for a job and to seek
promotion.
Organizes and implements a productive
plan of work.
mathematics
customer service
Uses mathematical reasoning to accomplish tasks.
Identifies and addresses the needs of all
customers, providing helpful, courteous
and knowledgeable service.
technology knowledge and skills
job-specific technologies
information technology
Selects and safely uses technological
resources to accomplish work responsibilities in a productive manner.
Uses computers, file management
techniques and software/programs
effectively.
internet use and security
telecommunications
Uses the internet appropriately for work.
Selects and uses appropriate devices,
services and applications.
—provided by the Demographics & Workforce Group, Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
31
Tools for Career Planning
School Work Habits: THE KEY TO JOB SUCCESS
Many of the habits that you develop in the academic setting are skills which will lead to success in the
workplace. Consider the consequences of practicing and not practicing each of the following habits.
Work Habit
Consequences
Positive
Task-related skills:
Negative
Completes work on time
School
Work
Works to improve performance
School
Work
Commitment to a job:
Attendance
School
Work
Enthusiastic learner
School
Work
Relations with others:
Accepts authority
School
Work
Team player
School
Work
—continued on next page
32
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
School Work Habits, continued
Work Habit
Consequences
Positive
Maturity:
Negative
Accepts responsibility
School
Work
Shows initiative
School
Work
Health & Safety:
Good personal hygiene
School
Work
Appropriate dress
School
Work
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
33
CHAPTER 4
Student Records
What Every Student Needs To Know
About High School Records
A cumulative record for each student is maintained in
the school counseling office. This record contains all
grades, testing information, and medical records.
Your Transcript
Each student has a transcript, which is a record of all
middle school and high school classes, grades, class
rank, and attendance. Transcripts are updated
each year to reflect current information. Colleges,
scholarship organizations, and employers may request
a copy of your transcript. If you would like a copy
of your transcript, you should present a request in
writing signed by a parent or guardian.
Your GPA
GPA is an abbreviation for grade point average. When
you complete a Carnegie unit credit class, your final
grade is assigned a quality point value.
Standard Classes
A = 4 quality points
B = 3 quality points
C = 2 quality points
D = 1 quality point
F = 0 quality points
Advanced Classes
A = 5 quality points
B = 4 quality points
C = 3 quality points
D = 2 quality points
F = 0 quality points
A GPA is calculated by dividing the total number of
quality points earned by the total number of credits
attempted. Your GPA is used to calculate your class
rank. Colleges and employers may consider your GPA
when comparing you to other applicants.
34
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Tools for Career Planning
Calculating Your Grade Point Average
NAME:
4.0
This is an example of a student’s grade point average:
Classes
Final Grade
Quality Points
English 9
A
4
Algebra I
B
3
World History
B
3
24
Biology I, Adv.
B
4
Total Quality Points
Health/P.E.A
4
German I
C
2
Art I
A
4
24 Quality Points divided by 7 Credits (24 / 7 = 3.429) The GPA for this student is 3.429
Let’s try to calculate your grade point average. Remember only classes which carry a Carnegie
unit of credit count!
Classes
Final Grade
Quality Points
Total Quality Points
_______ Quality Points divided by _______ credits attempted = ________
My grade point average is _______
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
35
CHAPTER 5
Educational & Career Options
Secondary Options
You may select a number of options in high school that will support your educational and career goals.
Advanced Placement Courses
These courses are taught on the college level
and follow a curriculum developed by the
College Board. Students may receive college
credit by earning a satisfactory score on the
AP Exam. Consult the College Handbook to
determine policies for individual colleges and
universities.
The International Baccalaureate
Program (IB) This program leads a student
to pursue a prescribed curriculum with an
emphasis on a global perspective. The
curriculum focuses on six core areas: Language
(English and a second language), Individuals
and Society (Social Sciences), Experimental
Science, Mathematics and The Arts. The
IB diploma is recognized by colleges and
universities throughout the world.
Dual Enrollment Courses Students
age 16 and older may request enrollment
in certain courses at J. Sargeant Reynolds
Community College, Randolph Macon College or
Virginia Commonwealth University. Students
may choose to focus on an area of academic
or career interest through these courses which
offer both high school and college credit.
36
Cooperative Education Students may
choose to focus on a career area and gain work
experience through a co-op program. Students
find employment in a job related to their
course of study. The co-op teacher coordinates
instruction with the work site supervisor.
