1
The History and Geography of the Caddo Language
WallaceChafe,University of California,SantaBarbara
LAVIS Ill, TheUniversityof Alabama,Tuscaloosa
Apri116,2004
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From John R. Swanton, Source Material on the History and
Ethnology of the Caddo Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology
Bulletin 132. Smithsonian Institution, 1942.
(1) Major divisions:
Kaduhda:cu? (-+Caddo)
Hasi:nay
Nasit'us
(-+Natchitoches)
From Timothy K. Perttula, The Caddo Nation: Archaeological and
Ethnohistoric Perspectives. University of Texas Press, 1992.
(2) Taysha? 'friend' -+ Texa -+ Texas
2
(6) Possible remote relationship of the Caddoan language family to
the Iroquoian and Siouan families.
(3) To Oklahoma in 1859, with major divisions:
Nada:kuh
( Anadarko)
Kaduhda:cu?
Haynay
(Hasi:nay for the entire group)
Macro-Siouan
cad~
(4) Cultural affiliations to the Southeast, but linguistically
affiliation to tribes of the Plains within the Caddoan language
family:
Proto-Caddoan
/
North Caddoan
/wner \
Pawnee Arikara
\
Kitsai
Wichita
Agt
*ki*ya*yi-
Pat
*ku*si*yu-
Agt
*ke*se*ye-
Pat
*kw*sa*yo-
(8) Borrowing from Indian languages:
Caddo
(5) From Proto-Caddoan *k'as- 'leg':
Pawnee
Arikara
Wichita
Caddo
(7) Caddo and Northern Iroquoian pronominal prefixes:
1st
2nd
Indefinite
\
uoqLan ~uan
ka:nus 'Frenchman'
Tonkawa ka:nos 'Mexican'
Spanish Mexicanos (Hoijer 1949:32)
ina? 'mother'
Osage ina 'mother'
nanissa:nah 'Ghost Dance'
Arapaho 'my children'
(Mooney 1896:35)
ka:su?
ka:xu?
ka:s?a 'leg'
k'a:suh 'leg of animal, wheel of vehicle'
kakk'as?ah 'leg of human'
(9) Borrowing from European languages:
kak-k'as- -ya?ah
nominalizer
leg
is
'that which is a leg'
(10) Modern linguistic work
sun:dah 'soldier' +- French soldat
kawci:yuh'horse'
Spanish caballo
ikah 'acre'
+-English
acre
Daniel Da Cruz, Wallace Chafe, Lynette Melnar,
Brian Levy, Sadie Bedoka Weller
3
d
(11) Caddo vowels:
u
1
a
(12)Caddoconsonants:
hahciwcibawsa?
'I'm hearing it'
hak# cibak-yi=bahwIND# 1AGT- sound- -pvB=perceive-
e
ky
k
P t
b d
t'
c
c'
s
w n
? h
*p *t *ka
k'
C
c'
S
y
References
*s
*w *n *y
*? *h
hahbasbawsa?
'he/she is hearing it'
hak# bak-yi=bahw-sa?
IND# sound- -pvB=perceive- -IMPFV
b
ky
c
vowel syncope
coda weakening
ahCC -+ aCC
c
*hakcibakyibahwsa?
*hakciba£ibahwsa?
*hakcibcibahwsa?
*hahciwcibahwsa?
hahciwcib~wsa?
*c
(13) A little bit of Caddo morphology
a
c
vowel syncope
coda weakening
ahCC -+ aCC
-sa?
-IMPFV
*hakbakyibahwsa?
*hakba£ibahwsa?
*hakbacbahwsal)'
*hahba~bahwsa?
hahbasb~wsa?
hahbaswabawsa?
'they are hearing it'
hak# bak-yi=wa=bahw-sa?
IND# sound- -PVB=PL=perceive- -IMPFV
Bolton, Herbert Eugene. 1987. The Hasinais: Southem Caddoans as Se:en
by the Earliest Europeans. Edited and with an Introduction by Russell
M. Magnaghi. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Carter, Cecile Elkins. 1995. Caddo Indians: W1Jere We Come From.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Chafe, Wallace. 1968. The Ordering of Phonological Rules. Intemational
Journal of Amen'can Linguistics 34: 115-136. [Discussion of Caddo
phonology]
1976. The Caddoan, Iroquoian, and Siouan Languages. The Hague:
Mouton. [Sketch of Caddo phonology and grammar]
1977. Caddo Texts. In Douglas R. Parks (ed.), Caddoan Texts, 2743. International Journal of American Linguistics, Native American
Text Series 2, No. 1.
