FIRST AID AND
EMERGENCIES
CHAPTER 28
LESSON 1 – PROVIDING FIRST AID
1. Define the term first aid.
• The immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured
person until professional medical care can be provided.
2. Why is it important to use proper first aid procedures?
• Can reduce the number of people who sustain further
injury or die in the absence of early/effective treatment.
3. Answer the following questions about universal
precautions.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
What are universal precautions.
• Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating
all blood and other bodily fluids as if they contained
pathogens.
Why is it important to use universal precautions when you
administer first aid to another person?
• So you are not exposed to infectious agents that are
transmitted through contact with blood/bodily fluids.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
List three practices included in universal precautions.
• Protective gloves/protective ventilation devices/wash
hands.
4. List four common indicators of an emergency.
• Unusual sights, sounds, odors, and behaviors.
5. List the three steps that should be taken in an emergency
situation.
• Check the scene/victim, call for help, provide care.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
6. List three things you should look for at the scene of an
emergency?
• Scene is safe, number of victims, should you move the victim.
7. Under what condition should you move the victim?
• Only if his/her life is threatened.
8. When you are talking with a dispatcher during an emergency
phone call, at what point should you hang up?
• After the dispatcher.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
9. If there are several victims at an emergency scene, what
criteria should you use to decide whom to help first?
• Address life threatening emergencies first.
10.Describe each type of open wound listed below.
• Abrasion – skin is scraped/blood vessels break.
• Laceration – cut that slices through layers of skin.
• Puncture – small but deep hole that pierces the skin.
• Avulsion – tissue partially/completely separated from body.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
11.List the five step to control bleeding.
• Cover wound with gauze press firmly.
• Elevate above level of heart.
• Cover gauze with sterile bandage.
• Pressure bandage/pressure point (page 739).
• Call for help.
12. Answer the following questions about using pressure to
control bleeding.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
How tight should a pressure bandage be?
• Tight enough to maintain pressure/not cut off circulation.
What is involved in pressure point bleeding control?
• Pressing the main artery against a bone to stop blood supply
to injured area.
When should pressure point bleeding control be used?
• Only when tourniquet cannot be applied.
13. How are burns classified?
• According to depth.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
First degree burn – outer layer of skin is burned and turns
red.
• Run under cold water(not ice) for 10 minutes/sterile
bandage.
Second degree burn – several top layers of skin are
damaged. Blisters appear.
• Cold water/elevate area/wrap loosely/do not pop
blisters/seek medical attention.
LESSON 1 - CONTINUED
Third degree burn – deep layers of skin, possibly fat, muscle,
nerves, and bones are damaged.
• Call for professional medical help immediately/avoid cold
water (may cause nerve damage & worsen shock) /cover
with dry sterile bandage.
LESSON 2 – CPR AND FIRST AID FOR SHOCK AND CHOKING
1. List three things that are key to acting quickly in a medical
crisis.
• Knowing what to do.
• Remaining calm.
• Deciding to act.
2.Answer the following questions about the chain of survival.
Define the term chain of survival.
• Sequence of actions that maximize the victim’s chances of
survival.
LESSON 2 - CONTINUED
When should you immediately begin the chain of survival?
• If the victim is unresponsive.
List the first two links in the chain, which you can begin if
the victim is an adult.
• Call 911/begin CPR.
List the next two links in the chain, which are usually the
responsibility of the EMS.
• Early defibrillation/transfer to advanced care.
LESSON 2 - CONTINUED
3. What is a defibrillator?
• Device that delivers electric shock to the heart to restore its
normal rhythm.
4. What is CPR?
• Life saving first aid procedure that combines rescue breaths
with chest compressions supplying oxygen to the body until
normal body functions can resume.
5. What do the letters A, B, and C refer to when talking about
CPR?
• Airway/breathing/circulation.
LESSON 2 - CONTINUED
6. If a victim is unresponsive, what should you do before
starting CPR?
• Ask if they are okay, victim doesn’t respond call 911.
7. WE DO COMPRESSIONS ONLY CPR.
8. What three things should you do to determine if the
victim is breathing?
• Look/listen/feel.
LESSON 2 - CONTINUED
12. Answer the following questions about shock.
Define the term shock.