Youth Apprenticeship A student in
youth apprenticeship alternates work in an
area of career interest with academic study.
The student earns high school credit for the
apprenticeship experience.
Hanover Center for Trades &
Technology A number of career and
technical courses are offered through The
Hanover Center for Trades & Technology. Many
of the courses prepare students for
professional licensure or certification exams
in their chosen career area.
Teacher Cadet This course is designed
for students considering education as a career
and students interested in child development
and learning. This project-based class includes
required classroom observation and a field
experience. Students must be prepared to travel
to other schools in the immediate area during
class time.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Educational and Career Options
Emerging Leaders The Emerging Leaders
course is offered through a partnership between
Hanover County Public Schools and the Jepson
School of Leadership Studies at the University
of Richmond. The program begins with a
Summer Leadership Institute and continues
throughout the academic year. Students
in the Gifted/Talented program may submit
applications during the winter of their junior
year.
G/T Mentorship Gifted and talented
students may apply for a mentorship during
their junior or senior year. Students are paired
with community professionals who provide firsthand experiences in areas of career interest.
Classroom simulations and projects supplement
the workplace experience.
Junior Reserve Officer Training
(JROTC) The JROTC program focuses on
building the traits and principles of leadership.
Participation in the program will help students
competing for JROTC scholarships and
admission to service academies. Participation
in the program does not obligate a student to
enlist in the armed forces.
Service Learning Service Learning is a
course through which students perform 105
documented hours of service to one non-profit
agency. Students participating in service
learning will meet as a class according to a
schedule designated by the school principal.
Service Learning is a partnership between
Hanover County Public Schools and the Hanover
County Department of Community Resources
Volunteer Services Program.
For a complete list of secondary options
and diploma requirements, see
the Hanover County Public Schools
Program of Studies.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
37
Educational and Career Options
NAME:
Secondary Options:
Reach For The Stars And Make Your Wishes Come True
Write the number of the TITLES in the space provided by the OPTIONS
you may choose in high school.
TITLES
1. Apprenticeship
SECONDARY OPTIONS
_______ Take a college level course in high school.
2. AP Courses (Advanced Placement)
_______ Become certified to work in fields like Auto Mechanics
Technology, Cosmetology or Construction Trades.
3. Dual Enrollment
_______ Experience learning in a military setting.
4. HCTT Courses
5. Emerging Leaders
_______ Earn college credit through examination.
_______ Develop a special relationship with a mentor in a field
of career interest.
6. JROTC
_______ Go on career-related field trips and job shadowing
experiences.
7. Co-op
_______ Pursue a high school program with a global perspective.
8. Mentorship
_______ Work, gain experience and earn money while earning
high school credit.
9. Service Learning
_______ Earn high school credit while volunteering for a local
non-profit agency.
10. International Baccalaureate
_______ Identify leadership strengths and further develop
leadership abilities.
_______ Earn high school and college credit at the same time.
_______ Learn career and technical skills.
38
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Educational and Career Options
Post-Secondary Options:
The Choice Is Yours
So what will you do after high school graduation?
First, consider the career goals you have identified through the
Steps In Career Planning in Chapter One.
Second, research the training options available for each goal.
Finally, compare each of your training options
to determine which best
suits your needs.
APPRENTICESHIPS?
ON-THE-JOB TRAINING?
MILITARY OPTIONS?
CAREER AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS?
TWO- AND FOUR-YEAR COLLEGES?
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
39
Educational and Career Options
Post-Secondary Options
After graduating from Hanover County Public Schools, you may choose from many paths
as you journey into the future: apprenticeships, work force, military service, higher
education or a combination of these. Careful planning is important. This Guide will
help you continue your journey of decision-making and prepare for a prosperous future.
Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship is a training program that allows individuals to prepare for a skilled
occupation through supervised on-the-job training combined with classroom
instruction.
•An apprentice is a person (at least 16 years old) who is learning a trade through
on-the-job training and classroom instruction in accordance with federal and state
apprenticeship standards.
•A journeyman is a person who has completed apprenticeship training in a trade or
craft.
• A minimum of 144 hours for each year of apprenticeship is recommended. This
instruction is offered at schools, community colleges, area vocational schools, and
industrial settings.
• A minimum of 2,000 hours (one year) of supervised on-the-job training is
recommended. However, many programs require 8,000 hours (four years).