1979. Caddoan. In Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun (eds.), The
Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative
Assessment, 213-235. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1983. The Caddo Language, Its Relatives, and Its Neighbors. In
James
S.
Thayer(ed.),NorthAmericanIndians:Humanistic
PerspCJctives,243-250. University of Oklahoma Papers in
Anthropology, Vol. 24, No. 2.
1990. Uses of the Defocusing Pronominal Prefixes in Caddo.
Anthropologioal Linguistics 32: 57-68.
1993. Caddo Names in the de Soto Documents. In Gloria A. Young
and Michael P.Hoffman (eds.), The Expedition of HCJmando de Soto
"
4
West of the Mississippi, 1541-1543: Proceedings of the de Soto
Symposia 1988 and 1990, 222-226. Fayetteville, Arkansas: The
University of Arkansas Press.
1995. The Realis-Irrealis Distinction in Caddo, the Northern
Iroquoian Languages, and English. In Joan Bybee and Suzanne
Fleischman (eds.), Modality in Grammar and Discourse, 349-365.
Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
_u_-. 1995. A Note on the Caddo Language. In Carter 1995, 1-2.
1997. Introduction to reprint of Dorsey 1905.
In press. Caddo. In Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli (eds.),
The Native Languages of the Southeastem United States. The
University of Nebraska Press.
Claiborne, Judge 1. F. H., and Otis T. Mason. 1879. Anthropological
News. American Naturalist 13:788-790. [John Sibley vocabulary]
Da Cruz, Daniel. 1957. A Revised Analysis of Segmental Phonemes in
Caddo. Senior Essay, Department of Linguistics, Georgetown
University.
Dorsey, Geroge A. 1905. Traditions of the Caddo.Washington: Camegie
Institution of Washington. Reprint, with an Introduction by Wallace
Chafe, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
Gallatin, Albert. 1836. A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes Within the United
States East of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian
Possessions in North America. Transactionsand Collections of the
American Antiquarian Society 2: 1-422. [Vocabulary from George
Gray and John Sibley]
Glover, William B. 1935. A History of the Caddo Indians. The Louisiana
Historical Quarterly 18:872-946.
Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An Analytical DictionaJYof the Tonkawa Language.
Universityof CaliforniaPublicationsin Linguistics5,Number1.
Hughes, Jack Thomas. 1968. Prehistory of the Caddoan-Speaking Tribes.
Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.
Melnar, Lynette R. 1996. Caddo Verb-Stem Locatives. 1994MidAmerica Linguistics Conference Papers 2:598-61O.
2004. Caddo VerbMorphology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press.
'I
Mooney, James. 1896. The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak
of 1890. Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report 14, Part 2.
Washington: Government Printing Office. Reprint, with an
Introductionby Raymond1.DeMallie,Lincoln:Universityof
.
Nebraska Press, 1991. [Caddo songs and a brief word list]
Newkumet, Vynola Beaver, and Howard L. Meredith. 1988. Hasinai: A
Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy. College Station: Texas
A&M University Press.
Parsons, Elsie Clews. 1941. Notes on the Caddo. Memoirs of the
American Anthropological Association 57. Supplement to American
Anthropologist 43, Number. 3, Part. 2.
Perttula, Timothy K. 1992. The Caddo Nation: Archaeological and
Ethnohistoric Perspectives. University of Texas Press.
Schoolcraft, Henry R. 1853. Information Respecting the History,
Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States.
Volume 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo. [Vocabulary from
Randolph B. Marcy]
Smith, F. Todd. 1995. The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of
Empires, 1542-1854. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
1996. The Caddos, the Wichitas, and the United States, 1846-1901.
College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Spier, Leslie. 1924. Wichita and Caddo Relationship Terms. American
Anthropologist 26:258-263.
Swanton, John R. 1942. Source Material on the History and Ethnology of
the Caddo Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 132.
Washington: Government Printing Office.
Taylor, Allen R. 1963a. Comparative Caddoan. International Journal of
American Linguistics 29: 113-131.
1963b. The Classification of the Caddoan Language~. Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society 107:51-59.
Troike, Rudolph C. 1964. The Caddo Word for 'Water'. International
Journal of Amen'can Linguistics 30:96-98.
Whipple, Amiel Weeks. 1856. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to
Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad
from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Washington: War
Department. [Brief vocabulary]