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SEC T I O N 3 - 1 R E VIEW
C ARBON C OMPOUNDS
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms and provide one example for each.
1. organic compound
2. functional group
3. alcohol
4. monomer
5. polymer
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MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Organic compounds contain
a. carbon and usually other elements.
b. many kinds of elements except carbon.
c. only carbon.
d. only carbon and hydrogen.
2. The number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other atoms is
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 4.
d. 8.
3. A covalent bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons is called a
a. single bond.
b. double bond.
c. triple bond.
d. quadruple bond.
4. The breakdown of a polymer involves
a. hydrolysis.
b. a condensation reaction.
c. the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
d. the breaking of ionic bonds.
5. ATP releases energy when
a. it undergoes a condensation reaction.
b. a hydroxyl group is added to it.
c. a phosphate group is added to it.
d. a phosphate group is removed from it.
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. Give an example of how a functional group can affect the properties of an organic compound.
2. Arrange the following in order of size, from smallest to largest: polymer, monomer, carbon atom,
macromolecule.
3. Explain how a water molecule is produced when glucose and fructose undergo a condensation
reaction.
4. What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP? What else is released during this reaction?
5. Critical Thinking How would the variety of organic compounds be different if carbon had
seven electrons in its outermost energy level instead of four?
The formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose is represented by the chemical reaction
shown below. Notice that this reaction can proceed in either direction.
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
C
O
C
H
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
HO
CH2OH
H
C
H
H
C
O
OH C
C
H
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
O
+
OH
GLUCOSE
C
H
OH C
OH
C
H
CH2OH
HO
FRUCTOSE
CH2OH
H
C
C
O
SUCROSE
1. What are the reactants and products of the forward (left-to-right) reaction?
2. Is the forward reaction a condensation reaction or hydrolysis?
3. What are the reactants and products of the reverse (right-to-left) reaction?
4. Is the reverse reaction a condensation reaction or hydrolysis?
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Section 3-1 Review
H
O
H
OH C
C
C
OH
H
+
CH2OH
H2O
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the figure to answer the following questions.
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SEC T I O N 3 - 2 R E VIEW
M OLECULES OF L IFE
VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs
of terms.
1. monosaccharide, polysaccharide
2. amino acid, protein
3. nucleotide, nucleic acid
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are
a. monosaccharides. b. disaccharides.
c. polysaccharides.
d. simple sugars.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
2. The different shapes and functions of different proteins are determined by
a. the R groups of the amino acids
they contain.
b. the amino groups of the amino acids
they contain.
c. the carboxyl groups of the amino acids
they contain.
d. whether or not they contain any
amino acids.
3. Most enzymes
a. are changed by the reactions
they catalyze.
b. increase the activation energy of the
reactions they catalyze.
c. strengthen the chemical bonds in
their substrate.
d. are sensitive to changes in temperature
or pH.
4. The large numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds in lipids
a. make lipids polar.
b. store more energy than the carbonoxygen bonds in other organic
compounds.
c. allow lipids to dissolve in water.
d. are found in the carboxyl group at the
end of the lipid.
5. The most important function of nucleic acids is
a. catalyzing chemical reactions.
b. forming a barrier between the
inside and outside of a cell.
c. storing energy.
d. storing information related to heredity
and protein synthesis.
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. What are the storage and quick-energy forms of carbohydrates found in animals, and how are
these forms structurally related to each other?
2. How many different kinds of monomers are there in starch?
How many different kinds of monomers are there in proteins?
3. What compound composes most of the cell membrane?
How is this compound suited to the function of the membrane?
4. Steroids are made up of what type of molecule?
Give two examples of steroids.
5. Critical Thinking Insects that live on land have a coating of wax on the outer surface of their
body. What function might the wax serve for these animals?
The diagram below shows the interaction of an enzyme and its substrate during a chemical reaction.
a
c
b
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Section 3-2 Review
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Label each part of the figure in the spaces provided.
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6. By neutralizing small amounts of acid or base that
may be added to a solution, buffers keep pH
values at normal and safe levels. The control of
pH is essential for the function of enzymes.
7. Since a tenfold increase in H3O ion concentration
reflects a decrease of one pH unit, a 100-fold
increase in concentration reflects a decrease of
two pH units. Therefore, the new pH would be 5.5.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Drawings should show two water molecules below
and one above the central water molecule. The molecules below should have their H atoms facing away
from the central molecule, and the molecule above
should have one of its H atoms pointing toward the
central molecule. Dashed lines should be drawn
between each H atom in the central molecule and the
O atom in each of the lower water molecules, and
between the O atom in the central molecule and the
nearer H atom in the upper water molecule.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Section 3-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. An organic compound is a compound containing
carbon atoms covalently bonded to other carbon
atoms and to other elements. Examples: any
carbon-containing compound, such as benzene,
ethanol, glycerol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, ATP,
and ADP.
2. A functional group is a cluster of atoms in a
compound that influences the properties of
that compound. Examples: hydroxyl group,
phosphate group.
3. An alcohol is an organic compound with a
hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon
atoms. Examples: ethanol, methanol, glycerol.
4. A monomer is a simple molecule that can bond to
others of its kind to form more complex molecules. Examples: glucose, fructose.
5. A polymer is a complex molecule that consists of
repeated, linked units. Example: DNA, proteins.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. The hydroxyl group on alcohols is polar, and this
makes alcohols polar compounds. Alcohols can
therefore form hydrogen bonds.
2. carbon atom, monomer, polymer, macromolecule
3. The glucose molecule releases a hydroxide ion,
OH, and the fructose molecule releases a
hydrogen ion, H. These two ions combine to
produce water, H2O.
4. The hydrolysis products are ADP and inorganic
phosphate. Energy is released.
5. With seven electrons in its outermost energy level,
carbon could not form double or triple bonds with
other atoms, so far fewer organic compounds
could be formed.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. Forward reaction: reactants, glucose and fructose;
products, sucrose and H2O. 2. condensation
reaction 3. Reverse reaction: reactants,
sucrose and H2O; products, glucose and fructose.
4. hydrolysis
Section 3-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A monosaccharide is a simple sugar containing
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1;
a polysaccharide is a complex molecule composed
of three or more monosaccharides.
2. An amino acid is a compound containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. A protein is a
large polymer of amino acids.
3. A nucleotide is a compound containing a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ringshaped nitrogen base; a nucleic acid is a very
large polymer of nucleotides.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. The storage form is glycogen, and the quick-energy
form is glucose. Glycogen consists of hundreds
of glucose molecules linked in a highly
branched chain.
2. Starch, 1; proteins, 20.
3. Phospholipid composes most of the cell membrane. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids
provide a barrier between the inside and outside
of the cell.
4. Steroids are lipids made of four fused carbon
rings. Examples: testosterone and cholesterol.
5. Wax serves as a waterproof layer, limiting
water loss and preventing insects from
drying out.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, substrate; b, enzyme; c, products
Section 4-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of
the processes of life.
2. The cell theory states that all living organisms are
made of one or more cells, that cells are the basic
units of structure and function, and that cells
come only from the reproduction of existing cells.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
5. d
2. a
6. d
3. c
7. a
4. b
SHORT ANSWER
1. (1) All living things are composed of one or more
cells. (2) Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in an organism. (3) Cells come only from
the reproduction of existing cells.
2. Information about cells could not be understood
and organized into a central theory until microscope technology had improved and accurate
observations were made.
3. The cork cells that Hooke observed were the
remains of dead plant cells. The material from the
inside of the cells had been lost or destroyed.
4. You would know that it was made of cells and the
cells reproduce to make more cells.
Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key
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