• In the beginning, apprentices are usually paid about half the journeyman’s wage
with increases about every six months. They can earn up to 90 percent of the
journeyman’s wage near the completion of their training program.
• Employment is based on supply and demand; thus, the economy, labor supply and
demand for a given occupation, location, and other factors determine the extent
to which apprentices are needed. In some cases, there may be a waiting period for
apprenticeship programs.
• Upon completion of training, apprentices receive certificates of completion from
the state apprenticeship agency or from the Federal Bureau of Apprenticeship and
Training.
• Additional information regarding programs accepting applications and other
apprenticeship opportunities may be obtained from:
Virginia Department of Labor and Industry
Apprenticeship Program
North Run Business Park • 1570 E. Parham Road
Richmond, Virginia 23228
Central Virginia Regional Office
Apprenticeship Program Representative
Phone: (804) 371-3104 ext 127
www.doli.virginia.gov
40
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Educational and Career Options
On-The-Job Training
This option allows a person to work for a company
or business that prefers to train the worker on the
job. Ask about their programs for ongoing employee
training.
Military Opportunities
Service Academies
The United States maintains five service academies:
The United States Military Academy at West Point,
New York; The United States Naval Academy at
Annapolis, Maryland; The United States Air Force
Academy at Colorado Springs, Colorado; The
United States Coast Guard Academy at New London,
Connecticut; and The United States Merchant Marine
Academy at Kings Point, New York. The mission of
the service academies is to provide the instruction
and experience necessary to produce graduates with
the knowledge, character, and leadership abilities
to become career military officers. You must be 17
years old, have an above-average high school record
with strong scores on the SAT or ACT and apply for a
nomination from one of your United States
senators, your congressional representative, or the
Vice President of the United States. Contact your
school counselor for additional information on the
admissions process.
Reserve Officer Training Corp (ROTC)
The ROTC program provides an opportunity to attend
college while studying military leadership as part of a
total undergraduate program. The program is divided
into two courses, basic and advanced. The basic
course is normally attended during your first two
years of college with no military commitment. After
completing this course, selected students may enroll
in the advanced course. At this time you will incur a
military obligation. Applications are available upon
request from college ROTC units. Scholarships are
available through ROTC programs.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
Military Enlistment
The U. S. Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and Coast
Guard provide job training in many fields as well as
opportunities for enlistees to take college-level
courses. The military services can also help you
build a college fund.
The National Guard consists of two components:
the Army National Guard (ARNG) and the Air National
Guard (ANG). The National Guard is obligated to
serve during natural disasters, civil disturbances
and during wartime. Flexible scheduling allows the
possibility of combining service in the National
Guard with work or school. The Guard meets one
weekend per month and two weeks in the summer.
Educational benefits are also offered by the National
Guard.
The ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude
Battery) is required for acceptance into the military.
This test is given at school free of charge each year,
usually to grades 11 and 12. All students are
encouraged to take advantage of this skill assessment
opportunity. Taking the test does NOT obligate one
to enter the military. Information about
this test and
registration is
available in
the school
counseling
office.
41
Educational and Career Options
Is Community College
Right for You?
When students are considering their post-secondary
options, it is important to look at all available
information and match institutions with one’s
academic needs, financial needs, and long term goals.
Community college might be the answer for you!
Cost: Tuition at most community colleges is
about half of that at their four-year counterparts.
Even students who choose to transfer to a four-year
program after two years at a community college
may save substantially. In addition, financial aid
opportunities are available! Students should contact
the financial aid officer at each school to discuss
individual packages.
Smaller class size: Community colleges can
offer a more personalized learning environment and
individualized attention.
Qualified staff: Faculty members must meet the
same credentials as those who teach in a four-year
college or university. However, they do not have the
same pressures to publish independent works and
conduct research, providing their students with even
more access to their teachers.
Transfer programs: Students may plan to
continue their education at a four-year school, after
completing the community college experience. College
advisors are available to assist students in selecting
courses which will transfer to their college of choice.
Career training programs: A variety of
options are available, from 12-month programs to
2-year associate’s degrees. Experts claim that the new
worker elite of the future will be technicians who have
acquired specialized skills through such programs.
42
Career/Technical Schools
There are thousands of career and technical
training courses in the United States. You may
receive training in a variety of areas including,
but not limited to, aircraft technology, automotive
technology, cosmetology, computer technology,
electronics, health technologies, plumbing,
telecommunications, travel/hospitality and
welding. When considering a career or technical
school, you should:
• Compare the cost and quality of the course
with similar courses offered through community
colleges.