• Failure of the cardiovascular system to keep an adequate
supply of blood circulating to the vital organs of the body.
List the symptoms of shock.
• Restlessness/irritability/nausea/pale/cool moist skin/rapid
breathing.
What are five things you should do once a victim of shock is
lying down?
LESSON 2 - CONTINUED
• Call 911/control any external bleeding/elevate legs/no food
or drink/reassure the victim.
13.What is the universal sign for choking?
• Person clutching throat with one or more hands.
14. Describe the procedure for first aid for a choking victim
who is an adult or child?
• If they are coughing encourage them to keep
coughing/abdominal thrusts.
LESSON 3 – RESPONDING TO COMMON EMERGENCIES
1. List the four strategies to follow if a muscle cramp
occurs.
• Stretch out affected muscles/massage muscle/apply moist
heat/get medical help.
4. Describe the first aid procedure for fractures and
dislocations.
• Keep victim still/call 911/immobilize fracture with splint.
LESSON 3 - CONTINUED
5. Answer the following questions about unconsciousness.
What does it mean to be unconscious?
• You are not alert/unaware of surroundings.
What are the different level of unconsciousness?
• Drowsiness to coma.
What is the primary goal when providing first aid to an
unconscious victim?
• Prevent choking.
LESSON 3 - CONTINUED
6. Answer the following questions about fainting.
What causes fainting?
• Blood supply to brain is temporarily inadequate.
What should you do if you feel faint?
• Sit or lie down.
What should you do to help someone else who faints?
Assume there is no neck injury.
• Lay on back/elevate legs/loosen any tight clothing.
LESSON 3 - CONTINUED
8. List two serious possible consequences of animal bites.
• Rabies/infection.
9. List four steps to first aid for animal bites.
• Wash area with soap and water/stop bleeding/apply
ice/cover wound.
11. When should you seek professional medical attention for
nosebleeds?
• Still bleeding after 30 minutes.
LESSON 3 - CONTINUED
12. What action should you take if a foreign object enters
your eye?
• Do not rub eye/blink several times/try to find it remove
with cotton swab/or flush eye.
LESSON 4 – TREATMENT FOR POISONINGS
1. What is poison?
• Any substance – solid, liquid, or gas that causes injury,
illness, or death when introduced into the body.
2. Where do most poisonings occur? What % of these
poisonings involve children under the age of six?
• 90% occur in the home.
• More than half.
LESSON 4 - CONTINUED
3. What is venom?
• Poisonous substance secreted by a snake, spider, or other
creature.
4. What is a poison control center?
• 24 hour hot line that provides emergency medical advice on
treating poisoning victims.
5. What are the two reasons it is important to have a poison
control center’s phone number readily at hand in case of a
poisoning?
• To minimize the amount of damage/start first aid.
LESSON 4 - CONTINUED
6. List the first things to do – after calling 911-in each of the following
cases.
Inhaled poison.
• Quickly get person fresh air.
Poison on the skin.
• Rinse skin immediately.
Poison in the eye.
• Flush eye immediately.
Swallowed poisons.
• Whatever poison control tells you to do.
LESSON 4 - CONTINUED
7. Why is it important to call the poison control center first
if someone has swallowed poison?
• First aid is different depending on what poison was
swallowed.
8. What should you be prepared to do when you call the
poison control center?
• Give name, location, and number/substance and
amount/state of victim/follow any instructions.
LESSON 4 - CONTINUED
9. List five steps of first aid for a snake bite.
• Get victim to hospital/keep bitten area below the level of
the heart/call 911/do not apply ice or heat/maintain
breathing and prevent aggravation of the wound.
10. What first aid procedure should be followed for insect
bites and stings if the victim is not highly allergic to the
venom?
• Try to remove stinger/wash area/cold compress/medicine.
LESSON 4 - CONTINUED
11.What is the first defense against poisonous plants?
• Recognize and avoid plants.
12. Describe what you should do if you come into contact
with a poisonous plant.
• Remove contaminated clothing/flush area with
water/medicine/ medical attention if needed.
CHAPTER 28 - PICTURES
CHAPTER 28 - PICTURES
CHAPTER 28 - PICTURES