• Obtain information from more than one school
offering the type of training in which you are
interested.
• Talk to employers and those already working in
your field of interest. Ask them if the training
program that you are considering would be
beneficial.
• Ask for names of recent graduates. Contact
them and find out if their training was helpful
in finding employment.
• Check the qualifications of instructors.
• Your local Better Business Bureau may be able
to supply information about the school’s past
performance.
Two- and Four-Year Colleges
There are more than 3,000 colleges in the United
States. No doubt there is more than one college
that will meet your specific needs and objectives.
Selecting the right college for you involves
career planning and consideration of academic
preparation. In making this decision, you might
want to consider cost, location, admission
standards, and other factors.
Community colleges are an excellent and
inexpensive way to obtain an Associate degree or
post-secondary diploma. Most community college
credits are transferable to four-year schools.
Information is available in the Career Planning
Center.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Educational and Career Options
College Opportunities
Selecting a College
Many sources of information are available
regarding college selection, admissions,
applications, and financial aid. You are
encouraged to visit your Counseling Office
and Career Planning Center for handbooks,
videos, newsletters, and opportunities to
meet with college representatives.
There are also Websites, such as Navigator
(www.kudernavigator.com) and Virginia
Education Wizard (www.vawizard.org), which
allow you to conduct a college search based
on selected criteria. In addition, all Hanover
County secondary counseling departments
coordinate a college information program in the fall. Check your school
calendar for additional information.
One of the most valuable experiences is the college visit. This provides
you and your parents with a first-hand look at campus facilities and
programs. Most college admissions representatives are happy to schedule
a time for your family to visit and learn more about their school.
You may find it helpful to narrow your list of preferences to at least three
schools. This list should include one that you would like most to attend, one
that you would be pleased to attend, and one at which you are confident
of acceptance. Once this list is developed, you will begin the admissions
process.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
43
Educational and Career Options
College Admissions
Colleges and universities may use different
admissions procedures. Students and their
parents are encouraged to discuss these options with
a school counselor.
Rolling Admissions There is no “due date” set
for applications. College admissions offices
review each student’s application folder once it is
complete. Because students may be admitted on
a daily basis, it is advisable to apply early if your
selected college uses this admissions procedure.
College Applications
It is important to carefully read each school’s process
for application. There are different due dates, fees,
regulations, and requested information. The Hanover
County Public Schools Counseling Departments and
Career Planning Centers have additional information
regarding completing the application, writing essays,
and participating in interviews.
The completed application, the application fee
(check), the envelope provided by the college,
and the required fee for postage must be turned
in to the school counselor by the deadline set by
the student’s school counseling staff. This allows
sufficient time for processing within the school
counseling office.
Regular Admissions There is a set “due date” for
applications, usually in January or February. After
consideration is given to all applications, decisions
are mailed to all applicants.
Early Decision If a student applies and is
accepted under early decision, the student is
committed to attend. Usually applications for early
decision are due in late fall or early winter. Students
should carefully review the conditions for early
decision and discuss this opportunity with their
counselor.
Early Action Students receive a decision
earlier than the standard response date but are not
committed to respond prior to May 1.
Deferred Admission Students are permitted to
postpone enrollment, usually for one year, after
acceptance to the college.
If students choose to apply on-line, additional
information from the counseling office, including an
official transcript, must still be requested in writing
with the required fee.
44
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Educational and Career Options
Admissions Testing
All Hanover County students will participate in the PSAT in their
sophomore year. This test will project a student’s performance on future
standardized testing and may provide insight into areas of strength
and weakness.
Students are encouraged to consider additional testing in the spring
of their junior year. Students may choose to take the Scholastic
Assessment Test (SAT) or American College Testing (ACT) Exam. Information
regarding these tests, including application packets, is located in the Hanover
County Public Schools Counseling Department. Students may wish to check
with individual colleges to determine if there is a preference for SAT or ACT scores.
Below is a brief comparison of the two tests. After reviewing this information and
talking with a counselor, students may wish to take one or both tests.
Content Comparison of the ACT and SAT
ACT
Purpose: Measures classroom achievement in four broad
content areas as well as the ability to reason and to
apply problem-solving skills.
Content:
Reading Test (35 minutes)
Arts/Literature - 20 questions
Social Studies/Sciences - 20 questions
English Test (45 minutes)
Usage/Mechanics - 40 questions
Rhetorical Skills - 35 questions
Writing Test (30 minutes) Optional
Measures writing skills emphasized in high school
English classes and entry level college composition
Mathematics Test (60 minutes)
Pre-Elementary Algebra - 24 questions
Intermediate Algebra
Coordinate Geometry - 18 questions
Plane Geometry
Trigonometry - 18 questions
Four function graphing or scientific calculator
recommended
Science/Reasoning Test (35 minutes)
Measures Interpretation, Analysis, Evaluation,
Reasoning and Problem-Solving Skills required in
the natural sciences
SAT
Purpose: Measures academic aptitude in areas of
critical reading, mathematics and writing.
Content:
Critical Reading (70 minutes)
Two 25 minutes sections, One 20 minute section
Sentence Completions - Word meaning/grammar
Passage-based Reading - Vocabulary,
Comprehension, Analysis
Writing (60 minutes)
35 minute multiple choice Improving sentences, Identifying sentence errors,
improving paragraphs
25 minute essay (1st section of test)
Develop a point of view, Use reasoning and
evidence for support, Use standard written
English
Two Readers Score, Score Range 2-12
Mathematics (70 minutes)
Two 25 minutes sections, One 20 minute section
Multiple Choice and Student Produced Responses
Numbers, Operations, Algebra, Functions,
Geometry, Statistics, Probability and Data Analysis
Four function graphing or scientific calculator
recommended
For more information: www.collegeboard.org
For more information: www.act.org
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
45
Educational and Career Options
What You Need To Know About College Entrance Tests
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do colleges use entrance tests?
Colleges and universities rely on standardized
entrance exams to provide a way to compare the
academic abilities of students from different
educational programs. Over time, standardized
tests have proven to be a good predictor of success
­in an academic setting.
What is the PSAT/NMSQT?
The PSAT/NMSQT is the Preliminary Scholastic
Assessment Test/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying
Test. It provides practice and feedback to students
through a shortened version of the SAT. Juniors
who take the test have the chance to qualify for
scholarships through the National Merit Scholarship
Corporation.
During which grade should I take the PSAT?
Taking the PSAT during the junior year provides
practice close to the time that most students take
the SAT. The junior year test also enters students in
the National Merit Scholarship Competition. Some
students choose to take the PSAT both years. This
may provide additional time to improve in areas of
weakness prior to taking the SAT. Consult your school
counselor for information about registering for the
PSAT.
What is the SAT?
The SAT measures skills in critical reading, math,
and writing. The College Board, which administers
the SAT, describes the scores as “an indicator of a
student’s potential for academic success.”
46
What are the SAT Subject Tests?
The SAT Subject Tests are one-hour multiple choice
tests offered on a variety of subjects. Unlike the SAT,
which measures more general abilities, the Subject
Tests measure knowledge of course content and the
ability to apply that knowledge. Scores range from
200-800. Some colleges use SAT Subject Tests for
placement in various levels of freshman courses.
Some colleges use them as an additional indicator in
the admissions process.
The math sections measure the ability to apply
math concepts. Most questions are in a multiplechoice format, although ten problems require
student produced responses.
What is the ACT?
The ACT assessment produced by the American College
Testing Corporation, measures students’
general educational development and their ability to
succeed in college level work. English, mathematics,
reading and science reasoning are the four sections of
the test. The test questions are based on the
content of high school courses. Most colleges
accept the ACT.
More information on the SAT and ACT is available
through your counseling office. You may also visit
the SAT Website at www.collegeboard.org and the ACT
Website at www.act.org.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
CHAPTER 6
Glossary of Terms
TESTING TERMS
ETS
ACT
American College Testing. The ACT is the predominant testing
program in the Midwest and some parts of the South. The
ACT combines certain aspects of both The SAT Reasoning and
Subject Tests into one testing instrument. A multiple-choice
test, the ACT is scored on a 0 (low) to 36 (high) basis, and its
scores are reported in four categories (English, Social Science,
Natural Sciences and Mathematics) and a composite average of
the four areas.
AP
Advanced Placement Tests. Designed for strong students
who have completed college level work in high school, AP
exams are given in specific subject areas and are used in
determining whether or not a student may gain advanced
standing in college. Tests are scored on a scale from 1 (low)
to 5 (high). Colleges usually give credit for test scores of 4
or 5.
CEEB CODE or NUMBER
The College Entrance Examination Board assigns a six-digit
code number for all high schools for identification purposes.
The code for Lee-Davis is 470-765. Atlee’s is 471-415. Patrick
Henry’s is 470-148. Hanover’s is 471-416.
CLEP
College Level Examination Program. Somewhat like the SAT
Subject Test and the AP, CLEP is designed primarily for the
individual who has not been in school for some time but who
may have acquired considerable knowledge through a job or
experience. Some colleges have incorporated CLEP into testing
programs for entering freshmen.
COLLEGE BOARD
This nonprofit organization governed by college and secondary
school members is the overseeing agency for many tests and
services connected with the college admissions process.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
Educational Testing Service. ETS is a nonprofit agency
employed by The College Board to produce its tests.
PSAT/NMSQT
Preliminary Scholastic Assessment Test and the National
Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. The PSAT/NMSQT provides a
practice test for freshmen, sophomores and juniors for the SAT.
It is used in the selection of the top scholars in the country
for the award of merit scholarships. Only juniors may qualify
for NMSQT. The results for the NMSQT are announced each year
in the fall. The NMSQT Selection Index is determined annually,
and the minimum score to receive national recognition varies
from year to year. PSAT scores are not used by colleges as
admissions criteria.
SAT
The SAT is usually taken in the junior year and again in the
senior year and is a required test for admission to many
colleges. The SAT is a multiple-choice examination and is
designed to test a student’s aptitude for scholastic work (not
intelligence). Low scores are not indicative that a student is
unable to do competitive work in college, merely that someone
with higher scores may be able to do the same work with more
ease. Before you take the SAT, you should read and study
The College Board booklet, Taking the SAT, available in your
counseling office.
SAT Subject Tests
The SAT Subject Tests are one hour multiple choice tests
offered on a variety of subjects. Unlike the SAT, which
measures more general abilities, the Subject Tests measure
knowledge of course content and the ability to apply that
knowledge. Scores range from 200-800. Some colleges use
SAT Subject Tests for placement in various levels of freshman
courses. Some colleges use them as an additional indicator in
the admissions process.
47
Glossary of Terms
ADMISSIONS TERMS
ADVANCED STANDING
Some colleges allow students to enter college as sophomores
due to the number of AP courses taken. This procedure varies
greatly from college to college.
COMMON APPLICATION
The Common Application allows a student to fill out
one application and photocopy the application and
recommendation forms for filing with more than one college.
Check with admissions offices to see if a college will accept
the Common Application and if any supplements are required.
The Common Application is available from your school
counselor.
DEFERRED ADMISSION
Many colleges offer an opportunity for a student who has
been admitted to delay or defer enrollment for a year or a
semester. Students who defer an offer of admission may
choose to work for a while to earn money for college or work
to travel or to pursue special programs. A deposit is often
required by the college to hold a place in its next entering
class, and it is the college’s right to expect the student to
be able to account for the time spent between graduation
from high school and actual matriculation at the college.
The student who defers admission to a college cannot attend
another college during the time off, unless the college is
notified in advance and agrees to the plan.
EARLY ACTION
Early action is used primarily in highly selective colleges.
Early action follows the same application/notification
timetable as early decision but allows the accepted
candidates until May 1st to accept or decline the offer
for admission. Under early action programs, it is possible
for an applicant to be denied admission outright and be
automatically deferred for later consideration. If junior year
credentials are not truly superior, a student must be careful
about applying under a plan that could harm the applicant’s
chance for admission.
EARLY ADMISSION
Many colleges have a program under which a student may
apply for admission during the junior year. The early
admission program at most colleges is reserved for truly
exceptional students whose academic preparation and
achievement level are sufficient for early entrance to college.
You should seek the advice of your school counselor if you
are considering early admission.
48
EARLY DECISION
Not to be confused with early admission, early decision is
a plan under which a student applies to the first-choice
college early in the fall (usually by November 1st) of the
senior year and agrees by contract to enter that college if
offered admission. Decisions are rendered to early decision
applicants in early December. If not accepted under early
decision, a student is usually deferred or reconsidered for
regular admission. Be aware that some colleges may reject
some early decision candidates. You may want to apply under
regular admissions so that you will have time to strengthen
your application. A student should not apply to more than
one college under an early decision plan, since the student
is usually required to withdraw any applications which might
have been filed at other colleges while awaiting the decision
of the early decision college. Early decision applicants are
judged on the basis of their test scores and transcripts. It is
also important to note that, if you have a definite first-choice
college that offers an early decision option, you might apply
early decision to signify your level of interest in that college.
Important Notice: There are several variations of Early
Decision and Early Action at different colleges. Read the
literature of each college carefully and ask questions if you
do not understand the program entirely.
JANUARY (SPRING TERM) ADMISSION
Some colleges admit freshmen to begin study in the middle
of the academic year. January admission may be an option
worthy of investigation for students who might graduate a
term or semester early from high school or for students who
need additional courses and academic strengthening before
entering college. Current college students who wish to
transfer to another school may use this option.
NEED-BLIND ADMISSION
Need-blind refers to a current trend in admissions that does
not examine an individual’s ability to pay as part of the
selection process.
OPEN ADMISSION
Some colleges do not practice selective admission and offer
admission to all students who apply. Such colleges usually
have extensive programs designed to provide remedial or
developmental help to students who enroll with academic
deficiencies.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Glossary of Terms
ADMISSIONS TERMS, continued
REGULAR ADMISSIONS
Many college admissions office timetables call for applications
to be filed during the fall or early winter of the senior year.
Supporting data (standardized test scores, high school
records, and recommendations) are sent to the college at
the student’s request. Members of the admissions office
or admissions committee retreat from late February to
late March to read the applications and to make decisions.
Decisions are mailed to applicants from early to mid-April.
Accepted applicants are required to notify the college they
choose to attend no later than May 1st.
ROLLING ADMISSIONS
The process now used by most colleges in the country may
vary in several ways. A college using rolling admissions will
review applications as the “folders” (the application form and
all supporting data) are completed and will return decisions
within a few weeks after completion. Some colleges send
decisions as soon as the folder is completed and reviewed,
regardless of the time of the year. Other colleges will
accumulate applications and send decisions only after a
certain date (February 1st, for example).
FINANCIAL AID TERMS
AWARD LETTER
The document issued by the college-based financial aid
office to the student that indicates the type, amount, and
disbursement dates of the funds awarded from various
financial aid programs, and the conditions, which govern the
award.
CAMPUS-BASED FINANCIAL AID PROGRAMS
These are programs administered directly by the college, such
as the College Work-Study Program and the National Direct
Student Loan Program.
COLLEGE WORK-STUDY PROGRAM
College work-study is an award of part-time employment for
students who demonstrate financial need. The maximum
amount a student can earn under this program is determined
by financial need.
EFC
Expected family contribution. The EFC is the amount of
college cost for which the family is responsible according to
the needs analysis.
FAFSA
Free Application for Federal Student Aid. The FAFSA is a form
completed by all applicants for federal student aid. In many
states completion of the FAFSA is also sufficient to establish
eligibility for state-sponsored aid programs. The form is free
and must not be mailed prior to January 1 of the year for
which a student is seeking financial assistance.
NEEDS ANALYSIS
This is the process used to evaluate an applicant’s financial
situation to determine how much student aid he/she needs to
help meet post-secondary educational expenses.
SAR
Student Aid Report. The SAR summarizes the information
included on the FAFSA and provides the Estimated Family
Contribution. Students should receive the SAR, in the mail
or electronically, four to six weeks after the FAFSA is sent to
the processor. The schools students listed on the application
receive electronic copies of the SAR and use the information
to determine a student’s eligibility for federal financial aid.
SCHOLARSHIP
A scholarship is a form of financial assistance that does
not require repayment and is usually made to a student
who shows potential for distinction, usually in academic or
athletic performance.
UNMET NEED
Unmet need is the cost of education minus the total financial
aid award and the expected family contribution.
WORK-STUDY
Work-study is an arrangement by which a student combines
employment and college study. The employment may be an
integral part of the academic program (as in cooperative
education and internships) or simply as a means of paying for
college (as in Federal Work-Study Program).
HIGHER EDUCATION TERMS
CSS PROFILE
College Scholarship Service Financial Profile. CSS is the
financial aid division of the College Board. Colleges,
universities, and scholarship programs use the CSS form to
award private funds. There is a fee involved. CSS Profiles are
available in the school counseling office.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
ASSOCIATE’S DEGREE
An associate’s degree is a degree granted by a college or
university after the satisfactory completion of a two-year,
full-time program of study or its part-time equivalent. For
example, Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (AS),
and Associate of Applied Science (AAS).
49
Glossary of Terms
HIGHER EDUCATION TERMS, continued
BACHELOR’S DEGREE
A bachelor’s degree is a four-year degree in a specified
subject. For example, Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of
Science (BS), and Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA).
CAREER CERTIFICATE
A focused occupational program which usually can be
completed in less than two years.
SINGLE-SEX COLLEGE
A single-sex college is a college in the United States that
enrolls either men only or women only.
UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES
These degrees may be two-year (Associate’s) or four-year
(Bachelor’s) degrees.
CAREER/TECHNICAL SCHOOLS
A career or technical school offers specialized education
programs usually leading directly to employment. Programs
vary in length.
UNIVERSITY
This is an institution which may be the same as a college
but which usually offers graduate degrees in addition to
undergraduate degrees. A university will generally have a
larger student population, offer more degrees and have more
research facilities than a college.
COLLEGE
A college is an institution at which students study toward
two- or four-year undergraduate degrees after completion of
secondary school.
MISCELLANEOUS TERMS
COMMUNITY COLLEGE/JUNIOR COLLEGE
The majority of these two-year institutions are public, though
some are private (non-profit) or proprietary (profit making).
These colleges award associate degrees at the completion of
two years of full-time study. They frequently offer technical
programs of study that prepare students for immediate entry
into the job market. Many of these colleges offer general
education programs that are equivalent to the first two years
of a bachelor’s degree program.
LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGE
A liberal arts college is a four-year institution which
emphasizes a program of broad undergraduate education.
Pre-professional or professional training may be available
but is not stressed. A strong liberal arts program teaches
students how to think in a variety of areas.
MILITARY ACADEMY
Federal military academies prepare officers for the Army,
Navy, and Air Force. These institutions (e.g., U. S. Military
Academy – West Point, U. S. Naval Academy – Annapolis,
Air Force Academy – Colorado Springs, and U.S. Merchant
Marine Academy – Kings Point) require a recommendation
and an appointment by a state congressman. Private and
state-supported military institutes (e.g., The Citadel, Virginia
Military Institute), however, operate on a college application
basis. They all offer degree programs in engineering and
technology with concentrations in various aspects of military
science.
50
ALUMNA
An alumna is a female graduate of a specific college (plural
female-alumnae).
ALUMNUS
An alumnus is a male graduate of a specific college (plural
masculine-alumni).
CO-OP PROGRAM
A co-op program is a college sponsored work/internship
program.
FRESHMAN SEMINAR
A freshman seminar is a course offered to freshmen students
only that may assist them in making a successful transition.
It may be a summer, week-long or first-semester program.
GPA
A grade point average is determined by dividing quality
points by credit hours attempted.
GREEK SYSTEM
The Greek system refers to fraternities (male) and sororities
(female) using Greek letters that are active campusbased organizations concerned with social, academic and
philanthropic issues.
MAJOR
A major is the subject area(s) in which a student intends to
specialize. Some students choose to double major.
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center
Glossary of Terms
MISCELLANEOUS TERMS, continued
MINOR
A minor is the subject area(s) in which a student tends to
sub-specialize and may require fewer credit hours than a
major.
STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES
These on-campus services are designed to facilitate a
student’s college experience and may include personal
counseling, academic advising, career and college planning,
and tutorial services.
R.O.T.C.
Reserve Officer Training Corps. R.O.T.C. is military training
offered on some college campuses.
Fre shman/Sophomore Career Planning Guide
51
For More Information
Great Websites
Career Exploration & Information
www.adventuresineducation.org
www.bls.gov
www.doli.virginia.gov
www.hanovercareers.org
www.jobprofiles.org
www.kudernavigator.com
www.knowhowvirginia.org
www.myfuture.com
www.todaysmilitary.com
www.vawizard.org
www.vec.virginia.gov
College Information
www.act.org
https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/
www.collegeboard.org
www.collegenet.com
www.mymajors.com
www.nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator
www.princetonreview.com
www.schev.edu
Financial Aid Information
www.fafsa.ed.gov
www.fastweb.com
www.finaid.org
www.grasp4virginia.com
www.nasfaa.org
www.scholarships.com
These sites are provided for information only. Hanover County Public Schools does not endorse
or take responsibility for the content of these Websites.
52
Hanover County Public Schools Career Planning Center